TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The PMCS substrate has hollow sphere structure, a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 400-1000 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.3-3 cm3/g and an average pore diameter of 0.4-1 nm and a diameter of 200-800 (preferably 300-600) nm. The sulfur is finely dispersed in the PMCS substrate. The amount of sulfur is 20-90 wt.%. The PMCS substrate is mixed with sulfur, sealed and heated at a temperature of 100-190 degrees C for 5-20 hours to finely disperse sulfur into the PMCS substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is: an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), oleic acid, sodium Lauryl sulfonate (SLS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); a cationic surfactant such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide; and a nonionic surfactant such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Tween-40 (RTM: Ethoxylated (20) sorbitan ester) and Tween-80 (RTM: Polyethylene sorbitol ester). The carbohydrates are used as carbon sources, preferably sucrose, D-glucose and/or fructose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The PMCS substrate is prepared by (a) preparing polystyrene (PS) nanospheres, (b) sulfonating the PS nanospheres to obtain sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) nanospheres, (c) applying a microporous carbon coating layer on a surface of the SPS nanospheres by hydrothermal reaction to obtain carbon coated SPS nanospheres, and (d) annealing the carbon-coated SPS nanospheres to obtain the PMCS substrate. During step (a), the styrene is polymerized in water in the presence of peroxide initiator to obtain PS nanospheres. During step (b), the PS nanospheres are mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and incubated to obtain the SPS nanospheres. During the step (c), an aqueous suspension containing the SPS nanospheres, carbon sources and a surfactant is sealed and heated at a temperature of 150-200 degrees C for 5-20 hours. The carbon-coated SPS nanospheres are washed and dried after the step (c) and before step (d). During the step (d), the SPS nanosphers are annealed at a temperature of 600-1000 degrees C in an inert atmosphere with a heating rate of 2-5 degrees C/min for 2-4 hours. During the step (d), the SPS inner core is vaporized and the microporous carbon coating layer is carbonized.