NOVELTY - A formulation comprises organic salt consisting of 1st ionic entity and 2nd counterionic entity which are small molecules. The 1st ionic entity is organic entity with charged organic core consisting of single charged moiety or multiple charged moieties, optionally greater than or equal to 1 substituents attached to charged organic core, and greater than or equal to 1 substituents consisting of charged moiety with charge opposite in sign to or of same sign as charged moieties of charged organic core, 2nd entity is an organic, inorganic, or organometallic entity, and net charge of 1st entity is opposite in sign to net charge of 2nd entity.    USE - A formulation for electron transport layers in organic electronic device, optical, electrooptical, electronic, electroluminescent, or photoluminescent device, in a component of a device, or in an assembly containing the device or the component, such as organic field effect transistors (OFET), organic thin film transistors (OTFT), organic LED (OLED), organic light emitting transistors (OLET), organic photovoltaic devices (OPV), organic solar cells, laser diodes, Schottky diodes, photodiodes, photoconductors, photodetectors, memristors, transducers, optical interconnects, light-emitting electrochemical cells, phototransistors, tunnel junctions, and spin-valve devices, and integrated circuits (IC), radio frequency identification (RFID) tags or security markings or security devices containing RFID tags, flat panel displays or backlights, electrophotographic devices, electrophotographic recording devices, photoswitches, organic memory devices, sensor devices, biosensors, and biochips as assembly (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE - The devices have improved electrical performance.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for:    (1) preparation of layer which involves depositing formulation on substrate and removing solvent; and    (2) optical, electrooptical, electronic, electroluminescent, or photoluminescent device, component, or assembly containing formulation or layer.