TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide semiconductor is a binary, tertiary or quaternary metal oxide. The electrolyte is a liquid, an ionic liquid, a gel or a solid. The layer of metal oxide semiconductor nanostructure is in the form of a mesoporous layer deposited on the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic device further comprises two electrodes comprising anode electrode, where the two electrodes are separated from each other by an electrolyte and optionally from polymeric holds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    eD = amino group of formula (Z1)(Z2)N-;    Z1, Z2 = alkyl or aryl (both optionally substituted);    L = a pi-conjugated function comprising alkenylene chain, alkynylene chain or arylene chain (all optionally substituted); and    A = a carboxylic acid group, a cyanoacrylic acid group, a phosphonic group, a dithiocarboxylic group, -CH(CN)-C(=O)-OH, -C(C(=O)-OH)2, -C(=O)OH, -CH(CN)-p(=O)(OH)-OH or -C(=S)-SH.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 Compounds (Q1) are specifically claimed e.g. (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(7-(5-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-4-octyl-thiophen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid (Q1a), (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(5-((E)-2-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid, (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(5'-(7-(5'-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-3-octyl-(2,2')bithiophenyl-5-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-3'-octyl-(2,2')bithiophenyl-5-yl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid, (E)-3-(4-(5-((E)-2-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid and (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(5-((E)-2-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-furan-2-yl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid.    EXAMPLE - 4-(5-(4-(Diphenylamino)styryl)thiophen-2-yl)benzaldehyde (0.863 mole), cyano acetic acid (1.47 g) and a few drops of pyridine were added into acetonitrile (30 ml) in a flask under an argon atmosphere and then the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. Then acetonitrile was evaporated and the obtained residue was taken up in chloroform. Then the obtained organic phase was washed and worked up to obtain (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(5-((E)-2-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid (69.6%).