TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The thermal conductive layer has: a width of 10-40% based on a total length from a central portion of the support substrate to the outer peripheral region of the support substrate; a thickness of 1/160-1/140 based on a thickness of the support substrate; and thermal conductivity of 360-490 W/mK. Preferred Method: The thermal conductive layer is formed at an outer peripheral region of the support substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductive layer comprises silicon carbide. The support substrate comprises soda lime glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is copper, aluminum, nickel, iron or zinc. The graphene oxide solution further comprises metal nanowire or metal nanoparticles. The reducing agent is vapor, liquid or hydrazine. The inert gas is nitrogen or argon. The graphene oxide solution is aqueous dispersion or organic dispersion liquid. The etchant is iron chloride or nitric acid. Preferred Properties: The thickness of metal film is 10 mu m or less. The graphene transparent electrode has conductivity of less than 1 k( Omega )/cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent film layer is polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylate or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic particles layer comprises hydrophobic particles comprising oxide particles and hydrophobic film surrounding on oxide particles. The oxide particles and front-surface electrode layer are formed using same material. Preferred Property: The average diameter of hydrophobic particles is 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic film comprises silane compound of formula: R1Si(X)3.R1,X=H, halo, hydroxy, or 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 6-20C aryl, 6-20C arylalkyl, 1-20C alkoxy or 6-20C aryloxy (all optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The front electrode layer (A) contains zinc-magnesium complex oxide of formula: Zn1-xMgxO, where x is 0.05-0.17. A buffer layer containing zinc sulfide is provided between the light absorption layer and electrode layer (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light absorption layer is made of gallium having controlled composition ratio and concentration. The light absorption layer includes copper indium gallium selenide (Cu(In1-xGax)Se2), where x is smaller to a central part of the light absorption layer and to lower part of the light absorption layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode layer contains molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor layer includes titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perylene derivative includes carboxylic acid group, anhydride, sulfonic acid group, phosphate group and oxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear contact is made of tin, silver, zinc or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sol-gel polymerization involves adding basic catalyst in mixture of silicon alkoxide, boron alkoxide, metal salt, reaction solvent and dispersing agent. The glass frit nanoparticles comprise bismuth oxide or lead oxide, and have average particle diameter of 1-200 nm. The content of glass frit nanoparticle, metal nanoparticles and organic vehicle is 1-10 wt.%., 10-60 wt.% and 30-80 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal nanoparticles are silver, copper, gold, platinum, aluminum, nickel or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal nanoparticle includes gold, silver, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium and platinum, has a size of 0.1-100 nm, and is in the form of isomeric particle, long particle and the platelet particle. The carbon nano-structure is single-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, graphene or fullerene. The contents of the carbon nano-structure, the metal nanoparticle and the titanium dioxide is 0.1-5 wt.%, 0.1-10 wt.% and 90-99.9 wt.%, respectively. The titanium dioxide precursor is titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium(IV) ethoxide, and titanium chloride. The thermal sintering temperature is 450-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit comprises 40-80 wt.% lead oxide and 5-20 wt.% silica, and further comprises 1-10 wt.% alumina, 0.1-1 wt.% zirconia, phosphorus pentoxide, 1-10 wt.% zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, 1-10 wt.% sodium oxide, 1-20 wt.% boria, tantalum pentoxide, ferric oxide, chromium oxide, cobaltosic oxide, 1-10 wt.% lithia, 1-10 wt.% lithium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and/or manganese dioxide. The glass frit has an average particle diameter of 0.1-5 mu m. The paste composition comprises 60-90 wt.% conductive powder, 1-10 wt.% glass frit, and 7-30 wt.% organic vehicle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive powder comprises silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, tin, lead, zinc, iron, iridium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, and/or indium-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The paste composition further comprises additive(s) chosen from dispersing agent, thixotropic agent, plasticizer, viscosity stabilizer, antifoaming agent, pigment, UV stabilizer, antioxidant, and coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chalcogenide particle includes sodium sulfide, sodium selenide, sodium selenite and sodium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The energy input of the RTP-pretreatment is adjusted by the energy density and the exposure time, preferably 1 mu second to 1 second. A separation layer made of a material with poor thermal conductivity is applied on the substrate before applying the TCO layer. The RTP-pretreatment and/or the RTP-treatment are carried out on a partial surface of the substrate. The RTP-treatment is carried out with an energy input that is above the threshold input. Preferred Components: The separation layer is made of a nitride or oxynitride of silicon. The TCO layer has an output surface resistivity of 5-50 Omega . EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal nanowire is made of silver, aluminum, calcium, chrome, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, ruthenium, indium or tungsten, or their combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive wires include at least one of silver, aluminum, calcium, chrome, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, ruthenium, indium, and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The barrier layer is made of titanium dioxide, titanium isopropoxide and titanium chloride. The metallic board is made of phosphorus, titanium, aluminum, copper, stainless steel, gold, silver, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, platinum and tungsten. The nanotube or nanorods template is phosphorus, anodic aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon, carbon, zinc oxide, and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back electrode layer has a first layer made of material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, molly sodium, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and titanium nitride, while the second layer includes molybdenum or molly sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, a silica precursor is in the form of: a vapor; or a liquid or a liquid solution. The exposing step is carried out at less than 200 degrees C, preferably less than 150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The anode: further comprises at least one particle (120) that has a diameter less than 100 nm, and a transparent electrode (110); and comprises materials comprising titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, zinc oxide or aluminum oxide. The particles are titanium dioxide. The dyes: comprise organic dyes; and are (E)-2-cyano-3-(5'-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-(2,2')bithiophenyl-5-yl)-acrylic acid or (E)-3-(5-(7-(4-(bis-(4-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxin-5-yl)-7,7-dihexyl-7H-3,4-dithia-7-sila-cyclopenta(a)pentalen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid. The silica precursor comprises an alkoxysilanol or an alkoxysilanediol, preferably tris-(tert-butoxy)silanol or tris-(tert-pentoxy)silanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal nano wire is silver, aluminum, calcium, chrome, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, ruthenium, indium, and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Module: The solar cell module comprises back electrode layer disposed on a support substrate and formed with a first through hole for exposing a portion of the support substrate; a light absorbing layer formed on the first through hole and the back electrode layer; a first buffer layer formed on the light absorbing layer; a second through hole formed through the light absorbing layer and the first buffer layer to expose a portion of the back electrode layer; a second buffer layer formed on the first buffer layer; and a front electrode layer formed on the second buffer layer and gap-filled in the second through hole. Preferred Components: The first buffer layer is expressed as ZnO1-xSx. The front electrode layer includes BZO (ZnO:B). The first/second buffer layer has thickness of 10-30 nm. When the light absorbing layer has a first bandgap energy, the first buffer layer has a second bandgap energy, and the second buffer layer has a third bandgap energy, the second bandgap energy is higher than the first bandgap energy and lower than the third bandgap energy. The first bandgap energy is in a range of 1-1.8 eV, the second bandgap energy is in a range of 2.5-3.2 eV, and the third bandgap energy is in a range of 3.4-3.8 eV.x=0-0.4 (preferably 0.8-0.9).Preferred Method: The forming of the front electrode layer involves forming a through hole through the second buffer layer, the first buffer layer and the light absorbing layer; and forming the front electrode layer to gap-fill the through hole. The second buffer layer is formed through a sputtering process, a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process or a thermal deposition process. The front electrode layer is formed through a sputtering process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second metal comprises nickel. The first and second portions of metal comprise aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The buffer layer is made of tin sulfoselenide (SnSxSe(1-x)), where x is 0.9-0.99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sensor active layer is made of cadmium or cadmium sulfide thin film. The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide, the zinc sulfide, indium sulfide, zinc selenide, indium selenide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide, tin oxide or tin sulfide. The light absorption layer is made of copper indium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide, copper-zinc-tin-selenide, copper-indium-gallium-sulfur-selenide or cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hexagonal and pentagonal panels forming the spheres are formed of metal or metal alloy, preferably steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The ratio of largest diffraction peak intensity (Ic) of spinel type oxide in oxide film obtained by X-ray diffraction with respect to largest diffraction peak intensity (Is) of chromium oxide obtained by X-ray diffraction is 0.01-10. The ratio of largest diffraction peak intensity (Ih) of iron oxide in the oxide film with respect to total intensity of Ic and Is, is 0.05 or less. The base material further contains group (A) having 5 %mass or less copper, 5 %mass or less nickel and 5 %mass or less cobalt, group (B) having 1 %mass or less titanium, 1 %mass or less vanadium, 1 %mass or less niobium, 1 %mass or less zirconium and 1 %mass or less hafnium, group (C) having 5 %mass or less molybdenum, 5 %mass or less tantalum, 5 %mass or less tungsten, and 5 %mass or less rhenium, and group (D) having 0.1 %mass or less calcium, 0.1 %mass or less magnesium, 0.1 %mass or less boron, and 0.1 %mass or less rare earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The barrier layer has thickness of 0.8-1.2. The barrier layer contains iron nitride (Fe2N, Fe3N and Fe4N). The support substrate contains carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium, molybdenum or iron. The window layer is formed using transparent conductive material, preferably aluminum doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The onium salt compound is a compound which produces acid by providing heat or active energy ray irradiation. The thermoelectric conversion element has electrodes (13,15).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is a conjugated polymer having a repeating unit induced from monomer chosen from thiophene-type compound, pyrrole-type compound, aniline-type compound, acetylenic compound, p-phenylene-type compound, p-phenylene vinylene-type compound, p-phenylene ethynylene-type compound and their derivatives. The base material is a resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The annular element is formed with quartz. An intermediate shaft element is formed from molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flexible metallic board material includes iron-40 wt.% nickel or iron-40 wt.% nickel alloy foil substrate, and has face-centered cubic single phase structure. Preferred Properties: The flexible metallic board material has grain size of 0.1-10 mu m, thermal expansion coefficient of 2x 10-6-6x 10-6/ degrees C, and thickness of 1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film includes zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, magnesium oxide, niobium strontium titanate, niobium doped titanium oxide, lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide ((La(0.5)Sr(0.5))CoO3), lanthanum strontium and magnesium oxide ((La(0.7)Sr(0.3))MnO3), strontium ruthenium oxide and strontium ruthenate ((Sr3Ru2O7) and (Sr4Ru3O10)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion element has two or more thermoelectric conversion layers (a) in which at least 1 layer containing the thermoelectric conversion material, which are formed on a substrates (12,16). The thermoelectric conversion element further has thermoelectric conversion layers containing conjugated polymer, and an electrode (13,15).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant is onium salt compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Thermoelectric conversion material further contains non-conjugated polymer, dopant and thermal excitation assist agent. The molar ratio of repeating unit (a) and repeating unit (b) in the conjugated polymer is 1:1. The non-conjugated polymer is a high-molecular compound which is obtained by polymerizing a compound chosen from vinyl compound, (meth)acrylate compound, carbonate compound, ester compound, amide compound, imide compound, and siloxane compound. The moisture content of the thermoelectric conversion material is 0.01-15 %mass. The conjugated polymer has repeating unit of formula (I),(II) or (III).C',E'=aryl or heteroaryl (all optionally substituted);D',G',H'=aryl or heterocyclyl structure (all optionally substituted);L=-CH=CH-, -CC- or -N=N-;n=0 or 1;B'=monocyclic aryl structure, monocyclic heteroaryl structure, or condensed-ring structure of monocyclic aryl ring structure and monocyclic heteroaryl structure, preferably thiophene ring structure, benzene ring structure, or condensed-ring structure of thiophene ring structure and benzene ring structure;andR1-R4=H.Preferred Process: The thermoelectric conversion material is obtained by dispersing the carbon nanotubes in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The nano-glass powder further comprises 0-30 wt.%, preferably 5-25 wt.% silica, 0-35 wt.%, preferably 5-25 wt.% boron trioxide, 0-10 wt.%, preferably 3-8 wt.% phosphorus pentoxide, 5-35 wt.%, preferably 5-15 wt.% alkali metal oxide, and alkaline-earth metal oxide comprising 0-15 wt.%, preferably 0-10 wt.% alumina and 0-35 wt.%, preferably 20-35 wt.% zinc oxide, where the total amount of silica, boron trioxide and phosphorus pentoxide is more than 30 wt.%. The alkali metal oxide comprises sodium oxide, lithium oxide and/or potassium oxide, where the amount of sodium oxide in alkali metal oxide is more than 40%. The particle size of the metal oxide is 1 mu m to 10 mm of the glass powder. Preferred Method: The preparation method comprises introducing carbon dioxide laser with a power of 800-1800 W from the top of the evaporation chamber, and placing on top of the crucible for gasification of the melt glass material, introducing the evaporated steam from one side of the evaporation chamber into a catcher for collecting and condensing, and using a gas nozzle from the other side of the evaporation chamber for continuously filling mixed gas of inert gas and oxygen to the evaporation chamber, maintaining the liquid level of the gas nozzle with melt height of 50-100 mm, and evaporating the inert gas and oxygen mixed gas into vapor, which is blown into the catcher, and simultaneously maintaining the air pressure in the evaporation chamber at 200-6000 Pa. The heating of glass powder in the crucible is carried out using a heating resistor. The pressure in the evaporation chamber is maintained at 1000 Pa. The mixed gas comprises 95% argon gas and 5% oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The component has a material, which is selected from a group consists of aluminum, copper, iron and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The top electrode layer is made of a material consisting of lithium fluoride/aluminum, calcium, silver, silver and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The buffer layer contains zinc-silicon-containing chemical composition of formula: ZnO1-xSx (I) (where x is 0.2-0.8). Preferred Component: The buffer layer has a cadmium sulfide layer. Preferred Process: The cadmium ions of cadmium sulfide are diffused into copper vacancies provided at a portion of the light absorbing layer. The content of the sulfur is reduced from 0.8 to 0.5, or increased from 0.2 to 0.5 toward the bottom surface of the buffer layer. Preferred Properties: The bandgap energy of the buffer layer is 2.83-3.3 eV. The bandgap energy of the buffer layer is more than bandgap energy of the light absorbing layer, and less than bandgap energy of the front electrode layer. The buffer layer has a thickness of 15-70 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid is formed from the group consisting of molecular nitrogen, argon, anhydrous ammonia, anhydrous carbon dioxide, anhydrous sulfur dioxide, methanol, dichloromethane, dimethyl ether, acetone, diethyl ether, methyl amine, dimethyl amine and trimethyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The spacing of electrodes during application of electric field is 0-5 cm. The intensity of applied electric field is 0-100 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate fluid is selected from one of propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane or a mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The working medium contains a partly fluorinated hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The direct heating temperature of biomass inside the feeder is in range of non-carbonizing temperature. The indirect heating temperature is temperature below reheat vapor. The waste gas after heating the biomass is supplied in boiler furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 58 degrees C energy storage material composition includes the main components of (mass%) Mg(NO3)2 (27.4-36.2), MgCl2 (11.6-17.6), and H2O (36-40); and functional additives of CO(NH2)2 (5-10), MgSO4 (3-8), MgCO3 (0.5-1.2), and SiO2 (1-5). The molar ratio of the main component MgCl2 and functional additive MgCl2 is 1:1-2:1. The molar ratio of Mg(NO3)2 and H2O is 1:6. The molar ratio of MgCl2 and H2O is 1:6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alloy is aluminum-silicon type alloy containing 25 wt.% or less aluminum, and has cubical expansion coefficient of 3% or less when carrying out phase transformation from a solid-phase to a liquid phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive tube is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The radical polymerization initiator has 1-minute half-life temperature of 116-131 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of radical polymerization initiator is 1-5 parts mass with respect to 54 parts mass of (meth)acrylate which does not contain phosphoric acid group or phosphate ester group. 10-30 Parts mass of (meth)acrylate which does not contain phosphoric acid group or phosphate ester group, are trifunctional acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reflection barrier layer is made of titanium dioxide, silicon nitride film, silicon oxide film, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide and cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The light-absorbing layer contains copper-indium-gallium selenide of formula: Cux(In1-yGay)Sez, where x is 0.7-1, y is 0.1-0.6, and z is 1.9-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit contains 10-55 mol% zinc oxide, 0-70 mol% vanadium oxide, 0-50 mol% boron oxide, 1-10 mol% alkaline-earth metal oxide, 0-35 mol% silica and 1-10 mol% alkali metal oxide. Preferred Property: The glass frit has dilatometric softening temperature of 350-600 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silver powder has maximum grain size of 4.5 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The silver powder comprises sphere-type or flake-type silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit is bismuth oxide-aluminum oxide-silicon oxide-strontium oxide-boron oxide group glass frit containing 20-30 mol% bismuth oxide, 5-15 mol% aluminum oxide, 25-35 mol% silicon oxide, 1-10 mol% strontium oxide and 20-40 mol% boron oxide and has softening temperature of 400-500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The silver particles have maximum particle size of 4.5 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The solar cell apparatus further has a contact resistance layer containing molybdenum selenide or molybdenum disulfide disposed on back electrode layer of dummy portion, and bus bar including silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tin, titanium, nickel and/or their alloy disposed on the back electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of conductive powder in the paste composition is 70-90 wt.% with respect to total amount of paste composition. The amount of nanosize conductive powder in the paste composition is 0.1-50 wt.%, preferably 10-40 wt.%. The conductive powder is silver powder. The silver powder contains 0.1-50 wt.%, preferably 10-40 wt.% nanosize silver powder. Preferred Component: The solar cell further contains reflection barrier layer on the silicon substrate or the back surface field. Preferred Properties: The size of conductive powder having microsize is 1-5 mu m. The paste composition contains 2 or more nanosize conductive powder and microsize conductive powder having different particle diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The wavelength conversion material is formed on a bottom surface of the support substrate. During preparation of solar-cell module, groove (P2) is formed through the light-absorbing layer after forming the light-absorbing layer, groove (P3) is formed through the front electrode layer after forming the front electrode layer, and the wavelength conversion material is formed in the groove (P3). Preferred Composition: The wavelength conversion material includes a rare-earth oxide phosphor comprising a rare-earth oxide including yttrium, dysprosium, samarium, holmium, europium, thulium, erbium, cerium, terbium, praseodymium, ytterbium, neodymium or lutetium, and a rare-earth metal doped in the rare-earth oxide. The rare-earth oxide phosphor is europium-doped yttrium oxide. The light-absorbing layer further includes a groove (P2). The wavelength conversion material includes a meta-material. Preferred Properties: The wavelength conversion material receives a light having a wavelength of more than 1200 nm, outputs a light having a wavelength of 500-1200 nm and converts a light route.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (VIII) and (IX) comprises reacting perylenetetracarboxylic acid-bisimide with primary or secondary amine at 0-50 degrees C, preferably at room temperature. Preparation of (XII) comprises reacting disubstituted product of naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid bisimide with a primary or secondary amine at 0-50 degrees C, preferably at room temperature. Preferred Process: The preparation of (Q) is catalyzed preferably with water and sodium hydroxide solution. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 7 Compounds (Q) are specifically claimed e.g. N,N'-bis(1-hexylheptyl)-2-(N-pyrrolidinyl)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide of formula (VIIIa), N,N'-bis(1-hexylheptyl)-2,11-bis(N-pyrrolidinyl)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide, N,N'-bis(1-hexylheptyl)-2-(N-propylamino)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide, N,N'-bis(1-hexylheptyl)-2-(N-butylamino)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide and 2,7-bis(1-hexylheptyl)-4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzo(lmn)(3,8)phenanthrolin-1,3,6,8-tetraone.    EXAMPLE - N,N'-Bis(1-hexylheptyl)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide (206 mg) was dissolved in 1-propylamine (20 ml) and introduced into distilled water (3 ml) to obtain a red solution. The obtained solution was stirred for 10 days at 23 degrees C and the solvent was distilled in vacuum to obtain N,N'-bis(1-hexylheptyl)-2-(N-propylamino)perylen-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide (26 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic layer(s) further comprises organic compound of formula (II), (III), (IV), (V), compound of formula (VI), (IX) or (X), compound of formula (VII), (VIII), (XI) or (XII), (XIII), compound of formula (XIV) or (XV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric conversion material contains a dopant and/or a carbon nanotube. The dopant is an onium salt compound. The thermoelectric conversion material further contains solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thermal excitation assist agent is a fullerene-type compound, a phthalocyanine-type compound, a perylene dicarboxyimide-type compound, tetracyano quinodimethane-type compound or a high molecular compound having structure chosen from benzothiadiazole skeleton, benzothiazole skeleton, dithienosilol skeleton, cyclopenta dithiophene skeleton, thieno thiophene structure, thiophene structure, fluorene structure and phenylene vinylene skeleton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is a conjugated polymer having a repeating unit derived from one or more monomer chosen from a thiophene-type compound, a pyrrole-type compound, an aniline-type compound, an acetylenic compound, p-phenylene-type compound, p-phenylene vinylene-type compound, p-phenylene ethynylene-type compound and their derivatives. Preferred Component: The thermoelectric conversion element (1) has a base material (12) and a thermoelectric conversion layer (14) provided on the base material. The thermoelectric conversion element has different two or more layers of thermoelectric conversion layer adjoined among each other, in which at least 1 layer contains the thermoelectric conversion material. The thermoelectric conversion element further has an electrode (13).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral binder comprises at least one hydraulically setting binder. The fluoroorganyl-substituted silicon compounds are fluoroorganic-substituted silanes and/or fluoroorganic-substituted siloxanes, preferably fluoroalkyl-substituted monosilanes and/or fluoroalkyl-substituted monosiloxanes. The fluoroorganyl-substituted silicon compound does not contain silicon-hydrogen bond. The fluoroorganyl-substituted silicon compound is a fluoroalkylalkoxysilane of formula (F3C(CF2)x(C2H4)ySi(CH3)z(OR)3-z). The proportion of fluoroorganic-substituted silicon compound which is adsorbed on the solid is 2.5-7.5 wt.% based on the sum of the fluoroorganic-substituted silicon compound and the solid. The solid on which the fluoroorganic-substituted silicon compound is adsorbed comprises an inorganic carrier, where the inorganic carrier preferably has Brunauer Emmett Teller-surface of at least 20 m2/g. The added substance is aggregates, fillers, polysaccharide ethers, cellulose ethers, water-redispesible polymer powders, cellulose fibers, cement superplasticizers, thickeners, antifoaming agents, air-entraining agents, wetting agents, water retention agents, agents to control cement hydration, shrinkage reduction agents, agents to reduce bleeding, rheology adjuvants, hydrophobic agents, agents for setting the pH-value and/or pigments.R = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or iso-propyl;x = 0-16, preferably 3-8 or 10; andy, z = 0 or 1, where preferably y is 1 and z is 0. EXAMPLE - Sipernat 22 (RTM: Chemically obtained silica having Brunauer Emmett Teller-surface of 190 m2/g, and a mean particle size d50 of 110 mu m) and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoroctyl triethoxy silane were added dropwise while stirring vigorously to obtain a homogenous free-flowing powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The scrap steel comprises (in %mass) carbon (0.15-0.25), sulfur (0.012-0.016), phosphorus (0.014-0.034), manganese (0.1-0.3) and silicon (0.2-0.4). The calcium oxide-alumina molten steel comprises calcium (30-35 wt.%), calcium oxide (45-50 wt.%) and alumina (15-20 wt.%). The mass ratio of pig iron, iron ball material and waste steel is 1.6:100, 2.1:100, 1:100, 0.4:100 or 0.6:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The micro- and/or nanoparticles are present: as a suspension of silicon dioxide (quartz powder and/or quartz material), aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide and/or zirconium, in a liquid phase, preferably water and/or organic solvents e.g. alcohols, ketones and esters; and in surface-modified form, preferably coated. The micro- and/or nanoparticles exhibit a size of 0.1-1000 nm, and/or 1-100 mu m. The thermally labile additive is present in the form of at least one metal nitrate of formula M(n+)(NO3)nx xH2O (III), which forms metal oxide at elevated temperature with release of (crystal) water, nitrogen- and oxygen containing gases. Preferred Method: The decomposition of the thermally labile additive takes place at 50-400 degrees C, preferably 100-300 degrees C.x = 0-12. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: Thickness of positive mix layer is 80-300 mu m. Ratio (Rs/Ru) of porosity (Rs(%)) of lower side mixture layer and porosity (Ru(%)) of upper side mixture layer is 1-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hub support is made of metal i.e. steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The floatation element comprises floatation parts made from foam plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compositions: Glass contains composition consisting of 65-75 wt.% SiO2, 12-17 wt.% sodium oxide (Na2O), 7-14 wt.% CaO, 0.1-1 wt.% Al2O3, 0.1-0.5 wt.% SO3, 0.05-4 wt.% MgO, 0.01-1.5 wt.% CeO2, 0.01-1.5 wt.% Bi2O3, 0.01-1.5 wt.% Eu2O3, and 0.01-0.2 wt.% Pr6O11. Glass contains concentration ratio CeO2:Bi2O3 of 2:1. Glass contains compositions M1-M4, where M1 consists of 69.8 wt.% SiO2, 13.8 wt.% Na2O, 9.8 wt.% CaO, 0.6 wt.% Al2O3, 0.2 wt.% SO3, 3.8 wt.% MgO, 0.5 wt.% CeO2, 1 wt.% Bi2O3, and 0.5 wt.% Eu2O3, M2 consists of 69.8 wt.% SiO2, 13.8 wt.% Na2O, 9.8 wt.% CaO, 0.6 wt.% Al2O3, 0.2 wt.% SO3, 3.8 wt.% MgO, 0.75 wt.% CeO2, 0.75 wt.% Bi2O3, and 0.5 wt.% Eu2O3, M3 consists of 69.8 wt.% SiO2, 13.8 wt.% Na2O, 9.8 wt.% CaO, 0.6 wt.% Al2O3, 0.2 wt.% SO3, 3.8 wt.% MgO, 1 wt.% CeO2, 0.5 wt.% Bi2O3, and 0.5 wt.% Eu2O3, and M4 consists of 69.8 wt.% SiO2, 13.8 wt.% Na2O, 9.8 wt.% CaO, 0.6 wt.% Al2O3, 0.2 wt.% SO3, 3.8 wt.% MgO, 1 wt.% Bi2O3, 1 wt.% Eu2O3, and 1 wt.% Pr6O11. Preferred Forms: Additive is added in powder form or as nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material is coarse quartz sand, fine quartz sand and/or quartz powder. The filling material further comprises calcium calcite (0.03-2 parts weight) and pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The neutron interaction material is selected from metal such as boron and lithium. The nanoparticles are selected from metal such as cerium and europium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The components of solar PV conductor management system are manufactured from any one of compounds such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The components of solar PV conductor management system are manufactured from any one of compounds such as stainless steel, galvanized or anodized aluminum, galvanized steel, anodized steel, and/or bamboo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method: the pH is controlled to 3-9; a pH buffer of base can be added to the nanofluid in order to increase the concentration of fumed nanoparticles while controlling the pH of the nanofluid; the temperature during sonication is controlled so that the temperature does not exceed 200 degrees C; and the pulse time for sonication is 0-5 hours, the energy of the pulse is 0-120 Watt/ml of nanofluid, and duration of the sonication is 0-5 hours. In the method, the liquid is: a mixture of propylene glycol or ethylene glycol, and the water; and is present at 0.01-99.9 wt.%. Preferred Components: The weight percent of fumed nanoparticles added to the liquid is 0.01-10%. The fumed nanoparticles (p1) are fumed alumina oxide, fumed titanium oxide, fumed ferric oxide, or fumed alumina oxide with fumed silica oxide. The fumed nanoparticles (p2) are fumed alumina, fumed titania, fumed silica, or a mixture of fumed alumina with fumed silica. In the stable nanofluid (A1), the glycol-water mixture is either propylene glycol mixed with water having 6-94 vol.% of water, or ethylene glycol-water mixed with water having 6-94 vol.% of water. The surfactant is: dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, or isopropyl amine branched dodecylbenzene sulfonate; and added at 0.01-10 wt.%. In the stable nanofluid (A3): the weight percent of carbon nanotubes added to the liquid is 0.01-10%; and the weight percent of surfactant added to the liquid is 0.01-10%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A heat exchanger or heater adapts specific request of industrial products, by enclosing the products firmly for radiant heating and convection heating of the hot products, such as aluminum, glass, slabs or painted components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process uses: one or more UV stabilizers as additives; 3-8C-hydrocarbons or their mixtures as blowing agents; ketones, preferably acetone and/or alcohols as coblowing agents. The liquid-filled chamber is operated at a temperature of 20-95 degrees C. Preferred Components: The expandable pellets have an average size of 0.2-2.5 mm. The pellets, which are not more than 5 wt.% are less than 0.8 times the average pellet size and not more than 5 wt.% are greater than 1.2 times the average pellet size. The component (PS1) consists of styrene, maleic anhydride and phenylmaleimide. The component (PS2) consists of styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride. The amount of (T) is less than 4 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Xiran SZ 26080 (RTM: Styrene-co-maleic anhydride) and Xiran SZ 28065 (RTM: Styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (100%) were initially plasticated in an extruder with a revolution of 150 revolution per minutes. The obtained melt was impregnated with technical grade s-pentane (80% of n-pentane/20% of isopentane) and homogenized in the extruder. A melt pump at the extruder head was used to apply pressure to pelletize the material through a die plate (2 holes of 0.65 mm each) using pressurized underwater pelletization with a pressure of 2.3 and a temperature of 60 degrees C, to obtain pellet with an average size of 1.25 mm and a total throughput of 4.5 kg/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the biomass power generation waste material and the biological black carbon is 3:1-3:2. The binder is a red soil, which is 20-25% of the total weight of the biomass power generation waste material and the biological black carbon. The added amount of water is 20-30 wt.% of the total weight of the biomass power generation waste material and the biological black carbon. The particle size of the biological black carbon is less than 0.25 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible hose is made of cross linked high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The scrap metal is chosen from carbon steel, pig iron, black iron and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluid is geothermal water extracted from production well (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fluid is an oil, hydrocarbon, and toluene or siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The red fluorescent substance contains calcium-strontium sulfide of formula: (Ca1-xSrx)S (II), and having barium content of 0.001-1 mol% with respect to calcium-strontium sulfide (II).x=more than 0 to 1.Preferred Process: A metal oxide layer containing metal oxide or metal oxide, preferably zinc oxide compound layer containing zinc oxide compound comprising zinc and oxygen is formed on the fluorescent-substance-particle surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The U-shaped shutter type dam water inlet valve and shutter type buoyancy water tank inlet valve comprise A-B, B-C and C-D surfaces. The U-shaped shutter type buoyancy tank drain valve dam and shutter type buoyancy tank drain valve comprise E-F, F-G and G-H surfaces. The piston vessel is movably connected with the closed buoyancy pool, and pool cylinder sleeve through the piston and a piston ring. The high-pressure water conservation reservoir is fixedly connected with a power generator set or seawater desalinating device through a water diversion pipe, and the U-shaped louver-type water drain valve dam with the louver-type valve inside is connected with the sea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The steel is selected from martensitic steel and X30CrMoN15-1-type steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydraulic press is 3150T hydraulic press or 5000T hydraulic press, preferably 5000T hydraulic press.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The tubular fluid component is formed from ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The voltage quality management is enabled according to DIN EN 50160.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The web server is connected to the Internet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer comprises a solid insulating material such as plastic or rubber, having a high dielectric constant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The steel material contains oxygen (0-0.008) and nitrogen (0-0.015).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The chloride-pitting-resistant supermartensitic stainless steel comprises (in wt.%) carbon (0.01-0.03), manganese (0.4 or less), silicon (less than 0.3), chromium (11-15), nickel (5-7), copper (0-3), and iron (remainder). The sum total of the content of molybdenum and half the content of tungsten is 2-2.5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat-treatment system uses industrial kerosene as quenching oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal absorber has a thermally conductive material including graphite. The salt includes potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite are received in the internal chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method utilizes platinum solution comprising molybdenum chlorine acid, palladium chlorine acid, potassium hydroxide, molybdenum chlorine acid and/or potassium, and palladium solution comprising palladium-chlorine acid, palladium chloride and palladium acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum, palladium or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method utilizes organic solvent that is ammonium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The monomer includes: a phosphorus containing compound of formula ((R1-O-P((=O)(-O-R3))-O-R2)) (I), preferably 2-(bis(2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethoxy)phosphoryloxy)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate; and (1,3,5) triazinane-2,4,6-trione compound of formula (II), preferably 2-(2-methylene-3,5-bis(2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl)-4,6-dioxo-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate. The surface of the electrode active material particle is coated with a particle binder. The electrode active material layer is formed by dissolving crosslinking polymer in a monomer solution. The amount of crosslinked polymer is 0.01-50 pts. wt. The thickness of the crosslinked polymer coating layer is 0.001-10 mu m. The electrode has a porosity of 1-50 %. The monomer solution includes 1-30 wt.% of initiator, 2-30 wt.% of lithium salt and 1-30 wt.% of solvent. The monomer is cured by photocurable or thermosetting process, where the photocurable or thermosetting process is performed by irradiating gamma -rays.R1-R3 = monovalent group of formula (-(CH2)a-O-C(=O)-C(R4)=CH2), (((-CH2-CH2-O)b)-O-C(=O)-C(R5)=CH2), (((-O-CH2-CH2-O)c)-C(=O)-C(R6)=CH2), H, optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl or optionally substituted 5-12C aryl, preferably monoacrylate, diacrylate or triacrylate;R4-R6 = H or methyl;a, b, c = 1-10;R7-R9 = monovalent group of formula (-(CH2)d-O-C(=O)-C(R10)=CH2), (((-CH2-CH2-O)e)-O-C(=O)-C(R11)=CH2), (((-O-CH2-CH2-O)f)-C(=O)-C(R12)=CH2), H, optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl or optionally substituted 5-12C aryl, preferably monoacrylate, diacrylate or triacrylate;R10-R12 = H or methyl; andd, e, f = 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The current collector comprises a membranous polymers including polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-polyhexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, alkylation polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polymethyl (meth)acrylate, polyethylene(meth) acrylate, PTFE, PVC, poly acrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyridine, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, styrene butadiene rubber, acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber, styrene-butylene rubber, fluorine rubber, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, and/or regeneration cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyano group includes cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoacrylate, cyanoethylsucrose, poly acrylonitrile, poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate), and poly(acrylonitrile-co-methacrylic acid) and further includes an acryl nitrile compound that includes polyacrylonitrile. The electrode contains 2-6 wt.% of cyano group compounds. The electrode active material is represented by a lithium metal oxide of spinel structure and has a structure of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (I). The lithium metal oxide has a structure of formula (Lix1Niy1Mn2-y1O4) (II). The lithium metal oxide includes lithium manganese oxide (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4), lithium titanium oxide (Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4) or lithium titanate (LiTi2O4). The electrode active material has a structure of formula (LiaM1bO4-cAc) (III). The lithium oxide has a structure of formula (Lia1Tib1O4) (IV). The battery has a discharge capacity of more than more than 90 % in 3 C discharge. The electrode has an adhesive force of less than 8-130 N/m.x = 0.9-1.2;x1 = 0.9-1.2;y = 0-2;y1 = 0.4-0.5;z = 0-0.2;a = 0.1-4;a1 = 0.5-3;b = 0.2-4;b1 = 1-2.5;c = 0-0.2;M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi;M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr; andA= -1 or -2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-metal oxide is preferably Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4. The cathode active material is lithium-manganese composite oxide of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4.x=0.9-1.2;y=greater than 0 and less than 2;z=0 or more and less than 0.2;M=Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu. B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi;andA=monovalent or divalent anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator comprises polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyamide, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene naphthalate, PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, PVC, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, nylon, polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole, polyethylene, and/or polypropylene. The separator has a porosity of 50-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heat treatment is performed by a primary heat treatment at 450-550 degrees C and a secondary heat treatment at 600-900 degrees C at an oxygen atmosphere. The solution is prepared by dissolving the precursor materials in distilled water followed by stirring to prepare a viscous aqueous solution using the electrospinning process. The precursor material includes lithium nitrate hepta hydrate, cobalt nitrate hepta hydrate, and manganese nitrate tetra hydrate. The viscosity of the aqueous solution is 0.1-2 Pascal-second (Pa.s), preferably 0.7-1 Pa.s. The electro-spinning is performed at voltage range of 10-30 kV, preferably 15-25 kV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The method uses a polymer material that includes polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, PVC or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core particle has 2-20 mu m average particle diameter and is present in the active material in the amount of 5-97 wt.%. The carbon micro-particle has average particle diameter of 0.003-5 mu m. The crystalline graphite fine particle is obtained by pulverizing artificial graphite, natural graphite or fibrous carbon. The amount of carbon micro-particles present in the active material is 1-90 wt.%. The silicone or silicon alloy fine particle has an average particle diameter of 0.005-2 mu m. The silicon alloy fine particle includes silicon, lithium, germanium, tin, aluminum, antimony, boron, phosphorus, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, niobium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, tantalum, and tungsten. The amount of silicon alloy fine particle present in the carbon active material is 1-90 wt.%. The carbon micro-particle, silicone or silicon alloy fine particle are mixed to the weight ratio of 5-90:10-95. The amorphous or quasi-crystalline carbon compounds comprises sucrose, phenol resin, naphthalene resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylchloride, furfuryl alcohol, poly acrylonitrile, polyamide, furan resin, cellulose, styrene, polyimide, epoxy resin, vinyl chloride resin, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, mesophase pitch, tar and low molecular weight heavy crude oil. The amorphous or the quasi-crystalline carbon is present in the amount of 1-93 wt.%. The carbon micro-particle and silicone or silicon alloy fine particle are mixed at weight ratio of 10-95:5-90. The rate of the thickness of the average particle diameter of the core particle and shell layer is 17-99.5:0.5-83. The thickness of the coating layer is 0.01-5 mu m. The average particle diameter of the anode active material is 2-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of metallic layer is selected from iron, carbon, chrome, manganese, nickel or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of heat sealable layer is selected from modified polypropylene, polypropylene-butylene-ethylene terpolymer, acrylic resin or silicone resin. The insulating material is coated modified polypropylene, particularly casted polypropylene. The material of the polymer resin layer selected from polyamide resin (nylon), polyethylene terephthalate or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidity control agent includes an acid material or a base material, where the base material comprises triethyl amine, trimethyl amine, tetramethylammonium hidroxide, tetraethylammonium hidroxide, ammonia and potassium hydroxide. The separator contains 0.01-20 wt.% of acidity control agent that is volatilized at 60-150?OC to remove vapor compounds. The inorganic particle and the macromolecular binder have an absolute electric potential of greater than 20 mV. The separator includes a porous coating layer that is formed on one side of a porous base material through drying. The dispersion medium and the acidity control agent are removed using the drying process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid material includes potassium aluminum sulfate, oxalic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. The dispersion medium includes acetone, tetrahydro furan, methylene chloride, chloroform, dimethylform amide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, cyclohexane and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous base material includes polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether-ether-ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide and polyethylenenaphthalete.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Molar ratio of vanadate:phosphorus is 1.95-2.05. Molar ratio lithium:vanadate:phosphorus is 2.95-3.05:1.95-2.05:3. Phosphorus source is phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate, and/or ammonium hydrogen phosphate salt. Lithium source is lithium silicate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxalate, lithium acetate, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, and/or lithium phosphate. Inert gas is nitrogen and/or argon. Preferred Conditions: Ultrasonic dispersion time is 10-60 minutes, autoclaving temperature is 60-240 degrees C and autoclaving time is 4-48 hours. Vacuum drying temperature is 80-140 degrees C, and vacuum drying time is 10-20 hours. Heat treatment time is 10-48 hours, heat treatment temperature is 400-700 degrees C and cooling to room temperature. Heat treatment is under protection of inert gas with flow rate of 100-5000 ml/minute, heating rate of 1-20 degrees C/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Carbon source is ascorbic acid, furan resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, vinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, PTFE, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-butadiene rubber, cellulose, glucose, coal tar pitch, petroleum asphalt, polypropylene, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, flour, Pachyrhizus flour, potato flour, corn flour, taro flour, rice flour, carbon powder, rice bran powder, graphite powder, acetylene black, sucrose, citric acid, furfural resin, polyethylene terephthalate, benzene naphthalene copolymer, phenyl anthracene copolymer, phenantherene benzene copolymer, napthalene benzene entacapone terpolymer, naphthalene benzene terpolymer, and/or decomposed organic carbon-based conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Sulfonic acid group-containing silsesquioxane compound is of formula (I).At least one of R=halo, amino, hydroxy, phenyl, alkyl, nitrile, ether, ester, aldehyde, formyl, or keto, the other being -SO3H, R1-SO3H, or group of formula (i)-(iii);R1=O, or (CH2)n;andn=1-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated proton-conductive polymer substrate comprises fluorinated polymer having functional group chosen from sulfonic acid, phosphate group and carboxyl group. The fluorinated proton-conductive polymer substrate is Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer), Hyflon (RTM: fluoropolymer), or Aquivion (RTM: perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer membrane). The weight ratio of fluorinated proton-conductive polymer substrate and silsesquioxane compound is 2-35:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anhydride consists of 3,3'4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4'4-oxydiphthalic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and trimellitate ethylene glycol. The diisocyanate is toluene diisocyanate, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, methylene bis-phenyldiisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and/or toluene diisocyanate. The solvent consists of N-methylpyrolidone, N,N'-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfur oxide, tetrahydrofuran, meta-cresol, triethylamine, formamide and benzoic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous polymer consists of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(silicon dioxide), poly(phosphoric acid), poly(ethylene sulfonic acid), poly(3-(vinyloxy)-1-sulfonic acid), poly(4-vinyl phenyl sulfuric acid), poly(ethylene phosphonic acid), poly(maleic acid), poly(2-methacryloyloxetane-1-sulfonic acid), poly(4-vinyl phenone), poly(3-methacryloyloxypropane-1-sulfonic acid), poly(4-vinyl benzoic acid), polyethyleneimine, polyamine, poly(amido amine), polydiaryl dimethylammonium chloride, poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium salt), poly((dimethylimino)cyclopropane(dimethyl imino)hexamethylene dibromide) (polybrene), poly(2-vinylpiperidine salt), poly(4-vinylpiperidine salt), poly(vinylamine salt) and poly(2-vinylpyridine). Preferred Definitions:    R1 = methyl; and    R2 or R3 = H.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carbon fiber is polyacrylonitrile base carbon fiber and/or Zhejiang Green carbon fiber, each with fiber length of 4-6 mm and diameter of 7-15 mu m. The polyacrylonitrile pulp platinum fiber is provided with surface micro-fiber-shaped feather loose tree structure character of fibrillated fibers with fiber length of 2-6.5 mm. The dispersing agent is anionic polyacrylamide or polyethylene glycol oxide. The slurry water phase viscosity is controlled at 58-70 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The capsule is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, polycaprolactone, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, gelatin, chitosan, cellulose, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal source material is selected from ferrous oxalate, ferrous acetate or zinc acetate. The positive electrode intercalation compound is selected from lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide (LiCo(0.19)Ni(0.81)O2), lithium manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2), lithium nickel oxide, lithium-ion iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate. The initiator is selected from lithium sulfate, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, lithium hydroxide, or lithium acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon intercalation compound coating material (C-MxTiP2O7+y) is prepared by weighing titanium diphosphate and metal source material and mixing, adding carbon solution, stirring at 40 degrees till the mixture is dried, and calcining the mixture under nitrogen atmosphere at 700 degrees C for 1 hour, and coating with carbon. The method involves utilizing conductive agent and adhesive agent selected from graphite, carbon black or acetylene black, and bonding agent selected from polytetrafluoroethylene or rubber. Preferred Components: The carbon source aqueous solution is selected from sucrose solution, starch solution, glucose solution, polyvinyl alcohol solution or polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole. The membrane is selected from glass fiber membrane, porous polystyrene membrane or filter paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-ion-conductive material comprises silane group-containing material including mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and/or trihydroxysilylpropanesulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer porous base material contains polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, cellulose, polysulfone, polyether sulfone and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by putting dihydric aryl sulfonic acid monomers, polyarylate, sulfonated monomer side chain and/or aryl sulfonic acid monomers and acid solvent to reaction flask through nitrogen and performing polymerization to obtain desire product. Preferred Definitions:    Ai=formulae (1)-(4); and    Ak=one or more of 14 polysubstituted aryl compounds e.g. formulae (A)-(C).    W'=one or more of 9 groups, e.g. groups of formulae (c)-(e).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adhesive layer includes 0.5-3 wt.%, preferably 2-3 wt.% of a conductive material. The lithium metal oxide has a structure of formulae (LiaM1bO4-cAc) (I) and (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (II), and is lithium titanium oxide of formula (LidTieO4), preferably (Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4) and (LiTi2O4) and lithium nickel manganese oxide of formula (LifNigMn2-yO4), preferably (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4) and (LiNi(0.4)Mn(1.6)O4). The battery has capacity retention rate of 85-100%, at state of charge for 3 weeks of storage at 60-100 degrees C and increase resistance of about 100-135%.M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, Al, In or Zr;a = 0.1-4;b = 0.2-4;c = 0-0.2;A = anion with oxidation state of -1 or -2;d = 0.5-3;e = 1-2.5;x = 0.9-1.2;y = 0-2;z = 0-0.2;M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W or Bi;f = 0.9-1.2; andg = 0.4-0.5.POLYMER - Preferred component: The polyolefin-group binder is present in an amount of 2-5.5 wt.%, is a optionally substituted halogen compound and includes polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - An aluminum casing is filled with filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A thin film segment is made of polyethylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surfactant comprises non-ionic, cationic, anionic, and/or zwitter ionic surfactants, and is chosen from Triton-X 102 (RTM: octylphenol ethoxylate), Triton-X 100 (RTM: octylphenol ethoxylate) and/or Triton-X 114 (RTM: octylphenol ethoxylate). The osmium salt is ammonium hexachloroosmate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The substrate is chosen from graphite felt-S3, glassy carbon, carbon paper, carbon fiber-carbon particle composite, reticulated carbon structure, metal mesh, metal fiber, AVCarb (RTM: carbon paper), and/or metal foam, preferably fibrous graphitic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxycarbide has particle size of less than 100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of diluent is 1-70 wt.% of the slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: The lithium titanium oxide has a structure of formulae (LixTiyO4), and (Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4). The content of conductive material and lithium titanium oxide in the slurry is 90-99.9 wt.%, and amount of the binder present in the slurry is 0.1-5 wt.%. The slurry further comprises agglomerated primary particles and secondary particles, where particle size of the secondary particle is 200 nm - 10 mu m. The lithium titanium oxide is present in an amount of 50-100 wt.%.x = 0.5-3; andy = 1-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas selective transparent membrane consists of platinum, amorphous silica, zeolite, nanoporous silicon carbide, nanoporous silicon nitrate, metal oxides and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first coating layer has a solid content of 2-10 wt.%. The second coating layer has a solid content of 1-9 wt.%. A thickness ratio of first and second coating layer is 30:70-70:30, preferably 45:55-55:45. The active material has: a lithium manganese oxide containing compound of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (I); a lithium nickel manganese complex oxide containing compound of formula (LixNiyMn2-yO4) (II); a lithium oxide containing compound of formula (LiaM1bO4-cAc) (III); and a lithium titanium oxide containing compound of formula (LiaTibO4) (IV).x = 0.9-0.12;y = 0-2;z = 0-0.2;M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W or Ti;A = anions;M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In or Al;a = 0.1-4;b = 0.2-4; andc = 0-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating layers have a binder consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber, polyolefin binder, and silane-based binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material and negative electrode active material comprise polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder and conductive agent. The content of lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, binder and conductive agent contained in the positive electrode active material is 86-96 %mass, 2-8 %mass and 1-8 %mass, respectively. The content of lithium titanate, binder and conductive agent contained in the negative electrode active material is 86-96 %mass, 2-8 %mass and 1-8 %mass, respectively. The conductive agent is chosen from carbon black, ketchen black, flaky graphite or carbon nanotube. The positive electrode active material comprises 91 %mass lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, 5 %mass polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder and 4 %mass carbon black, or 96 %mass lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, 3 %mass polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder and 6 %mass flaky graphite, or 86 %mass lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, 6 %mass polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder, 5 %mass carbon black and 3 %mass flaky graphite. The negative electrode active material comprises 90 %mass lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, 5 %mass polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder and 5 %mass carbon black, or 96 %mass lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, 3 %mass polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder and 1 %mass ketchen black, or 86 %mass lithium-nickel-manganese oxide, 6 %mass polyvinylidene fluoride-type binder, 6 %mass carbon black and 2 %mass ketchen black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive filler is graphite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curing agent is epoxy-based compound. The hardening accelerator is triphenylphosphine. The solvent is chosen from methyl ethyl ketone and acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of conductive filler is 500-2700 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. benzoxazine-based resin. The content of curing agent and hardening accelerator contained with respect to 100 pts. wt. benzoxazine-based resin is 30-70 pts. wt. and 0.5-8 pts. wt, respectively. The benzoxazine-based resin comprises bisphenol A, bisphenol F, phenolphthalein, thiodiphenol and/or dicyclopentadiene. Preferred Process: A solvent is further added to raw material, during mixing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal powder is powder of metal chosen from platinum, silver, aluminum, gold, copper, manganese, nickel, titanium, tin, palladium, niobium, cobalt, chromium, magnesium, silicon, indium and zinc, preferably aluminum powder and copper powder. Preferred Process: During dealloying process, sintered component is dipped in acid solution or basic solution, preferably 20 wt.% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor containing transition metal element contains nickel, cobalt, manganese and/or iron, and has particle size distribution of 1-45 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diluted gas is chosen from oxygen, air and/or nitrogen. The content of source gas and diluted gas is 10-80 mol% and 20-90 mol%, respectively. The polymer membrane is cation exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen further involves using dilution gas chosen from oxygen, nitrogen and air. Preferred Composition: The usage amount of the water and hydrogen peroxide, source gas and dilution gas is 0.001-2 wt.%, 10-80 mol%, and 90-20 mol%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer membrane is cationic exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atom used for encapsulation is an alkali metal. The ion used as pair of atom-encapsulated fullerene is chloride ion, bromide ion, fluoride ion, iodide ion, chlorate ion, perchlorate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, aluminum tetrachloride ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, hexachloroantimonate ion, or hexafluoroantimonate ion. The electrode consists of silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fullerene is 60C fullerene. The electrolyte liquid is a solution of ionic liquid or organic solvent. The salt of atom-encapsulated fullerene is lithium-60C fullerene hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wireless temperature sensor assembly includes polymer packaging.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separation body is formed from stainless steel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier is formed from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The welding unit is provided for carrying out ultrasonic welding or intermetallic adhesive process using a polyurethane based adhesive, an epoxy type adhesive or a resin type adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium aluminum oxide, lithium aluminum chloride, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonylimide), lithium chloride, lithium iodide and/or lithium bisoxalatoborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further comprises organic solvent including ester solvent, ether solvent, ketone solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon solvent and/or carbonate solvent, and lithium salt. Preferred Components: The additive has highest occupied molecular orbital energy value of greater than or equal to 8.6 eV, and lowest occupied molecular orbital energy value of -5.4 eV, and comprises 4,4'-difluoro diphenyl methane. The amount of additive is 0.1-20 (0.5-3) wt.%. The organic solvent has high dielectric constant, and low viscosity. The electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate and/or methylethylcarbonate. The additive comprises vinylene carbonate, metal fluoride, glutaronitrile, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, 3,3'-thiodipropionitrile, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,3-propene sultone, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, vinylethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylenecarbonate, fluorodimethylcarbonate and/or fluoroethylmethylcarbonate. R1-R4 = H, methyl or ethyl;    X1, X2 = Fl, Cl, Br or I;    l = 1-2; and    m, n = 1-2; and    p, q = 0-3.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase-changing material is a liquid selected from kerosene, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol, iodine, and naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode comprises lithium-manganese composite oxide having spinel structure, of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The cathode comprises lithium-metal oxide of formula: LiaM'bO4-cAc, preferably Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4.x=0.9-1.2;y=greater than 0 and less than 2;z=0 or more and less than 0.2;M=Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi;A=monovalent or divalent anion;M'=Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Ar;b=0.2-4;a=0.1-4;andc=0 or more and less than 0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator comprises polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, and/or PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material further contains component (C) and component (D). The component (C) is a mixture of titanium dioxide, chromium trioxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and zirconium oxide. The content of component (C) is 0.001-49.9 %mass with respect to total mass of electrode material. The component (D) is a mixture of iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, iridium, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium. The content of component (D) is 0.001-10 %mass with respect to total mass of electrode material. Preferred Composition: The direct fuel cell comprises organic liquid hydrogen storage material. The organic liquid hydrogen storage material is hydrogenated N-ethyl carbazole, cyclohexane, or hydronaphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of positive active material comprises adding a sodium compound or a potassium compound together with a lithium compound to a carbonate precursor and a sintering. Preferred Components: The positive active material has a 50% distribution particle size (D50) of 8-10 mu m in particle size distribution measurement. The molar ratio of lithium to Me is 1.25-1.45. EXAMPLE - 0.970 g of Lithium carbonate was added to 2.278 g of the coprecipitation carbonate precursor to obtain a reaction mixture. The mixture was adequately mixed using an automatic mortar made of agate to prepare a mixed powder. The powder was molded at a pressure of 6 MPa using a pellet molding machine to form a pellet. The amount of the mixed powder subjected to pellet molding was determined by performing conversion calculation. One of the pellets was placed in an alumina boat, the boat was placed in a box-type electric furnace, and the temperature was elevated from ordinary temperature to 900 degrees C under normal pressure in an air atmosphere for 10 hours. The pellet was sintered at 900 degrees C for 4 hours and worked up to give a lithium transition metal composite oxide of formula (Li(1.13)Co(0.11)Ni(0.17)Mn(0.59)O2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises: at least one polymer; at least one dispersion aid; additional inorganic structures comprising elements of the groups two through fourteen of periodic table; and non-fiber carbon structures consisting of carbon black, graphite, graphene, oxidized graphene and/or fullerenes. Preferred Components: The portion of discrete carbon nanotubes is ion conducting, and is interspersed between graphene and/or oxidized graphene plates. The carbon nanotubes are further functionalized. The portion of open ended tubes comprise electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises a polymer or a liquid. The 40-90% by number of the discrete carbon nanotubes has an aspect ratio of 30-70. The 1-30% by number of carbon nanotubes has an average aspect ratio of 80-140. Preferred Method: The carbon nanotubes are oriented, where the orientation is accomplished in a sheet, microlayer, microlayer with vertical film orientation, film, molding, extrusion or fiber spinning fabrication method. The orientation includes post fabrication methods such as tentering, uniaxial orientation, biaxial orientation and thermoforming.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises vinyl polymers, poly(styrene-butadiene), partially or fully hydrogenated poly(styrene-butadiene) containing copolymers, functionalized poly(styrene butadiene) copolymers such as carboxylated poly(styrene butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohols), poly(vinyl acetates), fluorinated polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, conductive polymers, polymers derived from natural sources, polyethers, polyesters, polyurethanes and polyamides, homopolymers and/or graft, block or random co- or ter-polymers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous materials comprise graphite, hard carbon and soft carbon. The second material is graphite. The amount of first material is 5-70 wt.%. The electrode has a thickness of 50-70 mu m.
Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl;and    R3=2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl or 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte contains a propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, a lithium tetrafluoroborate, bistrifluoromethane sulfonylimide lithium. The lithium secondary battery is chosen from screw imide lithium and a lithium bisoxalate borate. The lithium secondary battery compound has an isocyanate group that is hexamethylene diisocyanate. The lithium secondary battery compound has a nitrile group that is adiponitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium cobaltate (C1) (LixCoO2, where x is more than 0 to 1.6), and lithium cobaltate (C2) (LiyCoO2, where y is less than x) having stronger powder resistance than the lithium cobaltate (C1), and lithium-nickel oxide (LipNi1-qMqOr, where p is 0.9-1.2, q is more than 0 to 0.8, r is more than 1.9 to 2.1, and M is cobalt and/or manganese), lithium manganate, lithium-nickel oxide (LiNiO2) and/or lithium iron phosphate, or lithium nickel manganese cobalt complex oxide (O1) (LiNix4Mny4Coz4O2, where x4+y4+z4 is 1), lithium nickel manganese cobalt complex oxide (O2) (LiNix1Mny1Coz1O2, where x1 is less than x4) having stronger powder resistance than the lithium cobaltate (O1), lithium cobalt oxide (Lix3CoO2, where x3 is more than 0 to less than 1), lithium-nickel oxide, lithium manganate, and/or lithium iron phosphate. The addition amount of lithium cobaltate (C2) and addition amount of lithium cobaltate (O2) is 0.0005-90 parts mass and 0.0005-90 parts mass, respectively with respect to gross mass of the positive mix layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is chosen from cyclohexylbenzene, phenylcyclohexane and biphenyl. The addition amount of the additive is 0.1-6 parts mass with respect to gross mass of nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Electronic conduction degree of the material is less than or equal to 3.7x 10-7 S/cm at 20 degrees C in vacuum or argon atmosphere. Preferred Process: The process involves introducing lithium ion to the coordination compound by immersing the coordination compound in naphthalene/lithium/tetrahydrofuran mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porosity of the electrode is increased to thickness direction from the electrode current collector, and is 30-60%. The electrode includes an anode or a cathode. The anode includes lithium-manganese composite oxide of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (I), which is lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide of formula (LiaNibMn2-bO4) (II), preferably (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4) and (LiNi(0.4)Mn(1.6)O4). The cathode includes a lithium metal oxide of formula (LicM1dO4-eAe) (III), which is lithium titanium oxide of formula (LifTigO4) (IV), preferably (Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4) and (LiTi2O4).M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W or Bi;x = 0.9-1.2;y = 0-2;z = 0-0.2;A = anion with oxidation state of -1 or -2;a = 0.9-1.2;b = 0.4-0.5;M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr;c = 0.1-4;d = 0.2-4;e = 0-0.2;f = 0.5-3; andg = 1-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of coating the solvent on the surface of the electrode is carried out by spraying and impregnation method. Preferred Components: The solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or methyl ethyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide is lithium-nickel-manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). The boron compound is chosen from borate, borole and borane. The borate is trimethylsilyl borate. The content of additive contained in the electrolyte is 0.1-5 wt.%, preferably 0.1-2 wt.%. The cathode contains lithium metal oxide of formula: LiaM'bO4-cAc (II) as cathode active material. The lithium metal oxide (II) is lithium titanium oxide of formula: Lia'Tib'O4 (III). The lithium titanium oxide (III) is lithium titanate (Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4).M'=Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr;a=0.1-4;b=0.2-4;c=0 or more and less than 2;A=monovalent anion -1 or -2;a'=0.5-3;andb=1-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion component of active material is chalcogen. The active material is oxide active material comprising oxygen as anion component. The solid electrolyte material (5) is crystalline solid electrolyte material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The panel-shaped metal heat-transfer sheet is made of aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material comprises lithium ferric phosphate of olivine structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous areas and the non-hold part consist of lithium silicon cobalt nitride, thio-lithium silicon cobalt nitride, sodium silicon cobalt nitride, perovoskite, garnet group, lithium phosphorus oxynitride, lithium phosphorus oxysulfide, lithium sulfur oxynitride, lithium silicon phosphorus oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The center pin is provided with polypropylene, polyimide, polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate or membranous polymers and filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of the mesophase particles is 1-70 %mass with respect to the precursor of the amorphous carbon. The content of mesophase structure in the amorphous carbon particles is 1-80 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium source is metal containing 80 %mass or more lithium, and is in foil form formed on base material. The content of lithium nitride contained in the surface layer is 50 wt.% or more. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the surface layer is 0.03 mu m or more. The thickness of the surface layer is 30% or less of the thickness of the lithium source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material contains manganese. The positive electrode active material is lithium-manganese oxide (Li1+xMn2O4+~d, where x is 0-0.2 and delta is 0-0.3). The compound is lithium-cobalt-metal oxide (LiNi1-~a-~bCo~aM~bO2, where M is aluminum and manganese, alpha is 0.1-0.47, beta is 0.03-0.4, alpha + beta is 0.13-0.5). The additive is chain-shaped disulfonate. The terminal of chain-shaped disulfonate is carbon-carbon double bond. The content of additive is 1-5 %mass with respect to the total content of electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector substrate consists of carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, copper alloy, silicon, silicon alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium or titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The matrix comprises conductive additive. The conductive additive is conductive fibers, conductive nanotubes, graphite powder, metal powder, conductive polymer, metal whiskers, compressed metal fibers, metal felt and/or carbon felt. The substantially gas impermeable integument is ion permeable polymer or metal oxide. The active material is metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon active material comprises graphite and/or conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is copper and/or aluminum. Preferred Property: The thickness of the deposited metallic layer is 1.5 mu m to 700 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The paste is obtained by mixing carbon active material and solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer plastic film is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, polyester, polyether-ether-ketone, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate and their copolymer, and has flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of diethyl carbonate is 5-80 volume%. The nonaqueous solvent further contains saturated cyclic carbonate and cyclic sulfone compound. The acid anhydride contains carboxylic anhydride and sulfonic acid anhydride. The content of acid anhydride is 0.01-10 %mass, preferably 0.1-1 %mass. The saturated cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. The cyclic sulfone compound contains sulfolane and its derivative. The negative electrode active material is lithium titanium complex oxide. The positive electrode contains active material containing manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery has discharge capacity of 3.0 C greater than 80% initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles. Preferred Process: The precursor solution is prepared by dissolving tungsten metal precursor and then dissolving the other precursors. The citric acid added precursor solution is heated at 40-60 degrees C. The gel is dried at 70-100 degrees C under vacuum atmosphere. The calcining process is performed by heating the powder at 700-900 degrees C. EXAMPLE - The precursor solution was obtained by adding 6.1635 g of manganese acetate, 2.093 g of nickel acetate, and 1.7161 g of lithium acetate. The ammonia solution (0.05 ml) was added into the precursor solution in drop by drop under controlled pH of 6.5 and then stirred using a mixer for 4 hours to obtain a transparent gel by heating the mixed solution at 75-80 degrees C. The obtained gel was placed in an oven for 12 hours and it was dried at 100 degrees C for 4 hours under 0.01 atmospheric pressure to get a dried gel. The dried gel was pulverized using an agate mortar into a powder. The powder was heated to 450 degrees C for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing negative electrode active material contains compound phase containing metasilicic-acid lithium-based compound containing lithium metasilicate as basic composition, and silicon-containing phase containing silicon microparticles. The silicon microparticles exist in a dispersed state. The lithium-containing negative electrode active material contains composite particles formed using silicon microparticles distributing in the compound phase. Preferred Properties: The crystal grain diameter of silicon-containing phase is calculated using Scherrer formula from half value width of diffraction peak of (111) plane by powder X-ray diffractometry is 20 nm or less. The composite particles of lithium-containing negative electrode active material has average particle diameter of 0.5-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separating additive comprises: vinylene carbonate; fluoroethylene carbonate; ethylene sulfite; and 0.1-5 wt.% (preferably 0.5-2 wt.%) prior to normal operation of the cell. Preferred Method: The step of providing the separating additive comprises providing: vinylene carbonate; fluoroethylene carbonate; ethylene sulfite; and 0.1-5 wt.%, preferably 0.5-2 wt.% of separating additive. The step of forming the polymer coating comprises discharging the cell while isolating the positive electrode from oxygen so that the separating additive is reduced at a surface of the lithium insertion material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer coating is formed using a separating additive in the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution includes hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst has core-shell structure and contains metal or alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ionomer binder is 20-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The modified phenolic resin is polyamide modified phenolic resin, dicyandiamide modified phenolic resin or epoxy modified phenolic resin. The boron-based amine complex curing agent is 594 curing agent. The phenolic amine epoxy resin curing agent is T-31 curing agent. The carbon fiber paper has weight of 80-100 g/m2, porosity of 20-30% and electric resistance of 3-10 Omega /cm2. The electrode plate is sintered at 900-1000 degrees C for 10-30 minutes and baked at 1800-2200 degrees C for 30-50 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The carbon fiber paper is obtained by soaking chopped carbon fiber in a solution of acetone, ethanol and water in weight ratio of 1:1:20 in a container, adding 0.1-0.3 wt.% dispersing agent, stirring, adding conductive carbon black and raw wood pulp in weight ratio of 1:1-2, grinding, adding water retention agent and retention aid, stirring uniformly, obtaining slurry, papermaking, drying and coiling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The valve seal element is made of ethylene propylene diene rubber or ethylene-propylene-diene rubber-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Material (I) is Li4Mn5O12 and material (II) is Li2NiO2. Material (II) has an irreversible capacity of more than 250 mAh/g. The content of material (II) is 20-40 pts. wt. The cathode active material further comprises 0.1-15 pts. wt. conductive material chosen from graphite and conductive carbon. Conductive carbon is carbon black, acetylene black, Ketchen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon), channel black, furnace black, and/or lamp black. The content of lithium-metal oxide in the cathode active material is 50 pts. wt. or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor comprises an iron precursor such as (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), a cobalt precursor such as cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate, an manganese precursor such as manganese (II) nitrate tetrahydrate, an nickel precursor such as nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate, and a bismuth precursor such as bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate for different types of cathode material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The further solution is acetone. The ionic liquid contains a halide compound comprising group of ionic liquids including fluorides such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BmimBF4) chlorides including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, bromides such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, and iodides such as tetrabutylammonium iodide for the formation of the agglomerations present in the electrode material. The ionic liquids are used with the precursors such as BmimBF4 with iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), BmimBF4 with (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), BmimBF4 with iron (III) fluoride trihydrate (FeF3.3H2O), and butyl-methyl-imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide with (FeF3.3H2O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen concentration is 10-30 vol.%. The atmosphere is an air atmosphere. The mixed transition metal precursor is at least one metal compound of formulae (M(OH)2) (I) and (MOOH) (II). The transition metal precursor is (II) prepared by an ammonia-free process. The mixed transition metal precursor has a tap density of 1.1-1.6 g/cm3. The weight ratio of lithium carbonate and the mixed transition metal precursor is 0.95-1.04:1. The solid-state reaction includes a sintering process at 600-1100 degrees C for 3-20 hours. Preferred Method: The amount of air exceeding 2 m3/kg during the sintering process is supplied to a reaction vessel equipped with a he at exchanger for pre-warming of the air. The lithium mixed transition metal oxide is prepared by a large-scale process of greater than or equal to 5 kg under a high rate of air circulation of at least 2 m3 of air by volume at room temperature per 1 kg of the final lithium mixed transition metal oxide. In the method for the high rate of air circulation, the air is pumped into or out of the reaction vessel. At least 10 m3 of air per 1 kg of the final lithium mixed transition metal oxide is pumped into or out of the reaction vessel. The heat exchanger pre-warms in-flowing air before the in-flowing air enters the reaction vessel, while cooling the out-flowing air. EXAMPLE - A manganese nickel-oxyhydroxide compound of formula ((Mn(1/2)Ni(1/2))(8/15)Co(0.2)OOH) as a mixed transition metal precursor and lithium carbonate were mixed in a stoichiometric ratio of 1.02:1. The mixture was sintered in air at a temperature of 850 degrees C for 10 hours to obtain a lithium mixed transition metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The housing is made of steel, galvanized steel or aluminum. The conversion layer is formed by phosphating, chromating or anodizing based titanium-/zirconium fluoride or zirconium, and is made of chromium phosphate, zirconium oxide or titanium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate is made of copper, aluminum, iron, molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode contains an electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The structure of electron-conductive material is covered with carbon powder, metal powder, metal nitride, metal oxide, metal carbide and metallic boride with resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The promotor molecule is an organic acid, which is slightly soluble in water, and carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid is an anthracene derivative, a pyrene derivative, or a naphthalene derivative. The carboxylic acid is chosen from compound having benzene ring, heterocyclic ring, or 2-anthracene carboxylic acid, 9-anthracene carboxylic acid, 1-pyrene carboxylic acid, 2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, lauric acid, a citric acid, and pyrroloquinoline quinine. The oxidoreductase is chosen from glucose oxidase, an alcohol oxidase, the glucose dehydrogenase, a diaphorase, NADH dehydrogenase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, a fructose dehydrogenase, a gluconic acid dehydrogenase, cellobiose dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, an amine dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, a hydrogenase, p-cresol methyl hydroxylase, a histamine dehydrogenase, a fumaric-acid reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, a nitric acid reductase, and arsenic acid. a reductase, sulfite reductase, and dimethyl sulfoxide reductase, cytochrome C3, multicopper oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, cytochrome C, hemoglobin, a myoglobin, cytochrome P450, and a ferritin. The positive electrode further comprises an electron mediator. The electron mediator is 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The enzyme ink further comprises saccharides, solvent such as water, oxidoreductase, and ABTS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Preferred Property: The electro-conductive substance has a pore with average fine pore diameter of 100 nm or less, pore capacity of 0.1-5.0 cc/g, porous carbon with average fine pore diameters of 0.1-25 nm, BET specific surface areas of 10-5000 m2/g. Preferred Components: The solid electrolyte satisfies lithium-phosphorus-sulfur (LiaMbPcSd), where M is elements selected from boron, zinc, silicon, copper, gallium, and germanium, and the a, b, c, d is each element composition ratio of 1-12:0-0.5:1:2-9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is selected from nitrile-type solvent, a fluorine-type solvent, a hydrocarbon-based solvent, and a thio type solvent. The active material is a compound containing sulfur or sulfur. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell generates the electricity by an electrochemical reaction of the oxygen supplied from the hydrogen, which is supplied to an anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid coolant is glycol compound or the polyhydric alcohol that includes two hydroxyl groups, where the glycol compound is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol (preferred), diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol and butylene glycol. The ethylene glycol has the vapor pressure of less than 0.1 mmHg at 20 degrees C, and the propylene glycol has the vapor pressure of 0.06 mmHg at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoride is lithium fluoride. The impurity fluoridating reagent includes ammonium bifluoride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium hydrogen fluoride and ammonium phosphate. The amount of impurity fluoridating reagent present in the composition is 0.2-10 wt.%. The impurity includes less than 0.3 wt.% of lithium carbonate and 0.1 wt.% of lithium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paint comprises zinc phosphate, molybdenum phosphate, zinc-aluminum phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydride, dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate, tricalcium phosphate and tertiary zinc orthophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The soluble copper salt is selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper nitrate or copper acetate. The reducing agent is selected from hydrazine hydrate and/or sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid-phase medium is selected from de-ionized water, methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The power line is selected from a group consisting of an Ethernet power line, RS-232 power line and a RS-485 power line.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive nanofiber is carbon nanotubes. The electroconductive carbon particles are carbon nanohorns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The medium flow path is formed by applying on low activity area side from the highly active area side in the reaction flow path, such that the cross-sectional area is gradually increased. The opening area of medium flow path closer to the highly active area of the reaction flow path is less than the opening area of the medium flow path closer to the low activity area of the reaction flow path. The cross-sectional area of the highly active area of the reaction flow path is more than the cross-sectional area of the low activity area of the reaction flow path. The reaction flow path is applied to the low activity area side from the highly active area side, such that the cross-sectional area is gradually reduced. The opening area closer to the highly active area of the reaction flow paths is more than the opening area closer to the low activity area of the reaction flow paths. The reaction flow path has a catalyst layer (112) arranged on one portion of inner wall contained in the highly active area and/or low activity area. The thickness of the catalyst layer of the highly active area is more than the thickness of catalyst layer of the low activity area. The distribution direction of the thermal medium in the medium flow path is mutually opposed with the distribution direction of the fluid in the reaction flow path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating amount of the carbon material with respect to 100 %mass negative electrode active material is 0.7-8 %mass measured by thermogravimetric analysis. The graphite powder contains natural graphite. The carbon material contains amorphous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder is an aqueous binder. Preferred Process: The negative electrode material is obtained by adhering organic compound to the graphite powder, baking the organic compound and carbonizing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium-manganese complex oxide of Lia(MxMn2-x-yY'y)(O4-wZw) (IV), LiM'PO4 (V), and Li(LiaM''1-a-cMnc)O2 (VI).x=0.4-1.2;y=0 or more;or x+y=less than 2;a=0-1.2;w=0-1;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, and Cu;Y'=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K and Ca;Z=F or Cl;M'=Co or Ni;a=0-1.3;c=0.3-0.7;andM''=Co, Ni or Fe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further comprises carbonate ester compound of formula: R1-O-C(=O)-O-R2 (III), fluorinated carboxylate ester compound of formula: R1-C(=O)-O-R2 (A), cyclic sulfonate ester compound of formula (IX), and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion. The nonaqueous electrolytic solvent further contains fluorinated phosphate ester of formula: O=P(-OR5)(-OR7)-OR6 (C). The content of fluorinated ether in nonaqueous electrolytic solvent is 15-90 vol.%, preferably 50-90 vol.%. The sulfone compound is a cyclic sulfone compound of formula (VIIa). The sulfone compound includes cyclic sulfone compound and linear sulfone compound. The content of nonaqueous electrolytic solvent of sulfone compound is 5-50 vol.%. The nonaqueous electrolytic solvent contains carbonate ester compound (III). The content of carbonate ester compound in nonaqueous electrolytic solvent is 5-30 vol.%. The carbonate ester compound is ethylene carbonate. The content of cyclic sulfonate ester in electrolyte solution is 0.01-10 %mass.A,B'=alkylene or fluoroalkylene;X=single bond, or -OSO2-;R5-R7=optionally substituted alkyl, in which at least 1 is fluorine-substituted alkyl;or carbon atom of R5 and carbon atom of R6=cyclic structure, when bonded through single bond or double bond;andR8=optionally substituted alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium transition-metal oxide particles includes lithium-manganate (Li2MnO3). Lithium-transition metal oxide particles including titanium, is lithium titanate (Ti2TiO3 and Li4Ti5O12), and lithium-cobalt oxide particles have particle diameter of 5-30 mu m. The cathode active material further contains a lithium compound which is electrochemically inactive, on the outer surface of lithium-cobalt-oxide particles. The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. The solid transition metal compound is manganese oxide, manganese carbonate, manganese oxohydroxide, titanium oxide, titanium carbonate, and/or titanium oxyhydroxide. The liquid transition metal compound is manganese acetate, manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate, titanium acetate, titanium acetate-titanium sulfate and/or titanium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The adsorption is carried out using 0.1-2 mol/L sulfonic acid aqueous solution. Preferred Component: The sulfonic acid is chosen from methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and camphorsulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cellulosic material and/or regenerated-cellulose material are chosen from spun yarn, monofilament, paper, film, sheet, textile fabric and knitted material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal is iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anionic species (II) are derived from mandelic acid or its derivative, amino acid or its derivative, or amino acid of formula: R11-HN-C(-R4)-C(=O)-OH (VI). The amino acid (VI) is glycine, phenyl glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, ornithine, and/or their derivatives. The ionic liquid contains cationic species (I) and anionic species which are derived from amino acid of formula (VII) or (VIII). The amino acid (VII) or (VIII) is proline, pipecolic acid, nipecotic acid and/or their derivative. The anionic species (II) are phenyl acetate, 1-hydroxy-3-phenylpentanate, 3-phenylpropanoate or 1-naphthylacetate. The anionic species (III)-(V) is diphenyl hydrogen phosphate anion, diphenyl phosphonate anion or diphenylphosphinic acid anion.R4=1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-20C aralkyl (all optionally substituted), or H;R11-R13=H or protecting group of amino;andn=1-5. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl;and    R3,R4=protected or non-protected hydroxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mixing is performed using ball mill process for 1 hour or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of carbon used in the preparation is 5 wt.% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl acetate. The amount of polymer used in the preparation is 0.1-50 wt.%, with respect to the amount of iron sulfate. Preferred Property: The polymer has molecular weight of 50000 g/mol or less. Preferred Process: The heat-processing of the mixture is carried out at 100-500 degrees C for 1-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric material film contains a polyetherimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal layer comprises gold, platinum and/or palladium. Preferred Properties: The metal tube has diameter of 50 nm to 10 mu m, preferably 100 nm to 300 mu m and average wall thickness of 10-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of polyphenylene sulfide-containing resin to carrier resin is 1:100-10:1. The carrier resin is a water-soluble polyamide, preferably poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Protogenic group of formula: SO2X, -PO3H2, or -COX is added the polyphenylene sulfide-containing fibers to coating with the metal film.X=-OH, halo, or ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The element utilizes material e.g. gold, silver and platinum, of the uppermost conductive layer. The element utilizes material e.g. chromium, nickel, titanium and nickel-chromium alloy, of the lower conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the secondary battery, the lithium phosphate compound is of formula ((Li)c(Fe)d(M2)ePO4).M2 = Mn, Mg, Ni, Co, Al, W, Nb, Ti, Si, Cr, Cu or Zn; andc = 0-2;d = greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1;e = greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1; andd+e = less than or equal to 1    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the secondary battery: the lithium phosphate compound includes secondary particles that are each an aggregate of many primary particles, where an average particle diameter of the primary particles is 0.05-2 mu m both inclusive, and an average particle diameter of the secondary particles is 1-30 mu m both inclusive; and an electrically-conductive layer is provided on part or all of surfaces of the primary particles, where the electrically-conductive layer includes a carbon material. In the secondary battery, the cathode includes: a cathode binder, where a content of the cathode active material is greater than or equal to 80 wt% with respect to a total content of the cathode active material and the cathode binder, and a content of the cathode binder is less than or equal to 20 wt.% with respect to the total content of the cathode active material and the cathode binder; or a cathode binder and a cathode electric conductor, where a content of the cathode active material is greater than or equal to 80 wt.% with respect to a total content of the cathode active material, the cathode binder, and the cathode electric conductor, a content of the cathode binder is less than or equal to 10 wt.% percent with respect to the total content of the cathode active material, the cathode binder, and the cathode electric conductor, and a content of the cathode electric conductor is less than or equal to 10 wt.% with respect to the total content of the cathode active material, the cathode binder, and the cathode electric conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The outer shell comprises an oxide material and a sulfide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst includes gold, platinum and/or palladium component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protogenic groups are substituted sulfur dioxide compounds of formula SO2X, substituted phosphite compounds of formula -PO3H2, or substituted carboxy compounds of formula -COX.X = -OH, halo, or ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method (I) further comprises incorporating the polyphenylene sulfide-containing structures into a fuel cell electrode layer. Preferred Components: The polyphenylene sulfide-containing structures include comprising fibers, beads, spheres or oblong shapes. The polyphenylene sulfide-containing resin includes many electrically conductive particles that are carbon particles, graphite particles and/or metal particles. The carrier resin is a water-soluble polyamide. The carrier resin comprises poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). The weight ratio of polyphenylene sulfide-containing resin to carrier resin is 1:100-10:1. The polyphenylene sulfide-containing structures (or fibers) have an average diameter is 5 nm to 10 mu . The polyphenylene sulfide-containing fibers include many electrically conductive particles. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide thermoplastic fibers were first created by dispersing polyphenylene sulfide in 500000 molecular weight (weight average) water soluble polymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). 5 g Polyphenylene sulfide was first blended in a blender with 15 g 500000 molecular weight poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (a ratio of 1-3). The combined blend was added to a laboratory mixing extruder operated at 240 degrees C header and rotor temperatures with the drive motor operated at 50% capacity, resulting in an extruded strand of the blend. The resulting extruded strand was added to the blender to return it to granular form, and re-extruded two more times, creating a uniform extruded strand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate are set with different metal combination selected in lead dioxide, lead, copper or copper alloy and aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The pH of the reaction solution in crystallization process is maintained as 10-12 at 25 degrees C of liquid temperature reference. The temperature of the reaction solution in the crystallization process is maintained at 20-70 degrees C, and ammonium ion concentration is maintained as 5-20 g/L. At pH control process, the transition metal ion concentration in the reaction solution after pH control is 100 ppm or less. Preferred Composition: The nickel salt and cobalt salt are sulfate, nitrate and/or chloride. The ammonium-ion supply component is ammonia, ammonium sulfate and/or ammonium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnetic core connection portion is made of ferrite material, and a set of magnetic core leg portions are made of iron-silicon type dust core and iron-aluminum-silicon type dust core.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing parts are made of elastic sealing materials such as ethylene propylene diene monomer, nitrile butadiene rubber, fluororubber, silicone rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, butyl rubber, natural rubber, styrene rubber, chloro plane, or acrylic rubber, a cushioning material, or a packing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material includes magnesiated bismuth compound and magnesiated tin compound when the apparatus is present in the discharged state, and an intermetallic compound of bismuth and tin. The intermetallic compound of bismuth and tin has a bismuth and tin composition (BixSnx), where x is 0.4-0.6. The magnesiated bismuth compound is a fully magnesiated bismuth compound, and the magnesiated tin compound is a fully magnesiated tin compound. The electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solution of the magnesium salt. The second electrode includes a magnesium ion intercalating compound. The magnesium salt is a compound of magnesium and a counter-ion. The counter-ion comprises trifluoromethanesulfonimide, perchlorate and hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A thermal process for the metal separation plate surface is performed under airborne or oxygen atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface of the metallic material consists of gold, platinum, ruthenium, and iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The strip is made of flexible plastic such as ethylene propylene diene monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises carrying out melting process for 2-5 times, cooling the molten master alloy; crushing the master alloy, remelting the crushed master alloy using vacuum high frequency induction melting method by charging into a quartz tube; and cooling the master alloy with a copper mold to from a wire. The pulverization of the alloy nanopowder is performed by wire explosion. Preferred Components: The alloying elements include lanthanum, zirconium, hydronium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxalate salt is lithium-iron oxalate (Li3Fe(C2O4)3), lithium-tin oxalate (Li2Sn(C2O4)3), lithium-silicon oxalate (Li2Si(C2O4)3), lithium-germanium oxalate (Li2Ge(C2O4)3) and/or lithium-titanium oxalate(Li-2Ti(C2O4)3). The solute is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide lithium, bis(fluoro sulfonyl)imide lithium, bis(pentafluoroethane sulfonyl)imide lithium, difluoro(oxalate)lithium borate, difluoro(bis(oxalate))lithium phosphate, tetrafluoro(oxalate)lithium phosphate and/or difluoro lithium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, cyclic ester, linear ester, cyclic ether, linear ether, sulfur-containing nonaqueous solvent and ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt contains anion chosen from 33 anions e.g. fluorine ion, bromine ion, iodine ion, tetrafluoroborate ion and nitrate ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate and linear ester. The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1,2-pentylene carbonate, 2,3-pentylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate. The linear carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate and ethyl propyl carbonate. The linear ester is chosen from methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate and butyl propionate. The content of the additives is 1-10 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises classifying the heat-treated active charcoal and selecting charcoal having a size of less 60 mu m. The heat treatment step is carried out at 650 plus minus 10 degrees C for 30 minutes to 2 hours. The amount of conductive material in the activated charcoal composition is 3-8 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is chosen from charcoal and petroleum coke, preferably charcoal.?The mass ratio of graphene oxide, carbon source and activation agent is 1:0.01:1. Preferred Properties: The sheet has specific surface area of 1500-3000 m2/g, capacity of 100-200 F/g and volume of 50-120 F/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal oxide includes lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron oxide, lithium manganese orthosilicate. The lithium transition metal oxide has a structure of formula (LiNi1-x-yCoxMyO2) (I). The active gas is a plasma generated through ionization and molecular dissociation process using a source gas. The source gas includes methane, acetylene, hydrazine, hydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, hydrobromide and bromine. The impurities are removed through a plug flow reactor or a complete mixing reactor.M = Co, Mn, Mg, Fe, Ni, or Al; andx, y = 0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises a collecting part for collecting the processed lithium transition-metal oxide powder from the powdering process part. A control part controls lithium transition-metal oxides process. The apparatus further comprises an inlet port in which additional chemical substances are inserted into the powdering process part, where the inlet port is located between the powdering process part and the active gas supply unit. A temperature adjuster controls the temperature of the active gas during the line between the powdering process part and the active gas supply unit. A powder flying apparatus is used for increasing the dispersion of the powder processed in the powdering process part. A powder recovery system includes the separating device for the treatment of the powder and gas, where the separated waste gas is again supplied to the active gas supply unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium phosphorus complex oxide is formula: LiaMmXObFc (where M is transition metal, X is boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum or tungsten, a is more than 0 to 3, m is more than 0 to 2, b is 2-4, and c is 0-1), preferably lithium iron phosphate or lithium manganese phosphate. The lithium sulfur compound is thio-lithium superionic conductor. The solid electrolyte layer contains sulfide solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous support is made of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nanofiber layer is formed using nanofiber containing material chosen from polyimide, aramid, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene. The base layer comprises polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode is made of metallic element comprising molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum, zirconium, magnesium, titanium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermally-conductive element comprises a sheet made of aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material includes an intermetallic compound of indium and tin. The intermetallic compound of indium and tin comprises a composition In1-xSnx, where 0.01 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0.99, preferably 0.2 greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to 0.8. Preferably, the intermetallic compound of indium and tin is In0.2Sn0.8. The binary combination of indium and tin includes intermetallic compounds of indium and tin; or the binary combination of indium and tin comprises binary solid solution of indium and tin. The magnesiated indium compound is a fully magnesiated indium compound, the magnesiated tin compound being a fully magnesiated tin compound. The electrolyte includes a non-aqueous ionic solution of the magnesium salt. The magnesium salt is a compound of magnesium and a counter-ion, the counter-ion being selected from trifluoromethanesulfonimide (TSFI-), perchlorate ((ClO4)-), and hexafluorophosphate ((PF6)-). The anode active material includes a binary solid solution of indium and tin. The anode terminal includes an exterior surface and an interior surface, the anode active material being formed directly on the interior surface of the anode terminal. The cathode active material includes a magnesium ion intercalating compound. Preferred Device: The rechargeable magnesium-ion battery comprises a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrode, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrode, the first electrical terminal has an exterior surface and an interior surface, the active material being deposited directly on the interior surface of the first electrical terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material used during manufacture of secondary battery comprises activated carbon, metallic silicon, adhesive agent, or resin. The raw material of secondary battery preferably comprises graphite, fine powder containing metal chosen from metallic lithium, metallic silicon, metal calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and aluminum, and fine powder containing electroconductive graphite, electroconductive activated carbon, or other electroconductive substance. The coating material is formed using electroconductive graphite comprising Dotite (RTM: calconcarboxylic acid) FC-415. The positive electrode is formed using calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive agent used during manufacture of secondary battery is vinyl chloride resin, acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin or celluloid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The particulate binders (a) and (b) contain polymer including 0.5 wt.% or more monomeric unit having acidic functional group. Preferred Properties: The difference of the glass transition temperature of particulate binder and glass transition temperature of particulate binder is 20 degrees C or more. The gel content of particulate binder is 35 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte system comprises 0.3 wt.% of B2O3 based on the total weight of the electrolyte system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The pack battery further comprises protective circuit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal cation is an ion of a lithium element, sodium element, or potassium element. An atomic ratio of oxygen to alkali metal in the titanium oxide compound modified with the ion is 0.12-0.9 (alkali metal): 1 (oxygen) in analysis using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The titanium oxide compound has an aspect ratio of 1-50, a length of 0.1-50 mu m in the direction of the minor axis, and a length of 0.1-200 mu m in the direction of the major axis. The active material further contains at least one other titanium oxide compound comprising anatase type titanium dioxide, rhamsdelite type lithium titanate or spinel type lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-fluororesin is a polyacrylic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. The active material and the non-fluororesin in the negative electrode layer are present at 68-96 mass%, and 2-30 mass% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fiber-forming resin contains electroconductive particles chosen from carbon particles, graphite particles and metal particles. The fiber-forming resin is thermoplastic polymer containing mixture of polyolefin and polyester. The weight ratio of the fiber-forming resin and water-soluble carrier resin is 1:100-10:1. The water-soluble carrier resin contains poly(2-ethyl 2-oxazoline).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound is an inorganic magnesium solid electrolyte containing boron, nitrogen, borohydride, and/or hydrogenation nitrogen, and having structure chosen magnesium borohydride, magnesium amide, and of formula: Mg(BH4)(NH2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic metals include silane, titanium, zinc, and chromium. The anode slurry contains 0.1-10 wt.% of binder and less than 50-100 wt.% of lithium titanium oxide. The hydrogen (H+) ion in the surface of the organic compounds reacts with the functional group of formula (-OR). The halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur or nitrogen. The lithium manganese oxide is represented as (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4). The cathode comprises an anode active material that has a structure of formula (Lix1Tiy1O4) (II).R = H or alkyl;x1 = 0.5-3; andy1 = 1-2.5..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The copper foil contains oxygen free copper, zirconium, silicon and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive substrate is carbon electroconductive substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The main catalyst further contains lanthanide metal, valve metal, iron-type metal, silver and/or metal oxide. The amount of co-catalyst in the gas diffusion electrode is 0.2-4 mmol/m2. The ratio (A/B) of amount (A) of catalyst of main catalyst and amount (B) of catalyst of co-catalyst is 0.2-4.1. The microparticles containing main catalyst preferably comprises platinum and co-catalyst layer comprises tantalum oxide (TaOx).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode element carries out occlusion-discharge of the ion by lithium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminium and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum compounds are selected from aluminum hydroxide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compound: The glass frit comprises lead oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The silver particles (I) have an average particle size of 0.1-0.5 mu m and specific surface area more than 2.4 m2/g and 5 m2/g or less. Preferred Composition: The silver component further comprises silver particles (II) having average particle size of 1-20 mu m and specific surface area of 0.1-1.5 m2/g. The electroconductive paste comprises 83.5 wt.% or less total silver component, 0.01-10 wt.% silver particles (I), 60-90 wt.% silver particle (II), 5 wt.% glass frit and 1-35 wt.% organic vehicle. Alternately, the electroconductive paste for use in forming surface electrodes on solar cells, comprises 40-90 wt.% conductive metal particles, glass frit and organic vehicle comprising binder, surfactant, and organic solvent and 1 wt.% thixotropic agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic vehicle comprises binder, surfactant, organic solvent and thixotropic agent. The content of thixotropic agent in the electroconductive paste is 5-20 wt.% of organic vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethylene propylene-diene copolymer has diene content of 10 %mass or less. The sealing compound composition comprises solvent chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, alicyclic hydrocarbon-type solvent, and petroleum solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer consists only of polymer unit based on vinylidene fluoride, and polymer unit based on tetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of fluoropolymer is 50000-2 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The number average molecular weight of polyvinylidenefluoride is 200000-1300000. The weight average molecular weight of fluoropolymer is 50000-2 million. Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer contains 82-89 mol% polymer units based on vinylidene fluoride with respect to total polymer units. The fluoropolymer consists only of polymer unit based on vinylidene fluoride, and polymer unit based on tetrafluoroethylene. The mass ratio of fluoropolymer with respect to polyvinylidenefluoride is 90/10-10/90. The organic solvent is N-methyl- 2-pyrrolidone and/or N,N -dimethylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The concentration of lithium salt is 0.9-1.2 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of additive contained in the electrolyte is 0.05-30 wt.%. Preferred Property: The additive has weight average molecular weight of 150-20. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2,R3=2-7C hydroxy, fluorine, nitrile, or methylsulfonyl substituted aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon;and    n=3-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The separation film (b1) and separation film (b2) are coated with coating material containing mixture of binder polymer and inorganic particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The separation film (b1) and separation film (b2) are coated with coating material containing mixture of binder polymer and inorganic particles. Preferred Composition: The separation film (112) and separation film (114) are chosen from microporous polyethylene film, polypropylene film and multilayered film of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide and polyacrylonitrile or polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material is operated under 3-4 V. The lithium manganese oxide has a spinel structure. The lithium compound includes lithium acetate (preferred), lithium hydroxide (preferred), lithium carbon oxide, lithium oxide and lithium oxy-nitride and lithium manganese oxide. The lithium hydroxide is synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis process. The polyhydric alcohol is added into the hydrothermal synthesis process for synthesizing the lithium manganese oxide by reflux reaction at 180-350 degrees C .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol includes diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethylene glycol (all preferred), propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butylene glycol and glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pipes are made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vanadium in the vanadium oxide product is 64.29-64.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide (I) is preferably of formula: LixNiyMn2-y'O4 (III). The compound (III) is of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The oxide (II) is preferably of formula: LiaTibO4 (IV). The compound (IV) is preferably of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4. The average particle size of the electrode active material is 0.01-5 mu m.y'=0.4-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of preparing copper/nickel catalyst comprises mixing copper(III) nitrate, nickel(III) nitrate and ammonium carbonate with distilled water to prepare copper/nickel catalyst, filtering and drying the copper/nickel catalyst, and oxidizing the dried copper/nickel catalyst. The step of preparing carbon nanofibers comprises heating the oxidized copper/nickel catalyst at a temperature of 570 degrees C and heating rate of 10 degrees C/minutes, performing reduction step under atmospheric pressure for 2 hours, where the ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen is 9:1, and growing carbon nanofibers under atmospheric pressure for 2 hours, where the ratio of ethylene and hydrogen is 1:1. The step of coating pyrolytic carbon on the acid treated carbon nanofibers comprises heating the acid treated carbon nanofibers at a temperature of 700 degrees C and a heating rate of 10 degrees C/minutes, and coating pyrolytic carbon on the acid treated carbon nanofibers while supplying liquid petroleum gas at a temperature of 700 degrees C and 200 cc/minutes. The step of performing graphitization treatment comprises heating argon gas at temperature of 2800 degrees C and a rate of 200 cc/minutes and performing graphitization treatment for 10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises administering gas in the mixture, and carbonizing under inert gas and then oxidizing a pitch. The carbonizing step is performed at temperature of 500-3000 degrees C for 30 minutes to 10 hours. Preferred Components: The petrochemistry by-product is a by-product of pyrolysis fuel oil, heavy crude oil, extra heavy crude oil, vacuum residue, atmospheric residue and/or oil sand bitumen. The catalyst material comprises zeolite, silica or alumina. The gas is oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide or steam. The catalyst material is present in an amount of 0.001-0.1. The volume ratio of the administered gas in the reaction is 1-100. The pitch is crushed or classified before the carbonizing step, and has particle size of 0.1-200 mu m and surface area of 0.1-100 m2/g. The carbonaceous material has intensity of D band and G band in a ratio of 0.5-1.2 based on Raman analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is methanol, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide. The initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The polymer anion exchange membrane material is prepared by adding monomer A, monomer B and solvent into a reactor, then adding initiator under protection of inert gas, sealing, heating and refluxing to conduct free radical copolymerization reaction, and drying obtained product to obtain imidazolium salt-based polymer; adding imidazolium salt-based polymer in organic solvent to prepare 5-10 mass% polymer solution; and forming into film and drying. Preferred Component: The monomer A is a monomer containing a salt-forming imidazole containing unsaturated hydrocarbon. The monomer B is an aromatic hydrocarbon containing an unsaturated double bond. Preferred Method: Heating and refluxing reaction is carried out at 60-90 degrees C for 48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The monodispersing step is carried out at a heat temperature of 30-50 degrees C or 1200-1800 degrees C, aging temperature of 50-60 degrees C, and a drying temperature of 100-150 degrees C. The heat treatment is carried out for 1-24 hours in the presence of argon and hydrogen. Preferred Components: The monodispersed silica sol-gel precursor has a diameter of 30 nm to 5 mu m. The silica particles comprise sintered silicon oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of the vesicatory resin series is the expanded polyethylene (EPE), expanded polystylene (EPS) and expanded polypropylene (EPP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The polymer (I) is prepared by adding chlorocarbonyl compound of formula (III) in a three-mouth bottle, reacting in solvent i.e. methylene dichloride, trichloromethane, or tetrahydrofuran, adding alkaline organic material i.e. triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-diethylaniline, or pyridine at normal temperature, agitating uniformly, adding diphenyl compound of formula (IV), reacting for 4-8 hours, concentrating by decompressing and distilling the reaction solution, recrystallizing by organic solvent i.e. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or dichloromethane, conducting silica gel column chromatography to obtain halogenated diphenyl monomer of formula (V), dissolving (V) in organic solvent i.e. methanol, ethanol, or ethyl acetate, slowly dropping initiator i.e. azobisisobutyronitrile or azobisisoheptonitrile, inletting protective gas at constant temperature of 50-90 degrees C, stirring and reacting for 10-80 hours, cooling to room temperature, after finishing the reaction, adding excessive reaction solvent i.e. N,N-dimethylformamide or toluene to separate out the organic solid phase material, filtering, and drying at 60 degrees C to obtain (I). Preferred Compound: The polymer (I) is of formula (II).a+b=1; andM=(CH2)p. Preferred Definitions:    X=Cl or Br.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The synthetic reaction is performed at a temperature of 30-400 degrees C and a pressure of 0.5-50 MPa for 1 minutes to 100 hours. The step of surface revitalizing the powder is performed using metal compound of the composite or substitution solid solution. The method further comprises performing heat treatment of composite powder after the separating step, adding acid or alkali to the mixed slurry at a temperature of 30-100 degrees C and pressure of 0.5-15 MPa for 1 minutes to 10 hours, adding 0.01-10 mole of reducing agent or the oxidant of the metal additive precursor or 0.01-20 mole of basic solution or acid solution to the composite powder before the step of synthetic reaction, and adding ammonia, nitrogen, methane, helium or argon gas before the step of synthetic reaction. Preferred Components: The metal compound has sphere, fiber, sheet, wire, bunch (bundle), cube or pyramid shapes. The metal precursor comprises fluoride, chloride salt, inorganic acid salt, metal hydride, metal complex, and organic acid salt. The metal precursor includes a component consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, antimony, scandium, strontium, vanadium, yttrium, cerium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, zirconium, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium, manganese, calcium, barium, cesium, chromium, magnesium, titanium, aluminum, indium, tin, selenium, cadmium, tellurium, gallium, gadolinium, germanium, dysprosium, praseodymium, samarium, holmium, lutetium, terbium, europium, neodymium, lanthanum, tantalum, hafnium, erbium and ytterbium. The core powder includes zirconia or ceria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent includes 1-10C alcohol, methanol or ethanol, and is present in an amount of 0.01-5 mole/l. The organic solvent further includes 0.01-10 mole of the tertiary alcohol as the co-solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first short circuit inducing parts are made of copper or a copper alloy. The second short circuit inducing parts are made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon content of positive electrode active material is 0.5 wt.% or more and less than 30 wt.%. The particle diameter of positive electrode active material is 10-500 nm. The electrolyte of battery contains lithium hexafluoro phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The lithium metal electrode is prepared by spreading 80-100 pts. wt. of lithium metal thinly on the 100 pts. wt. of electrode by vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal is platinum or palladium. The noble metal precursor contains acetylacetonate, hexafluoro acetylacetonate or pentafluorophenyl acetylacetonate. The transition metal precursor contains nickel, cobalt, iron or manganese. The carbon support is a porous carbon support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing solvent comprises ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The extracting step increases the purity of the separated platinum, where the solvent is trioctylamine in a kerosene diluent, and the extraction is performed in a pH of 3-5. The extracting step increases the purity of the separated ruthenium, where the solvent is N-methyl-N,N-dioctyloctan-1-ammonium chloride in a kerosene diluent, and the extraction is performed in a pH of 8-10. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly is immersed in a solution containing butanol, surfactant and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle diameter of the primary particles and secondary particles is 5 nm to 1 mu m and 3-100 mu m, respectively. The coating thickness of the conductive carbon is 1-3 nm. Preferred Composition: The conductive carbon is t crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first conductive material is copper and the second conductive material is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A complex oxide of lithium and transition metal in the cathode active material is cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron and ruthenium. The negative active material has a structure of formula (LiaFeb-cM1cPO4), (LidRu2-eM2ePO4), and is lithium iron phosphate or lithium ruthenium oxide.a = 0.5-1.5;b = 0.8-1.2;c = 0-0.5;d = 0.5-1.5;e = 0-0.5; andM1, M2 = elements with oxidation number of 1-4. Preferred Definitions:    A = halo, S or N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first cathode active material is a layered structure of lithium manganese oxide as a positive electrode potential of 4.45 V relative to a charging voltage of 4.45-4.8 V more than a potential plateau region. The second cathode active material: has a nominal voltage of 3.5-3.9 V: comprises a metal oxide compound of formula (LiNi(0.8)Co(0.1)Mn(0.1)O2) (III); and is present in an amount of 5-70 pts. wt. The positive electrode material mixture further comprises a conductive material, and a cathode material mixture consisting of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium nickel-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, and other element(s) that is/are substituted or doped with oxide consisting of at least one lithium-containing metal oxide. The other element(s) is/are aluminum, magnesium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and bismuth. The amount of the lithium-containing metal oxides is 50 pts. wt. The lithium secondary battery has a state-of-charge of 10-40%, where the first cathode active material has an output of greater than or equal to 10% that the lithium secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conducting polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene or poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. The cathode active material is chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol or cresol. The lithium iron phosphate particle is structurally stabilized and the coating uniformity is maintained by heat-treating the cathode active material at 150-250 degrees C, and the rate of lithium and iron in the lithium iron phosphate particle is 4-3:1, and the rate of iron and phosphoric acid is 1-1.2:1. The initial specific capacity of a lithium secondary battery in the discharge rate of 1C is 110 mAh/g, preferably 120 mAh/g or greater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyridyl group-containing olefin comprises 4-Vinyl-pyridine compound of formula (II). The fluorine-containing acrylate monomer comprises compound of formula (H2C=C(-R3)-C(=O)-O-CE2-Cx-Fy), trifluoroethyl methacrylate, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate, trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, octafluoropentyl methacrylate and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate, preferably trifluoroethyl methacrylate or hexafluorobutyl methacrylate. The organic solvent is selected from tetrahydrofuran, N, N-dimethyl formamide, N, N-dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide. The initiator is selected from benzoyl peroxide or azodiisobutyronitrile. The quaternary ammonium reagent is quaternary ammonium acid, methyl iodide, ethyl bromide, n-butyl alkyl bromide and benzyl chloride. The quaternization utilizes a solvent selected from de-ionized water, propyl ether, petroleum ether and cyclohexane. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the pyridyl group-containing olefin and the fluorine-containing acrylate monomer is 1:0.5-3. Preferred Process: The refluxing process is performed at 50-90 degrees C for 8-28 hours. The casting film drying process is performed at 50-90 degrees C. The quaternization reaction is performed at 30-60 degrees C for 12-48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises positive electrode material including lithium-manganese-containing compound of formula: Li1+xMyMn2-x-yO4 (I), where x is 0-0.3, y is 0-0.6, and M is aluminum, magnesium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier layer is made from one of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and polyimide polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyether-ether-ketone, the high boiling point solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, and N-methyl pyrrolidone, and the polysulfone additive is polyether sulfone or polysulfone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer film is a sulfonated polymer and additive composite polymer film. The reinforcing mesh is polytetrafluoroethylene mesh cloth. The polytetrafluoroethylene mesh cloth is glass fiber or woven with net-shaped base cloth as base material, coating polytetrafluoroethylene resin, and polytetrafluoroethylene mesh. The polytetrafluoroethylene is a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, having structure of formula (-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The evaporation apparatus comprises a counter-current barrier (21), which blocks the reverse flow of the combustion flame of the burner and is provided at the end tip site of the burner. The evaporation apparatus further comprises filling holes embedded around the burner facing below the reformer, where the filling holes are formed on an inner cylinder equipped inside the reformer. The exhaust gas discharged from the evaporation apparatus flows through an exhaust gas passage, then mixes with the reformed fuel, and separated by a fluid passage with water flow. The bottom surfaces of the fluid passage and the exhaust gas passage are formed with numerous convex spheres. The inner cylinder comprises the oxidation catalyst heated by the combustion flame and positioned in downwards direction with the combustion flame of the burner, a reforming catalyst provided surrounding the oxidation catalyst for converting the preheated reformed fuel supplied by the evaporation apparatus into reformed gas, and an aqueous conversion catalyst, which is located around the reforming catalyst and removes carbon monoxide from the reformed gas by utilizing the steam generated in the evaporation apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nano tube has diameter of 20-40 nm and molybdenum particle of 2-4 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The power output system is connected with a power system controller (22) by a CAN bus (21).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium nickel manganese composite oxide has a structure of formula (Li1+bNi(0.5-a)Mn(1.5+a-d)MdO4-c) (I). The oxidation state of manganese containing metals is +3.5 or +4.M = trivalent metals or transition metals, preferably Co, Al, Ni, Ti, Zn, B, Cr, Ga, V, Cu, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Zr, Y or Fe;a = -0.1 to 0.4;b = -0.1 to 0.1;c = -0.1 to 0.1; andd = 0-0.1, preferably 0.01-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide has a structure of formula (Li1+bNi(0.5-a)Mn(1.5+a)O4-c) (I). The lithium nickel manganese composite oxide is represented as (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4). The metal oxide is a meta-vanadate salt and has a structure of formula M(VO3)z (II). The average particle diameter of the lithium nickel manganese composite oxide is 3-20 mu m. The material is a metal oxide. The material is a ferroelectric material that includes barium titanate, barium titanate/strontium titanate, lead titanate (preferred), lithium niobate, lead titanate/zirconium titanate, and amorphous vanadium pentoxide. The surface of the material is coated with 30-100% of the lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide. The coating thickness of the material is 0.1-10 nm.a = -0.1 to 0.4;b, c = -0.1 to 0.1;M = Ni, Co, V, Ti, Zr, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn or Ga; andz = oxidation number of M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fluid inlet is formed as part of a separate insert that is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The information is transmitted via Bluetooth, infrared, Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), and Global system for mobile communication (GSM) network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The current collector foil consists of an aluminum alloy that confirms to a type of ENAW 1050, ENAW 1200 or ENAN 1085.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic steel contains 0.025 wt.% or more carbon, 21-24 wt.% chromium, 0.7-1.5 wt.% molybdenum, 1 wt.% or less niobium, and 78.3 wt.% or less iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the concentrated sulfuric acid and vanadyl sulfate hydrate is 25 g: 200 ml. The volume ratio of the mixed solution and the concentrated sulfuric acid is 1: 6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and concentrated sulfuric acid is 1: 3200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first coating layer has a solid content of 40-80 wt.%, and a viscosity of 10000-20000 cps. The second coating layer has a solid content of 30-70 wt.%, and a viscosity of 5000-8000 cps. A thickness ratio of first and second coating layer is 30:70-70:30, preferably 45:55-55:45. The active material has: a lithium manganese oxide containing compound of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (I); a lithium nickel manganese complex oxide containing compound of formula (LixNiyMn2-yO4) (II); lithium oxide containing compound of formula (LiaM1bO4-cAc) (III); and a lithium titanium oxide containing compound of formula (LiaTibO4) (IV).x = 0.9-0.12;y = 0-2;z = 0-0.2;M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W or Ti;A = anions;M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In or Al;a = 0.1-4;b = 0.2-4; andc = 0-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of conductive material in primary coating electrode mixture is 1-10 wt.% with respect to solid content of primary coating electrode mixture. The content of conductive material in secondary coating electrode mixture is 0-9 wt.% with respect to solid content of secondary coating electrode mixture. The thickness ratio of primary coating layer and secondary coating layer is 30:70-70:30. The electrode is anode or cathode. The anode comprises lithium-manganese composite oxide having spinel structure of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The cathode comprises lithiated metal oxide of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4 as anodal active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrode active material has average particle diameter of less than 30 mu m, and surface area of more than 1 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The electrode is anode or cathode. The anode comprises lithium-manganese composite oxide having spinel structure of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The cathode comprises lithiated metal oxide of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4 as anodal active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is polar solvent or non-polar solvent, preferably non-polar solvent. The surfactant is anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant and/or nonionic surfactant, preferably nonionic surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode active material has a structure of formula LiaM1bO4-cAc (I). The lithium titanium oxide has a structure of formula Lia1Tib1O4 (II). The lithium titanium oxide includes lithium titanate (LiTi2O4) or (Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4). The cathode active material has a lithium-manganese composite oxide spinel structure and a structure of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (III). The lithium-manganese composite oxide has a structure of formula (Lix1Niy1Mn2-y1O4) (IV). The lithium nickel manganese oxide includes lithium manganeses oxide (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4) or (LiNi(0.4)Mn(1.6)O4).M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi;M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr;A = -1 or -2;a = 0.1-4;a1 = 0.5-3;b = 0.2-4;b1 = 1-2.5;c = 0-0.2;x = 0.9-1.2;x1 = 0.9-1.2;y = 0-2;y1 = 0.4-0.5; andz = 0-0.2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The porosity of cathode mixture layer is preferably 25-45%. Preferred Composition: Cathode contains lithiated metal oxide of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4 as active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode includes a first electrode adhesive layer and a second electrode adhesive layer coated with an electrode active material containing spherical particles. The length of the spherical particles is represented as short length and the longitudinal axis length. The first electrode adhesive layer includes 0.3-0.9 electrode active material. The second electrode adhesive layer includes 0.5-1 electrode active material. The thickness ratio of the first electrode adhesive layer and the second electrode adhesive layer is 30:70-70:30, preferably 45:55-55:45. The electrode has less than 0.07 Omega /cm, preferably 0.05 Omega /cm electrode resistance. The electrode further includes an anode and a cathode. The anode comprises a lithium-manganese composite oxide of a spinel structure that is indicated as the cathode active material. The cathode active material has a structure of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (I). The lithium manganese composite oxide including a lithium nickel manganese complex oxide has a structure of formula (Lix1Niy1Mn2-y1O4) (II) and is represented by (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4) or (LiNi(0.4)Mn(1.6)O4). The cathode comprises an anodal active material including a lithium metal oxide has a structure of formula (LiaM1bO4-cAc) (III). The lithium metal oxide has a structure of formula (Lia1Tib1O4) (IV). The lithium titanium oxide is represented by (LiTi2O4 or Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4).x = 0.9-1.2;x1 = 0.9-1.2;y = 0-2;y1 = 0.4-0.5;z = 0-2;a = 0.1-4;a1 = 0.5-3;b = 0.2-4;b1 = 1-2.5;c = 0-0.2;M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi;M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al and Zr; andA = -1 or -2.Preferred Process: The method further comprises performing a drying procedure and a pressing process after the first and second coating processes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithiated metal oxide is preferably of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4. Preferred Property: Carbon is coated with the thickness of 0.1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Precursor of carbon is organic compound. The organic compound is sucrose or lactose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode mixture layer has a porosity of 20-50%, preferably 25-45%. The anode comprises a lithium-manganese composite oxide of the spinel structure represented by a cathode active material. The cathode active material has a structure of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) (I). The lithium nickel manganese composite oxide has a structure of formula (Lix1Niy1Mn2-y1O4) (II). The lithium nickel manganese composite oxide is represented by (LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4 or LiNi(0.4)Mn(1.6)O4).x = 0.9-1.2;x1 = 0.9-1.2;y = 0-2;y1 = 0.4-0.5;z = 0-0.2;M = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi; andA = -1 or -2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halogen element is added with oxygen in the lithiated metal oxide. The lithiated metal oxide has a structure of formula (LiaM1bO4-cAc) (I), which is present in an oxide form having a structure of formula (Lia1Tib1O4-c1Ac1) (II). The lithiated metal oxide is represented by (Li(1.33)Ti(1.67)O4-cAc) or (LiTi2O4-cAc). The halogen elements include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The lithium metal oxide includes primary particles agglomerated with secondary particles. The grain size of the secondary particles is 200 nm to 30 mu m. The anode active material contains less than 0.1-5 wt.% of halogen elements. The lithium secondary battery has discharging capacity of more than 80% at 25 degrees C for 300 time in a 1 C charging/discharging conditions after repeated charging and discharging the battery.M1 = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr;a = 0.1-4;a1 = 0.5-3;b = 0.2-4;b1 = 1-2.5;c = 0-0.2; andA = anion having oxidation state of -1 or -2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of negative electrode active material is covered with amorphous carbon layer. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains graphite material which is not scale shape, and has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.8-1.5 m2/g and tap density of 0.9-1.2 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive is chosen from organic sulfone-type compound, organic disulfone compound, vinylene carbonate derivative, ethylene carbonate derivative, ester derivative, dihydric-phenol derivative, terphenyl derivative and phosphate derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the electrolyte solution contains a mixture of sodium bisfluorosulfonylamide and potassium bisfluorosulfonylamide, or a mixture of sodium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylamide and cesium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thermal expansion coefficient of crystalline glass composition at 30-700 degrees C is 90/asterisk10-7/ degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed cathode active material further comprises conductive material, binder and lithium-containing metal oxide. The conductive material is graphite and conductive carbon. The conductive carbon is chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, graphene and graphite. The lithium-containing metal oxide is chosen from lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide and element (a) substituted or doped oxide. The element (a) is chosen from aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and bismuth. The content of cathode active material (A), conductive material and lithium-containing metal oxide is 10-30 pts. wt., 0.5-15 pts. wt. and 50 pts. wt. or less with respect to 100 pts. wt. mixed cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless chip represents a data connection relative to a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard, Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, Bluetooth standard and/or wireless local area network (WLAN) standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transition-metal of olivine type silicate compound is made of iron, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, zinc, vanadium, zirconium and manganese. The electroconductive carbon is a carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Positive electrode active material contains 10-40 mol.% lithium oxide (Li2O), 35-65 mol.% manganese oxide+cobalt oxide+nickel oxide (MnO2+CoO+NiO), 10-40 mol.% phosphorus oxide (P2O5), and 0.1-25 mol.% niobium oxide+titanium oxide+vanadium oxide+chromium oxide+iron oxide+silicon oxide+boron oxide+germanium oxide+aluminum oxide+gallium oxide+antimony oxide+bismuth oxide (Nb2O5+TiO2+V2O5+Cr2O3+Fe2O3 +SiO2+B2O3+GeO2+Al2O3+Ga2O3+Sb2O3+Bi2O3) as compositions. Preferred Parameters: Microcrystal size of olivine-type crystal is less than or equal to 25 nm. Crystal melting start temperature is less than or equal to 850 degrees C. Powder X-ray diffraction peak integrated intensity after pulverization of precursor inorganic compound is less than or equal to 0.95 of powder X-ray diffraction peak integrated intensity before pulverization of precursor inorganic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of average particle diameter of the carbonaceous particles and average particle diameter of silicon oxide particle is 0.001-5. The average particle diameter of the carbonaceous particles and silicon oxide particles is 5-30 mu m and 0.01-10 mu m, respectively. The length (a) and breadth (b) of the carbonaceous particles is 5-30 mu m, and 1-25 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode material further contains flaky graphite. The content of the carbonaceous particles and silicon oxide particles is 100 parts mass and 1-50 parts mass, respectively. The silicon oxide particles are of formula: SiOx.x=0.5-1.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbonate-type solvent contained in the nonaqueous solvent is 65 volume% or less. The content of fluorine-containing phosphate ester and fluorine-containing ether is 35 volume% or more. The volume ratio of fluorine-containing phosphate ester and fluorine-containing ether is 25:75-45:55.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative mix layer further comprises conductive support agent containing vapor growth carbon fiber and multiwall carbon nanotube. The positive mix layer further comprises lithium-containing complex oxide of formula: Li1+xM1O2 (I), and active material other than lithium-containing complex oxide as positive electrode active material, where x is -0.5 to 0.5, M1 is elements chosen from nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron and titanium, preferably group IIA element and group IIIB element M1. The amount of nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron and titanium in lithium-containing complex oxide (I) is 30-95 mol%, 40 mol% or more, 40 mol% or more, 30 mol% or more and 30 mol% or more, respectively. The total amount of cobalt, manganese, iron and titanium is 5-60 mol%. The amount of active materials other than lithium-containing complex oxide (I) in the positive active mix layer is 1-30 %mass. The negative mix layer comprises silicon and oxygen, and graphite as negative electrode active material. The atomic ratio (z) of oxygen with respect to silicon is 0.5-1.5. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains fluoro ether and/or fluoro carbonate, sulfonic acid anhydride or sulfonic acid ester derivative, and boric acid ester or phosphate ester. The separator has porous layer (I) containing thermoplastic resin as main component, and porous layer (II) containing inorganic fine particles as main component and having allowable temperature limit of 200 degrees C or more. The inorganic fine particles in the porous layer (II) comprise microparticles chosen from alumina, silica and Boehmite. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of active material other than lithium-containing complex oxide is 1/2 or less with respect to average particle diameter of lithium-containing complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles is 3-10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is layered lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing lithium element and 2 or more types of transition metal element containing tungsten as metallic element structure. The positive electrode active material comprises lithium- transition metal composite oxide (Li1+f(NiaCobMncMdWe)O2, where M is chosen from transition metal element, typical metal element and boron, f is 0-0.25, e is 0.0005-0.01, and a+b+c+d+e is 1, in which at least one of a, b and c is more than 0). The content of tungsten on the surface of the surface of the positive electrode active material particles is 0.5-1.5 mol.%. Hydroxide particles and aqueous solution containing 2 or more types of metallic element containing tungsten are further used during manufacture of sealed lithium secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive comprises cyclohexylbenzene and/or biphenyl. The content of additive is 0.5-5 %mass with respect to 100 %mass electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel-modifying catalyst further contains noble metal layer and perovskite structure-containing catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode comprises cathode active material having lithium metal oxide spinel of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz (I), and anode active material having lithium metal oxide spinel of formula: LiaM'bO4-cAc, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is 0-2, z is 0-0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium or bismuth, A is 1 or more anions M' is titanium, tin, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, iron, indium, aluminum or zirconium, b is 0.2-4, a is 0.1-4 and c is 0-0.2. The lithium metal oxide is preferably lithium titanate of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chemical etching process is carried out using mixture containing ferric chloride/hydrochloric acid/water as etching agent. The electrode is cathode and/or anode. The anode comprises lithiated metal oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). Cathode contains lithiated metal oxide (Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode plate comprises a spinel-type lithium-manganese complex oxide of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is greater than 0 and less than 2, z is 0 or more and less than 0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium and/or bismuth, and A is monovalent or divalent anion, as active material. The complex oxide is preferably of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The cathode plate comprises a lithium-containing complex oxide of formula: Li1+x'Ni1-y'-z'-tMny'Coz'M'tO2-wA'w or Li1+x"Mn2-y"M"y"O4-w'A"w', where x' and x" are greater than -0.2 and less than 0.2, y' is 0-0.4, z' is 0-0.4, t is 0-0.2, w and w' are 0-0.05, M' is iron, chromium, titanium, zinc, vanadium, first row transition metal, aluminum, and/or magnesium, A' and A" are sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, 6A group element, and/or 7A group element, y" is 0 or more and less 0.4, w' is 0-0.05, and M" is nickel, manganese, iron, chromium, titanium, zinc, vanadium, first row transition metal, aluminum, and/or magnesium. The complex oxide is preferably LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LiMn2O4, Li1.33Ti1.67O4, and/or LiTi2O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode plate comprises a spinel-type lithium-manganese complex oxide of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is greater than 0.4 or more and less than 2, z is 0 or more and less than 0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium and/or bismuth, and A is monovalent or divalent anion, as active material. The complex oxide is preferably of formula: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The cathode plate comprises a lithium-containing complex oxide of formula: Li1+x'Ni1-y'-z'-tMny'Coz'M'tO2-wA'w or Li1+x"Mn2-y"M"y"O4-w'A"w', where x' and x" are greater than -0.2 and less than 0.2, y' is 0-0.4, z' is 0-0.4, t is 0-0.2, w and w' are 0-0.05, M' is iron, chromium, titanium, zinc, vanadium, first row transition metal, aluminum, and/or magnesium, A' and A" are sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, 6A group element, and/or 7A group element, y" is 0 or more and less 0.4, w' is 0-0.05, and M" is nickel, manganese, iron, chromium, titanium, zinc, vanadium, first row transition metal, aluminum, and/or magnesium. The complex oxide is preferably LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LiMn2O4, Li1.33Ti1.67O4, and/or LiTi2O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode active material comprises primary lithium oxide particles and secondary lithium oxide particles. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of primary lithium metal oxide particles is 1 nm to 3 mu m. The average particle diameter of secondary lithium metal oxide particle is 3-30 mu m. The average particle diameter of primary lithium metal oxide particles is 100 nm to 2.5 mu m, preferably 700 nm to 1.8 mu m. The average particle diameter of secondary lithium metal oxide particles is 5-25 mu m, preferably 12-20 mu m. The mix ratio of primary lithium metal oxide particles and secondary lithium metal oxide particles is 70:30-30:70 in lithium metal oxide particles. The lithium metal oxide is of formula: LiaM'bO4-cAc, preferably LiaTibO4, Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4, where M' is chosen from titanium, tin, copper, indium, lead, antimony, zinc, iron, indium, aluminum and zirconium, a is 0.1-0.4, b is 0.2-4, c is 0-0.2, A is monovalent or divalent anion(s), a is 0.5-3, and b is 1-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The manufacture further involves surface treating process. The surface treating process is performed either by thermal process or electric treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material comprises cathode and anode active material. The cathode active material has lithium metal oxide spinel of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz (I) where x is 0.9-1.2, y is 0-2, z is 0-0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium or bismuth and A is 1 or more anions. The anode active material has lithium metal oxide spinel of formula: LiaM'bO4-cAc where M' is titanium, tin, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, iron, indium, aluminum or zirconium, b is 0.2-4, a is 0.1-4 and c is 0-0.2. The lithium metal oxide is preferably lithium titanate of formula: Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The electric potential of the anode is preferably 0.75-1.545 V. The cut-off voltage of the lithium secondary battery is preferably 3.3-3.5 V. The capacity of the cathode is 80-100%, preferably 90-100%, with respect to capacity of anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium titanium oxide contains lithium titanate (LiaTibO4, where a is 0.5-3 (including 0.5 and 3), and b is 1-2.5 (including 1 and 2.5)). The lithium titanium oxide is preferably lithium titanate (Li1.33Ti1.67O4), or lithium titanate (LiTi2O4). The anode preferably comprises lithium-manganese oxide ((LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz), where x is 0.9-1.2 (including 0.9 and 1.2), y is 0-2, z is 0-0.2 (including 0), A is anion, and M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, iron, chromium, titanium, vanadium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, or bismuth). The lithium-manganese oxide is lithium-nickel manganate (LixNiyMn2-yO4 (III), where x is 0.9-1.2 (including 0.9 and 1.2), and y is 0.4-0.5 (including 0.4 and 0.5)). The lithium-manganese oxide is preferably lithium-nickel manganate (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4), or lithium-nickel manganate (LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium titanium oxide is of formula: LiaTibO4, where a is 0.5-3 and b is 1-2.5, preferably LiTi2O4 or Li1.33Ti1.67O4. The cathode includes lithium-manganese composite oxide of formula: LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz (II) (where x is 0.9-1.2, y is more than 0 and less than 2, z is 0 or more and less than 0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium or bismuth and A is anions) having spinel structure or lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide of formula: Lix'Niy'Mn2-y'O4 (III) (where x' is 0.9-1.2 and y is 0.4-0.5), preferably LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 or LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, as a cathode active material. The area of the cathode mixing layer with respect to the area of the anode mixing layer is 80-100%, preferably 90-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average diameter of the active material of the electrode adhesive layer (A) is 1-10 mu m and 3-30 mu m. The average diameter of the active material of the electrode adhesive layer (B) is 3-30 mu m. The ratio of thickness of electrode adhesive layer (A) and the electrode adhesive layer (B) is 3:7-7:3. Preferred Composition: The secondary battery electrode is anode electrode or cathode electrode. The anode comprises lithium-manganese composite oxide (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is more than 0-less than 2, z is 0-0.2, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, and bismuth, and A is -1 or -2), preferably lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide (LixNiyMn2-yO4, preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). The cathode comprises lithium metal oxide (LiaM'bO4-cAc, preferably Li1.33Ti1.67O4, where M' is titanium, tin, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, iron, indium, aluminum and zirconium, a is 0.1-4, b is 0.2-4 and c is 0-0.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The coating thickness of conductive material is 20-70 mu m, preferably 30-60 mu m. Preferred Components: The electrode is disposed between anode and cathode. The anode comprises spinel structure containing lithiated metal oxide (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is more than 0 and less than 2, z is 0 to 0.2 or less, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and bismuth, and A is anion of -1 or -2, or LixNiyMn2-yO4). The lithiated metal oxide is lithium nickel oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) or lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive material is chosen from graphite, carbon nanotube, graphene and conductive polymer. The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese composite oxide (I) is lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). The lithium metal oxide (II) is lithium titanium oxide (Li1.33Ti1.67O4 and LiTi2O4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ring-shaped carbonate material based on total weight of electrolyte is 1-30 wt.%. The mixing ratio of ring-shaped carbonate material and propionate material is 5-15:85-95, preferably 10:90. The propionate material contains carboxyl group-containing compound of formula: R1-COO-R2 (III), preferably methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate and/or butylpropionate.R1=(un)substituted ethyl;andR2=straight or branched (un)substituted alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive material is carbon nanotube or graphene. The content of conductive material in electrode composition is preferably 0.1-10% with respect to total weight of electrode composition. The lithium-manganese-containing oxide (I) is preferably lithium-nickel-manganese-containing oxide (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). The lithium-containing oxide (II) is preferably lithium titanate (Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4). Preferred Property: The length and average particle diameter of carbon nanotube is 0.5-10 mu m and 5-50 nm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate working fluid is Ethylene glycol or Propylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphite is a low flake graphite coming out from natural graphite or steel manufacturing process. The amount of by-products in the graphite-carbon complex production process is 0.01-10. The mixing of the by-products is performed by mechanical stirring, homogenizer, attrition mill, Spex mill, planatery mill at mixing speed of 200-10000 revolutions per minute. The carbonizing is performed at 500-1500 degrees C for 30 minutes to 10 hours. The graphite-carbon composite cathode material has particle size of 0.1-100 m2/g and thickness of 0.1-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The amination is carried out using trimethylamine. The crosslinking reaction is carried out using glutardialdehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride and copolymer is 1.63-2.29.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The position sensor is connected with an automobile main body through a CAN communication interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer containing lithium-nickel-niobium-zirconium oxide compound (LiaNibM1cM2dWxNbyZrzO2, where a is 0-1.2, b is 0-1, c is 0-0.5, d is 0-0.5, x is 0-0.1, y is 0-0.1, z is 0-0.1, b+c+d is 1, and M1 and M2 are manganese, titnaium, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, aluminum, germanium, tin, magnesium and zirconium). The negative electrode active material layer contains hardly graphitized carbon having particle diameter of 2-8 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Lithium compound is lithium metal. Battery is lithium-air battery which uses oxygen as positive electrode active material of positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Low molecular gelatinizer contains compound of formulae Rf1-R1-X1-L1-R2 (1), Rf1-R1-X1-L1-R3-L2-X2-R4-Rf2 (2), and/or R5-O-Cy-X3-Cm (3).Rf1, Rf2=2-20C perfluoroalkyl;R1, R4=single bond or 1-6C bivalent saturated hydrocarbon;X1, X2=formulae -O- (1a), -S- (1b), -S(=O)- (1c), -S(=O)2- (1d), -C(=O)O- (1e), -C(=O)NH- (1f), and/or -O-C(=O)NH- (1g);L1, L2=oxyalkylene optionally substituted by single bond, alkyl, or halo, bivalent oxy aromatic group optionally substituted by alkyl or halo, or oxy cycloalkylene group optionally substituted by alkyl or halo;R2=1-20 alkyl optionally substituted by alkyl or halo except F, fluoroalkyl optionally substituted by alkyl or haloexcept F, aryl, fluoro aryl, and/or monovalent group;R3=1-18C bivalent saturated hydrocarbon which may have O and/or S atoms in principal chain and optionally substituted by alkyl;R5=1-20C optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbon;Cy=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic hydrocarbon having 5-30 nuclear atoms or alicyclic hydrocarbon;X3=formulae -C(=O)O- (3a), -O- (3b), -NHC(=O)NH- (3c), -C(=O)NH- (3d), -N=N- (3e), -N=N+(O-)- (3f), and/or -S(=O)2- (3g);Cm=monovalent group of formula (3z); andRa=H, alkyl, alkoxy, or halo.Preferred Forms: Ion conductor is in gel form. Preferred Definitions:    X1, X2=formula -S(=O)2- (1d).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The value of g is in the range of 0.4-1, the value of a is in the range of 0.6-1, the value of x is in the range of 0.7-1.4, the value of z is in the range of 0-0.2 and the value of f is in the range of 0.5-1. The vanadium system compound has an average particle diameter of less than or equal to 100 mu m. The vanadium system compound is represented by a chemical formula of ((LixNa(1.5-x))aV(Og)PO4Ff)x = 0-1.5;a = 0.6-1;g = 0-1; andf = 0.5-1.5.The vanadium compound is vanadium pentoxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium(iii) oxide, vanadium oxide, vanadyl(iv) sulfate or vanadium(iii) sulfate. The x containing compound is ammonium compound, oxide, nitride, sulfide or their combinations. The lithium compound is lithium bromide, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, lithium iodide, lithium fluoride or their combinations. Preferred Process: The first and second heat treating processes are performed at 700-750 degrees C. The third heat treating process is performed at 140-550 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first, second and third aqueous solution comprise graphene oxide, and the third aqueous solution comprises iron. The particle comprises lithium iron phosphate, and has a size of 30-250 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium titanium oxide is lithium titanate (LiTi2O4) or lithium titanate (Li1.33Ti1.67O4). The cathode active material has spinel structure containing lithium-manganese composite oxide (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is more than 0 and less than 2, z is 0 to 0.2 or less, M is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and bismuth, and A is anion of -1 or -2). The lithium-manganese composite oxide is lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LixNiyMn2-yO4, where x is 0.9-1.2 and y is 0.4-0.5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonwoven polyethylene membrane is polypropylene, aramid, polyamide, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ketone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene naphthalene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly vinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, nylon and poly para-phenylenebisbenzooxazol. Preferred Property: The porosity of nonwoven fabric separation film is 45-90%, preferably 50-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The content of the polyisocyanate-type curing agent in the polyurethane adhesive is 100 parts mass or less with respect to 100 parts mass of main ingredient.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyurethane adhesive further contains 0.1-100 parts mass organosilane of formula: R-Si(OR')3, metal alkoxide of formula: M(OR") or their hydrolyzate.R=unit which has reactive functional group;R'=alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or acyl;M=metal;n=valence of M;andR"=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The specific surface area of the active material is 0.1-5 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is converted into a metal, and contains less than 0.25 %mass and more than 0.04 %mass antimony. The carbon is carbon black. The carbon black concentration is 3 or less mass ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains 0.01-0.25 %mass polycarboxylic acid and/or 0.01-0.3 %mass cellulose ether, 0.5-2.5 %mass carbon, and 0.1-0.9 %mass water-soluble polymer comprising a bisphenol-based condensate, per 100 %mass spongy lead. The cellulose ether is carboxyalkyl cellulose. The polycarboxylic acid is polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper alloy further comprises element which forms compound containing chromium, and element which does not forms compound containing chromium. The element which forms compound containing chromium is chosen from silicon, aluminum, beryllium, manganese, zinc, arsenic, selenium, antimony, zirconium, platinum, niobium, vanadium, iron, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, silver, gold, tin, lead, scandium, yttrium and magnesium. The amount of zirconium in element which forms compound containing chromium is 0.15 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium metal phosphate is lithium iron phosphate or a lithium manganese phosphate. The amount of component (B) is 1-15 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. component (A). Preferred Property: The volume average particle diameter of component (B) is 10-800 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium manganese composite oxide (I) is lithium nickel manganese composite oxide of formula: Lix'Niy'Mn2-y'O4 (II), preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. The cathode has cathode active material of formula: LiaM'bO4-cAc (III) where M' is titanium, tin, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, iron, indium, aluminum and/or zirconium, a is 0.1-4, b is 0.2-4, c is 0-0.2, and A is monovalent or divalent anions. The lithium metal oxide (III) is lithium titanium oxide of formula: LiaTibO4 (IV) where a is 0.5-3 and b is 1-2.5, preferably Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The contact maintaining part is made of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or Teflon (RTM: PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermally conductive plates are made of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material in the core is activated carbon. The carbonaceous material in the shell comprises hetero atoms chosen from nitrogen, boron and sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous lithium type electrical storage element comprises non-cyclic carbonate chosen from dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate and cyclic carbonate chosen from ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A ratio of boron element to the lithium transition metal complex oxide (I) is greater than or equal to 2 mol.%. The raw material compound of the boron compound is selected from boron oxide, oxo-acids of boron and oxo-acid salts of boron. The boron compound is obtained by mixing the lithium transition metal complex oxide and a raw material compound of the boron compound (preferably orthoboric acid), followed by calcining at greater than or equal to 450 degrees C. The lithium transition metal complex oxide is in the form of particles, and portion of the boron compound exists on a surface of the particles of the lithium transition metal complex oxide. Portion of the boron compound covers at least partially the surface of the particles of the lithium transition metal complex oxide; is chemically bonded to at least one element constituting the lithium transition metal complex oxide; and forms complex oxide with at least one element constituting the lithium transition metal complex oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The floor-area-ratio of space of natural particles of composite graphite is 30-95 vol.%. The natural particles of composite graphite contains 0.1-20 parts mass of carbonaceous material (B) with respect to 100 parts mass of natural particles and further contains fiber (c) of carbonaceous material or graphite. The average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is larger than the average particle diameter of natural particles of composite graphite. Preferred Process: The manufacture of natural particles involves adhesion particles of flaky graphite (A) on the surface of the precursor by spray drying of dispersion liquid, which is obtained by dispersing the precursor of natural particles of flaky graphite (A) and carbonaceous material (B) in dispersing medium, mixing of fiber (C) with the obtained hollow structure material and baking the material coated with carbonaceous material (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanomaterial is carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, carbon black, and/or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The functional group is derived from 2-ureido-4(1H)pyrimidinone derivative, 4-ureido-4(1H)pyrimidinol derivative, 2-ureido-4-pyrimidone derivative, diacylpyrimidine derivative, ureidoacylpyrimidine derivative, acetylaminotriazine derivative, ureidotriazine derivative, 2-aminobenzimidazole derivative, 2,7-diamino-1,8-naphthyridine derivative, di(hexanoylamino)pyrimidine derivative, and/or 2-butylureido-4-acetylaminopyridine derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vanadium pentoxide is an aerogel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The liquid further comprises stabilizing agents containing stannites, and/or nano-sized ceramic materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid is water. The saturated electrolyte unit comprises solid potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a KOH saturated solution or solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a NaOH saturated solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The baking process is carried out at 700-800 degrees C for 4-50 hours. Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxMyZrtO2 (I).x=0.1-0.21;y=0-0.08;z=0.97-1.15;t=0.005-0.03;andM=Mn, V, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ti, or Al.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process Conditions: The mixture is stirred continuously for 3 hours in ultrasound bath. The homogenized product is poured into stainless steel plates to evaporate solvent at room temperature for 72 hours. The obtained material is dried in an oven in air at 40 degrees C for 12 hours. The dried material is immersed in a solution of sulfuric acid for 24 hours. The membrane is washed with water and then dried again.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide solution, at 0.1 M concentration. The monovalent silver salt is 0.01 M silver nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microorganism used in microbial fuel cell is chosen from alpha -Proteobacteria, beta -Proteobacteria, Delta -Proteobacteria, Clostridium, Shewanella oneidensis strains MR-1, SR-21 and DSP-10, S.putrefaciens strain SR-21, Geobacter sulfurreducens strain KN400, Ochrobacterium anthropi strain YZ-1, Escherichia coli strain K2 HB101, Aeromonas hydrophila, Corynebacterium, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus gallinarium, Acetobacter aceti, and Gluconobacter roseus    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode electrolyte comprises 1-10 g sodium acetate, 0.1-10 g ammonium hydroxide, 0.001-1 g potassium phosphate, 10-1000 mM potassium perchlorate, and 10-1000 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulfonic acid. The cathode electrolyte comprises potassium perchlorate and sodium perchlorate. The buffer solution comprises 1,4-bis(4-aminophenyl)piperazine, boric acid, 4-nitrophenol, 1-imidazole, pyridine, 2-chlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, methoxy pyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-pyridine, 2,4-dimethyl-pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethyl pyridine, tyrosine amide, nicotine, N,N-diethyl aniline, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'(4-butane sulfonic acid). The microbial fuel cell is bilocular microbial fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic nanoparticles are selected from titania, silica, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, cadmium sulfide, zirconium oxide, calcium phosphate and/or calcium oxide, the surface of the inorganic nanoparticles has silane, ether, amino, carbonyl, ester and/or amide. Preferred Composition: The total weight of the inorganic nano-particles 0.1-20 wt.%. The particle size of the inorganic nanoparticles 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first positive active material and the second positive active material comprise lithium-cobalt-based oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-based oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-based oxide, lithium-iron-phosphate-based oxide, lithium-manganese-based oxide and/or lithium-titanium-based oxide, and activated carbon. The crystalline carbon-based material comprises graphite. The amorphous carbon-based material comprises soft carbon. The first negative active material comprises soft carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The vaporizer in the flame spray-pyrolysis apparatus is ultrasonic-atomizer, centrifugal vaporizer, two-fluid nozzle-type vaporizer or four-fluid nozzle-type vaporizer, preferably ultrasonic atomizer (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The powder obtained by thermally decomposition of liquid microparticles group is baked in air atmosphere in a furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The activation liquid contains inorganic acid or fluoride. The inorganic acid is sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The fluoride is hydrofluoric acid or ammonium acid fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The plating film is a platinum plating film. The metal material is a titanium material consisting of unalloyed titanium or titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of carbon particles is 10 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acrylic ester is butyl acrylate. The acrylamide derivative contains methylol group, ethylol group and/or glycidyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic resin contains methacrylic ester and/or acrylonitrile. Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of acrylic resin is 10-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The primary terminal is made of aluminum material. The secondary terminal is made of copper material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The organic electrolyte battery further consists of a separator containing polypropylene, lithium as a negative electrode active material, and a carbonaceous anode material. The negative electrode (14) contains artificial graphite. A positive electrode (12) contains lithium, transition metal, a layered oxide containing cobalt, nickel and manganese. Preferred Property: The maximum charging voltage of organic electrolyte battery is 4.7 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of hydrindane derivative in the organic electrolyte is 0.5-20 wt.%. The organic electrolyte further comprises an organic solvent containing 5-45 vol.% high dielectric constant solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material contains 3,4 and 5 group metal or semimetal element. The active material contains nickel, boron, copper, cobalt, titanium, iron, indium, niobium and silver, preferably boron dissolving with active substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative electrode contains polyimide resin as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The manganese raw materials, the ferrous metal raw materials, and raw metal materials are mixed at a mole ratio of 0.4:0.4:0.2. The cathode active material is added with a carrier including sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. The carrier is mixed with a metal salt at 1:1.5-2.5 molar ratio to form a metallic aqueous solution. The chelating agent includes ammonia aqueous solution, ammonium sulfate aqueous solution and their mixtures. The metal salt is mixed with the chelating agent at mole ratio of 1:0.4-2 to form the metallic aqueous solution. The metal salt includes lithium salt consisting of lithium carbonate, lithiumhydroxide, lithium acetate, lithium bromide, lithium chloride, lithium ethoxide, lithium fluoride, lithium iodide, lithium isopropoxide, lithium methoxide, lithium nitrate, lithium oxide, lithium perchlorate, lithium peroxide, lithium sulfate and lithium sulfide. The lithium salt is added with metal carbon oxide precursor at mole ratio of 1:1.1- 1.9. The compression molding is performed by primary heating the metal carbonate precursor at 500 degrees C/8 hours for 20 minutes and secondary heating at 950 degrees C/15 hours for 30 minutes. The average particle diameter of the metal carbon oxide precursor is 1-9 mu m and the cathode active material is 5-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the iron-based alloy substrate is 0.5-2 mm. Preferred Composition: The gas flow ratio of nitrogen and helium is 1:10-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The lithium transition-metal oxide is prepared by solid phase method, co-precipitation method and supercritical hydrothermal method. The stirring process in step (b) is carried out for 30-600 seconds. The heat treatment is carried out at 150-400 degrees C. Preferred Components: The amount of aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution is 0.2-2 wt.%, preferably less than 2 wt.%. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula (Li1+x(Ni1-a-bMaM'b)O2). The amount of lithium fluoride is less than 1 wt.% based on the total weight of lithium transition-metal oxide. The secondary battery is lithium secondary battery.M and M' = transition metal except Ni;x = -0.3 to +0.3; anda+b = 0-0.7. EXAMPLE - Cathode active material was prepared by adding lithium carbonate into nickel containing three component precursor and stirred for 60 seconds. 1 wt.% Hydrofluoric acid solution was added and stirred. The resulting product was filtered and the solid component was dried at 120 degrees C for 5 hours by a dryer. The dried product was heat-treated at 300 degrees C to remove impurities and lithium fluoride was coated on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidant is ammonium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acidic aqueous solution is hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shrinkable pipe and the check door are made of rubber materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Secondary battery is lithium secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Negative electrode comprises metallic material containing silicon (Si) and tin (Sn) as constituent elements. Metallic material is SiOv. Positive electrode, negative electrode, and/or electrolyte solution contains heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid compound. Positive electrode and/or negative electrode is provided with gel-like film containing amorphous polyacid which has greater than or equal to 1 poly element as constituent element and/or polyacid salt compound. Gel-like film is derived from heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid compound. Polyacid and/or polyacid salt compound contains hexavalent polyatomic ion and polyatomic ion in less than or equal to 6 valence state. Heteropolyacid and heteropolyacid compound are represented by formula HxAy(B1D6O24).zH2O (2), Hx1Ay1(B1D12O40).zH2O (3), HxAy(B12D18O62).zH2O (4), and/or Hx2Ay2(B15D30O110).zH2O (5). Heteropolyacid is molybdophosphoric acid, tungstophosphoric acid, silicomolybdic acid, and/or tungstosilicic acid.v=0.2-1.4;A=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Al, NH4, ammonium salt, or phosphonium salt;B1=P, Si, As, or Ge;D=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Rh, Cd, In, Sn, Ta, W, Re, or Tl;x, y=0-8;z=0-50;x1, y1=0-4; andx2, y2=0-15. Preferred Definitions:    M=Al, Mg, and/or Ti.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The ceramic material further comprises aluminum as an additional element. The crystal-type oxide further comprises tantalum and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The connection for signal is formed through Bluetooth, Wireless local area network (WLAN) or General packet radio service (GPRS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises compound having functional group chosen from epoxy group, carbodiimide group, oxazoline group and an isocyanate group, reactive with carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery electrode binder resin contains 35-65 %mass of monomeric unit ((a)-1), which is obtained by copolymerizing cyclohexyl(meth)acrylate, isobornyl(meth)acrylate and/or dicyclopentanyl(meth)acrylate, 9-50 %mass of monomeric units ((a)-2), obtained by copolymerizing acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and monomeric unit ((a)-3) derived from alkyl(meth)acrylate. The number of carbon atoms in the ring of monomeric unit ((a)-1) is 5-10. Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of the binder resin, obtained by gel permeation chromatography, is 30000-5000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector is formed of aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (C) is preferably acetylene black. Preferred Property: The resin film has volume resistivity (A) of 10 Omega .cm or less according to JIS K 7194, and tensile elongation (E) satisfying relation given by: log(A) less than or equal to 0.02E-1.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound (A) is polyethylene and/or chlorinated polyethylene. The resin composition further contains 1-60 parts mass carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reinforcement elements include longitudinal and transverse profiles made of metallic material e.g. steel, extruded aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon layer has thickness of 5-20 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal precursor is iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, chromium and indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyl triethylammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, poloxamer and Triton X-100 (RTM: nonionic, octylphenol ethoxylate surfactant). The carbon precursor is chosen from sucrose, alcohol, thiophene, aniline, pyrrole and their polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon-containing rate in the positive electrode active material is 1-5 %mass. Preferred Condition: During crystallization process, the mixed solution is maintained at 25-60 degrees C. The crystallization process is performed under non-oxidizing atmosphere. Preferred Process: The mixed-solution is prepared using bivalent metal ion, and aqueous-soluble metal salt chosen from sulfate and chloride salt as supply raw material, or prepared using phosphorus oxide ion and aqueous-soluble salt chosen from phosphoric acid and dihydrogen ammonium phosphate as supply raw material. After crystallization process, the ammonium phosphate metal salt is cleaned. After mixing the precursor with lithium salt, the mixture is simultaneously mixed with carbon source, and baked at 600-800 degrees C. Before baking, the precursor is pulverized. Before heat processing, the lithium transition-metal composite phosphate is pulverized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wind turbine is made of metal, non-ferrous metal or composite materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The silicide layer and the silicide grain are made of titanium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises lithium manganese composite oxide with a spinel structure of formula (LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz) as cathode active material. The lithium manganese composite oxide is lithium nickel manganese oxide of formula (LixNiy1Mn2-yO4), preferably (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) or (LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). The anode comprises lithium metal oxide of formula (LiaM1bO4-cAc), where a and b are determined depending on oxidation number of M1. The lithium metal oxide is lithium titanium oxide of formula (Lia1Tib1O4), preferably (Li1.33Ti1.67O4) or (LiTi2O4).x = 0.9-1.2;y1 = 0.4-0.5;y = greater than 0 to less than 2,;z = greater than or equal to 0 to less than 2;M = at least one Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti or Bi;a1 = 0.5-3;b = 1-2.5;a = 0.1-4;b = 0.2-4;c = 0-0.2;M1 = at least one Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr; andA = at least one negative univalent or bivalent anion.The hydrogen fluoride scavenger is: contained in the cathode or the anode or electrolyte; a silane compound, preferably silazane; present at 0.1-10%, based on the total weight of a cathode or anode mix; and present at 0.1-3% based on the total weight of the electrolyte. The secondary battery is a lithium secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: In battery (B1), the moisture scavenger is contained in the cathode, anode, or electrolyte and is present in an amount of 0.1-10 (preferably 0.1-3) wt.% based on the total weight of cathode or anode mix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises lithium manganese composite oxide with a spinel structure of formula LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz (I) as a cathode active material (preferably lithium nickel manganese oxide of formula LixNiyMn2-yO4; more preferably LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 or LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4). The anode comprises lithium metal oxide of formula LiaM'bO4-cAc (II) as an anode active material (preferably lithium titanium oxide (LTO) of formula LiaTibO4; more preferably Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or LiTi2O4).x=0.9-1.2;y=0-2 (preferably 0.4-0.5);z=less than 0.2;M=Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti and Bi;M'=Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al and Zr;a=0.1-4 (preferably 0.5-3 in LTO);b=0.2-4 (preferably 1-2.5 in LTO);c=0-0.2;A=negative univalent or bivalent anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture scavenger is isocyanate (preferably ethyl isocyanate) or silane compound (preferably silazane). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Silver halide contains silver chloride or silver bromide. The silver/silver halide composite is in the form of nanowire, core-shell nanoparticles, or bulk material. The silver nanomaterial has particle diameter of 200 nm or less. The silver/silver halide composite contains silver and halogen in a weight ratio of 99:1-1:99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solubility enhancing ionic moiety comprises sulfur, nitrogen, and/or phosphorus. The negatively charged solubility-enhancing ionic moiety comprises a species consisting of sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, phosphite, phosphonate, sulfide, oxide, carboxylate, and/or nitrate. The positively charged counter ion comprises a species consisting of metal ions, pyridinium, ammonium, imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, and/or sulfonium groups. The anolyte comprises vanadium. The anode comprises lithium or sodium or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic conductive chromophore comprises ferrocene. The negatively charged counter ion consists of bis9(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)amide0, bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, (fluorosulfonyl) (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrabluoroborate, hexafluoroarsenate, perchlorate, dicyanoamide, trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis(oxalate)borate, and/or difluoro oxalatoborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dimensionally-stable connecting element is made of copper, silvered copper, tinned copper, brass, nickel, silver, tin, palladium and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The temperature controlling device is connected with a locating defect via a Controller area network (CAN) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano-wire mesh comprises lithium titanate such as reducing atmosphere calcined lithium titanate and/or iron-doped lithium titanate and/or copper-doped lithium titanate. The solid body electrolyte layers comprise lithium lanthanum zirconia with garnet-like crystal structure and tantalum and/or aluminum. The cathode downstream conductor comprises titanium nitride and/or tantalum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The network is designed as a controller area network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The welded section is welded by aluminum. The rivet, current collector and connection conductor are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The housing is made of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The welded section is covered with resin i.e. epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-containing compound is of formula Li1+a(MnbM1-b)1-aO2-c. The lithium-containing compound is of formula Li1+d(MneCofNi1-e-f)1-dO2-g. The product SD is greater than or equal to 1.8x 10-6 cubic meters per g.M=transition metal elements selected from Co, Ni, or Fe (excluding Mn);a=0-0.25;b=0.3-0.7;c=-0.1 to 0.2;d=0-0.25;e=0.3-0.7;f=0-(1-e);g=-0.1 to 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The main portion and the wire portion are made of a material containing one of thermal conductive plastic, rubber, and silicon with elasticity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating layer is a heat resistant coating layer containing at least either one of inorganic particles and resin particles as heat resistant particles. In the coating layer, a proportion of the heat resistant particles is substantially the same between a base material layer-side half and a surface-side half. The separator has: an air permeability of the coating layer of greater than or equal to 1 second/100 cc; an air permeability of the interface of greater than or equal to 1 second/100 cc; and an air permeability of the base material layer of greater than or equal to 35 seconds/100 cc. The negative electrode includes hard carbon as a negative electrode active material. The positive electrode includes lithium-nickel-tungsten-niobium-zirconium oxides of formula (LiaNibM1cM2dWxNbyZrzO2) as a positive electrode active material.a = 0-1.2;b = 0-1;c, d = 0-0.5, where sum of b, c and d is 1;x, y and z = 0-0.1; andM1, M2 = at least one of Mn, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Al, Ge, Sn, Mg or Zr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytically active material consists of cerium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, cobalt, copper, silver, gold and/or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium manganese-based composite oxide has specific surface area of 10-50 m2/g and spontaneous magnetization less than 0.005 emu/g. Preferred Condition: The liquid temperature of aqueous solution at the time of precipitate formation is 30-80 degrees C. The baking process in oxidative atmosphere is carried out at 400-600 degrees C and baking process in inert gas atmosphere is carried out at 600-850 degrees C. Preferred Process: The wet oxidation process is carried out, by adding oxidizing compound to the aqueous solution containing precipitate and stirring, or blowing oxidizing gas to the aqueous solution containing precipitate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phthalocyanine metal complex is a metal complex of iron, copper, cobalt or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin composition is obtained by interfacial-polycondensation of terephthalic acid dichloride and melamine. The interfacial-polycondensation is carried out in a state in which the aprotic polar solvent is made to dissolve or disperse phthalocyanine and/or phthalocyanine metal complex. The polyesteramide substitution reaction of polyalkylene terephthalate resin is carried out in the state in which the halogenated-hydrocarbon solvent or the aprotic polar solvent is made to dissolve or disperse phthalocyanine and/or phthalocyanine metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte is a sulfide-type solid electrolyte or oxide-type solid electrolyte. The carbon material powder is graphite, mesoporous carbon or hardly-graphitized carbon material. Preferred Property: The lattice volume of solid electrolyte powder in the carbon-solid electrolyte composite is 0.3% or more than non-sintered solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper foil further has an oxide film or chromate layer as intermediate layer formed between the surface-treated layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The azole compound is benzotriazole-type compound having carboxyl group, and has peak intensity of 1000 or more counts measured by TOF-SIMS apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fibrous carbon is carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanofiber, preferably multiwall carbon nanotube. The electrode material preferably comprises conjugated fibrous carbon and lithium manganese phosphate. Preferred Property: The lithium-manganese phosphate particles have particle size of 30-70 nm and are supported by network of fibrous carbon. Preferred Process: The solution is stirred using ultrasonic dispersion. The manufacture of electrode material involves preparing primary solution by dissolving fibrous carbon, phosphoric acid source, and chelating agent, stirring, preparing secondary solution by dissolving lithium source and manganese source, mixing with primary solution, stirring, performing sol gel reaction of obtained liquid mixture and subjecting to baking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The diazo group and sulfonic acid group form diazene structure. The reductive reaction by hydrogen, hydrogenation reaction, dehydrogenation, or oxidation reaction by oxygen is accelerated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat-resistant porous layer consists of aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-resistant porous layer consists of nonwoven fabric of organic resin chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide or cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises cyclic carbonate having a unsaturated bond, a fluorine atom, an acid anhydride, isocyanate, a nitrile, difluorophosphate, monofluorophosphate, lithium bisoxalatoborate, and lithium difluoro oxalatoborate. Preferred Definitions:    L=cyclopentane moieties of formulae (I-IV) or cyclohexane moieties of formulae (V-XII).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aziridine compound is 0.001-10 %mass with respect to the nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The electrolyte further contains compound chosen from cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, cyclic carbonate having a halogen atom, monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate and nitrile compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode further contains binder. The total content of negative electrode active material, solid electrolyte and binder is 8.5 mg/cm2 or less per negative electrode unit area. The solid electrolyte is lithium-ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte of formula: LiaMbPcSd, where M boron, zinc, silicon, copper, gallium germanium, a:b:c:d is 1-12:0-0.2:1:2-9. The negative electrode active material contains silicon, tin, indium, aluminum and lithium, and has average particle diameter of 100 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the composite particles is 0.1-2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is chosen from lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate and lithium sulfate. The silicic-acid compound is chosen from amorphous silica and sodium silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducible sulfur compound is compound containing dithionous-acid ion, sulfite ion, hydrogen-sulfite ion, or thioglycolic-acid ion. The basic aqueous dispersion and transition-metal sulfate are mixed, and hydrothermal reaction is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The insulating layer is a ceramic substrate chosen from aluminum nitride, silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The primary baking layer is provided with a glass layer (32) formed in one side of a circuitry layer, and a silver layer (33) laminated on the glass layer. The mass ratio of silver oxide to silver contained in the silver paste of secondary baking layer is 50/50-99/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass of the carbonaceous material is (w1). The mass of the silicon-oxide phase is (w3). The mass of silicon phase is (w2). The total mass of silicon-oxide phase and silicon phase is 0.85-.095 with respect to the total mass of silicon-oxide phase, silicon phase and carbonaceous material. Preferred Property: The ratio of longest side (L) of the crack and diameter (D) is 10 or more. The porosity of negative electrode active material is 5-25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of carbon element concentration with respect to the oxygen element concentration of the negative electrode active material is preferably 2.5-30. The content of coating material with respect to the negative electrode active material is 0.8-0.1 wt.%. The negative electrode active material is negative electrode material which is natural graphite. The ratio of silicon element concentration with respect to the carbon element concentration is 0.1-10, measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. The negative electrode active material is oxidation-treated negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: silicon-containing compound (I) is chosen from dodecyltrimethoxysilane, 3,3-dimethoxy-2,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41-tridecaoxa-3-siladotetracontane, 3,3-dimethoxy-5,5,7,7,9,9-hexamethyl-2,4,6,8,10-pentaoxa-3,5,7,9-tetrasilaundecane, bis(bis(chloromethyl)(methyl)silyl)amine, hexyltrimethoxysilane and trimethoxy(octadecyl)silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content rate of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide or cobalt acid lithium cobalt is 2:8-8:2. The different element addition lithium cobaltate is chosen from magnesium and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite material further comprises a second transition-metal compound charged and combined with the lithium compound and the first transition-metal compound. The lithium compound includes lithium fluoride (claimed), lithium oxide, lithium hydride, lithium nitride, lithium phosphide, lithium chloride, lithium iodide and lithium sulfide. The first transition-metal compound includes iron fluoride, iron sulfate, and iron phosphate. The first transition-metal compound and the lithium compound form different water particles. The second transition-metal compound has an oxidation number that is higher than the transition metal included in the first transition-metal compound. The second transition-metal compound is discharged and is inserted into the lithium transition-metal compound to form a complex. The mixing ratio of the lithium compound and the first transition-metal compound is 0.8:1-1.2:1 according to the charging and discharging of the transition metal compound of a transition metal oxidation state and the number of lithium in the lithium compound. The cathode comprises graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium, silicon, aluminum, tin, antimony and zinc. The anode further comprises macromolecular binder and carbon material. Preferred Method: The mixing step is carried out at a room temperature. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface of the particles of lithium-iron-manganese compound is covered with coating material. The particles of lithium-iron-manganese compound have an average primary particle size of 0.05-1 mu m. The coating material is carbon material, preferably carbon material of diameter (d002) 0.344 nm or more, phosphorus compound, preferably aluminum phosphate and lithium phosphate, fluoride, preferably lithium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, and iron fluoride (FeFx, where x is 2-3), or metal oxide, preferably aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide. The amount of coating is 0.001-3 %mass with respect to the amount of the particles of compound. The titanium-containing oxide is chosen from lithium-titanium oxide (Li4.3+xTi5.3O4 or LixTiO2, where x is 0-1), and lithium-niobium-titanium oxide (LixNbaTiO7, where x is 0 or more, and a is 1-4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material further contains 0.1 %mass or less yttrium, ytterbium, lutetium, erbium, titanium and/or calcium. The nickel positive electrode is sintered-type positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carrier is carbon black, mesoporous carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, and/or carbon nanotube. The metal ionic compound is platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and/or gold. The average particle diameter of metal microparticles is 1.5-15 nm. Preferred Conditions: The production of metal microparticles and supporting process are carried out at 100 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The number of aromatic ring of aromatic site of the alkylamine is 1-10. The alkylamine consists of 4-18C linear or branched alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ether compound is tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, glyme, or its derivative(s). The fluorine-type solvent is hydrofluorocarbon or hydrofluoro ether. The alkali metal salt is chosen from 23 alkali metal salts e.g. chlorine, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate, trifluoromethane sulfonate and perchlorate. The molar ratio of ether oxygen of ether compound and alkali metal salt is 2-10. The molar ratio of the solvent with respect to the alkali metal salt is 0.50-6. The sulfur electrode active material further contains binder and/or electroconductive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide in the cathode active material is 50-99 wt.%. The content of lithium-iron phosphorus oxide is 1-50 wt.%. The content of surfactant is 0.01-1 wt.%. The surfactant is nonionic surfactant. The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide is of formula: LixMyO2.M=Ni1-a-bMnaCob;a=0.05-0.8;b=0.1-0.5;1-a-b=0.3-0.9;x+y=2;andx=0.95-1.15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonionic surfactant is compound having structure of formula (I).R1-R5=H or optionally substituted 1-5C alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl;andn=1-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of flame retardant and foaming agent is 5:95-20:80. The flame retardant is halogen-based flame retardant, phosphate flame retardant, nitrogen-based flame retardant and inorganic-compound flame retardant, preferably tribromophenoxyethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, octabromo diphenyl ether, epoxy bromide, polycarbonate bromide oligomer, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated polyethylene, alicyclic chlorinated flame retardant, phosphine oxide, phosphine oxide diol, phosphonate, triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, melamine, melamine phosphate, melamine cyanurate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, antimony oxide, tin hydroxide, tin oxide, molybdenum oxide, zirconium compound, borate and calcium salt. The foaming agent is azobisformamide, azobisisobutyronitrile, diazoaminobenzene, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, lithium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, benzenesulfonyl hydrazide, toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, carbazide or semicarbazide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cathode is made of aluminum or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The nozzle is adapted to spray the media within the housing of the battery pack. The thermal event detector: is a metallic strip detector, where a metallic strip (111) in the detector melts under a specific heat threshold; and has a thermal sensor that is connected to an electrical control unit that controls the valve. The thermal sensor triggers the electrical control unit when the thermal sensor senses a temperature over a specific threshold. The apparatus further includes an attachment support to attach the extinguishing media case on one side of a housing of the battery pack. Preferred Method: The method further comprises providing the thermal sensor within or outside of the housing of the battery pack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fire extinguishing media is at least one of a class A type, class B type, class C type, and class D type fire extinguisher, preferably class C and D type fire extinguishers. The fire extinguishing media is halon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A displacement element in the channels of support plate is made of soft iron or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thin layer graphic structures have plate shape having average thickness of 30 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The each film comprises nitrogen pentoxide, and silicon oxide, and has thickness of 5-50 nm. The carrier ions are lithium ions. The active material comprises graphite. The oxide film comprises niobium pentoxide and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine compound is hydrogen zirconium fluoride (H2ZrF6), zirconium fluoride (ZrF2 and ZrF4), hydrogen silicon fluoride (H2SiF6), silicon fluoride (SiF2 and SiF4), hydrogen titanium fluoride (H2TiF6), titanium fluoride (TiF4), hydrogen tin fluoride (H2SnF6), tin fluoride (SnF2 and SnF4), zinc fluoride (ZnF2), hydrogen aluminum fluoride (H2AlF6) or aluminum fluoride (AlF3). The mixing phase comprises boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus, zinc, chromium and nickel in copper foil is 0.08-4.1 %mass, 0.17-8.3 %mass, 0.03-0.64 %mass and 0.07-3.3 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material comprises molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, and lithium-oxide (Li1+xMO2), where M is lithium, nickel, manganese and/or cobalt. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material comprises manganese/nickel at a molar ratio of 0-0.35, lithium at a molar ratio of 0.1-5 and cobalt/M at a molar ratio of 0.001-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (I) has skeleton chosen from urethodione, oxadiazinetrione, a biuret, urethane, allophanate, and isocyanurate. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises an unsaturated cyclic carbonate, a fluorinated cyclic carbonate, and a nitrogen compound. Preferred Property: The number average molecular weights of the compound (I) is 300-5000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer contains aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carboxylic acid modified polyolefin containing blend polymer is carboxylic acid modified polyethylene or carboxylic acid modified polypropylene. The sealant layer contains carboxylic acid modified polyolefin, carboxylic acid modified cyclic polyolefin, or their blend polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfonic acid ester compound is disulfonate compound of formula (I). The compounds having unsaturated bond(s) is sulfonyl compound of formula (II). The sum total of the sulfonic acid ester compound and compound having unsaturated bonds at terminal is 0.03-0.2 mol/L. The ratio of sulfonic acid ester compound and compound having unsaturated bonds at the terminal is 1:9-9:1.R1-R3=1-5C alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The all-solid-state secondary battery comprises inorganic solid electrolyte in at least one layer of positive electrode active material layer, negative electrode active material layer, and solid electrolyte layer. The inorganic solid electrolyte is sulfide glass and/or sulfide glass ceramics containing lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The functional group bonded with the electrical power collector surface is alkoxy silyl group. The amount of functional group in the polymer is 0.01-10 %mass. The polymer is formed using polymer containing an alicyclic structural unit. The alicyclic structure comprises hydrogenated the aromatic ring. The polymer containing alicyclic structural unit is vinyl alicyclic hydrocarbon-type polymer, and has block copolymer comprising polymer block (A) and polymer block (B). The weight ratio of total block copolymer of polymer block (A) and total block copolymer of polymer block (B) is 20:80-60:40. Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of the polymer containing the alicyclic structural unit is 30000-200000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The inorganic solid electrolyte comprises sulfide glass containing lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide, sulfide glass ceramic containing lithium sulfide, phosphorus sulfide and germanium sulfide, or mixture of lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic solid electrolyte further contains a vulcanization accelerator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The diene polymer is chosen from styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-isoprene copolymer, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer and their hydrogenated substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth compound is rare-earth hydroxide or rare-earth oxyhydroxide. The rare-earth element in the rare-earth compound is neodymium, samarium or erbium. The content of the tungsten oxide is 0.01-3 mol%. The tungsten oxide is a tungstic trioxide. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is lithium-nickel-cobalt aluminate, lithium cobaltate or lithium-nickel-cobalt manganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive material contains carbon black. The current collector comprises a planar aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The poly-N-vinylacetamide type binder consists of N-vinylacetamide homopolymer and/or N-vinylacetamide copolymer. The copolymer is a copolymer of N-vinylacetamide and sodium acrylate in a polymerization ratio of 9/1-5/5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The lithium-ion secondary battery has operating voltage of 4.5 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains borate as a boric acid compound, and lithium tetrafluoroborate. The nonaqueous solvent contains ethylene carbonate as a cyclic carbonate and dimethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate as a linear carbonate, as main components. The content of phosphonate compound is 0.2-4 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains spinel-type oxide of formula: LiMn2-xMxO4, oxide of formula: Li(MnxLiyM"z)O2 or olivine-type oxide of formula: LiM'PO4 as positive electrode material.M"=Ni, Co or Fe;y=0.1 or more;x+y+z=1;M'=Ni or Co;M=Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Mg, Zn or Fe;andx=0.3-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium compound is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide or lithium phosphate. The anode scrap is heated at 300-500 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The ammonia solution has the pH of 5-8, and is maintained in 20-70 degrees C for 1-12 hours. The acid solution is hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid or sulfuric acid. The crystalline ferrous pyrophosphate solution is heat-treated at 400-800 degrees C for 1-12 hours. The crystalline ferrous pyrophosphate solution is heat-treated after mixing with the lithium compound at 400-800 degrees C for 6-24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source is carbon black, acetylene black or sucrose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal plate is made of titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Graphene is reduced graphene oxide, which is obtained by reducing graphite oxide. The graphene is formed of multiple layers, and nano-spacers are arranged between the graphene layers. The nano-spacers are carbon nanotubes. The specific surface area of graphene layers is greater than or equal to 2630 m2/g. The interlayer distance of graphene layers is 3-6 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the coating layer comprises depositing a first coating layer including base metal conductivity inorganic material, and depositing second coating layers including metal on the first coating layer using atomic layer deposition method. The method further comprises providing the minute compound powder and then pulverizing using thermal process, mixing lithium titanium oxide particle and metal particle, and forming the coating layer deposited on the surface of fine powder. Preferred Components: The lithium titanium oxide is expressed as an equation of LixTiyO4, where x is 0.5-3 and y is 1-2.5. The conductive material is metal and base metal conductivity inorganic material. The coating layer comprises metal. The metal particle consists of copper, silver, zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, magnesium, chromium and molybdenum. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: Metal (precursor) is iron, copper, potassium, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium and/or molybdenum. Solvent is supercritical water, methanol, formaldehyde, supercritical ethane, supercritical ethanol, supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical ethylene and supercritical ethylene diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The car is provided with a USB connecting line that is connected with a double data rate/ synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR/SDRAM) module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises a stabilizing agent, or a precursor of stabilizing agent. The precursor of a stabilizing agent is aluminum hydroxide. Organic binder material comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), or its combination. The current collector comprises a silver-coated nickel screen. The anode further comprises a stabilizing agent. Preferred Parameter: The porosity of the electrode is at least 35%. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: (a) 1.0-99.0 wt.% zinc or zinc alloy powder; (b) optionally 99.0-1.0 wt.% zinc oxide or zinc oxide alloyed powder; (c) between 0.1-10 wt.% thermoplastic organic binder material; and (d) 0.01-10 wt.% gelling agent; where the wt.% is from the total weight of the composition; or the composition comprises: (a) 1.0-99.0 wt.% zinc powder or zinc alloy powder; (b) optionally 99.0-1.0 wt.% zinc oxide powder; (c) 0.1-10 wt.% thermoplastic organic binder material; (d) 0.01-20 wt.% pore former material; and (e) 0.01-10 wt.% gelling agent where the wt.% is from the total weight of the composition. It further comprises 0.1-20 wt.% stabilizing agent or precursor of stabilizing agent where the wt.% is from the total weight of the composition. Preferred Process: Homogeneous mixture further comprises a precursor of a stabilizing agent and the sintering step is conducted at a temperature above the precursor/stabilizing agent phase-transition temperature. Preferred Condition: The sintering temperature ranges between 250 degrees C and 350 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains transition metal as metal catalyst. The transition metal is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the chain-shaped alkyl sulfone compound in organic solvent is 80 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube has average ratio of D band in vicinity of 1360 cm-1 and G band in vicinity of 1580-1600 cm-1 of 0.2-0.95 measured using Raman spectroscopy. The carbon nanotube has aspect ratio of 100-900 and specific surface area of 40-2000 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material layer contains plate-shaped graphite (8) which is in contact with surface of lithium manganese-type oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfonate contains cyclic sulfonate of formula (I).Q=O, methylene or single bond;A=optionally substituted 1-6C alkylene, carbonyl or sulfinyl;andB'=optionally substituted alkylene or O.Preferred Process: 40-90% Or more surface area on surface of a positive electrode active material layer is covered by carbon nanotube having ratio of D band in vicinity of 1360 cm-1 and G band in vicinity of 1580-1600 cm-1 of 0.2-0.95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bivalent tin compound is chosen from bivalent tin oxide, tin hydroxide and tin halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode further contains electroconductive material in electrode active material layer. The active material contains lithium complex oxide and/or lithium composite phosphoric acid compound. The negative electrode in the battery contains silicon, tin, antimony, aluminum, magnesium, bismuth, titanium, its alloy, oxide, phosphide, ceramics, sulfide and lithium-complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chosen from vinylidene difluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, vinyl fluoride, ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, hexafluoropropene, polyvinylidene-fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropene copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The tertiary region has capacity at 60 degrees C of 1/20-1/3 with respect to the maximum value of discharge capacity, and reaction electric potential at 60 degrees C of 3-3.8 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The segment for the main terminals of the main terminal backup leaves is made of metals selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, silver and gold. The alloy film of the nickel type or tin type is formed in the surface of the terminal derived by the exterior of semiconductor module from the semiconductor circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode active material is hard carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarboxylic acid and/or its alkali metal salt polyacrylic acid, its alkali metal salt, carboxymethylcellulose or its alkali metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon black-type conductive support agent has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 10-102m2/g. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode further contains lithium-nickel complex oxide as positive electrode active material. The carbon black-type conductive support agent contains two types of carbon blacks having different specific surface areas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the nonaqueous solvent is 1.5-2.5 moles. The lithium salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)amide or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide. The positive electrode active material is oxygen. The negative electrode active material is graphite, metallic lithium or a lithium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent is 1,2-dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, ( gamma )-butyrolactone or sulfolane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rubber particulates are present in an amount of 0.1-50 wt.%, preferably 5-10 wt.% of the total weight of the ion conducting membrane. The rubber particulates comprise a component selected from polyoctenamer, polybutadiene, polystyrene-polybutadiene, syndiotactic poly-1,2-butadiene, polychloroprene, and/or polyvinylidene fluoride. The rubber particulates have an average spatial dimension of less than 300 nanometers. The rubber particulates are spherical. The rubber particulates have an average diameter of 50-400 nanometers in the membrane. The rubber particulates are fibers. The rubber particulates comprise a network of spheres connected by fibers. The ion conducting polymer having sulfonic acid groups includes a component selected from perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers, and polymers having perfluorocyclobutyl moieties. The ion conducting polymer having sulfonic acid groups includes a copolymer containing a polymerization unit of formula CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX1)m-Or-(CF2)q-SO3H. The ion conducting polymer having sulfonic acid groups includes perfluorocyclobutyl moieties. The ion conducting polymer having sulfonic acid groups includes 8 polymer segments as given in the specification, e.g. a segment of formula (E1(SO2X'd)-P1-Q1-P2 (i) and E2-P3-Q2-P4 (ii).m=0-3;q=1-12;r=0 or 1;X1=F, trifluoromethyl, or tetrafluoroethylene;E1(SO2X)d=sulfonated aromatic containing moiety;E1=aromatic containing moiety;E2=unsulfonated aromatic-containing or aliphatic-containing moiety;X=-OH, halo, ester, or -NH-S(=O)2-R4;d=number of (SO2X)d attached to E1;P1, P2, P3, P4=absent, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -CO-, -SO2-, -NR1H-, NR2-, or -R3-;R2=1-25C alkyl, 1-25C aryl or 1-25C arylene;R3=1-25C alkylene, 1-25C perfluoroalkylene, perfluoroalkyl ether, alkylether, or 1-25C arylene;R4=trifluoromethyl, 1-25C alkyl, 1-25C perfluoroalkylene, 1-25C aryl, or E1 group;Q1 and Q2=fluorinated cyclobutyl moiety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode ink solvent includes water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, water or isopropyl alcohol, water and ethanol, or their combinations. The nanostructured catalyst elements are pre-dispersed in the first electrode ink solvent. The additional material is predispersed and selected from ionomer, carbon powder, carbon fibers, or catalyst, titanium dioxide, silica, nanofibers, or nanotubes in a second electrode ink solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the entire negative electrode active material layer, an orientation degree B (peak intensity of carbon 002 face/peak intensity of carbon 110 face) that is a peak intensity ratio of a carbon 002 face and a carbon 110 face measured by the X-ray diffraction method is 150-1000. In the battery: the ratio of the orientation degree A and the orientation degree B (orientation degree B/orientation degree A) is 1.5-2; and a binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer is styrene-butadiene rubber. In the negative electrode active material layer from the negative electrode collector up to half of a layer thickness in the surface direction of the negative electrode active material layer, a pore volume ratio (pore volume B/pore volume A) that is a ratio of a pore volume A (ml/g) of 0.001-0.4 mu m of a pore diameter measured by a mercury porosimeter and a pore volume B (ml/g) of 0.4-10 mu m of the pore diameter is 1.4-3.4. The volume density of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.4-1.65 g/cm3. The electricity storage apparatus further comprises a power information control device for transmitting and receiving signals to and from another device via a network, where charging and discharging control of the battery is performed based on information received by the power information control device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating cover and/or bottom insulation cover are made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer, polypropylene, polyethylene and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: CVD method forms a carbon-carbon bond between short fibers of carbon nanotube in inactive gas with respect to carbon nanotube using hydrocarbon. Catalyst which accelerates formation of carbon-carbon bond in inert gas is used. CVD method is photochemical vapor deposition method or plasma CVD method. Photochemical vapor deposition method uses excimer laser or yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser as light source. CVD method is performed on yarn formed by spinning or fiber-forming the short fiber of carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluorine-type polymer (a) and functional group-containing polymer (b) conjugate to form a composite polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working fluid is a refrigerant, particularly R134a.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The premixer is arranged on a coplanar and has different height and multi-stage structure, includes an exhausting part which is connected to an influx unit. The influx unit is connected with a ring shaped tube. An inside diameter of exhausting part and influx unit are formed smaller than mixing bead. The influx unit or the exhausting part is installed on a supercritical heat cooling system. The exhausting part is connected in a perpendicular direction and flow direction of the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The piezoelectric member lead zirconium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastomer body of the core comprises acrylonitrile butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hot melt adhesive film is made of polyester or polyurethane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic agent comprises an inorganic acid consisting of nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, boric and/or hexafluorophosphoric acids. The acidic agent comprises a salt of strong acid with weak base, where the salt comprises calcium or barium salt of nitric or sulfuric acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic agent comprises an organic acid consisting of formic, acetic, citric, oxalic, gluconic, ascorbic and/or tartaric acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte solution is 0.02-24 g/L. The content of trimanganese tetroxide contained in the positive electrode is 5 wt.% or less. The hydrogen storage material contained in the fuel cell is chosen from hydrogen storage alloy or scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The product is baked in hydrogen-sulfide atmosphere at 600-800 degrees C, preferably 600-750 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The volume-based particle size distribution of lithium sulfide powder is 20 mu m or less measured by laser diffraction-scattering-type particle size distribution measuring method. Preferred Composition: The amount of sulfur contained in crystal structure is 95 atomic% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium transition metal oxide contains metallic element selected from nickel, cobalt and manganese. The additive is chosen from the group which consists of zirconium, tungsten, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, silicon, tin, aluminum, boron, fluorine and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is a polymer containing nitrile group, or (meth)acrylic polymer, whose content in the porous film is 3-20 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of additive is 3 pts. wt. or less with respect to 100 pts. wt. of negative electrode active material. The titanium-based oxide is lithium-titanate (Li4Ti5O12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of element (M2) in the lithium-containing compound is 0.01-5 mol% with respect to content of lithium. The negative electrode includes a metallic material containing silicon and/or tin. The metallic material is of formula: SiOv, where v is greater than 0.2 and less than 1.4. The positive electrode, negative electrode, and/or electrolyte solution contain heteropolyacid and/or heteropolyacid compound. The positive electrode and/or negative electrodes are provided with a gel-like film containing an amorphous polyacid containing poly element(s) and poly acid salt compound(s). The gel-like film is formed using heteropolyacid (compound). The polyacid and/or poly acid salt compound contains a hexavalent poly atomic ion and poly atomic ion of valence less than 6. The heteropolyacid (compound) is of formula: HxAy(B'D'6O24).zHbO, Hx'Ay'(B'D'12O40).zHbO, HxAy(B'2D'18O62).zHbO or Hx"Ay"(B'5D'30O110).zHbO, where A is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, ammonium, ammonium salt, or phosphonium salt, B' is phosphorus, silicon, arsenic or germanium, D' is titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, rhodium, cadmium, indium, tin, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium and/or thulium, x and y are 0-8, z is 0-50, x' and y' are 0-4, and x" and y" are 0-15, with at least one of x and y, and at least one of x' and y' not being 0. The heteropolyacid is molybdophosphoric acid, tungstophosphoric acid, silicomolybdic acid, and/or tungstosilicic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains nonaqueous solvent and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. The content of the lithium bis(oxalato)borate respect to the nonaqueous solvent is 0.05-0.3 mol/l. The metal halide particles are lithium fluoride particles. The content of the metal halide particles with respect to the total content of the positive electrode mixture layer is 0.1-5 %mass. The positive electrode active material contains lithium-containing transition metal oxide of formula: Li1+xNiaMnbCocO2+d, where x+a+b+c is 1, a+b is less than 0.6, x is more than 0 to 0.1, c/(a+b) is 0 to less than 0.65, a/b is 0.7-2, and d is (-0.1)-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of the particle size distribution (D99) to particle size distribution (D50) of negative electrode active material layer is 2-3.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Ratio of number of 1st type particles to number of 2nd type of particles and ratio of number of 2nd type of particles to number of 3rd type of particles is 1-4. Positive active material contains 4th type particles with average particle diameter of less than or equal to 40 nm in which average diameter of 3rd type particles is greater than that of 4th type particles. Preferred Forms: The 1st type particles are sphere-shaped. The 3rd type particles are rod-shaped. The 4th particles have shape of nanowires. Preferred Components: Lithium manganese oxide contains lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), LiMxMn2-xO4, and LiMxMn2-xO4-zFz.M=Ni, Zr, Co, Mg, Mo, Al, and/or Ag; andx, z=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) specific surface area of porous carbonaceous material is greater than or equal to 3 times, preferably 3-1500 times than that of core. BET specific surface area of porous carbonaceous material is 10-2500 m2/g. Interlayer spacing d002 of porous carbonaceous material is 0.33-0.4 nm. Preferred Compositions: Porous carbonaceous material comprises porous carbon fiber, active carbon, carbide derived carbon (CDC), mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, and/or graphene. Composite electrode active material contains 0.1-10 wt.% porous carbonaceous material with respect to total weight of composite electrode active material. Core particles are formed from natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, and/or hard carbon. Core particles comprise tin-based active material, silicon-based compound, silicon alloy, and/or oxide-based active material e.g. lithium transition metal oxide. Mixture contains less than or equal to 10 wt.% porous carbonaceous material with respect to total weight of mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The base metal is titanium or titanium alloy. The medium metal is iron, iron chromium alloy, copper, magnesium, selenium, calcium, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, lead or lead-tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The coverage of carbon layer is 0.1-10 mass% to 100 mass% carbonaceous particles. Ratio (Rs:Rg) of average particle diameter (Rg) of carbonaceous particle and average particle diameter (Rs) of silicon-oxide particle is 0.001-5. Average particle diameter (Rg) of carbonaceous particle is 5-30 mu m. Average particle diameter (Rs) of silicon-oxide particle is 0.01-10 mu m. Preferred Compositions: The amount of silicon-oxide particle with formula of SiOx is 1-50 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts carbonaceous particles.x=0.5-1.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of non-graphite film is 2-7 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of particulate-form graphite. The negative-electrode active material has a nitrogen-adsorption BET specific surface area of 2-5 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound having nitrogen-oxygen group is cyclic unsaturated nitrogen compound, preferably pyridine-N-oxide compound. The compound having sulfide group is tetrahydro thiophene compound and dithiane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active metal layer contains positive electrode active material selected from lithium metal oxides and negative electrode active material selected from carbon black, Ketchen black, acetylene black, carbon whisker, carbon fiber, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon nano particle, nanotube, titanium oxide, ruthenium oxide, aluminum, and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is formed of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and zinc-magnesium oxide. The positive hole transport layer is formed of cuprous iodide, copper thiocyanate, cupric oxide and cuprous oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive hole transport layer is formed of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture obtained in the step (b) is a binder or a solvent. The method further comprises cleaning process of the primary particles to remove the impurities before subjecting through mixing step of step (b). In the step (c), the drying and the manufacturing of secondary particles are simultaneously performed; the drying process is spray drying (preferred) by rotary spray drying method, fluidized bed drying or vibration drying method. The method of olivine crystal structure of lithium-iron phosphorus oxide secondary particles is as follows, dispersing the farinaceous conductive material on the surface of the primary particles of lithium-iron phosphorus oxide to form the secondary particles. The method further comprises calcining after performing drying process. Preferred Components: The conductive material is a hydrophilic conductive material (channel black, furnace black or oxidized carbon material) or farinaceous conductive material. The average particle diameter of the conductive material is 5-500 nm. The porosity of the olivine crystal structure of lithium-iron phosphorus oxide secondary particles is 15-40%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and/or nickel-cobalt oxide. The lanthanum oxide layer comprises lanthanum-nickel oxide, lanthanum-cobalt oxide, lanthanum-nickel-cobalt oxide, lanthanum-nickel-iron oxide, lanthanum-cobalt-iron oxide and/or lanthanum-cobalt-nickel-iron oxide. The metallic component of metal layer contains nickel, cobalt or its alloy. Preferred Properties: The metal layer has thickness of 0.5-20 mu m. The lanthanum oxide layer has thickness of 10-60 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The piezo-plate is formed of sodium potassium Niobate (Na,K) NbO3, (Na,K, lithium (Li)) Niobate (Na,K,Li) NbO3, Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) and Barium Titanate (baTiO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The window hole and the membrane window are made of polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The microparticles (A) are Boehmite, and have average particle diameter of 0.1-5 mu m. The content of microparticles is 40-85 volume%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous film is formed using composition containing microparticles (A), resin binder (B) and a solvent (C). The contact angle of cured layer with respect to the solvent (C) is 55-75 degrees . The arithmetic mean roughness on the surface of cured layer is 15 nm or less. The largest cross-section height on the surface of hardened layer of process film is 200 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder has weight average molecular weight of 100000-2000000, and is fluorine resin binder, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The tensile strength of the negative electrode is evaluated in conformance to JIS Z 2241 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The arithmetic average surface roughness conforms to JIS 80601-1994 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material layer is made of lithium containing transition metal oxide. The negative electrode active material layer is made of a graphite type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel is formed by a mixture or an alloy of zinc, aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, chromium, tin, salt, carbon, ash and clinoptilolite. The fuel is formed by using stainless steel, nickel, titanium, chromium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode catalyst material is selected from a group consisting of platinum and platinum alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is graphite or a non reinforcing carbon black. The carbon material surface is covered by an electro-conductive material, preferably carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode further comprises lithium orthosilicate and aluminum at a molar ratio of 2:1-1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of aluminum, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite powder contains lithium and an electroconductive material, which does not react electrochemically.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive material is carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemical cell further comprises a carbon layer disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte layer comprises metal oxide particles, preferably lithium-titanium oxide, titania, niobium oxide, silica, silicon, a metal sulfide and/or silicon alloys. The battery pack comprises a heater for heating the electrochemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The three-dimensional mesh-like metal porous component is obtained by removing nonwoven fabric formed with metal coating film. The nonaqueous electrolyte is solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is sulfide solid electrolyte including lithium, phosphorus and sulfur elements. The active material of positive electrode is chosen from lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, nickel lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate and lithium manganic acid compound (LiMyMn, where M is chromium, cobalt or nickel and y is 0-1). The active material of negative electrode is metal chosen from graphite, lithium titanate, lithium, indium, aluminum, silicon, strontium, tin, magnesium and calcium. The positive electrode and negative electrode consists of aluminum and copper, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active substance (5) of positive electrode is chosen from lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, nickel-lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium manganate and lithium manganic acid compound (LiMyMn2-yO4, where M is chromium, cobalt or nickel and y is 0-1). The active substance (8) of the negative electrode is metal chosen from graphite, lithium titanate, lithium, indium, aluminum, silicon, tin, magnesium and calcium. The electrodes are interposed with solid electrolyte layer, which is obtained by solid electrolyte comprising lithium, phosphorus and sulfur elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content layer containing solid electrolyte material comprises lithium-sulfur-metal (M) alloy (Li2S-MxSy, where M is phosphorus, silicon, germanium, boron, aluminum or gallium and x and y are numbers which give stoichiometric ratio with respect to M). The metal sulfide (MxSy) is phosphorus pentasulfide. Preferred Layer: The metal layer is lithium layer (3), indium layer (3a) or lithium-indium alloy layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystallized glass contains 20-50 mol% lithium oxide, 35-40 mol% ferrous oxide and 20-50 mol% phosphorus pentoxide, or 1-25 mol% total of niobium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, silicon dioxide, boron trioxide, germanium oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, tin oxide and bismuth oxide, as a glass composition. The oxide material contains 45-95 mol% tin oxide and 5-55 mol% phosphorus oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The gas-adsorption agent contains two or more types of zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive wires is metal fiber chosen from stainless steel, nickel, titanium, tantalum, copper, gold, platinum, ruthenium, silver and their alloys, and further has a conductive surface in which metallic layer is coated on a polymer core, and binder layer comprising polymer-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer based material is chosen from 25 compounds e.g. polypropylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyacrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon ionomer composition comprises 1-9 wt.% ionomer composition. The hydrocarbon ionomer is chosen from sulfonate, phosphate and phosphonate ionic groups, preferably neutralized polyvinyl sulfonic acid and neutralized sulfonated derivative of poly(ether ether-ketone). The content of hydrocarbon ionomer is 1-17.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery is a lead accumulator, a lithium battery, a secondary battery, a metal-air battery and sodium-sulfur battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fossil fuel is methane, petroleum gas, natural gas or the diesel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The Radio-frequency identification reader or bar-code reader is set up in a vehicle filling station.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glycol sulfate derivative comprises 1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide, 4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide, and 4-ethyl-1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide. The glycol sulfate derivative is present in an amount of 0.5-10 wt.%., and the amount of fluoroethylene carbonate is 0.1-10 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of 1 wt.% of 1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide and 7 wt.% of fluoroethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Baking is done in non-oxidizing atmosphere. Carbonaceous substance and metallic compound are mixed and the organic compound is added. Preferred Components: Carbonaceous substance is natural graphite. Metallic compound is metal oxide, such as tin oxide. Preferred Parameters: Minimum particle size of metal particle is greater than or equal to 15 nm, and maximum particle size is less than or equal to 50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide of formula AFe2O4 is at least one compound selected from Fe3O4 and ZnFe2O4. The oxide of formula ACo2O4 is at least one compound selected from Co3O4, ZnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and NiCo2O4. The oxide of formula AFe2O4 is at least one compound selected from Fe3O4 and ZnFe2O4; and the oxide of formula ACo2O4 is at least one compound selected from Co3O4, ZnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and NiCo2O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises buffering agent chosen from borate, silicate and phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid electrolyte material has a perovskite-type crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The azole compound is a tetrazole compound. The content of the azole compound is 5-99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zirconia phase is a phase which consists of tetragonal crystal zirconia or stabilized tetragonal crystal zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material of the positive electrode contains lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide of formula: LiCoxNi1-xO2, lithium manganate and/or lithium-manganese oxide of formula: LiMyMn2-yO4, where M is chromium, cobalt or nickel, and x and y are more than 0 to less than 1. The active material of the negative electrode contains graphite, lithium titanate or metal chosen from lithium, indium, aluminum, silicon, tin, calcium and magnesium. The active substance is a solid electrolyte containing lithium, phosphorus, and sulfur as a main element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is chosen from platinum, gold, palladium, silver, iridium, rhodium and ruthenium, and has average particle diameter of 0.1-10 nm. The content of metal is 1-40 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte is provided in a battery with negative electrode for discharging lithium ions, and positive electrode. The negative electrode has negative electrode active material comprising carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent comprises dimethyl carbonate or ethylmethyl carbonate. The organic group-containing compound (I) is 1,2-dimethoxy propane or 1,2-dimethoxy butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electrode assembly makes exchange of chemical substance with fluid passage by utilizing global system for mobile communication (GSM) component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Positive electrode active material contains less than or equal to 1000 ppm magnetic particle. Positive electrode active material contains 20-50 mol.% lithium oxide (Li2O), 5-40 mol.% iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), and 20-50 mol.% phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Positive electrode active material contains 1-25 mol.% niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)+titanium dioxide (TiO2)+vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)+chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)+manganese dioxide (MnO2) cobalt(II) oxide (CoO)+nickel(II) oxide (NiO)+silicon dioxide (SiO2) boron trioxide (B2O3)+germanium dioxide (GeO2)+aluminum oxide (Al2O3)+gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3)+antimony trioxide (Sb2O3)+bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Binder is water-soluble polymer selected from cellulose derivative e.g. carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Parameters: Etherification degree of carboxymethylcellulose is 0.8-1.7. Viscosity of 1% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose is 1000-5000 mPa.s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Active material contained in negative electrode is oxide containing titanium e.g. lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Nonaqueous electrolyte contains 0.1-5 wt.% 1,3-propane sultone and vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler of battery pack is selected from a group consisting of hybrid series of polyester resin and silicone based resin, epoxy series, cyanoacrylate series, polyvinyl acrylate series, ethylene vinyl acetate series, polychloroprene, hybrid series of polyurethane resin and polyol polyurethane resin, polyol, hybrid series of polyurethane resin and acrylic polymer, polyimide group, cyano acrylate and hybrid series of urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The value of P (( gamma )) is 0.2 or more. The ratio (maximum value/minimum value) of the maximum value of the fluorescence polarization intensity and minimum value of the fluorescence polarization intensity parallel to an entrance plane in the biaxially-stretched nylon film plane is 1.55 or less. Preferred Component: The laminate film has a lamination base material further laminated on at least one surface of the biaxially-stretched nylon film. Preferred Composition: The raw material is nylon resin. Preferred Process: The biaxially-stretched nylon film is manufactured by molding a nonexpanded raw film containing raw material, biaxially stretching the nonexpanded raw film in which draw ratio of MD direction and TD direction is 2.8 times or more respectively, and heat-processing the nonexpanded raw film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of carbon dioxide gas is 10-100 vol.%. Preferred Condition: The mixing process is carried out until the weight ratio of lithium complex oxide becomes 0.156 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The layer of the third material extends at least partially into the first barrier layer, second barrier layer, third barrier layer, or fourth barrier layer. The graphene is present in the form of sheet or nanotubes. The first- and/or second metallic support is/are copper or aluminum. The first active material includes a first group comprising a lithium phosphate of formula (LixPO4), lithium manganate of formula (LiMn2O4), lithium cobaltate of formula (LiCoO2), lithium nickelate of formula (LiNiO2), or combinations of at least two of the above oxides or their mixed oxides.x = Mn, Fe, Co and/or Ni.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second active material includes a second group comprising lithium metal oxides, preferably lithium titanium oxide, carbon-containing materials, preferably graphite, synthetic graphite, carbon black, meso-carbon, doped carbon, fullerenes, niobium pentoxide, tin alloys, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, silicon, or the first active material includes second group and the second active material includes the first group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator is a porous polymer film, or a woven- or non-woven fleece comprising polymer fibers, which is coated on one- or both sides with an inorganic material, which conducts lithium ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Particles (B) contain silicon (oxide) and/or tin (oxide). The coating volume of resins (A,B) is 0.01-10 wt.%, each.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphene is in sheet form or in the form of nanotubes. The metallic carrier (m1) and/or metallic carrier (m2) contain copper or aluminum. The active material (a1) contains lithium-phosphorus oxide of formula: LiXPO4, where X is iron, cobalt, manganese or nickel, lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate and/or lithium nickelate. The active material (a2) is chosen from lithium titanium oxide, graphite, synthetic graphite, carbon black, mesocarbon, fullerene, niobium pentoxide, tin alloy, titanium dioxide, tin oxide and silicon. The separator is a porous polymer film coated with inorganic material on one or both sides of the film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode is spacially apart from the positive electrode. The phosphorus compound is present at 0.01-5 mass%. The fluorine-containing lithium salt is at least one lithium salt comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethasulfonate or bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide lithium. The active material of the negative electrode is a lithium titanium composite oxide having a specific surface area of 5-50 m2/g as determined by a Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method using nitrogen adsorption. The active material of the positive electrode is a lithium transition metal composite oxide containing manganese or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The battery further comprises a separator which is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and contains cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide is 1-8 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The content of ammonium ion in the ammonium-ion supply material is 5-20 g/L. The nickel salt is sulfate, nitrate or chloride of nickel. The cobalt salt is sulfate, nitrate or chloride of cobalt. The manganese salt is is sulfate, nitrate or chloride of manganese. The ammonium-ion supply material is chosen from ammonia, ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride. Preferred Process: The temperature of the reaction solution is maintained at 20-70 degrees C. The concentration of oxygen is set to 0.2 vol.% or less by supplying an inert gas in the reaction tank. The surface of the nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide particles obtained after crystallization process is coated with magnesium, aluminum, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bimetal of the power source cut-out is made of nickel, iron, copper and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat shrinkable tube is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene-propylene rubber, isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, nitoril-butadiene rubber and Teflon (RTM: PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The graphene and graphite are mixed according to a ratio of 8:2. The graphene-carbon complex and silicon oxide are present in a weight ratio of 1:9-2:8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of cerium chloride in the passivating solution if 5-9 g/L and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 9.79-58.76 mmol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The refrigerating device is made of bismuth telluride, antimony telluride and antimony selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A metal nitrate chosen from nickel nitrate, copper nitrate and ferric nitrate, inert gas chosen from mixed gas of nitrogen, argon gas or helium gas and carbon-containing gas chosen from ethylene, acetylene and/or carbon monoxide, acid solution chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, are used in the manufacture of the electrode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding auxiliary conductive material to the active material to obtain a slurry process state material, where the slurry process state material comprises a surface area of less than 10 m2/g, and the slurry process state material is used to form the electrode. The step of treating the coated reactant comprises providing equimolar conducting material-to-reactant to the graphene coated reactant. The step of mechanically coating the reactant with the graphene comprises chemically bonding at least partially the reactant and the graphene. The processing step comprises at least one of heating, crushing, and/or grinding, where heating includes drying. Preferred Components: The lithium-based salt suspension is phosphate-based. The conducting material comprises carbon black. The reactant comprises a metal oxide. The homogenous mix of the treated and coated reactant with the lithium-based salt suspension comprises less than 30 wt.% of water, preferably 18 wt.% of water. The composition (C1) comprises a surface area of 3.1 m2/g or 6.7 m2/g. The processed homogenous mix of the treated and coated reactant with the lithium-based salt suspension comprises: lithium-metal-phosphate of formula (LiMPO4) (I) or its derivative, where M comprises at least one first row transition metal element; or non-stoichiometric lithium-metal-phosphate (I) or its derivative in the non-stoichiometric form. The conductive material and the auxiliary conductive material each comprise carbon black. The composition (C2) comprises a surface area of 4.8 m2/g or 8.3 m2/g. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antimony-containing compound is antimony oxide, where the antimony has a content of 0.1-2 mole%. Preferred Method: The heat treatment is performed at 500-750 degrees C for 3-10 hours. EXAMPLE - Antimony oxide (0.03 g) was diluted in isopropyl alcohol (50 ml) and then (II) (9 g) was added and stirred for 6 hours. The mixture was heated at 120 degrees C for 6 hours to evaporate isopropyl alcohol and then heated at 600 degrees C for 6 hours to obtain a positive electrode active material surface treated with antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electroconductive substance is formed from metal selected from carbon, aluminum, tin, nickel titanium, tungsten, copper and silver. The negative electrode active material is silicon oxide coated with the electroconductive substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealant layer further comprises a resin including modified polyethylene, modified polypropylene, acrylic resin and modified acryl resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium titanium complex oxide contains 20 %mass or less of particles with particle size of 1.5 mu m or more. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium salt (C) mol/ mu m3 where mu m is (R) concentration of lithium salt. The average particle diameter of standard lithium titanium complex C/R2 is more than 2 mol/mm5. The water content ratio of negative electrode is 0.05 %mass or less of the negative electrode active material. The molar ratio of lithium and titanium in lithium titanium complex is 0.85-0.78.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The content of one element in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 1x 10-5-10 wt.%. The titanium composite oxide is lithium titanate of formula: Li4+xTi5O12 (I), where x is -1 to 3. The average particle diameter is 0.05-2 mu m, and the specific surface area is 2-25 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - preferred Compound: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium tetrafluoro-borate, bis(oxalate)lithium borate, difluoro lithium borate, bis(malonate) lithium borate, bis(succinate) lithium borate, and difluoro(trifluro-2-oxide-2-trifluro-methyl propionate(2)-0,0) lithium borate, preferably ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, 1,2-ethane sultone, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1,5-pentane sultone, 1,3-propene sultone and 1,4-butylene sultone. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains 30-90 wt.% propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode has a coating comprising sulfur atom on the surface. The negative electrode active material is a spinel type lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The hydroxy alkyl sulfonic acid is chosen from hydroxy methanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy ethanesulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy propanesulfonic acid, 4-hydroxy butane sulfonic acid, 5-hydroxy pentane sulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy propene sulfonic acid and 4-hydroxy butylene sulfonic acid. The sulfonic acid ester is chosen from 1,2-ethane sultone, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1,5-pentane sultone, 1,3-propene sultone and 1,4-butene sultone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cell (100) comprises negative electrode (101), positive electrode (102), a circuit coupling (104) positive and negative electrode and lithium-containing electrolyte medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion conductive oxide has perovskite-type structure of formula: Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3, where x is more than 0 to less than 2/3, or garnet-type structure of formula: Li5+xLa3M2-xZrxO12, where element (M) niobium or tantalum. The lithium-ion conducting oxide contains at least one element chosen from hydrogen and carbon. The total content of element(s) is 0.05-0.2 %mass, preferably 0.2-0.3 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The active material particle has particle size of 0.1-10 mu m. The eprimary solid electrolyte particles have particle size of 0.05-0.5 mu m. Preferred Components: The primary and secondary solid electrolyte particles have garnet-type structure containing oxide solid electrolyte (Li5+xLa3M2-xZrxO12, where M is niobium and tantalum), and sulfide solid electrolyte ((1-x-y)Li2Sx xGeS2x yP2S5, where x is 0-0.5 and y is 0-0.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium ion conductive sulfide is of formula: (1-x-y)Li2xGes2.yp2S5 (I), Li4-x'Ge1-x'Px'S4 (II), (1-x")Li2S.x"P2S5 (III), where x is 0-0.5, y is 0-0.4, x' is 0.2-0.9 and x" is x is 0.15-0.5 (excluding 0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The spinel lithium manganese oxide is of formula: LiMxMn2-xO4-zFz (2) and LiMxMn2-xO4 (1) where M is metal chosen from nickel, zirconium, cobalt, magnesium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, chromium, silver and gadolinium, x=0-1 including 0 and z=0-1. The olivine-type lithium metal phosphate is of formula: LiM(1-x)AxPO4 where M is metal chosen from manganese, nickel, zirconium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, aluminum, silver, yttrium and niobium and x=0-1 including 0. The metal oxide comprises oxide of metal chosen from iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc, tin, strontium, lead, cadmium, barium, zirconium and aluminum. Preferred Property: The nanoparticles have particle diameter of 10 nm or less. The nanoparticles and spinel lithium manganese oxide is mixed in ratio of 1:100-1:25 by mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of oxide (A) with respect to the total content of oxides (A,B) is 0.75 or more and less than 1. Preferred Properties: The BET specific surface area of oxides (A,B) is 0.8-10 m2/g, 50% passage particle size is 20 mu m or less, and primary particle diameter is 30-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Silicon or silicon oxide has a diameter of 0.3-30 nm. Preferred Composition: The electrode material further contains silicon, silicon oxide of formula: SiOx, or carbon chosen from graphite, hard carbon, non-reinforcing carbon black, acetylene black, Ketchen black (RTM: carbon black), carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, and graphene sheet. Silicon or silicon oxide is surface-covered with carbon layer.x=greater than 0 and 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The low-melting metal is zinc, tin, bismuth, or indium, and has melting point of 500 degrees C or less. The alloy layer is zinc-copper alloy layer having zinc content of 1 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The carboxymethyl substitution degree per glucose unit of the cellulose is 0.02-0.50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator further contains polymer and inorganic material. The polymer is in form of nonwoven fabric, woven fiber and porous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar concentration of the additive for each liter of the electrolyte is larger than 0.005 mol/L and less than 0.04 mol/L. The additive is preferably of formula (II). The content of fluorine-type ethylene carbonate is 1-30 volume% with respect to 100 volume% solvent. The content of additive per surface area of 1 m 2 of negative electrode active material is 410 micromol/m 2 or less. The concentration of additive in the electrolyte solution is 0.3 mol/L or less. The solvent contains cyclic carbonate containing fluorine-type ethylene carbonate and linear carbonate. The content of cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate is 30-50 volume% and 50-70 volume%, respectively. The solvent contains fluorine-type ethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon type active material comprises silicon and oxygen. The lithium secondary battery contains an oxalic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material has crystal structure belonging to triclinic space group (P1) or (P1-). The active material further electroconductive carbon coated to thickness of 1-100 nm on surface. Preferred Property: Powder contained in the active material has average particle diameter of 0.7-5 mu m. Preferred Process: During manufacture of positive electrode active material, raw material powder containing phosphoric acid raw material chosen from phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoric acid and ammonium phosphate monobasic, sodium raw material chosen from sodium oxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide, or its complex oxide, and transition metal compound containing the transition metal element is melted under reducing environment or inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The end groups of T1 and T2 are same or different and consist of 2-methylprop-2-enenitrile, 2-(trifluoromethyl)prop-2-enenitrile, 1-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)vinylammonium, 1-(4-cyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-phenyl)vinylammonium, 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3-(1-isocyanovinyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(1-isocyanovinyl)pyridine, 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-(1-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)vinyl)benzene, and 4-(1-(4-pyridyl)vinyl)pyridine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    n = 3-10, preferably 4-8; and    aryl = 1,4-phenyls, 2,6-naphthalene, 2,7-phenanthrene or cyclopentadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The iridium alloy contains iridium and platinum. The dendritic carrier made of carbon has a graphene layer. Preferred Property: The relation between pore diameter and volume before carrying catalyst is plotted and the peak value is found to be 2-10 nm and the value decreases to 50% or less after supporting the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon ionomer comprises ionic group of sulfonate, phosphate, and phosphonate ionic groups. The hydrocarbon ionomer is a neutralized polyvinyl sulfonic acid, and a neutralized sulfonated derivative of a poly (ether ether-ketone).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon-based solvent is chosen from pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, octane, nonane, decane, benzene, toluene, xylene, acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, dichloromethane and chloroform. The macromolecular film is chosen from tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether, ethylene tetrafloroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyetherether ketone, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide and polybenzyl imidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst solution is further formed by utilizing acidic solution comprising multi-acid or heteropoly acid ((XaMbO40)n-), tungstic acid or molybdic acid, and doping element comprising compound doped with iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, aluminum, titanium, tin, tantalum, tantalum, niobium and zirconium, where X is phosphorus, silicon, germanium and arsenic, M is tungsten, molybdenum, a:b is 1:6,1:9 and 1:12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is methanol, formaldehyde and/or formic acid. Preferred Process: The catalyst solution is formed by utilizing acid solution comprising sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid, and molybdic acid and organic molecule compound (((C19H18N3)2H)(PMo12O40)) and tungstenic acid and organic molecule compound ((ppy)4H6(SiW12O40)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intercalation agent (a1) is 55-72 wt.% perchloric acid solution. The expanded graphite carrier comprises mixed solution of chloroplatinic acid and cobalt chloride at a mass ratio of 20:9-22 or 10:24-72. The mixed solution comprises 5 g/l chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6.6H2O) and 12-36 g/l cobalt chloride (CoCl2.6H2O). The reducing agent is sodium borohydride solution. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide solution. The acid solution is nitric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is absolute ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: In the fuel cell apparatus, the heat insulating wall (500) faces, in a height direction of the reformer (200), an upper surface (200u) of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200) in the lengthwise direction and the heat insulating wall (500) includes a down-facing restraining surface (803) for restraining the upper surface (200u) of the second end portion (200f) in the height direction. A first clearance (821) is provided between the upper surface (200u) of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200) and the down-facing restraining surface (803) of the heat insulating wall (500) in the height direction of the reformer (200), and the first clearance (821) is configured to absorb a displacement of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200) in the height direction which occurs in accordance with the thermal expansion of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200). The heat insulating wall (500) faces, in a horizontal direction, a side surface (200s) of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200) in the lengthwise direction and the heat insulating wall (500) includes a lateral-facing restraining surface (804) for restraining the side surface (200s) of the second end portion (200f) in the horizontal direction. A second clearance (822) is provided between the side surface (200s) of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200) and the lateral-facing restraining surface (804) of the heat insulating wall (500) in the horizontal direction, and the second clearance (822) is configured to absorb a displacement of the second end portion (200f) of the reformer (200) in the horizontal direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is at least one selected from zeolite, active alumina, silica gel and activated carbon (preferably zeolite). The positive electrode comprised a positive electrode active material selected from lithium-containing cobalt oxide, manganese dioxide, lithium manganese complex oxide, lithium-containing nickel oxide, lithium-containing nickel cobalt oxide, lithium-containing iron oxide, lithium-containing vanadium oxide, titanium disulfide, and molybdenum disulfide. The negative electrode comprised a negative electrode active material selected from graphitic materials, carbonaceous materials, chalcogen compounds, light metals, and lithium titanium oxide. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprises an electrolyte selected from lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprises a nonaqueous solvent selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, sulfolane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is at least one selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-methacryl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, ionomers, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyphenylene ether and polyethylene terephthalate (preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and fluororesin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The separator is obtained by coating the coating liquid on one surface of a film (1), bonding the nonwoven fabric base material to the coated surface of film, drying the obtained sheet containing film/coating liquid/base material, and peeling the film from the sheet. The coating amount of liquid on one surface of the film is 30 g/m2 or more, before drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The separator has average thickness of 20 mu m or less, and air permeability of 100 second/100 ml or less. The cellulose porous membrane has average hole diameter of 0.01-5 mu m and a porosity of 30-80%. The largest hole diameter of cellulose porous membrane is 10 mu m or less. The cellulose of cellulose porous membrane has average acyl substitution degree of 1 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diamines consist of ethylene diamine, dimer diamine, 2-hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine, 2-hydroxyethyl propylene diamine, and dicyclohexylmethane diamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyols consist of polyurethane series polyol, polyester series polyol, and polyether series polyol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nickel oxide in positive mix is 70 %mass or more. The amount of sulfate ion remaining in the nickel oxide is 0.4 wt.% or less. The additive (a) and additive (b) are hydroxide or oxide. The additive (a) is ytterbium oxide, indium oxide, calcium hydroxide, beryllium oxide, antimony oxide, erbium oxide, thulium oxide and/or lutetium oxide. The additive (b) is titanium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, scandium oxide, zirconium oxide and zinc oxide. The mass ratio of additive (a) to additive (b) is 1:0.2-5. The positive electrode mixture further contains electroconductive agent chosen from metallic cobalt, cobalt oxide and/or cobalt hydroxide. The nickel oxide contains 0.1-10 %mass tertiary metallic element integrated in crystal structure of the nickel oxide. The tertiary metallic element is magnesium, cobalt, cadmium and/or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium sulfide complex is silicon sulfide complex (Na2S-P2S5-SiS2), phosphorus pentasulfide complex (Na2S-P2S5-GeS2), boron sulfide complex (Na2S-P2S5-B2S3), aluminum sulfide complex (Na2S-P2S5-Al2S3), gallium sulfide complex (Na2S-P2S5-Ga2S3), germanium sulfide complex (Na2S-SiS2-GeS2), silicon-boron sulfide complex (Na2S-SiS2-B2S3), silicon-aluminum sulfide complex (Na2S-SiS2-Al2S3), silicon-aluminum sulfide complex (Na2S-SiS2-Ga2S3), silicon-germanium sulfide complex (Na2S-GeS2-B2S3), germanium-aluminum sulfide complex (Na2S-GeS2-Al2S3), germanium-gallium sulfide complex (Na2S-GeS2-Ga2S3), boron-aluminum sulfide complex (Na2S-B2S3-Al2S3), boron-gallium sulfide complex (Na2S-B2S3-Ga2S3), or sodium-aluminum sulfide complex (Na2S-Al2S3-Ga2S3), preferably silicon sulfide complex. The content of silicon sulfide in the silicon sulfide complex is 0.1-10 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The transition metal oxides (A) and (B) have BET specific surface area of 0.8-10 m2/g and 0.2-3.0 m2/g, respectively. The 50% passage particle size of transition metal oxides (A) and (B) are 20 mu m or less. The primary particle diameter of transition metal oxide (A) is 30-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic compound is metal hydroxide or metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin is copolymer including 50 mol% or more structural units derived from vinylidene fluoride. The organic compound is resin chosen from crosslinked polyacrylic acid, crosslinked polyacrylate, crosslinked polymethacrylic acid, crosslinked polymethacrylate, crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate and crosslinked polysilicone. The porous base material is polyolefin microporous film containing polyethylene and polypropylene. Preferred Properties: The separator has Gurley value of 300 seconds/100 cc or less. The average particle diameter of the microparticles is 0.01-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Strontium atom exists at least in the particle surface of lithium cobalt complex oxide. 0.005-0.100 %mass of soluble strontium compound, by strontium atom conversion, exists in the particle surface. The positive electrode active material further comprises additional element (M) chosen from manganese, nickel, magnesium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, calcium, molybdenum, tungsten, bismuth, niobium and fluorine, preferably magnesium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium and fluorine. The compound containing an additional element (M) is preferably chosen from magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and aluminum fluoride. Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has average particle diameter of 10-30 mu m and tap density of 2.60 g/ml or more. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material further involves mixing of additional element (M).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion or all metal in the secondary battery is dispersed in the metal oxide. The metal oxide has amorphous structure. The metal is silicon and the metal oxide is silicon oxide. Preferred Component: The outer component is aluminum laminate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains 70-99 vol.% phosphate compound and 1-15 vol.% fluorinated carbonate compound. The phosphate compound is of formula: Rs-P(=O)(-ORt)-ORu (I). The fluorinated carbonate compound is of formula (II), (III) or Ry-O-C(=O)-O-Rz (IV), preferably fluoroethylene carbonate or difluoro ethylene carbonate.Rs,Rt,Ru=alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkenyl, halogenated alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl or silyl, in which any two or all of Rs, Rt and Ru are coupled together to form cyclic structure;andRa-Rf,Ry,Rz=H, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, halo, alkenyl, halogenated alkenyl, cyano, amino, nitro, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl or silyl, in which at least 1 of Ra-Rf,Ry or Rz is fluoro, fluorinated alkyl, fluorinated alkenyl, fluorinated alkoxy or fluorinated cycloalkyl.Preferred Process: The negative electrode active material is obtained by mixing lithium hydride and lithium aluminum hydride, and heating at 200-800 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode binder comprises mixture of polyimide, polyamidoimide or polyimide, and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% carboxylic dianhydride of formula (1). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate which has fluorine atom e.g. monofluorophosphate and/or difluorophosphate and cyclic carbonate which has carbon-carbon unsaturated bond e.g. isocyanate compound, cyclic sulfonate ester, and/or nitrile compound. Cyclic carbonate which has fluorine atom is monofluoroethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, and/or 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate. Cyclic carbonate which has carbon-carbon unsaturated bond is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and/or ethynyl ethylene carbonate. Isocyanate compound is diisocyanate compound. Nitrile compound is dinitrile compound. Preferred Definitions:    m, n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves annealing the transition metal nitride/carbon composite at 550-1050 degrees C under inert gas conditions, reducing graphene oxide by chemical exfoliation of graphite, washing the transition metal nitride/carbon composite in 1M diluted acid, deionized water and ethanol to remove excessive iron oxide. Preferred Properties: The gravimetric capacity of the composite is more than a gravimetric capacity of graphite when the composite is used as anode. The gravimetric capacity of the composite increases during repeated charging cycles when the composite is used as the anode. Preferred Component: The transition metal nitride is chosen from salt of iron, cobalt, zinc and nickel. The graphene oxide is decorated with oxygen containing functional groups, preferably carboxylic acid, phenol, lactone, carboxylic anhydrate, ketone, ether, pyrone, and/or quinines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic amine is ethylene diamine. The alcohol solvent is ethanol or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The sodium rechargeable battery further has a tin sulfide negative electrode and electroconductive-type electrolyte solution in which sodium hexafluorophosphate is dissolved. The negative electrode is an alloy compound containing a tin sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal oxide includes composite oxide of formula: Naa(MnbM1c)Od (I), Naa(MnbM1cM2e)Od (II), Naa(MnbM1cM2e)OdFg (III), NaaLij(MnbM1c)Od (IV), Lik(MnbM1c)Od (V), Lik(MnbM1cM2e)Od (VI) or Lik(MnbM1cM2e)OdFg (VII), and sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3).a=0.7-1.2;b=0.4-0.6;c=0.7-1;d=1.8-2.2;M1=Fe, Co, Ni, Nb or Mo;E=0.7-1.2;M2=Ti, V, Cr, Zr or W;g=0.01-0.2;andj=0-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode further includes conductive support agent and 1-25 wt.% binder, with respect to 100 wt.% total content of active material, conductive support agent and binder. The binder is carboxymethylcellulose. The binder contains 10-50 wt.% acrylic resin with respect to 100 wt.% carboxymethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of compound (I) is 0.001 mass% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aqueous binder and conductive agent is 15-30 pts. wt. and 15-30 pts. wt., respectively. The conductive agent is carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy carrier comprises ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy carrier comprises hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary particles contain microparticles having average particle diameter of 1-500 nm. The secondary particles contain particles having average particle diameter of 0.01-3 mu m, and has average particle diameter of 3 mu m or more. The content of secondary particles is 10 volume% or more with respect to total content of particles. Preferred Property: The thickness of region (B) is 1.5 mu m or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode of battery contains alloy-type negative electrode material comprising metallic element which can form lithium and an alloy, and semimetal elements as a negative electrode active material. The alloy-type negative electrode material contains tin as main element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base layer is polyolefin microporous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fibrous carbon is 0.3-1.25 wt.%. The content of positive electrode active material in the mixture layer is 90-93 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The mean secondary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is 0.2-1 mu m. The positive electrode further contains carbon coating layer (2) having surface roughness of 0.3-1 mu m and thickness of 0.8-1.4 mu m. The positive electrode has electrode density of 2-2.3 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery contains separator (15) containing polypropylene, negative electrode active material which can insert lithium or reacts with lithium, carbon-type negative electrode material, negative electrode containing graphite, and positive electrode (12) containing lithium, transition metal, and layered oxide including cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Preferably, the electrolyte comprises 3-35 wt.% 1,1-di-phenyl-ethane, 1-35 wt.% cyclic carbonate, 40-70 wt.% linear carbonate and 7-35 wt.% lithium salt. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate. The linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate or ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aromatic low molecular weight compound is selected from a group consisting of pyrene, o-dichlorobenzene, anthraquinone, 3, 3', 4, 4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4-diamino anthraquinone, pyromellitic acid anhydride, alizarin, 1, 3-diphenylbenzene, 1, 4-benzenedimethanol, 2, 2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane 4, 4'-biphenol, 4, 4'-methylene bis, p-terphenyl, and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The cumulative volume particle size distribution of lithium-containing phosphate (LixAyD'zPO4) particles or its precursor in 90% particle diameter (D90) is 3 mu m or more. The tap density of the aggregate of lithium-containing phosphate particles is 1-1.5 g/cm3. Among at least two local maximum in the particle size distribution of the lithium-containing phosphate particles or its precursor, the ratio of maximum value (A) of large diameter side with respect to the maximum value (B) of smaller diameter side is 0.1-10, and the ratio of maximum value (A) with respect to local minimum (C) is 1.5-5. The mean secondary particle diameter of aggregate is 0.01-20 mu m. The volume density of aggregate at the time of making aggregate solid is 50-80 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Cyclohexylbenzene and/or biphenyl is used as the additive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Polysaccharide is used as the thickener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The heating resistor is thermally coupled to the hydrogen cathode of the at least one hydrogen evolution cell. The hydrogen evolution cell comprises: a connecting means by which the anode and the cathode of hydrogen evolution cell are electrically connected via the heating resistor; stack of two or more gas evolution cells, where a heating resistor is arranged between adjacent gas evolution cells; at least two heating resistors arranged between adjacent gas evolution cells which are electrically connected in series. At least one hydrogen evolution cell, preferably at least two hydrogen evolution cells are prismatic, a sheet, a flat cuboid or a disk. At least one heating resistor is formed as a sheet, foil or mat. The heating resistor comprises a high-resistance conductor and/or transistor, preferably a field-effect transistor. The heating resistor comprises high-resistance conductor which is switched with an electronic switch, preferably a field-effect transistor electronic switch. The hydrogen evolution device and the fuel cell are electrically connected in series such that, under load, an equal current amount flows through the gas evolution device and through the fuel cell. The device further comprises an additional heating resistor which is thermally coupled to the fuel cell directly or via a solid heat conductor. The additional heating resistor and the fuel cell are connected in parallel manner. The heating resistor is switched-on until the cathode has reached a predefined target temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains lithium salt of organic acid and boron compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of N-ethylcarbazole, N-n-propyl-carbazole or N-iso-propyl-carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The powdered resin is polyolefin-type powdered resin, preferably polypropylene or polyethylene. The content of powdered resin is 0.4-25 wt.%, preferably 1-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The surface roughness of base material is 0.05 mu m or more and 0.40 mu m or less. The particle size of zinc particles is 0.01 mu m or more and 0.03 mu m or less. The thickness of nickel plating layer is 0.1 mu m or more and 10 mu m or less. The thickness of conductive resin layer is 5 mu m or more and 30 mu m or less. The length of graphite particles is 1 mu m or more and 100 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium manganese system complex oxide contains lithium-manganese-metal oxide (nLi2MnO3.(1-n)LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, where n is 0.2-0.7 and Me is cobalt, nickel and manganese) as basic composition. Preferred Properties: The ratio of strength of diffraction peak corresponding to (020) plane, strength of diffraction peak corresponding to (110) plane and strength of diffraction peak corresponding to (-111) plane with respect to strength of diffraction peak corresponding to (001) plane is preferably 0.06 or less. The half value width of diffraction peak corresponding to (001) plane at angle (2( theta )) is preferably 0.45 degrees or less. The half value width of diffraction peak corresponding to (020) plane at angle 2(~(h)) is 1 degrees or more. The layered halite structure has space group of C2/m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The melting point of molten salt raw material is 400 degrees C or more. The reaction is carried out at 477-577 degrees C, preferably 552 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The molten salt raw material contains lithium hydroxide in dehydrated state. The complex oxide contains lithium-manganese group complex oxide (LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2) as basic composition. A deposit is produced from solution containing 2 or more types of metallic element before melting reaction process. The theoretical ratio of lithium in molten salt raw material and complex oxide is 0.02-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector is made of nickel, copper, stainless steel, titanium, vanadium, chrome, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, gold, ruthenium, platinum, iridium, aluminum, tin, bismuth, and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The redox flow secondary battery is a vanadium-type redox flow secondary battery, in which sulfuric acid electrolyte solution containing vanadium is used as positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin having a structural unit of formula: -(CF2CF2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)m-X4))g- (II). The content of fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer in the outer layer is 300-900 g/equivalent and the content of fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer in the intermediate layer is 600-1300 g/equivalent. The equilibrium moisture content of the outer layer is 15-150 %mass and the equilibrium moisture content of the intermediate layer is 0.1-100 %mass.m=1-6;andX4=SO3H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating element is made of the electrically insulating polymer resin or the electrically insulating polymer composite. The membranous polymers resin is selected from the group consisting of the polypropylene (PP), the polystyrene (PS), the polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the natural rubber and synthetic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium containing transition-metal complex oxide particle consists of lithium containing transition-metal complex oxide having layer structure containing lithium oxide (LiMeO2, where Me is nickel, cobalt and manganese). The transition metal nitride is chosen from zirconium nitride, nitridation titanium, niobium nitride, tantalum nitride, chromium nitride, and vanadium nitride, preferably zirconium nitride and nitridation titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkali ion electrolytic composition contains halogen compound. Inorganic compound contains lithium (Li) as alkali metal and halogen element e.g. fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and/or iodine (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent is solvent which dissolves entire or part of inorganic compound and entire or part of halogen compound and has hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains MOMAS44+ cation and anion chosen from TFSA-, FTA- and FSA-, preferably MOMAS44+ cation and TFSA- anion. Preparation (Disclosed): The cation is prepared by reacting pyrrolidone and 1,4-dichlorobutane having substituent introduced into ortho-position of nitrogen, stirring1,4-dibromobutane of 1,4-diiodobutane at 80 degrees C in water containing sodium hydroxide, and purifying by recrystallization in organic solvent or alumina-column process. EXAMPLE - The cation was prepared by reacting pyrrolidone and 1,4-dichlorobutane having substituent introduced into ortho-position of nitrogen, stirring1,4-dibromobutane of 1,4-diiodobutane at 80 degrees C in water containing sodium hydroxide, and purifying by recrystallization in organic solvent or alumina-column process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The ceramic material has 4-point bending strength of 70 MPa or more, based on JIS R1601 (2008)., and density of 4.8 g/cm3 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Aluminum and magnesium as sintering auxiliary agent and/or particle growth inhibitor are added to oxide component. The content of magnesium is 0.01-1 %mass, preferably 0.05-0.3 %mass with respect to the total weight of sintered oxide component. The content of aluminum in the sintered oxide component is 0.01-1 %mass. The garnet-type crystal structure further comprises niobium and/or tantalum. The total amount of niobium and tantalum with respect to lanthanum is 0.03-0.2. The molar ratio lithium to lanthanum is 2-2.5. The molar ratio of zirconium to lanthanum is 0.5-0.67. The magnesium-containing material is magnesium oxide. The raw material powder further comprises niobium and/or tantalum. Preferred Process: The manufacture of ceramic material further involves adding magnesium-containing powder and filling magnesium-containing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material complex has secondary particles having average particle diameter of 0.7-20 mu m. The active material comprises lithium silicate-type compound, lithium phosphate-type compound and/or lithium borate-type compound. The lithium silicate-type compound is lithium silicate complex (Li2M1SiO4 or Li2+a-bAbM1-xM2xSiO4+y, where M1 and M are iron, manganese or cobalt, A is sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, M2 is magnesium, calcium, aluminum, nickel, niobium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum or tungsten, a is 0-less than 1, b is 0-less than 0.2, x is 1-0.5 and y is 0 or more), preferably lithium iron silicate and lithium manganese silicate. The electroconductive material comprises carbon material which is chosen from acetylene black, ketchen Black and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass frit further contains 5 wt.% or less barium trioxide and 1-2 wt.% aluminum trioxide. The total content of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and/or strontium oxide is 10-40 wt.% in glass frit. The content of glass frit is 1.5-5 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of electroconductive powder. The electroconductive powder is silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1): the step of coating an electrode comprises treating the electrode with an aniline solution at positive voltage; the pre-conditioning step comprises cycling the voltage at -0.2 V to +0.7 V, then holding the voltage at, at least +0.8 V for at least 30 minutes, preferably at least 60 minutes; creating (I) comprises holding the PANI at 0.7 V and exposing the PANI to gold compound of formula (Au(X4)-) (III), where creating (III) comprises a solution in perchloric acid; reducing the (I) comprises sweeping the voltage to -0.2 V; and (I) is created at a ratio of 20% gold/nitrogen. In the method (M2), the oxidation is conducted in solution phase. Preferred Components: In the method (M2): the solution comprises a basic solution; and the electrode further comprises platinum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel anode compression catalyst layer and air electrode compression catalyst layer contains same ion conductive materials and metal catalysts, respectively. The chemical composition of fuel anode compression catalyst layer and air electrode compression catalyst layer is same. The ratio of density of air electrode compression catalyst layer and fuel anode compression catalyst layer is 0.4-1 (excluding 0.4 and 1). The metallic catalyst is metal particles or metal particles supported on carbon-type carrier. The amount of metal particles supported in the carbon-type carrier is 30-70 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The ion-conductive material is chosen from perfluorinated sulfonic acid group-containing polymer, perfluoro-type proton-conducting polymers, sulfonated polysulfone copolymer, sulfonated poly(ether-ketone), sulfonated polyether etherketone-type polymer, polyimide-type polymer, polystyrene-type polymer, polysulfone and/or clay-sulfonated polysulfone nanocomposite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The peak intensity ratio of lithium manganese oxide is 0-1.5. The lithium manganese oxide has an average primary particle diameter of 1-3 mu m, an average secondary particle diameter (D50) of 10-20 mu m, and a specific surface area of 0.2-0.4 m2/g. The anode comprises a carbonaceous material. The lithium manganese oxide has a structure of formula (Lix1Mn2-y1-z1My1Mez1O4-a1Fa1) (I) or (Lix1+z1Mn2-y1-z1Aly1O4) (II). The cathode further comprises a lithium composite oxide having a structure of formula (Li(LixMe1yM1z)O2+d1) (III) and (LiaCobMncMd2Ni1-(b+c+d2)O2+d2) (IV). The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluroantimonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, monolithium monocarbon trifluorosulfite, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium tetrafluoromethanesulfonate, lithium aluminate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, a lithium compound of formula (LiN(Cx2F2x2+1SO2)(Cy2F2y2+1SO2)), lithium chloride, and/or lithium iodide.x1 = 0.9-1.4;y1, z1 = 0-1, where the sum of y1 and z1 is 0-1;a1 = 0-1;M = Al, Co, Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mg or Li;Me = B or V;x = 0-0.33;z = 0-0.15, where the sum of x, y and z is 1;d1 = 0-0.1;d2 = 0.01-0.4;a = 1-1.33;b = 0.1-0.5;c = 0.05-0.4, where the sum of b, c and d is 0.05-0.5;Me1 = Mn, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Al or B;M1 = B, Al, Mg, Si, Fe, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ga or W; andx2, y2 = a natural number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high dielectric constant solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, or gamma -butyrolactone. The low boiling point solvent is dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, or fatty acid ester derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid type resin of formula: -(CF2CF2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)m-X4))g-.m=1-6;andX4=SO3H.The equivalent mass (number of dry-mass grams per 1 equivalent of ion-exchange groups) of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is 300-1500 g/eq, preferably 300-1300 g/eq. The equilibrium moisture content of the electrolyte membrane is 5-80 %mass. The fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer and basic polymer form an ionic bond at least in one portion. The electrolytic membrane is heat-processed at 130-200 degrees C for 1-60 minutes. The basic polymer is a polyazole type compound, preferably polyimidazole compound, polybenzimidazole type compound, polybenzobisimidazole compound, polybenzoxazole type compound, polyoxazole type compound, polythiazole type compound, and/or polybenzothiazole type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The iron content of nickel-iron alloy layer is 30 %mass or more, and the Vickers hardness measured from the upper surface is 200Hv or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nickel cobalt composite hydroxide (I) has specific surface area of 1.0 m2/g or more and less than 8 m2/g. The temperature of the reaction solution is 20-70 degrees C. The ammonium-ion concentration is 5-20 g/L. Preferred Process: When the drying temperature is T (in degrees C), the drying process is carried out until drying temperature reaches to less than ((500/T)-0.5). During crystallization process, the mixed aqueous solution, aqueous solution containing the ammonium-ion supply material, and caustic-alkali aqueous solution are continuously supplied to a reaction tank, respectively, the reaction solution containing nickel cobalt composite hydroxide particles is overflowed continuously from the reaction tank, and the nickel cobalt composite hydroxide particles are collected. Preferred Composition: The surface of the nickel cobalt composite hydroxide particles is covered with metal (M) element. The nickel salt and cobalt salt are sulfate, nitrate and/or chloride. The ammonium-ion supply material is ammonia, ammonium sulfate and/or ammonium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The powder is water-washed before mixing process. Preferred Composition: The amount of tungsten contained in the positive-electrode material is 0.1-3 atomic% with respect to total content of nickel, cobalt and element (M) which are contained in the lithium-metal complex oxide. The lithium tungstate includes complex oxide (Li2WO4, Li4WO5 and/or Li6W2O9, preferably Li4WO5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer fibers are made polypropylene, polyethylene, polyetherimide, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polycaprolactam, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide, polyarylsulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (bisphenol A-carbonate) and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated cyclic ester carbonate has a content of 0.01-10 wt.%. The cathode includes a cathode active material layer having a thickness of greater than 40 mu m. The anode includes an anode active material layer having a thickness of greater 20 mu m. The cathode includes a compound having a metal compound of formula (Li1+aMnbNicCodOe) (21).a, c = 0-0.4;b, d = 0.4-1;c = 0-0.4;e = 1.9- 2.1; andabcd = 1. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 56 compounds (1) is specifically claimed e.g. 4-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one of formula (Ia), 4-fluoro-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-difluoro-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one and 4,4-dimethyl-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic particles comprise a polymer including aromatic monovinyl monomer unit. The water-soluble polymer further includes crosslinkable monomer unit and reactive-surface-active-agent unit. The content of crosslinkable monomer unit and reactive-surface-active agent unit in the water-soluble polymer is 0.1-2 wt.% and 0.1-15 wt.%, respectively. The ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic monomer unit comprises ethylenic unsaturated monocarboxylic-acid monomeric unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The particulate binder includes diene polymer or acrylate-type polymer. Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of particulate-form binder is (-50)-(20) degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is chosen from lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickelate (LiNiO2), nickel lithium cobaltate (LiCoxNi1-xO2, where x is more than 0 to less than 1), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4) and lithium oxide compound (LiMyMn2-yO4, where M is chromium, cobalt or nickel, and y is more than 0 to less than 0.3). The active material of negative electrode is graphite, lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) or metal chosen from lithium, aluminum, indium, silicon, tin, magnesium and gallium. The solid electrode is sulfide-type solid electrolyte containing lithium, phosphorus and sulfur. The metal coating film of positive electrode is aluminum film. The metal coating film of the negative electrode is copper film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous resin base material is polyurethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of binder and inorganic particles is 50:50-99:1. The particle size of the inorganic particles is 0.01-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer material comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide and polyethylene naphthalate. The polyester copolymer comprises polyester diol monomer, dicarboxylic acid monomer, monomer having two or more hydroxyl groups and molecular weight of 10000 g/mol or less and/or monomer having two or more carboxyl groups and molecular weight of 10000 g/mol or less. The amount of hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group in the polyester copolymer and isocyanate group in the isocyanate-type curing agent is 1:12-1:05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The thickness of the Cr-N-C ternary composite step plating layer is 0.5-5 mu m. Preferred Method: The ion sputtering is carried out by loading cleaned and dried metal bipolar plate into the unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating furnace chamber, pumping at vacuum degree of 3x10-5 torr, sputter cleaning at substrate bias voltage of - 500 V for 30 minutes. The depositing of Cr is carried out at Cr target current of 3-10 A for 5-20 minutes, pressure of 4x10-4 torr with substrate bias voltage of - 80 V. The introduction of N is carried out by flowing N through the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) system adjustment with value of 40-80% and substrate bias voltage of - 80 V for 5-60 minutes. The formation of Cr-N-C coexist layer is carried out by maintaining the Cr target current, OEM value and substrate bias voltage, regulating C target current at 3-10 A and depositing for 10-120 minutes. The depositing of amorphous carbon layer is carried out by closing off the Cr target current and N OEM system with substrate bias voltage at ?80 V, while keeping C target current at 3-10 A while depositing for 30-600 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating material consists of polypropylene, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon nanoparticles, silicon carbide nanoparticles and silicon oxide is 5-60 %mass, 0.1-15 %mass and 0.1-50 %mass, respectively. The silicon nanoparticles and silicon carbide nanoparticles have average particle diameter of each of 10 nm or more and less than 100 nm. The composite has specific surface area of 70 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The average particle diameter of silicon nanoparticles is 10-100 nm. The content of silicon nanoparticles is 5-60 %mass. The dopant is nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode exterior terminal is made of aluminum based metal. The negative electrode exterior terminal is made of copper based metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Poly(alkali acrylate) solid particles have average particle diameter of 0.002-0.5 millimeter, preferably 0.01-0.1 millimeter, and mean molecular weight of 1-10 million. Preferred Composition: The content of poly(alkali acrylate) solid particles is 0.05-5 wt.%. Preferred Process: The method further involves dissolving 0.1-3 wt.% polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous sulfuric acid solution and dispersing 0.01-3 wt.% silica fine powder containing gel-like silica and having average particle diameter of 5-50 mu m in aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent includes dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or N-methylpyrrolidone. The inorganic particles include at least one of Al2O3 particles, SiO2 particles, B2O3 particles, Ga2O3 particles, TiO2 particles, or SnO2 particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode consists of a lithium cobalt oxide electrode, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide electrode, a lithium manganese oxide electrode, a lithium iron phosphate electrode and a lithium nickel oxide electrode. The inorganic particles include particles comprise aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, boron oxide, gallium oxide, titanium dioxide, and tin dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous base film is a polyolefin film consisting of a polyethylene monolayer film, a polypropylene monolayer film, a polyethylene/polypropylene bilayer film, a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene triple-layer film, and a polyethylene/ polypropylene/polyethylene triple-layer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particles include aluminum oxide particles, silicon dioxide particles, boron oxide particles, gallium oxide particles, titanium dioxide particles, and tin oxide particles. The positive electrode consists of a lithium cobalt oxide electrode, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide electrode, a lithium manganese oxide electrode, a lithium iron phosphate electrode and a lithium nickel oxide electrode, and the negative electrode consists of a crystalline carbon electrode and an amorphous carbon electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin base film consists of a polyethylene monolayer film, a polypropylene monolayer film, a polyethylene/ polypropylene bilayer film, a polypropylene/polyethylene/ polypropylene triple-layer film, and a polyethylene/polypropylene/polyethylene triple-layer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal oxide is selected from a group consisting of manganese oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated cyclic ester carbonate (I) is of formula (II) and (III).R5-R10=H, halo, monovalent hydrocarbon group, monovalent halogenated hydrocarbon group, monovalent oxygen-containing hydrocarbon group, and monovalent halogenated oxygen-containing hydrocarbon group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 56 compounds are specified as the compound (I), e.g. 4-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one (Ia); 4-fluoro-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-difluoro-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one; 4-methylene-(1,3)dioxan-2-one; and 4-methyl-6-methylene-(1,3)dioxan-2-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The silver paste contains 75-91 wt.% (preferably 85-90 wt.%) particulate silver. The spherically-shaped silver particles have low aspect ratio of 3 to 1:1. Upon firing the glass frit undergoes recrystallization or phase separation to liberate a frit with a separated phase that has a lower softening point than the original softening point. Preferred Components: The glass frit contains PbO. The glass frit is lead-free. The glass frit has an average particle size of 0.5-20 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal included in the coating is gold. The intermediate layer is a compound of a transition metal, where the compound comprises titanium nitride, chromium nitride, zirconium nitride, titanium carbide, tantalum, niobium or titanium carbonitride. The metal in the mixed carbon-metal layers comprises chromium, titanium, zirconium or niobium. The bipolar plate is fabricated from a low carbon steel, austenitic steel low alloy steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy and/or titanium or titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The electrode catalyst layer has thickness of 0.1-20 mu m. Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of proton-conductive polymer with respect to the catalyst-carrying carbon is 0.8-1.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noncarbonaceous nanoparticles include silicone, germanium and antimony. The particle size of the noncarbonaceous nanoparticles is 1-40 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of thermosetting resin and noncarbonaceous nanoparticles is 20:80-80:20. The electrolyte comprises polyethylene oxide, polystyrene-polyethylene oxide block copolymer or a polymer doped with lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the carbon-coated zinc ferrite particle comprises (a) mixing zinc ferrite-particles with sugar, and (b) carbonating the mixture from the step (a). Preferred Method: The carbonating step is carried out a temperature of 350-700 (preferably 450-550) degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sugar is a mono-, di- or tripolysaccharide, preferably consisting of sucrose (preferred), glucose, fructose, lactose, starch and/or cellulose. EXAMPLE - Sucrose (0.75 g) was dissolved in deionized water (3.5 ml) under stirring with a magnetic stirrer. Zinc ferrite (1 g) was added to the mixture, stirred for 1.5 hours in a ball mill and homogenized at 800 revolutions per minute. The resulting mixture was dried overnight at 80 degrees C in air and then heated for 4 hours at 500 degrees C in an argon atmosphere. The temperature of the resulting mixture in an oven was increased at 3 degrees C C min-1 to obtain the carbon-coated zinc ferrite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: Dry film thickness of compound material layer is greater than or equal to 90 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The 2nd active material particle is obtained by removing solvent from slurry which disperses 1st active material particle in solvent. Preferred Compositions: Dispersing agent has acidic functional group, basic functional group, and/or hydroxyl group. Composition for lithium secondary battery electrode formation contains 20-90 wt.% 1st active material particle with respect to 100 wt.% 1st active material particle and 2nd active material particle. Composition contains electroconductive carbon material fine particle, such as carbon black, graphite, fibrous carbon, and/or graphene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The element M is aluminum, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, tantalum, magnesium, titanium, zinc, boron, calcium, chromium, silicon, gallium, tin, phosphorus, vanadium, antimony, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: 50% Particle diameter (D50) in a particle size distribution measurement of the active material is 8 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic group is primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, and/or quaternary-ammonium group. The group having lithium ion coordinating property, is an oxyalkylene group, a sulfonyl group, sulfo group, boron-containing functional group, carbonyl group, carbonate group, phosphorus-containing functional group, amide group and/or ester group. The organic compound (B) has ( pi )-conjugated structure. The group having ( pi )-conjugation structure, is benzene ring, condensed aromatic ring and/or aromatic heterocyclic ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The active material further contains polymer (b) including mixtures or reaction products of polymer (b1) and polymer (b2). The polymer (b1) is homopolymer and/or copolymer of ethylenic unsaturated-group-containing amine. The polymer (b2) is polymer of formula: R1-(AO)n-R2 (I). The content of polymer (b2) is 1-300 %mass with respect to content of polymer (b1). The polymer (b) is polyvinylamine, polyallylamine, poly-N-methyl allylamine, poly-N,N-dimethyl allylamine, poly-diallyl amine and/or poly-N-methyl-diallylamine. The content of polymer (b) is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to content of active material (A).R1,R2=H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, glycidyl or epoxy;AO=2-5C oxyalkylene;andn=1-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material (A) is chosen from artificial graphite, natural graphite, amorphous carbon, silicon and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound (B) has ionic group and aromatic ring, and has weight average molecular weight of 500-1 million. The content of organic compound (B) is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to active material (A). Ionic groups contained in organic compound (B) are carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, and/or their salts. The organic compound (B) is high molecular compound including monomer having carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, or their salts, and monomer having aromatic ring as structural unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic compound (B) is polystyrene sulfonate, polystyrene sulfonate lithium, polystyrene sulfonate sodium, styrene-styrene sulfonic-acid copolymer, styrene-styrene sulfonic-acid lithium copolymer, styrene- sodium styrenesulfonate copolymer, polyaniline sulfonic acid, polyvinyl benzoic acid, polyvinyl lithium benzoate, polyvinyl sodium benzoate, styrene-vinyl benzoic acid copolymer, styrene-vinyl lithium benzoate copolymer, styrene-vinyl sodium-benzoate copolymer, naphthalenesulfonic acid lithium and/or sodium naphthalenesulfonate. Preferred Property: The elution amount of organic compound (B) with respect to non-aqueous electrolyte solution when immersed in non-aqueous electrolyte solution for three days at 75 degrees C is 30 %mass or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anodal active material is carbon-based material. The carbon-based material is graphite-like carbon, coke-based carbon and/or hard carbon. The cathode active material includes lithium nickel-manganese cobalt oxide of formula: LiaNixMnyCozO2 (I).a=0.8-1.2;x=0.2-1;y=more than 0 to less than 1;z=more than 0 to less than 1;andx+y+z=1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The anode has coated amount of electrode of 13-18 mmg/cm2. The substitution degree of carboxylmethylcellulose is 0.9-1.1. The molecular weight of carboxylmethylcellulose is 750000-850000. The pH of carboxylmethylcellulose is 7.5-8. The styrene-butadiene rubber has particle diameter of 110-130 nm and tensile strength of 100-155 kgf. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of styrene-butadiene rubber and carboxylmethylcellulose is 1:0.1-1:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of aluminum plate is subjected to platinum metal plating, cadmium plating, nickel plating, chrome plating, or galvanized metal plating. The paste-form aluminum foil is prepared by dissolving aluminum foil in sulfuric acid. Preferred Composition: The coating material comprises Dotite FC-415 (RTM: electroconductive graphite) coated on aluminum plate, copper plate, iron plate, and stainless steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The source of bivalent iron ion is ferrous sulfate. The molar ratio of lithium, iron and phosphoric acid is 1:0.8:0.8-1:1.2:1.2. The content of carbon, nitrogen and iron is 0.4 or less. Preferred Process: The pH of reaction aqueous solution is adjusted using sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide or ammonia. The reaction processes are carried out in inert atmosphere. Lithium and co-precipitate are reacted at 30 degrees C. The reaction product of lithium and co-precipitate are subjected to solid-liquid separation and dried in non-oxidizing atmosphere. Carbon source is added to the precursor and the precursor is pulverized, before heat processing. Preferred Properties: In X-ray diffraction, diffraction peak is an undetected state. The primary particles have specific surface area of 10-50 m2/g, by BET method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-carbonaceous nanoparticle comprises a material comprising silicon, silicon oxide compound of formula (SiOx), silicon-containing compound of formula (Si-Z) (a1), tin, tin oxide, and tin-containing compound of formula (Sn-Z) (a2). The non-carbonaceous nanoparticle has an average diameter of 1-500 nm. The crystalline carbonaceous nano-sheet comprises a material consisting of a polycyclic nano-sheet in which carbon atoms fused to one another in rings arranged on a plane and a lamination of polycyclic nano-sheets. The crystalline carbonaceous nano-sheet has an average area of 1-100 mu m2, a thickness of 0.1-50 nm, preferably less than 20 nm, and an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 300, and is present in an amount of 1-300 pts. wt. The negative active material has average diameter of 1-60 mu m. The negative active material further comprises a second amorphous carbonaceous coating layer arranged on its surface, and pores formed inside the negative active material. The first and second amorphous carbonaceous coating layers comprise a material, such as soft carbon, hard carbon, pitch carbide, meso-phase pitch carbide, sintered coke and/or polymer carbide. The first and second amorphous carbonaceous coating layers have a thickness of 1 nm to 1 mu m.x = 0-2; andZ = alkali metal, alkali earth metal, group XIII and XIV elements, transition metal or rare-earth element, where Z is not Si in (a1) and Z is not Sn in (a2). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The base material is an aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the composition on both sides of the base material is 1-100 mm. The average particle diameter (D50) of the powder of aluminum or aluminum alloy is 1-15 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition does not contain binder resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nonaqueous electrolyte battery carbonaceous material has a true density of 1.4-1.7 g/cm3, average particle diameter (Dv50) of 3-35 mu m. The ratio of particle diameter (Dv90) and particle diameter (Dv10) is 1.05-3, and is adjusted based on pulverization. The negative electrode of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has an active material density of 0.85-1.00 g/cc when press pressure of 588 MPa is applied, and an electrode density of 0.87-1.12 g/cc when press pressure of 588 MPa is applied. Preferred Composition: The carbon precursor contained in nonaqueous electrolyte battery carbonaceous material is chosen from infusible petroleum pitch or tar, infusible coal pitch or tar, plant-derived organic substance, infusible thermoplastic resin, and thermosetting resin, preferably petroleum pitch, tar, coal pitch, or thermoplastic resin, more preferably plant-derived organic substance or thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Catalyst contains ratio nickel:lithium of 0.9:0.1-0.995:0.005, preferably 0.95:0.05-0.995:0.005. Zirconium oxide is a catalyst support. Catalyst contains 5-50 mass% nickel oxide with respect to total mass of nickel oxide and zirconium oxide. Mixed gas contains volume ratio hydrogen:methane of 50:50-90:10. Preferred Conditions: Heat-processing temperature is 450-650 degrees C. Catalyst is contacted with gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 230-250 degrees C. Preferred Processes: After heat-treatment process, carbonization process is performed by contacting raw material composition with mixed gas of hydrogen and methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite material has transition-metal containing rate of 100-2500 ppm. The graphite material comprises 50 ppm or more vanadium. The amount of lithium occlusion sites in microcrystal is 40-60, which is calculated using the relation: (Lc(006)/CO(006)). Preferred Property: The optical isotropy ratio of organized labor of petroleum-based non-needle coke is 85% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel in the anode and anode barrier is in the form of nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Vanadium, niobium, tantalum, aluminum, gallium and/or indium occupy a titanium site of the composite oxide. The positive electrode of battery comprises lithium-nickel composite oxide or lithium-manganese composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalyst further comprises a carbonaceous support and Group-VIII, Group-IX, or Group-X metal catalyst disposed on the carbonaceous support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, platinum-palladium alloy, platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-iridium alloy, platinum-osmium alloy or platinum-M alloy, where M is selected from gallium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, zinc, tin, molybdenum, tungsten and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cationically polymerizable monomer is selected from a group consisting of an epoxide monomer, vinyl ether monomer and an epoxide monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer containing a particulate-form silicon type negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains carbonate ester and/or ether compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium intercalation compound is selected from transition metal sulfide, transition metal oxide, magnesium transition metal sulfide, transition metal oxide, and carbon fluoride. The magnesium intercalation compound comprises magnesium molybdenum sulfide having a chevrel phase. The electrochemical cell further comprises a negative electrode comprising magnesium metal. The electrolyte comprises salt having anion of formula: N-(-SO2Rf)2 or C-(-SO2Rf)3.Rf=F or 1-4C fluoroalkyl optionally containing oxygen or nitrogen atoms;andtwo adjacent Rf=5-7 membered ring.The electrolyte contains magnesium (bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide). The oxidatively stable solvent comprises acetonitrile and/or adiponitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio (MO/MA) of the quantity (MA) of the aromatic compound and the quantity (MO) of the oxalate complex compound on the negative electrode compound material layer is 0.5-1.1. The oxalate complex compound contains a boron atom as a constituent atom, and is lithium bisoxalate borate. The aromatic compound is cyclohexylbenzene and/or biphenyl compound. The addition amount of aromatic compound with respect to total content of nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.01-0.1 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The housings conform to EN 50342, EN 50342-2, EN 50342-4 or VG-96924 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of ceramics is 60-70%. The ceramic comprises silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal layer has thickness of 10-500 mu m. Preferred Composition: The metal is aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Sulfur-type positive electrode active material contains 20-70 mass% sulfur and 0.01-20 mass% iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Carbon skeleton is sulfur-type positive electrode active material of derived from carbon source compound, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by polyacrylonitrile, pitch, plant raw material, polyisoprene, and 6-membered ring of greater than or equal to 3 rings condensing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali hydroxide is potassium hydroxide. Preferred Process: During recovery of lithium, alkaline solution is added to the filtrate, pH is adjusted to 8-13, obtained product is contacted with an acidic extractant, lithium ion is extracted, obtained acidic extractant which extracts lithium ion during extraction process is contacted with acidic solution having pH of 3 or less, and back extraction of lithium ion is carried out. Carbon dioxide gas or water-soluble carbonate is added to obtained back-extraction liquid containing lithium ion, and then, lithium carbonate is deposited.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of the porous metal is coated with carbon. The porous metal is chosen from nickel, copper, iron, molybdenum, titanium, platinum and iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide consists of titanium oxides, vanadium oxides, chromium oxides, manganese oxides, iron oxides, cobalt oxides, nickel oxides, copper oxides, zinc oxides, niobium oxides, tantalum oxides, molybdenum oxides, tungsten oxides, ruthenium oxides, palladium oxides, cadmium oxides, zirconium oxides and/or hafnium oxides, where a polymorph of titanium dioxide has 80 wt.% of a titanium oxide-B polymorph.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The current collecting plate further comprises stainless steel containing iron, 16-18 %mass chromium, 2-3 %mass molybdenum and 10-14 %mass or more nickel. The current collecting plate consists of alloy chosen from SUS430, SUS316, SUS444, A5052. The electric power storage battery further has protective layers (12a,14a) formed using graphite powder and acetylene black powder with binder The protective layer comprises 70-97 wt.% graphite powder, 0-20 wt.% %acetylene black powder and 3-10 wt.% binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite powder contains natural graphite and artificial graphite. The ceramic powder contains gallium nitride and zirconium oxide. The electrode constituent material contains glassy carbon or plastics carbon coats. The positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution contain metal ion. The metal ion of the positive electrode electrolyte solution is manganese ion. The metal ion of the negative electrode electrolyte solution is chromium ion. The positive electrode electrolyte solution is aqueous solution containing manganese-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex. The negative electrode electrolyte solution is aqueous solution containing chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The protective coating layer contains acrylic resin or epoxy resin as primer and urethane resin or acrylic resin as coating material. Preferred Property: The protective coating layer has thickness of 0.01-0.05 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent (A) is aprotic polar solvent chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide and ( gamma )-butyrolactone, or protonic solvent chosen from water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The differences of the concentration of the binder at the side of the electrode film in the protective film and the concentration of the binder on the opposite side to the electrode film is 50% or less of the concentration of the binder on the opposite side to the electrode film. The concentration of the binder at the side of the current collector foil in the electrode film is more than concentration of the binder at the side of the protective film. The differences of the concentration of the binder at the side of the current collector foil in the electrode film and the concentration of the binder at the side of the protective film is 50% or less of the concentrations of the binder at the side of the protective film. The binder in the protective film is polyvinylidene fluoride-type polymer and/or rubber-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode comprises graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains graphite as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The hydrogen-absorption alloy powder has compressive strength of 35000 gf/mm2 or less and volume mean diameter of 20-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group IV element is chosen from silicon, germanium, tin and/or lead. The carbon component contains graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substance comprises silicone resin, epoxy resin, and/or polyurethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal precursor and NC precursor are reacted onto the sacrificial template particles and the dispersed metal and NC precursors are heat treated prior to addition of the chalcogenide precursors, and the sacrificial template particles are again heat treated after addition of the chacogenide precursors, followed by removing of the sacrificial support. The step of heat treating consists of pyrolysis. In the method, each type of active site catalyzes oxygen reduction via a different mechanism. The iron tetra-nitrogen (Fe-N4) active sites are active for a direct 4e mechanism and the metal-chalcogenide (M-Ch) active sites are a dual site mechanism resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide and water. In the method, each type of active site includes the same metal element, but differs structurally from the other types of active sites. Preferred Components: The electrocatalytic material contains more than one type of active site. The chalcogenide precursor is a sulfur precursor, selenium or tellurium precursor. The chalcogenide precursor comprises thiourea and selenious acid. The types of active sites include M-Ch moieties. The chalcogenide is a sulfide or a selenide. The catalytic material comprises Fe-N4 active sites and M-Ch active sites. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic elastomer material comprises one of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The DBP oil absorption amount of the carbon black is 150-200 ml/100 g. The content of the carbon black is 0.05-0.7 %mass, preferably 0.1-0.5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of element (A) and element (B) is 2-25 atomic%. The element (A) comprises 0.5-75 at.% copper. The compound phase (a) has composition of formula: SixCuy (where x is less than y). An intermetallic compound phase comprising silicon-copper composite (SixCuy, where x and y are not defined) phase is formed surrounding the silicon primary phase. The total content of titanium and chromium in element (A) is 12-21 at.%. The ratio of content of chromium to total content of chromium and titanium is 0.15-1 at.%. The total content of tin, copper and bismuth in the electrode material is 0.1-5 at.%. The content of tin and bismuth in negative electrode material is 0.1-3 at.% and 0.1-3 at.%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon in anode active material is 60 atomic% or more and 85 atomic% or less, preferably 70 atomic% or more and 85 atomic% or less. The ratio of iron and copper in element group (g1) is 1:1. The content of element group (g1) is 0 atomic% or more and 15 atomic% or less. The content of element group (g2) including titanium and nickel is 0 atomic% or more and 10 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of complex transition metal hydroxide particle is 1-5 mu m. The average particle diameter of lithium complex transition metal oxide particle is 1-5.5 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of complex transition metal hydroxide particle is 0.3-0.4 weight%. The impurity used during manufacture of precursor particles of lithium composite transition metal oxide is sulfation ion containing salt ion. The transition metal salt is sulfate. The sulfate is chosen from nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate. The salt ion comprises nitrification ion. The complex transition metal hydroxide is metal oxide (M(OH1-x)2, where M is nickel, cobalt, manganese, aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, boron, chromium and double-cycle transition metals).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pipe is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemical thermal storage medium is any one of CaBr2, CaCl2, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SrCl2, zeolite, and activated charcoal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The insulation layer is made of metal silicide. The semiconductor elements are made of material selected from group consists of silicon, silicon germanium and iron silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material comprises aluminum. The contacting material is selected from a group consisting of nickel, silver, gold, copper and/or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The charge-transporting substance is quinone diimine derivative or its oxidant or oligoaniline derivative of formula: R36-(A-NH)n-(B-N(-R37))m-R38 (XVII) or (XX). The electronic acceptance substance contains structure of formula (XXI). The tetracarboxylic acid or its derivative(s) is chosen from pyromellitic acid, 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid, 1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl- 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-tetrafluoro-1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-cyclopentane tetracarboxylic acid, bicyclo (3, 3, 0) octane-2,4,6,8-tetracarboxylic acid, 3,4-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalene succinic acid, 4,5-dicarboxy-2-cyclohexene-1-yl-succinic acid, acid dianhydride and dicarboxylic acid dihalogenated compound.R36-R38=H, monovalent hydrocarbyl or organo-oxy;A,B=bivalent group of formula (XVIII) or (XIX);R39-R46=H, hydroxyl, monovalent hydrocarbyl, organo-oxy, acyl or sulfonic acid group;m,n=1 or more;, or m+n=20 or less;andR47-R50=R5.Preferred Process: The polyimide precursor or polyimide and charge-transporting substance, or charge-transporting organic material is dissolved or charge-transporting varnish currently dispersed uniformly in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Sodium acetate is further added to the sulfuric acid solution. Preferred Composition: The graphite oxide has hydroxy radical and carbonyl radical. The specific surface area of the reduced graphite oxide is 2630 m2/g. The molar ratio of carbon and oxygen in the reduced graphite oxide is 10 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains 0.1 %mass or more and 0.9 %mass or less water-soluble polymer and 0.01 %mass or more and 0.3 %mass or less polycarboxylic acid compound with respect to 100 %mass spongy lead. The content of carbon black is 1 %mass or more and 2.5 %mass or less with respect to 100 %mass spongy lead. The polycarboxylic acid compound is polyacrylic acid or salt of polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (e1) is metallic element chosen from aluminum, magnesium, calcium and sodium, preferably aluminum. The negative electrode material contains alloy comprising metallic element, or metallic element. The positive electrode contains positive electrode material with element having oxidation-reduction potential noble 1 V or more with respect to oxidation-reduction potential of negative electrode. The solid electrolyte contains NASICON-type aluminum conductor, beta -iron sulfate-type aluminum ion conductor and/or polymer-type aluminum ion conductor. Preferred Property: The volume density of negative electrode material is 2 times or more with respect to volume density of lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution for negative electrode comprises organic electrolyte or ionic liquid, or electrolyte solution for negative electrodes contains ethylmethyl imidazolium salt. The solid electrolyte contains Grignard-reagent of formula: RMgX (I), calcium perchlorate, or sodium perchlorate. The electrolyte solution for positive electrode contains water-soluble electrolyte solution.R=alkyl or aryl;andX=chloro, bromo or iodo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Before the alkali treatment process, oil component (A-1) are removed from the phosphate sludge. The method involves adding 1500-20000 ml of 1-3 mol/l alkali to 1 kg phosphate sludge and reacting at 0-100 degrees C for 15-360 minutes and separating residue, and then adding 1000-20000 ml of 3-24 mol/l alkali to reside and reacting at 0-100 degrees C for 15 minutes or more. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of phosphorus and iron is adjusted to about 1:1 in mixed solution. The alkali is hydroxide of ammonium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and/or cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Lithium secondary battery contains battery case which accommodates positive electrode, negative electrode, and nonaqueous electrolyte and prevents circulation of gas inside and outside the case during normal use and electric current interruption mechanism which transforms when internal pressure within the case rises exceeding a predetermined level and severs electrical connection between positive electrode and negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: W is aggregated on surface of lithium-transition metal composite oxide at concentration of 0.9-2.9 at.%. Lithium secondary battery contains 1-20 mass parts electrically conductive material with respect to 100 mass parts positive electrode active material. Electrolyte contains 0.01-10 mass% gas-generating additive. Lithium-transition metal composite oxide is represented by formula LixNiaCobMncMdWeO2 (1).M=Zr, Nb, or Al;x=1-1.25;a+b+c+d+e=1; andd+e=0.001-0.02 provided that a, b, and/or c is greater than or equal to 0 and e is greater than or equal to 0.Preferred Parameters: Average particle diameter of aggregate in electrically conductive material is 2.5-7.8 mu m, preferably 3-4.5 mu m. Generated gas amount is greater than or equal to 20 ml/Ah as generated gas amount per rated capacity of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material comprises lithium-manganese-nickel oxide (LixMn2-yNiyO4), where x is 0-1 and y is 0.45-0.6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing phosphate ester compound is of formula (R1O-P(=O)(OCH2(CF2)qB1)-OCH2(CF2)pA) (III). The fluorine-containing phosphate ester compound (I) or (III) is bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl phosphoric acid, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl phosphoric acid, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl phosphoric acid, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethyl phosphoric acid, bis(2,2-difluoroethyl)-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl phosphoric acid, bis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl)-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl phosphoric acid, (2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl methyl phosphoric acid, (2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl ethyl phosphoric acid and/or (2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl-2,2-difluoroethyl phosphoric acid. The electrolyte solution contains a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate.A,B1=H or F;andp,q=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode is made of active material consisting of alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat sealing layer and insulating layer contains polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylo-nitrile, polyimide, polyamide, cellulose, aramid, nylon, polyester, polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole, polyarylate, Teflon and glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium source is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium acetate and lithium fluoride. The iron source is ferrous oxalate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, ferrous phosphate and ferrous nitrate. The phosphorus source is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid, lithium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source is reducing acid or sugar and high molecular dispersant. The acid is citric acid, ascorbic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid or glucose. The high molecular dispersant is polyethylene pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyethylene glycol. The liquid medium is distilled water, absolute ethyl alcohol or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface of separator is provided with inorganic filler that is formed of alumina, magnesia, zirconia, silica, boehmite or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises atoms consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, gold, aluminum, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, rhodium, silicon, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, zirconium, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, boron nitride and diamond. The porous substrate comprises porous nickel. The graphene film comprises monolayer graphene, few-layer graphene, double-layer graphene, triple-layer graphene and/or multilayer graphene. The metal comprises iron. The buffer comprises aluminum oxide. The carbon source comprises alkanes, alkenes, alkylenes, alkynes, polymers and/or carbon oxides. The grown carbon nanotubes comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, triple-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ultra-short carbon nanotubes and/or small diameter carbon nanotubes. The graphene film excludes reduced graphene oxide and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The maleic anhydride opens and forms the ammonium salt of the corresponding maleic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The vehicle comprises a support matrix made of a plastic material inside which the chemical batteries are arranged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The application of alternating voltage to oxidation graphene is performed in electrolyte solution in which silver/silver chloride is arranged as electrode to which oxidation graphene adheres as working electrode and reference pole, and platinum pole as counter electrode. Hydrazine and metal ion are added to the electrolyte solution. The substantially whole surface of the surface of the oxidation graphene reducing substance is covered with the oxide or hydroxide of the metal. Preferred Parameters: The alternating voltage applied in electric potential is - 1-2 V, preferably - 0.4-0.7 V. Preferred Components: The metal ion is cerium ion. The metal oxide is cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is silicon/silicon oxide/carbon composite containing silicon, silicon oxide and carbon material. All or one portion of the silicon is dispersed in the silicon oxide, and has amorphous structure. The negative electrode is obtained by coating negative active material containing binder on a negative electrode electrical power collector (d). The binder is polyimide or polyamidoimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of conjugated carbonyl compound in the in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.1-2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid solution comprises primary lithium-containing transition metal oxide having BET specific surface area of 1-4 m2/g and mean diameter of less than 15 mu m, and secondary lithium-containing transition metal oxide having BET specific surface area of 4-8 m2/g and mean diameter of less than 10 mu m. Preferred Properties: The spinel structural change ratio is preferably 0.6-0.8. The BET specific surface area of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 1-8 m2/g, preferably 3-6 m2/g. The pore volume measured with nitrogen in lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 0.025 cm3/g or less, when relative pressure is 0.98-0.99. The median diameter (D50) of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide is less than 15 mu m. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide contains particles having particle size of 1 mu m or less. The liquid adsorption of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in the lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 0.5 cm3/g or less. The true density of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 4.1-4.6 g/cm3. The liquid adsorption of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone of primary lithium-containing transition metal oxide and secondary lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 0.5 cm3/g or less. The true density of primary lithium-containing transition metal oxide and secondary lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 4.1-4.6 g/cm3. Preferred Component: The positive electrode in which solid solution has spinel structural change ratio by the highest electric potential of the positive electrode in the predetermined electric potential converting into lithium metal counter electrode, and performing charging or discharging, of 4.3-4.8 V. Preferred Definitions:    a=more than 0 and less than 1.3;    b=0 to less than 1.3;    c=more than 0 and less than 1.3;    d=more than 0.15 and 0.35 or less;and    a+b+c=1.2 to less than 1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of positive electrode active material further involves washing the lithium metal complex oxide powder with water. Preferred Composition: The content of tungsten atom in the tungstic acid compound solution is 0.1-3.0 mol% with respect to the sum total of the number of atoms of nickel, cobalt and element (M) in the lithium metal complex oxide powder. The tungsten concentration in the tungstic acid compound solution is 0.05-4 mol/L. The tungstic acid compound solution is an aqueous solution of water-soluble tungstic acid compound chosen from ammonium metatungstate aqueous solution, ammonium paratungstate aqueous solution, ammonium tungstate aqueous solution and tungstophosphoric acid aqueous solution. The lithium tungstate is chosen from compounds of formula: Li2WO4, Li4WO5, Li6WO6, Li2W4O13, Li2W2O7, Li6W2O9, Li2W2O7, Li2W5O16, Li9W19O55, Li3W10O30, Li18W5O15 or its hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionic compound is of formula: (XSO2)(X'SO2)N-Li+, preferably lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The solvent contains a carbonate type solvent.X,X'=fluoro, 1-6C alkyl, or 1-6C fluoroalkyl, with at least one being fluoro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte membrane contains inorganic material chosen from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, inorganic phosphate, sulfonated silica, sulfonated zirconia and zirconium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte membrane contains polymer chosen from polyimide, polyether ketone, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyester ether sulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polystyrene, poly-trifluoro styrene sulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyurethane or branched sulfonated polysulfone ketone copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound which can suppress viscosity deterioration of the electrolyte is polysaccharide. The addition amount of the compound which can suppress viscosity deterioration of the electrolyte is 0.1-10 %mass or more. The aromatic compound is cyclohexylbenzene and/or biphenyl. The addition amount of the aromatic compound is 0.5-5 %mass. Preferred Property: The viscosity of electrolyte at 60 degrees C to viscosity of electrolyte at 25 degrees C with a shear rate of 100 second-1 is 0.8-10 measured using rheometer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solid electrolyte material has a relative density with respect to a theoretical density of 80% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are hydrophilic particles, which are in amorphous phase. The inorganic particles comprise at least one component chosen from metal oxide and metalloid oxide, optionally chosen from silica, alumina, titanium oxide, magnesium fluoride and zirconium oxide. Preferred Process: The inorganic particles are dispersed inside the binder polymer. The organic-inorganic coupling agent is disposed on at least a portion of the inorganic particles. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the inorganic particles is 1-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-inorganic coupling agent is silane-based compound, optionally hydrolysis product of silane coupling agent. The silane coupling agent comprises at least one moiety chosen from alkoxy group, halogen group, amino group, vinyl group, glycidoxy group and hydroxyl group, preferably vinyl alkyl alkoxy silane, epoxy alkyl alkoxy silane, mercaptoalkyl alkoxy silane, vinylhalo silane and alkyl alkoxy silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of the binder polymer is -50 degrees C to 60 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The binder polymer is chosen from styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, acryl rubber, butyl rubber, fluorinated rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyepichlorohydrine, polyphosphazene, polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polystylene, ethylenepropylenediene copolymer, polyvinylpyridine, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, latex, polyester resin, acryl resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, polyvinylalchohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose and diacetyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluoride in lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte is 35-15 weight%. The fluoride is lithium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrodeposition method is an electrolytic reduction method. The precious metal element in the compound (B) is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, iridium and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protective layer is formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate and containing alumina, titania and/or zirconia of inorganic oxides and binders.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound having cyclohexyl group and/or phenyl group is chosen from cumene, 1, 3- diisopropyl benzene, 1, 4- diisopropyl benzene, 1-methylpropyl benzene, 1, 3-bis (1-methylpropyl) benzene, 1, 4-bis (1-methylpropyl) benzene, t-butylbenzene, t-dibutyl benzene, t-amyl benzene, t-diamyl benzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cyclopentyl benzene, biphenyl and diphenylether. The nonaqueous electrolyte is chosen from ethylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion-conductive electrolytic membrane is polyarylene with proton exchange group and polyarylene with anion exchange group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material is graphite and/or optionally recycled synthetic carbon material, having a carbon content of 80 wt.% or more, in the form of fibrous structure, plate, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, and/or felt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: Activation is carried out by hydrophilizing the carbonaceous material using oxygen-containing functional groups, such as hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling fin metal plate is made of aluminum, copper and/or brass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wave comprises inert fluid. The particles have diameter of 10 nm to 100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic group-containing polyurethane is aqueous dispersion of hydrophilic group-containing polyurethane, and has average particle diameters of 0.005-0.5 mu m, acid value of 5-50 mg potassium hydroxide, crosslinking density of 0.01-0.5 g. The compound having 2 or more active hydrogen groups contains polyol chosen from polycarbonate polyol, polyester polyol having aromatic ring, and polyether polyol having aromatic ring, and has number average molecular weight of 300-3000. The content of compound having 2 or more active hydrogen groups is 30-75 %mass. The polyisocyanate is alicyclic-type isocyanate and/or aromatic isocyanate. The compound having 2 or more active hydrogen groups contains compound having 3 or more of active hydrogen groups. The chain extender contains trifunctional or more than trifunctional polyamine. The binder contains aqueous resin composition which is obtained by emulsifying unsaturated polymerizable monomer polymer using hydrophilic group-containing polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon nanoparticles are n-doped or p-doped. The silicon nanoparticles coated with conductive polymer forms secondary particles. The current collector comprises copper. Preferred Properties: The porosity of the material composition is 0-70% void space. The secondary particles has diameter of 1 nm-1000 mu m, length of 2 nm-5000 mu m, and thickness of 1 nm-1000 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Solvent and liquid medium are used during preparation of material composition. Preferred Composition: The solvent is chlorobenzene or toluene. The liquid medium is methanol or hexane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-methylbenzoic acid), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone), or poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-benzoic acid). The weight ratio of conductive polymer and silicon nanoparticles is 0.01-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium-ion electroconductive material has oxidation-reduction potential of 2.5 V vs lithium ion (Li+)/lithium or less. Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion electroconductive material contains lithium-titanium complex oxide (Li4Ti5O10) and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide precursor has repeating unit of formula: -(CO-R1(-OCOR4)(-COOR3)-CONH-R2-NH)- (I). The polyimide has repeating unit of formula (VI)-(IX).R1=4C or more tetravalent organic group, preferably 60-100 mol% R1 is group of formula (ii) or (iii);R5-R7,R14,R18=1-10C organic group, nitro, Cl, Br, I, or F;a,g=0-2;b,c,h,i,j,m=0-3;R2=4C or more divalent organic group, preferably 50-100 mol% R2 is group of formula (iv) or (v);R8,R16,R17=1-10C organic group, nitro, hydroxy, sulfonic acid group, Cl, Br, I or F;d-f,k,l=0-4;R9=single bond or -CONH-;R10,R11=1-10C organic group, nitro, hydroxy, sulfonic acid group, Cl, Br, I, or F;R3,R4=H or 1-10C organic group;R12=4C or more tetravalent organic group;R13=4C or more divalent organic group;andR15=single bond or organic group chosen from -O-, -S-, -CO-, -C(CF3)2- and -CONH-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) is 3.5 %mass or less. The perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) is perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether). Preferred Property: The sealing material has recovery rate of 10% or more at 85 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluorine-containing polymer has melt flow rate of 0.1-16 g/10 minutes or 0.1-10 g/10 minutes, and melting point of 305-320 degrees C. The weight average molecular weight of the fluorine-containing polymer is 300000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective layer comprises chromic oxide and hydrophobic compound in a weight ratio of 0.01:1-1:1. The vinylalkoxysilane includes at least one of vinylmethoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane or vinylethoxysilane. The protective layer forming composition: further comprises a solvent and 0.1-10 g/l hydrophobic compound; and has pH 3-4.5 and thickness of 0.01-0.1 mu m. Preferred Method: The step of drying the formed protective layer is performed at 60-80 degrees C for 20 minutes to 1 hour. EXAMPLE - 1 g 1,2,3-Benzotriazole and 1 l distilled water were mixed and stirred at 25 degrees C for 10 minutes, followed by adding 0.1 g chromic oxide to the mixture. 0.1-0.5 g Sodium hydroxide was added to adjust a pH to 2.5-4.5, followed by stirring to form a homogenous mixture. The resulting coating composition was sprayed to the metal case, electrode terminals and cap plate of lithium rechargeable battery to a thickness of 0.01-1 mu m using a sprayer, followed by drying at 25 degrees C for less than or equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive agent further contains a polyolefin resin having a melting point of 120-170 degrees C and a carboxyl group, dispersed in the organic solvent. Polypropylene comprises propylene and ethylene as copolymerization component. The polypropylene layer contains copolymer resin having a melting point of 135-155 degrees C and a melt flow rate of 6-25 g/10 minutes at 230 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rare earth element oxide is a cerium oxide,    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphoric acid or its salt is condensed phosphoric acid or polyphosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The corrosion-resistant protective layer has a layer (M) containing component (A), and component (X) and/or component (Y), or layer (M) and layer (Y) containing component (Y) and/or layer (X) containing component (X). The amount (mA) of components (A) in the corrosion-resistant protective layer (A) per unit area is 0.01-0.2 g/m2. The amount (mA), amount (mX) (g/m2) of component (X) and amount (mY) (g/m2) satisfy relation: 2 greater than or equal to (mX+mY)/mA. The layer (A) or the layer (M) is directly laminated on the metal terminal. The anionic polymer is chosen from poly(meth)acrylic acid, its salt, (meth)acrylic acid, its salt, or its copolymer. The cationic polymer is chosen from polyethylenimine, ion polymer complex containing polyethylenimine and a polymer having carboxylic acid, primary amine to which acrylic resin is grafted, polyallylamine, its derivative(s), and aminophenol on which primary amine is grafted. The crosslinking agents for anionic polymer and cationic polymer are chosen from a compound having a functional group chosen from an isocyanate group, glycidyl group, a carboxyl group and an oxazoline group, and silane coupling agent, respectively. The electrode terminal further has a sealant (23) provided on the corrosion-resistant protective layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic substrate is formed by aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or silicon nitride. The transistor is silicone, silicone carbide, or gallium nitride type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average specific surface area (BET) (m2/g) of graphene structure and pH (P') of dispersion satisfy relation: (BET)=a1x P'+b1, when P' is 5 or less, a1 is -40 to -25 and b1 is 400-60 and when P' is more than 5, a1 is 50-100 and b1 is -100 to 50. The average pore size ( Angstrom ) of the graphene structure and pH (P') of dispersion satisfy relation: (Pore Size)=a2x P'+b2, when P' is 5 or less, a2 is -15 to -5 and b2 is 120-140, when P' is more than 5 to 6, a2 is 7-18 and b2 is 0-20 and when P' is more than 6, a2 is -20 to -15 and b2 is 140-180. The volume per unit weight (mm3/g) of the graphene structure and pH (P') of dispersion satisfy relation: (Volume)=a3x P'+b3, when P' is 5 or less, a3 is 15-25 and b3 is 0-40 and when P' is more than 5, a3 is -18 to -10 and b3 is 170-220. The three-dimensional graphene structure has specific surface area of 300-800 m2/g, average pore size of 40-150 Angstrom and volume per unit weight of 50-150 mm3/g. Preferred Composition: The dispersion includes 1-10 pts. wt. graphite oxide based on 100 pts. wt. solvent. Preferred Process: During manufacture of graphene structure, 200-2000 pts. wt. reducing agent is mixed with respect to 100 pts. wt. graphite oxide to control degree of deoxidation of the dispersion. The degree of deoxidation of the dispersion is controlled before performing primary thermal treatment at 60-90 degrees C for 10-60 hours. After performing primary thermal treatment, secondary thermal treatment is carried out to dry at 70-95 degrees C for 2-5 hours. The dispersion is dried through freeze-drying and then, microwave is applied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pushing-through joining connection and the clinch connection conforms to DIN 8593 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersion liquid contains organic compound having carboxyl group in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer solution is a polyimide polymer precursor solution or soluble polyimide polymer solution, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer dissolved in solvent, silicone polymer solution, epoxy polymer solution, acrylic polymer solution, cyanoacrylate polymer solution, or rubber-based polymer solution. The insulating film is polyimide film, PVDF film, silicone polymer film, epoxy polymer film, acrylic polymer film, cyanoacrylate polymer film, or rubber-based polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foam contacting surface or mesh is formed of hydrophobic materials polymer material such as polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyvinyls, polyvinylhalides, polyvinylidenehalides, polyhaloolefins, poly(meth)acrylates, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyolefinoxides, polyesters, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), linear or branched polyethylene-linear, isotactic polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, polymethylstyrene, polyvinyltoluene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytrifluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylacetate, polymethylacrylate, polyethylacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, polyisobutylmethacrylate, poly(t-butylmethacrylate), polyhexylmethacrylate, polyethyleneoxide, polytetramethylene oxide, Polytetrahydrofurane, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyamide-6,6, polyamide-12, polydimethylsiloxane, polycarbonate, polyetheretherketone, polyurethanes, polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), nylon 12, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyethyl acrylate (PEA), polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl proprionate, polyisobutylene, polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), polytetramethylene oxide, polyvinyl butyrate, polyvinyl hexadecanoate, poly 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, polypropylene (PP), poly(hexyl methacrylate), polyvinyl dodecanoate, polyvinyl decanoate, polyvinyl hexanoate, polyvinyl octanoate, polytrifluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl butyral, polymethacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE), polyetherimide (PEI) and polyisoprene (PIP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - At least one of the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet has a surface provided with a protective layer including an inorganic oxide and a binder, and the inorganic oxide is at least one selected from alumina, titania, and zirconia. The outer body is a prismatic outer body; the electrode assembly is a flat electrode assembly, the flat electrode assembly has one end with stacked positive electrode substrate exposed portions and have the other end with stacked negative electrode substrate exposed portions, where the positive electrode substrate exposed portions are disposed to face one sidewall of the prismatic outer body, the negative electrode substrate exposed portions are disposed to face the other sidewall of the prismatic outer body, the positive electrode substrate exposed portions are connected to a positive electrode collector, and the negative electrode substrate exposed portions are connected to a negative electrode collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The overcharge inhibitor is a compound having at least one of a cyclohexyl group and a phenyl group. The compound having at least one of a cyclohexyl group and a phenyl group is at least one compound selected from cumene, 1,3-diisopropylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, 1-methylpropylbenzene, 1,3-bis(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(1-methylpropyl)benzene, t-butylbenzene, t-dibutylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, t-diamylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cyclopentylbenzene, biphenyl, and diphenyl ether. A non-aqueous solvent included in the non-aqueous electrolyte contains at least one solvent selected from ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The 1st insulating inorganic filler contains material which generates endothermic reaction at 200-500 degrees C. The 1st insulating inorganic filler is aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum oxide hydrate, and/or magnesium oxide hydrate. The 2nd insulating inorganic filler is silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum oxide anhydride (Al2O3), magnesium oxide anhydride (MgO), silicon nitride (Si3N4), zinc oxide (ZnO), preferably boron nitride (BN), aluminum nitride (AlN), and/or diamonds. Insulating inorganic filler contains 10-100 mass parts of total amount of 1st and 2nd insulating inorganic fillers with respect to 100 mass parts of all insulating inorganic fillers. Insulating inorganic filler contains 50-80 mass parts 1st insulating inorganic filler with respect to total of 100 mass parts of 1st and 2nd insulating inorganic fillers. Preferred Parameters: The 2nd insulating inorganic filler has heat conductivity of greater than or equal to 100 W/m.K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The element is chosen from silicon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum, indium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersions (A and B) are mixed after adjusting the dissolved oxygen concentration of dispersions (A, B) to less than 1 ppm. An inert gas is used for adjusting the oxygen concentration. The antioxidant contains ammonium ion. The component (a) is metal hydroxide and component (b) is metal sulfate containing iron compound, manganese compound or zirconium compound. The lithium compound is chosen from lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate and lithium sulfate. The silicic-acid is chosen from amorphous silica and sodium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode contains active material containing iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte. The lithium imide compound is lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The solvent is carbonate-type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The ratio of number-of-moles of lithium contained in the positive electrode active material to total number-of-moles of nickel, cobalt and manganese in positive electrode active material is greater than or equal to 1.1. The positive electrode active material further contains 0.05-1 mol.% metallic-element chosen from tungsten, chromium and molybdenum. The positive electrode active material has through-hole which penetrates the shell part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The container for collecting cooking oil and glass is collected by the carriage.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyethylene terephthalate bottles are collected by the carriage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glassy or glass-ceramic bonding material comprises (in mol.%): silica (34-50); boron oxide (4 to less than 13 or 0.1-10); alumina (2-13 or 0-2); calcium oxide (17-45 or 15-40); magnesium oxide (0 to less than 10); lanthanum oxide (0-10); yttrium oxide (0-10); titania (0-10); zirconia (0-10); tin oxide (0-10); hafnium dioxide (0-10); and (I) (0-10). The amount of yttrium oxide is greater than 0-10 mol.%. The crystalline phase contains calcium silicate, diopside, clinoenstatite and/or yttrium orthoaluminate. The sum of: sodium oxide, potassium oxide and lithium oxide is less than 1 mol.%; and cesium oxide and rubidium oxide is less than 5 mol.%. EXAMPLE - Typical glassy or glass-ceramic bonding material comprised of (in mol.%): silica (38.7); barium oxide (8.9); alumina (4.6); calcium oxide (38.7); magnesium oxide (7.7); and yttrium oxide (1.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acrylate compound comprises bifunctional (meth)acrylate or polyfunctional (meth)acrylate, or (meth)acrylate compound having fluoroalkyl structure. The tetraphenylporphyrin derivative (I) has 2 or more functional groups having nucleophilicity. The substituent having nucleophilicity is amino group or acetoacetate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aluminum salt is nonahydrated aluminum nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The battery cell (A) is composed of 0.5-10% of total number of battery cells. The battery cell (A) comprises sulfonyl group-containing imide lithium compound as additive or inorganic salt of formula: R4X+Y'Zn-. The battery cell (A) contains mixed solvent of polypropylene carbonate and chain carbonate as electrolyte.R=3-10C alkyl;X=nitrogen or phosphorus;Y'=boron or phosphorus;Z=3-10C alkyl, 4-10C cycloalkyl, aromatic group, or halo;andn=4-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anodal active material of battery cell (A) is graphite-free carbon material comprising hard carbon (more than 50 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chain carbonate is chosen from diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyano crosslinking-metal complex is manganese-ferrocyanide complex (AxMn(Fe(CN)6)y.nH2O, where A is alkali metal, x is more than 0 to 2 or less, y is more than 0 to 1 or less, and z is more than 0 to 14 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The specific substance is magnesium, zinc, lithium, iron, carbon, sodium, beryllium, aluminum, cadmium, sulfur or lead. The electrode comprises copper, carbon, manganese dioxide, aluminum, gold, silver, beryllium or magnesium. The reel is cartridge (100) reel with respect to the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery system comprises component of melting liquid (80) containing hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, stearic acid, formic acid, citric acid, aqueous ammonia, sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, benzene, aniline, toluene, cyclohexanone, carbon tetrachloride, trichloro ethylene, castor oil or synthetic detergent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The current collector layer is formed of a conductor such as platinum, gold or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide has tap density of 2 g/ml or more, bulk density of 1.5 g/ml or more and average particle diameter of 5-30 mu m. Preferred Composition: The inert gas is nitrogen. The aqueous solution further comprises complex agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber felt has electrical resistance value of 500 m Omega /cm2 at thickness of 1.5-20 mm, and fabric weight of 200-2000 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material layer contains negative electrode active material containing carbon material with specific surface area of 3-7.4 m2/g. The negative electrode active material has 30-90 nm film based on silicon dioxide conversion in its surface, measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The film has sulfur-oxygen bond in a depth of 10 nm, in which sulfur content is 0.1-4 atomic%. The electrolytic ion is lithium ion. Preferred Process: The sulfur-oxygen bond is manufactured by reducing unsaturated sulfonate in electrolyte solution on the surface of the negative electrode material.
EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate and cerium nitrate powders were added into water to form a solution. Ammonia water was slowly added to precipitate copper oxide-cerium oxide (CuO-CeO2). The CuO-CeO2 precipitate was calcined in air at 300 degrees C for 4 hours, and the calcined CuO-CeO2 precipitate was ground to obtain CuO-CeO2 powder. Gold particles were deposited on the prepared oxide support of CuO-CeO2 by deposition-precipitation method. Tetrachloroauric acid (1 wt.% gold) was provided to form a gold solution (2x 10-3 M), which was then dropped into the support solution. The solution was controlled at the pH value of 7 by ammonia water, and at a temperature of 65 degrees C. The solution was filtered, and the filter cake was washed by distilled water to remove chlorine, dried at 100 degrees C for 5 hours, and calcined at 180 degrees C to obtain nano-gold catalysts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molten salt raw material comprises lithium hydroxide and/or lithium nitrate. The raw material powder contains raw material particles containing lithium containing complex oxide having layered structure of spinel crystal, rhombic structure or layered halite structure. The molten salt raw material contains lithium nitrate and lithium hydroxide such that the molar ratio of lithium hydroxide and lithium nitrate with respect to lithium nitrate is 1 or more, preferably 0.05 to 1. The lithium containing complex oxide comprises manganese. The surface layer and core portion of the active materials contains lithium containing complex oxide having crystal structure having layered halite structure, spinel structure or layered rhombic structure. The lithium containing complex oxide comprises metallic element having layered halite structure chosen from trivalent cobalt, trivalent nickel, and trivalent iron. Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of active material is 2-10 m2/g. The surface layer of oxide particles (3) and core portion have different average valence of manganese. The oxide particles consist of lithium containing complex oxide in which crystal structure differs in surface layer and core portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The melting process is performed at 350 degrees C or more, preferably 300-550 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are particles (A) having permittivity constant of 5 or more, and particles (B) having lithium ion transfer capability. The particles (A) are chosen from barium titanate, lead-zirconium-titanium oxide, lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanium oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, nickel oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, strontium titanate, hafnium oxide, lead-titanium oxide and lead-magnesium-niobium oxide. The particles (B) are chosen from lithium-titanium phosphate, lithium-aluminum-titanium phosphate, lithium-lanthanum titanate, lithium nitride and lithium-germanium thiophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder polymer is chosen from 31 compounds e.g. polybutylacrylate, cellulose acetate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylcellulose and polyarylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cable is formed of aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The usage amount of water is 60-150% with respect to total weight of iron source, phosphorus source, and additive. The spray-drying inlet temperature is 150-350 degrees C, the outlet temperature is 80-150 degrees C, and the atomizing disc rotating speed is 6000-20000 rpm. The air inlet amount during sintering is 10-30 m3/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder in the negative electrode upper layer or the binder in the negative electrode lower layer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a polytetrafluoroethylene, and any of a polyvinyl pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-ionically conducting materials are selected from strontium titanate, lead titanate, barium titanate, barium strontium titanate, lead zirconate titanate and copper calcium titanate. The dielectric layer is selected from silicon dioxide, hafnium oxide, di-aluminium trioxide and silicon nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic layers consist of aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallization parts are provided with a metallic surface layer that is formed from nickel, silver or a silver alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery is selected from lead-acid, nickel metal hydride, zinc-air, aluminum air, lithium ion, lithium metal rechargeable, lithium-air, lithium-sulfur or flow battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum silicon alloy powder contains 5-40 mass% silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Negative electrode contains graphite. Mass ratio of lithium titanate with respect to graphite is 0.1-0.2. Negative electrode contains 1st layer consisting of graphite formed on collector and 2nd layer consisting of lithium titanate formed on 1st layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modified carbonaceous material comprises a carbon nanoparticle, mesoporous carbon, a CNT, a carbon nanofiber, a carbon nanosheet, a carbon nanorod and/or a carbon nanobelt. The heterogeneous element comprises nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium and/or boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode (T2) further comprises at least one electrically conductive, carbonaceous material selected from graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and/or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for the preparation of the compound (I) is given. Preferred Material: The material (T1) has been doped with a total of up to 2 wt.% of metal ions selected from cations of Na, K, Rb, Cs, alkaline earth metal, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn, B, Al, Zr, Mo, W, Nb, Si, Ga and Ge. The material (T1) has essentially a layer structure. The material (T1) comprises a maximum of 1 wt.% of sulfate or carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    a=0.25-0.45;    b=0-0.30;    c=0.4-0.6;    x=1.12-1.26.    EXAMPLE - A material was prepared by mixing Ni (16.7 wt.%), Mn (21.3 wt.%) and Co (8.8 wt.%). The mixture thus obtainable was transferred into an alumina crucible. Calcination was effected in a muffle furnace by heating at a heating rate of 3 K/minute and on attainment of 350 degrees C and 650 degrees C, inserting hold times of 4 hours in each case, before increasing the temperature further. Calcination was effected over a period of 6 hours at a calcination temperature of 835 degrees C, followed by cooling at a cooling rate of 3 degrees C/minute. The obtained material has a BET surface area of 8.3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of positive electrode gate to positive electrode active material is 1:(3-4.5). Preferred Properties: The electroconductive fiber has length of 3-5 mm. The concentration of sulfuric acid is 1.3-1.4 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is chosen from carbon paper, carbon fiber, or carbon cloth. The molar ratio of iron (III) ion and sulfion is 1-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second fuel flow comprises a gas type of H2S, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide and carbonyl sulfide. The first fuel flow comprises pure hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The circuit case part is formed of flexible plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector comprises copper. The lithium-accepting nanowire comprises silicon or tin. The lithium diffusion inhibiting material is selected from titanium, copper, nickel and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Fluorine-containing aromatic compound is fluorobenzene (FB). Cyclic diether is 1,3-dioxane (DOX). Non-aqueous electrolyte contains 15-50 wt.% propylene carbonate (PC) weight ratio (Wpc) with respect to whole non-aqueous electrolyte. Non-aqueous electrolyte contains 2-20 wt.% FB weight ratio (Wfb) with respect to whole non-aqueous electrolyte. Non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.1-5 wt.% DOX weight ratio (Wdox) with respect to whole non-aqueous electrolyte. Main solvent contains 5-35 wt.% ethylene carbonate (EC) weight ratio (Wec), 15-50 wt.% PC, and 3-50 wt.% diethyl carbonate weight ratio (Wdec) with respect to whole non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organocuprate-compound is formed by reacting alkyllithium with copper(I) iodide. Preferred Components: The organocuprate-compound is lithium dipotassium mono(bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-sulfonatoethoxy)ethyl))cuprate, lithium bis(phenylene)cuprate(I), lithium bis(dec-9-enyl)cuprate(I), lithium bis(3-(trimethylsilyloxy)phenyl)cuprate(I), lithium bis(hept-6-enyl(pent-4-enyl))cuprate(I) and related materials that are derived from organo-Grignard reagents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises positioning the membrane between an anode layer and a cathode layer. Preferred Definitions:    R4 = substituted phenyl derivative of formula (IX), or substituted phenoxy derivative of formula (X); and    p, q = 2.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Sulfur content of filler is adjusted to 10-50 ppm on a mass standard. Preferred Definitions:    x=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains compound having rotational-symmetry axis and/or carbonate compound of formula: R11-R12-R13.R12=optionally substituted vinyl, optionally substituted cyclic carbonate ester group, cyclic sulfite, linear carbonate ester group, linear sulfite, or -SO3-;andR11,R13=H, halo, 1-4C linear or branched (halo)alkyl, optionally substituted vinyl, phenyl, or cyclohexyl.When R12 is -SO3-, R11+R13=ring. The content of compound not having rotational-symmetry axis and compound having rotational-symmetry axis is 0.04-15 wt.%, each. The content of carbonate compound is 0.005-20 wt.%. The weight ratio of compound (I) and carbonate compound is 1:0.01-10. The compound not having rotational-symmetry axis is 1-phenyl-1-(2-methylphenyl)ethane, 1-phenyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)ethane, or 1-phenyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethane. The compound having rotational-symmetry axis is 1,1-diphenyl-ethane. The carbonate compound is 1,1-diphenylethylene, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, or vinyl ethylene carbonate. The electrolyte further contains 5-45 vol.% of high-dielectric-constant solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains benzene derivative of formula (II) and aromatic compound of formula: R1'-R2'-R3' (III). The mixing ratio of compounds (I)-(III) is 0.04-15 wt.%, 0.04-15 wt.% and 0.005-20 wt.%, respectively. The weight ratio of compounds (I) and (II) is 1:0.01-10. The weight ratio of compounds (I) and (III) is 1:0.01-10. The cyclic compound (I) is 1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-ethane, 1,1-dicyclohexyl ethane or 1,2-dicyclohexyl ethane. The benzene derivative (II) is 1,1-diphenyl ethane. The aromatic compound (III) is 1,1-diphenyl ethylene, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate. The electrolyte contains 5-45 volume% high dielectric constant solvent.R1',R3'=H, halo, phenyl, cyclohexyl, optionally substituted vinyl or 1-4C linear or branched alkyl optionally having halo;R2'=linear or cyclic sulfite, linear carbonate ester, optionally substituted vinyl, optionally substituted carbonate or -SO3-;R6'=1-4C linear or branched alkylene optionally having halo;andR7'=R6' or optionally substituted phenyl.When R2' is -SO3-, R1' and R3' combine to form a ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The steel sheet is made from cold rolled steel sheet containing ferrite or austenite and prescribed to JIS G3141:2009. The steel sheet contains 0.001-0.15 %mass carbon, 0.001-0.1 %mass silicon, 0.005-0.6 %mass manganese, 0.001-0.05 %mass phosphorus, 0.001-0.5 %mass sulfur, 0.001-0.5 %mass aluminum, 0.001-1 %mass nickel, 0.001-1 %mass chromium, 0-0.1 %mass copper, 0-0.5 %mass titanium, 0-0.5 %mass niobium, 0-0.05 %mass nitrogen and remainder of iron and unavoidable impurities. The antirust metal sheet has tensile strength of 450-900 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The rust preventive agent contains benzotriazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode includes immersing zinc into an aqueous solution or gel comprising potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer membrane is an oxygen-permeable film made from ethylene plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite particles further contain element chosen from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and manganese. The particles consist of alloy of noble metal or noble metal supported by the composite particles. The noble metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium and ruthenium. The alloy of noble metal is alloy containing metal chosen from iron and nickel, chromium, cobalt, titanium, copper, vanadium, and manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen reduction catalyst is manufactured using oxidizing agent chosen from water, hydrogen peroxide, perchloric acid and peracetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidation is carried out using hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation is carried out in a presence of a catalyst such as iron ions (Fe2+ ions) or Fe3+. A concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is 0.01-1 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protonic conducting polymer is sulfonic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer consisting of sulfonic polyarylene or sulfonated polyether ether ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmission of the square wave PWM signal is in conformity with ISO/IEC 61815-1 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The electrode is provided with electrical power collector and electrode layer arranged on electrical power collector. The electrode layer contains active material and binder resin composition. Preferred Process: The electrode layer is obtained by applying slurry to the collector, and drying the slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic group or/and its salt is chosen from salt of carboxyl group and carboxyl group, and salt of sulfonic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and phosphoric acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the polymer (B-1) is 10-1000 nm. The ratio (( beta )/( alpha )) of viscosity ( alpha ) of the 1 %mass aqueous solution of polymer (A) and viscosity ( beta ) of solution which added to the polymer (B-2) to aqueous solution such that amount of solution is 10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of polymers (A), is 5 or more. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polymer (A) and polymer (B-1) is 5/95-95/5. The mass ratio of polymer (A) and polymer (B-2) is 5/95-99.5/0.5. The slurry contains binder resin composition, active material and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon ionomer comprises carboxylate ionic groups. The hydrocarbon ionomer is a random copolymer of poly(ethylene-co-(meth)acrylic) acid, where the copolymer is partially neutralized and comprises (meth)acrylic acid comonomer that is one of acrylic acid comonomer, methacrylic acid comonomer and a combination of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid comonomers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous separator comprises polyimide, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy preferably contains 46-58 %mass silicon, 7-21 %mass tin, 24-37 %mass titanium and remainder of unavoidable impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution contain sulfuric acid electrolyte solution including vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer contains perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin of formula: -(CF2-CF2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)m-SO3H))g-. The equivalent mass of fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is 300-1300. The equilibrium moisture content of the electrolytic membrane is 5-80 %mass.m=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel further contains 0-4 wt.% molybdenum and 0-1 wt.% tungsten. The total content of carbon and nitrogen in stainless steel is 0.032 wt.% or less. The stainless steel includes titanium-niobium carbonitride precipitate. The area fraction of the total precipitate per unit area of the stainless steel is 3.5% or less. The area fraction of titanium-niobium carbonitride precipitate with respect to total precipitate is 62% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide has primary particle diameter of 0.1-5.0 mu m, secondary particle diameter of 2-30 mu m, BET specific surface area of 0.1-2.0 m2/g and tap density of 1.5-2.5 g/ml. The precursor contains lithium hydroxide as lithium source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material including Si and/or Sn, as constituent elements is at least one of a simple substance, alloy, and compound of Si, and simple substance, alloy, and compound of Sn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of the unsaturated cyclic ester carbonate in the electrolytic solution is 0.01-10 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The unsaturated cyclic ester carbonate compound (I) is of formula (Ia) or (Ib).R5-R10=H, halo, monovalent hydrocarbyl group, monovalent halogenated hydrocarbyl group, monovalent oxygen-containing hydrocarbyl group, and monovalent halogenated oxygen-containing hydrocarbyl group.The R5 and the R6 are allowed to be bonded to each other; and at least two of the R7-R10 are allowed to be bonded to one another. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=monovalent hydrocarbon group, monovalent halogenated hydrocarbon group, monovalent oxygen-containing hydrocarbon group, and monovalent halogenated oxygen-containing hydrocarbon group selected from 1-12C alkyl, 2-12C alkenyl, 2-12C alkynyl, 6-18C aryl, 3-18C cycloalkyl, 1-12C alkoxy (all optionally substituted by halo).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 56 Compounds are specified as the compound (I) e.g. 4-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one; 4-fluoro-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-difluoro-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one; 4-methyl-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one; and 4,4-dimethyl-5-methylene-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one (IA).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline solution dissolves the tungsten compound in lithium hydroxide aqueous solution. The method involves washing the lithium metal complex oxide powder with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium containing complex oxide compounds represented by the following equations: (Li1+xM1O2) and (Li1+yNi1-f-g-hCofMngM2hO2), where M1 is nickel, cobalt, manganese, magnesium, aluminum, barium, strontium, titanium or zirconium, M2 is magnesium, aluminum, titanium, iron, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, boron, phosphorus or bismuth, x is -0.3 to 0.3, y is -0.15 to 0.15, a is 70-97, b, c and d are greater than 0.5 but less than 30, c-d is greater than -10 but less than 10 or -8 to 8, e is less than 10, f and g are 0.05-0.3, h is 0-0.03 and f+g+h is less than or equal to 0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises 0.5-30 mass% phosphono acetate compound of formula (R5-O-P(=O)(O-R4)-(C(H)2)n-C(=O)-O-R6) (II), cyclic carbonate to carry out halogen substitution, and vinylene carbonate.R4-R6=1-12C hydrocarbon substituted by halo;andn=0-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode conductive belt is made of manganese di-oxide, nickel (II) hydroxide, lead dioxide and lithium cobalt oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive belts are formed of copper, iron, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, Vanadium, aluminum, tin, bismuth, lead, indium, nickel, cobalt metal and one or combinations of elemental metal or alloy. The cathode conductive belt is made of magnesium, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, lead and hydrogen storage alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The barrier layers are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy with alloy number 8097, 1N30, 8021, 3003 and 3005.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer layer is made of polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate or oriented nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises polymeric binder (2-8 wt.%), carbon-sulfur composite (70-90 wt.%), and carbon black (5-10 wt.%), and where the carbon-sulfur composite comprises sulfur compound (50-85 wt.%). Preferred Method: The carbon-sulfur composite is prepared by utilizing a process for making involving introducing a carbon precursor into an inorganic template, stabilizing carbon from the introduced carbon precursor to form a stabilized carbon in proximity with the inorganic template, removing the inorganic template from the stabilized carbon to form a templated carbon, and introducing a sulfur compound into the templated carbon to form the carbon-sulfur composite. Preferred Components: The inorganic template has a framework density of 10-25 and a wall thickness of less than 30 Angstrom . The three-dimensional framework comprises rings having 4-30 tetrahedrally coordinated atoms; rings having a dimension in a pore diameter of 0.5-5 nanometers. The inorganic template is siliceous or aluminosiliceous. The inorganic template has a molecular crystallographic structure including at least one of AlO4 and SiO4. The inorganic template has a framework density of 10-25. The three-dimensional framework comprises rings having 4-30 tetrahedrally coordinated atoms. The inorganic template is siliceous or aluminosiliceous. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the liquid electrolyte fuel cell system: the height of the overflow outlet is adjustable; the height of the overflow outlet is set such that when the electrolyte in the electrolyte storage tank is at a desired level, the pressure at the level of the communication duct is the same in both the electrolyte storage tank and the water storage tank; the communication duct includes a non-return valve and a manual valve; the cross sectional area of the communication duct is such that during operation the flow rate of water through the communication duct prevents back-diffusion of electrolyte; and respective gas streams are provided to gas chambers adjacent to the anode and to the cathode, where the spent gas streams emerge from the gas chambers adjacent to the anode and to the cathode, and means for condensing water vapor and feeding the condensed water vapor into the water storage tank are provided for each of the spent gas streams. The water storage tank includes many baffles to suppress turbulence. The electrode is a cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electride portion is made of aluminum oxide material and calcium oxide material. The p-type semiconductor portion is made of silicon material, silicon carbide material, boron carbide material or zinc antimonide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanostructures are oxidized by immersing in sulfuric acid solution containing ammonium persulfate at room temperature. The adsorbed metal ions are chosen from divalent lead ion, divalent zinc ion, divalent copper ion, trivalent bismuth ion, titanium ion, divalent cadmium ion, monovalent silver ion, divalent tin ion, monovalent mercury ion, trivalent antimony ion, tetravalent selenium ion and tetravalent tellurium ion. The adsorbed metal ions are replaced by immersing the nanostructure in transition metal salt solution containing potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II), palladium chloride, iridium chloride, ruthenium chloride, osmium chloride, gold chloride and rhenium chloride. The transition metal (B) contains copper sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer binder is a homopolymer or curable polymer. The mixture further includes solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction accelerator is chosen from sulfate, nitrate, sulfite, nitrite, nitride and sulfide of iron(II), cobalt(II), manganese(II), nickel(II) or copper(II) or its hydrates, preferably sulfate or nitrate of iron(II), cobalt(II), manganese(II), nickel(II) or copper(II) or its hydrates. The transition metal salt hydrate is hydrate of iron(III) phosphate. Preferred Process: The reaction accelerator is thermally decomposed at 900 degrees C or less. The manufacture of positive electrode active material further involves adding carbon-containing material which produces electroconductive carbon by thermal decomposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Positive electrode material satisfies relational expression a1-a2 greater than or equal to 0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanofiber structure further has metal oxide layer which is provided between the base material and the metal catalyst. The hole is through-hole. The base material is oxygen ion-conductivity substrate. The holes form an opening portion on one surface of the base material, in which the metal catalyst is formed on the region excluding the opening portion on one surface of the base material. Preferred Process: The carbon nanofiber electrode is obtained by transferring the carbon nanofiber aggregation layer to a conductive substrate. Preferred Properties: The metal oxide layer has thickness of 0.5-10 nm. The length of the carbon nanofiber is more than the maximum value of the pore diameter of the pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reagent composition comprises a combination of an anolyte and a catholyte, where the anolyte contains 1-3 M of imidazole, 0.1-2 M of iodine, 0.1-2 M of sulfur dioxide and an amide based solvent as a solvent, and the catholyte contains 0.1-2 M of imidazole, 0.1-2 M of iodine, 0.1-2 M of sulfur dioxide and an amide based solvent as a solvent. The anolyte and catholyte each further contain 0.002-0.004 mg of water/1 ml anolyte and catholyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amide based solvent comprises formamide, N-methyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, acetamide, N-methyl acetamide, N-dimethyl acetamide, and/or N-methylpyrrolidone. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent comprises cyclic carbonate and/or branched carbonate. The cyclic carbonate comprises ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and y-butyrolactone, and the branched carbonate comprises dimethyl carbonate, methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. The lithium secondary battery electrolyte contains lithium bis(oxalate)borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Equipment: The renewable-energy equipment is wind power generation equipment, photovoltaic power generation equipment, solar power generation equipment, or water power generation equipment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxide is amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Lithium compound, phosphoric acid compound, fluorine compound and water are mixed, then bivalent iron compound is added, and hydrothermal reaction is performed. Preferred Composition: The fluorine compound is chosen from ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride. Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal reaction is performed in a pressure-resistant container at 120-220 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is dry heptane, toluene, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, and/or acetonitrile, preferably toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The support consists of glass fiber fabric (10) or photosensitive glass.
Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, gallium, yttrium, iron, chromium, magnesium, calcium or scandium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode electrolyte and the cathode electrolyte are made of tetra-butyl ammonium chloride, tetra-butyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate and tetra-butyl ammonium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode and the negative electrode are made of carbon material, metal foil and foam metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative mix layer of the negative electrode further comprises graphite carbon material as the negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the phosphate ester compound (I) and the phosphono acetate compound (II) is greater than or equal to 0.5 mass%. Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carbonate by which halogen substitution is carried out, and vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the preparation of doped-spinel lithium-manganate electrode material, the manganese source compound is chosen from manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate or manganese acetate. The buffering agent is chosen from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and aqueous ammonia. The doping elements (M) and (N) are chosen from aluminum nitrate, magnesium nitrate, chromium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt acetate, magnesium acetate, cobalt sulfate, chromium sulfate or aluminum sulfate. The lithium source compound is lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of additive is 0.01-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon halide comprises silicon tetrahydrochloride, silicon chloride hydride, silicon tetrabromide, and/or silicon tetraiodide. The substrate comprises copper, nickel, platinum, silver, quartz, gold, stainless steel, tantalum, and/or titanium. The coating further comprises crystalline silicon and/or nanocrystalline silicon and carbon. The carbon comprises carbon nanotubes, graphene, and elemental carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises propylene carbonate, silicon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, and/or tetrahydrofuran. The coating further comprises carbon. The carbon comprises of carbon nanotubes, graphene and/or elemental carbon. The supporting electrolyte comprises tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, and/or tetrabutylammonium perchlorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The formed article comprises metal, metal salt, oxide, sulfide, chloride or carbon nanotube. The metal is chosen from gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, aluminum, silicon, titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, tantalum and tin. The metal salt is silver salt ink or silver ( beta )-ketocarboxylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The formed article comprises organic fiber or biomolecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of tungsten trioxide is 10 nm-5 mu m, preferably 10-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The amount of tungsten trioxide present in positive electrode material is 0.001-50 pts. wt., preferably 0.1-10 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. positive active material. The positive active material comprises lithium cobalt-type oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt manganese-type oxide, or lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-type oxide. The positive electrode material further comprises conductive agent. The conductive agent comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: carbon black), carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, metal powder, metal fiber and conductive polymer. The metal substrate is aluminum substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous binder comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, butyl rubber, fluorine rubber, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid and its salt, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polyvinylpyridine, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, latex, polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, polymer of propylene and 2-8C olefin, and copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester. The amount of aqueous binder present in positive electrode material is 0.1-10 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. positive active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon particles include silicon carbide and dopants such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic and/or antimony. The carbon sources comprise graphite and carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous sources comprise pitch or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer binder is polyvinylidene fluoride, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or styrene-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The components of packaging materials comprise reactive resin such as epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester, polyurethane, or phenolic resin; phase change material (PCM) microcapsule, structure strengthening fibers, or elastic particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte layer contains ceramics, glass, polymer, polymer-ceramic composite, glass-ceramic composite, lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), lithium lanthanum titanate (LLT) and/or yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The separating layer contains lithium phosphorus oxynitride, ceramics, glass, LAGP. LATP, LLT or YSZ.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal source layer contains lithium, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, carbon, graphite, graphene, tin, nickel foam, metal foam, aluminum mesh and/or metal mesh. The support structure contains carbon, nickel foam, metal foam, aluminum mesh, metal mesh, yttrium stabilized zirconia or lanthanum strontium manganite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gallium is segregated the inorganic oxide particles to the crystal grain boundary of aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of silicon oxide with respect to total amount of silicon oxide and carbon material is preferably 2-5 %mass. Preferred Properties: The ratio of average particle diameter of carbon material and silicon oxide is more than 1.5 and less than 10. The battery has double layer capacitance of less than 1.3 mF/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains 1-10 %mass fluoroethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery has an inorganic-type porous membrane or organic-type porous membrane containing polyamide, polyimide and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy contains 63 %mass or less silicon, 14-48 %mass tin and 11-48 %mass carbon. The amount of silicon is 44 %mass or less, preferably 40 %mass or less. The amount of tin is 34 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of palladium and ruthenium in ruthenium oxide is 85:15-30:70. The palladium and the ruthenium oxide contained in the anode are supported by carbon carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon element concentration on surface of coating layer is 36.7 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution contain vanadium. The equilibrium moisture content of the electrolytic membrane is 5-80 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The equivalent mass of the perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin is 250-700 g/eq. The ion-exchange resin composition further contains 0.1-20 parts mass polyphenylene-ether resin and/or polyphenylene sulfide resin with respect to 100 parts mass perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanostructured double-sided supercapacitor device further comprises insulating layer disposed on both surfaces of the substrate. The substrate is made of silicon or quartz. The insulating layer is made of silicon oxide or nitride. The primary and secondary metal catalyst layers are made of the material(s) chosen from iron, nickel and cobalt. The electroconductive layer is made of tungsten, gold or platinum. The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide or 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The encapsulating bottom and top is made of material chosen from polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide, silicon and glass-type substrate. The carbon nanotubes are functionalized with nickel, gold or platinum, and are grown by method chosen from chemical vapor deposition, metal organic chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, hot wire chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, electrochemical deposition and solution chemical deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent does not contain halogen element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt comprises lithium perchlorate (preferred), lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(oxalate)borate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickelate and/or lithium cobalt oxide. The initiator is a thermal initiator comprising chloride gas, bromine gas, organic peroxide or an azo initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The initiator is a photoinitiator comprising dimethylol propionic acid (preferred), 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl phenyl ketone or 2-methyl-1-(4-(methylthio)-phenyl)-2-morpholino-propiopheno. The amount of the lithium perchlorate is 5 wt.% of the methoxy polyethylene glycol 350 monoacrylate. The amount of the dimethylol propionic acid is 0.1 wt.% of the methoxy polyethylene glycol 350 monoacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molecular structure of the interpenetrating polymer network comprises an open circle structure. The molecular weight of the first monomer and the second monomer is 200-600. The first monomer is polyethyleneglycol 200 dimethacrylate, and the second monomer is methoxy polyethylene glycol 350 monoacrylate. The amount of the polyethyleneglycol 200 dimethacrylate is 2.5 wt.% of the methoxy polyethylene glycol 350 monoacrylate. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3 = ethenyl (-CH=CH2), ethynyl (-CCH), allyl (-CH=CH-CH3) or ((-CH3)C=CH2), propinyl (-CC-CH3) or ethenyl ketonic group (-C(=O)-CH=CH2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The constant-current fixed voltage charging is performed at the terminal voltage of 4.30 V before the use. The transition metal includes 10-80 mass% of nickel. The lithium-containing composite oxide has a structure (Li1+yMO2). Inclusion of carbon fiber in the cathode compound layer is 0.25-15 mass%. The cathode compound layer has an average fiber diameter is 1-100 nm and mean fiber length of 10-100 nm. The binder includes polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer.y = -0.15 to 0.15; andM = Ni, Co or Mn.The battery comprises a porous layer having temperature of greater than or equal to 150 degrees C. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte contains vinylenecarbonate, and has a structure of formula (R2-O-P(-O)3(R1)-(C(H)2)n-C(=O)-O-R3).R1-R3 = halo, 1-12C substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; andn = 0-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Nickel salt, manganese salt, alkali and lithium source are used during manufacture of concentration-gradually-changed spherical lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material. Nickel salt is nitrate, sulfate, chlorate or acetate of nickel. The manganese salt is nitrate, sulfate, chlorate or acetate of manganese. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and/or ammonium bicarbonate. The lithium source is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide or lithium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal oxide has layered crystal structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The EA is zirconium, magnesium and/or calcium. The EB is tungsten and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of silicon oxide with respect to total amount of silicon oxide and carbon material is 3-40 %mass, preferably 3-10 %mass. The carbon material is graphite, hardly graphitized carbon or easily graphitized carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Halogenated cyclic carbonate is monofluoro ethylene carbonate and/or difluoro ethylene carbonate. The electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon oxide is 1-30 %mass with respect to sum total of carbon material and silicon oxide. The content of silicon oxide is 0 %mass to 10 %mass or less with respect to sum total of carbon material and silicon oxide in main layer. Preferred Property: The thickness of surface layer portion is 20% or less with respect to thickness of negative-electrode active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material (A) contains carbon material having graphite structure. The active material (B) contains oxide containing lithium and transition metal. The transition metal is titanium, and the active material (B) is lithium titanate of formula: LixTiyCz, where x is less than 4, y is 5, z is 12 and x/y is 0.500-0.799. The lithium-titanate further contains metal M chosen from magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, sodium, manganese, aluminum, zirconium, niobium, boron, nickel, vanadium, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, bismuth, gallium and/or rare earth elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material of positive electrode is made from lithium nickel material containing complex oxide containing lithium and nickel materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of surfactant is 13-20. Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode mixture further comprises water as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of fluorine component in the current collection electrode base-material vicinity in the coating film is 1.3-2 %mass, after drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sulfide-type solid electrolyte is obtained by mixing lithium sulfide powder, phosphorus sulfide powder, and sulfuration silicon powder, and baking at 600-700 degrees C under atmosphere-containing hydrogen-sulfide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Acidic oxide is tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, tin oxide, and/or boron oxide, preferably tungsten oxide. Acidic oxide is oxide of metallic element and/or semimetal element in which ratio metallic element and semimetal element in acidic oxide with respect to lithium-transition metal composite oxide is less than or equal to 3 mol.%, preferably 0.2-2 mol.%. Preferred Parameters: Lithium-transition metal composite oxide is in the form of particles with center particle diameter of 4-20 mu m, and acidic oxide is in the form of particles with center particle diameter of 0.1-2 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    M=W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An electrolyte of the battery cells is based on sulfur dioxide. The recesses are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The diaphorase is prepared by culturing the transformant. Preferred Polypeptide: The diaphorase is mutant diaphorase comprising polypeptide chosen from (a) polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, (b) polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acid residues are substituted, deleted, inserted, added and/or inverted, and having diaphorase activity at position 122 in the SEQ ID NO: 4, (c) polypeptide having 80% or more sequence homology with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and is modified at position 122 of the SEQ ID NO: 4, where the glycine at position 122 is modified by aspartic acid. Preferred DNA: The DNA is chosen from (a) DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of the SEQ ID NO: 4, (b) DNA comprising a base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, (c) DNA comprising a base pair sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with the SEQ ID NO: 5 encoding polypeptide having diaphorase activity comprising aspartic acid at position 364-366 of SEQ ID NO: 5, (d) DNA capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with the base pair sequence of the SEQ ID NO: 5, (e) DNA comprising base pair sequence of the SEQ ID NO: 5 in which one or more bases are currently substituted, deleted, inserted, added and/or inverted, and (f) DNA encoding the polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acid residue are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or inverted, and having diaphorase activity at position 122 of the (SEQ ID NO: 4). Sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In producing the product, the biomass comprises a cellulosic or lignocellulosic material. The isomerization agent is an isomerase, where the isomerase is xylose isomerase. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is treated to reduce its recalcitrance to saccharification. Treatment method is selected from bombardment with electrons (preferred), sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis, steam explosion, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment, freeze grinding and its combination. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry wastes, sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips, grasses, switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing residues, bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils, peas, industrial waste, and its mixtures. The microorganism comprises a strain of Clostridium spp., preferably, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, specifically Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain ATCC 27021 or strain ATCC 27022. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The microbial fuel cell further has ion-exchange membrane made of glass wool.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the granulated active carbon is 500-1500 m2/g. Preferred Components: The anode and cathode are the graphite electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cathode is made of natural crystalline graphite, synthetic graphite, amorphous graphite, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, activated charcoal, graphene and ultra-fine pore molecular sieve. Preferred Process: The method further involves treating using acid solution, oxidizing agent. Preferred Composition: The acid solution is chosen from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide liquid, potassium permanganate aqueous solution, thio potassium sulfate aqueous solution, chlorine dioxide solution and hypochlorous acid sodium aqueous solution. The volume/volume ratio of acid solution and oxidizing agent is 0.01:100-100:0.01.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen concentration of oxidative atmosphere is 10 vol.% or more. The oxygen concentration of mixing atmosphere is 0.5 vol.% or less. The concentration of ammonia in aqueous solution is 3-25 g/L. The ratio of sum of number of metal atoms other than lithium contained in lithium mixture and number of atoms of lithium is 1:0.95-1.2. Preferred Process: The metallic compound is supplied in 2-12.5% from the start time of particle-growth process. The particle growth process discharges a portion of liquid of aqueous solution. The manufacturing method of nickel composite hydroxide further involves coating compound of 1 or more types of additional elements in the nickel composite hydroxide. Aluminum or additional elements are uniformly distributed over inside of secondary particles. The lithium mixture is calcined at 350-800 degrees C. The calcining process is carried out under oxidative atmosphere containing 18-100 vol.% oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The honeycomb portion is provided with the electrical conductivity, and porous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: In the lithium secondary battery, upper limit voltage of charge is set to 4.3 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative mix layer contains composite of material (M1) and carbon material, and further contains graphite carbon material as negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains 0.5-30 %mass phosphono acetate compound of formula: R2-O-P(=O)(-O-R1)-(CH2)n-C(=O)-O-R3 (I). The content of compound (C1) is 0.1-5 %mass of nonaqueous electrolyte. The compound (C1) having two or more nitrile groups in molecule is adiponitrile. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carbonate in which halogen substitution is carried out, and vinylene carbonate.R1-R3=1-12C hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by halo;andn=0-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode active material is carbon material consisting of carbon nanotube, graphite, carbon aerogel, polyacrylonitrile, carbon nanofiber, activated carbon nanofiber, vapor grown carbon fiber and graphene. The electrode active material-conductive agent composite is a spherical granule shaped composite. The conductive agent is conductive carbon consisting of Super-P (RTM: Conductive carbon blacks), acetylene black, carbon black, and Ketjen black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode active material-conductive agent composite comprises a dispersant and a solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dispersant is PTFE, polyvinylidenfluoride, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber and/or acrylic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The contact angle at time of dipping of water at interface with gaseous phase of ionomer, when ionomer is installed horizontally at 120 degrees or more. Preferred Composition: The amorphous phase contains molecular chain structure of formula: -(CF2-CF2)n-(CF2-C(OR)F)m-.m,n=1 or more;andOR=alkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated carboxylic component of acid-modified polyolefin resin (A) is maleic anhydride, maleic acid, acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid. The crosslinking agent (B) is oxazoline compound, carbodiimide compound, or isocyanate compound. The acid-modified polyolefin resin (A) is acid-modified polyolefin resin (a) containing 50-98 %mass ethylene component and/or acid-modified polyolefin resin (b) containing 50-98 %mass propylene component and 1-butene component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The acid-modified polyolefin resin (A) is crosslinked by exposing radiation. Preferred Composition: The ray source of radiation exposure is gamma -ray, an irradiation amount is 1-100 kGy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide has pore diameter in which differential pore volume calculated by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method from an adsorption isotherm obtained using the nitrogen gas adsorption method shows the maximum value of 30-40 nm. The peak differential pore volume is more than 0.75 mm3/(g.nm). The accumulation volume in the particle size distribution of 50% secondary particles in the lithium-transition metal composite oxide is 8 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material particle mixes transition-metal hydroxide containing lithium transition metal oxide and lithium compound i.e. lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises taking work piece in the step (c) of fullerene, performing ultrasonic process on the tube for a certain time, then taking proper amount of copper net, drying the net in vacuum at room temperature for 24 hours, and dripping multiple drops of transition metal solution containing poor solvent on the copper net using capillary phenomenon to adsorb load transition metal. Preferred Components: The fullerene is C60, C70 or C60/C70. The good organic solvent is pyridine, pyrrolidone, benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene, dichlorobenzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride or methylene dichloride. The load transition metal is nickel, iron, cobalt, platinum, palladium, molybdenum, rare earth metal or its ion, compound and/or mixture. The poor solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, hexane and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Small nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is coin-shaped nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The SiOx is SiO. Active material of positive electrode is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) or lithium manganese oxide (Li4Mn5O12). Preferred Parameters: Thickness of carbon coating is 100-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Nonaqueous electrolyte is electrolyte solution. Solvent of electrolyte solution is gamma -butyl lactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, ethyl methyl sulfone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, methyl propionate, dimethyl carbonate, and/or methyl ethyl carbonate. MECHANISM OF ACTION - A small nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery for electronic devices and vehicles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aperture size of porous film is 0.05-20 nm, and porosity of 20-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethyl formamide. The volatile non-solvent is methanol, tetrahydrofuran or n-hexane. The poor solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol or isopropyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anionic high molecular resin is sulfonated polyetherether-ketone, sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyphenylene or polyacrylic acid. The cation polymer resin is polyethylene dipropylene group dimethylammonium chloride, polypropylene ammonium chloride or quaternary ammonium salt. The organic high molecular resin is polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyether ketone, poly tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride dialkenyl, polybenzimidazole or polyalkene bipyridine. The sulfonated high molecular resin is sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polyether ketone, or sulfonated polybenzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volatile solvent is methanol, tetrahydrofuran or n-hexane. The poor solvent of resin is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol or isopropyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic high molecular resin is polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyether ketone, polybenzimidazole, polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride dialkenyl, polyaliphatic hydrocarbon or polyphenylene dialkenyl pyridine. The polymer-containing azacyclic benzimidazole is benzimidazole, dialkene imidazole, pyridine, pyrazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, quinoxaline or thiazole. The polymer-containing amino functional group is secondary amine, tertiary amine or aliphatic polymer of quaternary ammonium group. The aliphatic polymer is polyimide, polyetherimide, polyketone amine, or quaternary aminated polyether-ether-ketone. Preferred Property: The thickness of film substrate is 20-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and second metals are selected from copper, silver and gold; or the first metal is bismuth, and the second metal is selected from silver, copper, gold, rhodium, platinum and palladium. The oxidant is selected from O2, O3, H2O2, and the acid or salt of NO3-, S2O8-, NO2-, B4O72- and/or ClO4-, and is preferably selected from alkali metal nitrates and/or ammonium nitrate. The silicon surface is etched to form porous silicon. The silicon is in the form of bulk silicon, optionally a silicon wafer; or a silicon powder. The silicon is in the form of a silicon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The layered graphite is coated by amorphous carbon on surface. Preferred Property: The density of negative electrode active material layer is 1.5 g/cm3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive agent contains carbon nanotubes. The volume ratio of the voids in the positive electrode mixture layer is 16-22%. The volume ratio of the positive electrode active material is 97.1-99.6%. Preferred Properties: The volume resistivity of the positive electrode mixture layer is 80 Omega .cm or less based on JIS-K7194. The positive electrode has tensile elongation of 3.2%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode collector is made of aluminum-iron alloy in which iron content is 1-5 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains fluororesin having weight average molecular weight of 700000-1500000. The positive electrode mixture layer contains 0.1-0.6 %mass electroconductive agent and 0.1-0.6 %mass binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sealed secondary battery is lithium-ion secondary battery having volume energy density of 600 or more Wh/L. Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion secondary battery has positive electrode active material containing lithium-nickel complex oxide of formula: LixNiyM1-yO2, where x is 0.95-1.15, y is 0.6-1, and M is cobalt, manganese, chromium, iron, tungsten, magnesium, zirconium, titanium or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive oxide is chosen from oxide of tin, indium, zinc and titanium. The content of electroconductive oxide is 10 wt.% or less with respect to the positive electrode active material. Preferred Process: The positive electrode is obtained by impregnating secondary particles of the positive electrode active material in organometallic solution and heat-processing. Preferred Properties: The electroconductivity of the electroconductive oxide is 1 S/cm or more. The powder resistance of the positive electrode active material is 1asterisk107 Omega .cm or less. The primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is 300 nm or less. The secondary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is 1 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of band peak intensity (IG) and band peak intensity (ID) of the carbon containing material measured by the Raman-spectrum method is 0.3-3. The secondary battery further has carbon-containing layer provided in at least one portion of surface of the active material. The average thickness of the carbon-containing layer is 500 nm or less. The average coverage of the carbon-containing layer with respect to the active material is 30% or more. The median diameter of the core portion is 0.1-20 mu m. The coating portion has average thickness of 1-3000 nm and average coverage of 30% or more, with respect to the core portion. Preferred Composition: The crystallinity of the coating portion is lower than crystallinity of the core portion. The coating portion is amorphous coating portion, and further contains iron, aluminum and/or calcium as constituent element. The core portion further contains iron, aluminum, calcium, manganese, chromium, magnesium and/or nickel as constituent element. The weight ratio of iron with respect to silicon and oxygen in the core portion is 0.01-7.5. The negative electrode has active material layer on a collector containing 100 ppm or less carbon and sulfur as constituent element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of oxygen element with respect to total amount of sulfur element and oxygen element is 25% or less, preferably 10% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal-foil strip is made of a stainless steel, chromium-nickel-molybdenum, aluminum, aluminum alloy, titanium, titanium alloy and Hastelloy (RTM: nickel-base alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmission of data is performed through wireless Bluetooth technology.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The irreversible capacity of the non-graphite carbon is 200 mAh or more, preferably 300 mAh or more. The specific surface area of non-graphite carbon is 40 m2/g or more, preferably 100 m2/g or less, more preferably 70 m2/g or less. The specific surface area of negative electrode active material is 2-10 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The content of non-graphite carbon with respect to total of 100 parts mass non-graphite carbon and negative electrode active material is 0.5-10 parts mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mesoporous conductive material is powder having an average particle size of 10 nm to 100 mu m and a porosity of 10-90%. Preferred Property: The sulfur particles have an average particle size of 1 nm to 50 mu m. Preferred Process: During manufacture of cathode, 5-20 wt.% bonding agent is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound is metal sulfate. The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate or lithium sulfate. The silicic-acid compound is chosen from amorphous silica and sodium silicate (Na4SiO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidant is compound containing an ammonium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polysaccharide is chosen from dextrin and starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The charge final voltage of the lithium ion secondary battery is 4.2 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide has low activation energy with respect to lithium, when compared with carbon material. The metal oxide is lithium titanate. The positive-electrode active material layer consists of lithium-containing metal oxide containing manganese or iron. The thickness of protective layer is 1-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound :The nonaqueous solvent consists of a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of amorphous carbon particles, the crosslinking product (P1) or (P2) is mechanochemically-processed to obtain mechanochemically-processed material, and the mechanochemically-processed material is subjected to infusibilization process to obtain infusibilized material, or the infusibilized material is mechanochemically-processed to obtain mechanochemically-processed material. Preferred Composition: The addition amount of the graphite particles is 1-50 %mass with respect to precursor of the amorphous carbon. Preferred Properties: The graphite particles have average particle diameter of 1-25 mu m. The amorphous carbon particles have true specific gravity of 1.6-1.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The said polymerizing agent is either the 1, 3- dioxolane in which lithium hexafluoroarsenate is dissolved or titanium alkoxide side. The resin film is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the monomer (b) is 0.001-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Reducible gas is hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and/or nitrogen monoxide. Negative electrode fuel substance body contains iron particle or iron powder, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, hardly sinterable material containing zirconium oxide, or form retention material consisting of these mixtures, greater than or equal to 1 part of the surface of negative electrode fuel substance body is covered by form retention material, and mass ratio of form retention material with respect to negative electrode fuel substance body is 0.1-5%. Negative electrode fuel substance body contains substance with main constituent consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, silicon, zinc, iron, lead, tin, nickel, and/or carbon. Solid electrolyte body is oxide which has fluorite structure, oxide which has perovskite structure, or oxide which has apatite structure e.g. yttria-stabilized zirconia, cerium-gadolinium oxide, BIMEVOX compound of formula Bi2MxV1-xO5.5-3x/2- delta , lanthanum gallate of formula La1-xSrxGa1-yMgyO3- delta , and/or barium cerate.M=transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium silicate compound is rhombic crystal. The lithium silicate compound containing solid solution is of formula: Li2MnSiO4 (III) or Li2CoSiO4 (IV). The manganese compound is chosen from manganese (II) chloride, manganese (II) nitrate, manganese (II) sulfate, manganese (II) acetate, manganese (III) acetate, manganese (II) acetoacetyl, potassium (VII) permanganate, manganese (III) acetoacetyl and their hydrates. The cobalt compound is chosen from cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) sulfate, cobalt (II) oxalate, cobalt (II) acetate, cobalt (II) nitrate, cobalt (III) chloride, cobalt (III) nitrate and their hydrates. The lithium hydroxide aqueous solution is dripped to form an aqueous solution deposit on the compound. The reaction is carried out at 300-700 degrees C. The alkali metal chloride is lithium chloride. The molten salt is formed by mixing different types of alkali metal chloride. The metallic-element contains 50-100 mol% manganese and cobalt, and 0-50 mol% metallic elements chosen from magnesium, calcium, aluminum, nickel, iron, niobium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten. The process involves removing alkali metal chloride using a solvent after completion of reaction. Preferred Definitions:    m=1-1.25;    y=0;and    x=0-0.5 (including 0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nitrate-reduction method further involves preparing aqueous solution containing nitrate ion, applying voltage to aqueous solution using nitrate-reduction electrode provided with carbonaceous material as cathode, adjusting pH of the aqueous solution to -0.5 to -0.7, adding nitrite ion to the aqueous solution. Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution contains nitrate ion. The water treatment apparatus is further equipped with nitrous acid addition means to add nitrite ion to the aqueous solution. The electroconductive base material is positioned in the container. The oxidation catalyst is currently supported on the base material. Preferred Property: The nitrate-reduction onset potential of nitrate-reduction electrode is 0.8 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the conductive carbon black, carbon fiber, and wood pulp is 1:7-8:1-2. The carbon fiber paper has: content of 80-100 g/m2; porosity of 20-30%, and conductive resistance of 3 ohm/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur-and-fluorine-introduced compound is obtained by introducing fluorine to one portion of sulfur-modified component obtained by modifying carbon compound with sulfur. The carbon compound is chosen from polyacrylonitrile, pitch and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by condensing three or more six-membered rings. The carbon compound is generated from plant raw material. The fluorine is introduced into portion of sulfur-modified component using fluorination agent containing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and/or fluorine gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer and/or the electrically conductive layer portion are made of a metallic material e.g. aluminum and/or lithium ion conductive and electrically conductive material e.g. inorganic lithium-ion conductor and polymer electrolyte or aluminum powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic is selected from a group of epoxy and/or phenolic resins, polyacrylates, and/or modified polyacrylates, polyurethanes, silicones and/or organic coatings with inorganic fillers.
Preferred Definitions:    M=Mn, Co, Ni, Al, V, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, In, Cu, Zn, Nb, Zr, Mo, W, Ta or Re, in which the molar ratio of Mn, Co and Ni is 0.10-0.45:0.05-0.04:0.30-0.75.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Contact bonding layer and sealant layer both contains resin with greater than or equal to 95 degrees C melting point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode contains 3-10 pts. wt. lithium oxalate with respect to 100 pts. wt. particles of lithium-manganese cathodic material. The lithium-manganese cathodic material is a manganese-containing olivine chosen from lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese phosphate, lithium-manganese silicate, lithium-manganese sulfate, lithium-manganese borate and lithium-manganese vanadate. The cathodic material contains metal (M) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, vanadium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, boron, zinc, copper, niobium, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium and/or yttrium. The lithium-manganese cathodic material is an olivine lithium-manganese phosphate having formula: LiaMnxM(1-x)(P04)b, where x is 0.1-1, a is 0.8-1.1 and b is 0.9-1.1. The lithium-manganese cathodic material is manganese-containing spinel, and has compositional formula: LipMn(0.4-0.6)Ni(0.01-0.3)Co(0.01-0.02)02, where p is 1.15-1.25. The particles of lithium-manganese cathodic material are composite particles containing carbonaceous material in addition to lithium-manganese cathodic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium battery contains electrolyte solution comprising lithium-iron phosphate and solvent having 90 wt.% or more cyclic and/or linear carbonate solvents. The solvent is a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate. The electrolyte solution contains hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, octamethylcyclotetrasilazane, tetra(ethenyl)-tetramethyl-tetrazatetrasilocane, hexamethyldisilazane, lithium hexamethyldisilazane, heptamethyldisilazane and tetramethyldisilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-accepting composition comprises tin and silicon. The shape memory alloy reinforcements comprise nickel. The current collector comprises copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active layer of cathode comprises lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Binder comprises carboxymethyl cellulose and styrene- butadiene rubber. The content of disordered carbon material with respect to water is 96 wt.%. The content of carboxymethyl cellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber with respect to water is 2 wt.%, and 2 wt.%, respectively. The binder slurry comprises disordered carbon material, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber and water. The disordered carbon material comprises hard carbon or soft carbon. Preferred Properties: The carboxymethyl cellulose in the binder slurry has carboxymethyl-substitution degree of less than 0.85, preferably 0.65-0.75. The binder slurry has viscosity of 4500-5500 cP, at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The insulating film (F1) is inorganic insulating film containing inorganic particles. The substance (Sb1) is inorganic particles. The inorganic particles contain ceramic, alumina or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of lithium-ion battery, slurry (S2) containing substance (Sb1) is coated on slurry (S1), slurry (S3) containing substance (Sb2) different from substance (Sb1) on slurry (S1), active material is formed on electrode plate by drying slurries (Sb1)-(Sb3) and separator containing insulating film (F1) containing substance (Sb1) and insulating film containing substance (Sb2) is formed on the active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating film (F2) is organic insulating film containing the organic particles. The substance (Sb2) is organic particles. The organic particles contain polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon, tin and zinc in negative electrode active material is preferably less than 29 %mass, 40 %mass or more and 27 %mass or more, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current deflector component is made from nickel, copper or stainless-steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The commercial vehicle trailer includes a cable strand i.e. line, which conforms to ISO 7638 standard. The electronic control device obtains information about actuation of an operating element from the power supply device via a Controller area network (CAN) connection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrogen-containing lithium silicate compound is represented by formula Li2+a-b-zHzAbM1-xM'xSiO4+ delta . Lithium silicate compound is represented by formula Li2+a-bAbM1-xM'xSiO4+ delta .A=Na, K, Rb, and/or Cs;M=Fe and/or Mn;M'=Mg, Ca, Co, Al, Ni, Nb, Ti, Cr, Cu, Zn, Zr, V, Mo, and/or W;a=0-1;b=0-0.2;z= greater than or equal to 0;x=0-0.5; anddelta = greater than or equal to 0. Preferred Definitions:    z=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium silicate is of formula: LixAyD'zSiO4.x=0-2.5;y=0.005-0.25;z=0.75-1.0;A=copper, vanadium or titanium;andD'=iron or manganese.The sum total of the copper, vanadium and titanium with respect to atomic ratio of sum total of iron and manganese in the lithium complex is 0.005:1.0-0.333:1.0. The solution (A) contains nitric acid solution or citric acid solution. The solution (B) contains chloride solution or sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The negative electrode active material has coulomb efficiency of initial stage charging/discharging of 77% or more. Preferred Process: The negative electrode active material is obtained by hydrothermal synthesis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The weight ratio of layered lithium manganese oxide (I) and lithium-containing metal oxide (III) is 99:1-50:50. Preferred Composition: The metal (M1) is manganese, nickel or cobalt. The complex cathode active material further contains lithium cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide and/or substituted or doped oxides of aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and/or bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide comprises manganese (Mn). The basic material is at least one type of compound selected from KOH, LiOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, pyridine, ammonia, acetylacetone, and Ba(OH)2. The reducing material is at least one type of compound selected from sodium amalgam, sulfite compound, hydrazine, iron(II) sulfate, Lindlar catalyst, LiAlH4, hydrogen, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, NaBH.sub.4, tin chloride, and phosphonic acid. Preferred Method: In the method (M1), if the basic material is not added to the mixture, the pH of the mixture after stirring is 2-6 (i.e. acidic) or 7-10 (i.e. basic); if both the basic material and the reducing material are added to the mixture, the pH of the mixture after stirring is 8-14. If the reducing material is not added to the mixture, the pH of the mixture after stirring is 8-14. The method (M1) further involves, after stirring, obtaining a solid body by filtering the mixture, cleaning the solid body, and drying the cleaned solid body, where the drying is performed at 20-80 degrees C under a pressure below atmospheric pressure (preferably 0-10 Torr). Preferred Definitions:    M=Mn;    p=4;    q=3;    (M(q+)/M(p+))(bulk)=0-0.1;    (M(q+)/M(p+))(surface)=0.1-0.5.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layers of resin material include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer and polypropylene (PP) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid in the process is water. Preferred Condition: The processing temperature of lithium titanate is 40-80 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of the lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) is 0.7-4.7 m2/g. The pH value of the lithium titanate is 9.7-10.7. The product of specific surface area and pH value of the lithium titanate is less than 30. Preferred Process: Manufacture of negative-electrode active material further involves combining titanium oxide having spinel structure by baking titanium oxide, and lithium hydroxide and/or lithium carbonate in molten salt which is obtained by mixing and melting lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode active material includes carbon, coke, graphite, tin, tin oxide, silicon, silicon oxide, aluminum, lithium-active metals, and/or alloying metal materials. The halogen of the dissolved lithium halide salt is fluorine ion (F-), chlorine ion (Cl-), bromine ion (Br-) and/or iodine ion (I-). The dissolved lithium halide salt includes lithium chloride, lithium bromide, and lithium fluoride. The electrolytic field plate includes platinum, gold, glassy carbon, and graphite. The dissolved gas is carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent includes gamma -butyrolactone. The additive is vinylene carbonate. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method for alkalization of an anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite has a nitrogen-element-containing compound layer and a metal oxide layer provided sequentially on an electroconductive substance. The nitrogen-element-containing compound consists of nitrogen-element-containing carbon. The metal oxide consists of iron-element-containing oxide, preferably maghemite. The electroconductive substance contains carbon material. The precursor of metal oxide consists of an oxo iron compound, preferably lepidocrocite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Preprocessing glassy carbon electrode includes use of alumina powder for polishing; ultrasonic washing in deionized water; and electrochemical cleaning using mercury/mercury sulfate electrode as reference electrode. Preparation of porous Pd catalyst includes solution containing 2-50 mmol/L palladium (II) chloride, 0.5-2 mol/L sulfuric acid and 0.05-2 mol/L ammonium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass fiber composition (I) may further contain 0.1-1.5 wt.% zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or 0.1-1.5 wt.% titanium dioxide (TiO2); has 0.1-0.8 wt.% P2O5 content; and is substantially free of fluorine (F2). Preferably, it consists of (a) glass fiber composition (Ia) which comprises 57.3-57.9 wt.% SiO2, 13.5-15 wt.% Al2O3, 21.5-24 wt.% CaO, 1.5-3 wt.% MgO, 0.2-0.6 wt.% TiO2, 0.2-0.6 wt.% Fe2O3, 0.1-2 wt.% B2O3, greater than or equal to 0 wt.% Li2O, 0.1-0.8 wt.% P2O5, Na2O, and K2O; and which has a weight ratio (C1) of 0.65-0.75; or (b) glass fiber composition (Ib) which comprises 57.8 wt.% SiO2, 14.2 wt.% Al2O3, 22.5 wt.% CaO, 2 wt.% MgO, 0.4 wt.% TiO2, 0.4 wt.% Fe2O3, 1.5 wt.% B2O3, 0.4 wt.% P2O5, 0.45 wt.% Na2O, and 0.35 wt.% K2O.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Bivalent cation is magnesium ion, and trivalent cation is aluminum ion. Molar ratio (M2+/M3+) of bivalent cation (M2+) and trivalent cation (M3+) is 2-4, preferably 2.5-3.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Organic compound is amino acid and/or amino acid derivative of formula R1R2R3N+R4C(=O)O- (1) and/or alkyl glycine of formula R1R2R3N+CH2C(=O)O- (2), preferably trimethyl glycine.R1-R4=H or 1-5C (cyclic) alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material particle is a lithium transition metal oxide of a layer structure. The lithium transition metal oxide contains nickel, cobalt, and manganese, and includes an additive selected from the group zirconium, tungsten, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, chromium, zinc, silicon, tin, aluminum, barium and francium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ceramic dielectric layer is formed of lead lanthanum zirconium titanate (PLZT). The first electrode is formed of a material selected from nickel, aluminum, copper, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, titanium, chrome and tungsten. The second electrode is formed of a material selected from aluminum, platinum, copper, zinc, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material has composition of formula: LiNixCoyMnzO2, where x+y+z is 1, and y and z are not 1. The polyanion structure portion is PO43- or BO33-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains silicon and/or tin. The negative electrode active material consists of silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 0.3-1.6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and gamma -butyl lactone, preferably ethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sulfur-type positive electrode active material contains carbon source compound chosen from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by condensing 3 or more six-membered ring, polyacrylonitrile, pitch, polyisoprene and plant-derived carbon material. The positive electrode active material has carbon structure derived from carbon source compound.
Preferred Definitions:    M=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Al, Bi, Sn, Mg, Ca, B or Zr, preferably Mn and Co;and    a=0.1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium manganese compound is of formula: Li1.1Al0.1Mn1.8O4 (I) or LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (II). Preferred Structure: The lithium titanate has spinel structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyethylene terephthalate fiber is 30-70 wt.% with respect to content of polyethylene-terephthalate-fiber containing cellulose nonwoven fabric. Preferred Property: The thickness of polyethylene-terephthalate-fiber-containing cellulose nonwoven fabric is 20-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lead, and tin or tin oxide of the positive active paste is 500:1. The content of additive in the positive paste is 0.15-0.22 wt.%, preferably 0.18 wt.%, based on dry basis. The tin becomes an oxide of tin during charged state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of cathode catalyst particles is selected from the group consisting of zinc, cadmium, indium, titanium, tin, lead, bismuth, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, and alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The number ratio of oxygen atom with respect to the surface carbon atom is 0.01-0.1, and the ratio at a depth of 100 nm from the surface is 0.002 or less. The total pore volume (pore with a hole diameter of 3 nm or more) of unit surface area (1 cm2) is 0.015 ml or less. The ratio of X-ray diffraction peak intensity of (002) surface and X-ray diffraction peak intensity of (110) surface is 50 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which uses the negative-electrode carbon material contains an oxalate complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The damping element is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The absolute value of selvage rate of aluminum alloy plate is 10% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle size of the complex is 1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone. The content of binder is 15 parts mass or less with respect to 100 parts mass expandable microparticles and heat-resistant microparticles. The expandable microparticles particles contains crosslinked acrylic resin material having glass transition point of 70-130 degrees C. The group having cyclic structure including amide bond is of formula (I). The expandable microparticles has core-shell structure in which core portion contains crosslinked acrylic resin material having glass transition temperature of 25 degrees C or less and shell portion contains crosslinked acrylic resin material having glass transition temperature of 70 degrees C or more. Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of the polymer is 150 degrees C or more. The average particle diameter of expandable microparticles and heat-resistant microparticles is 0.05-3 mu m and 0.05-3 mu m, respectively. The separator has thermal contraction rate of 5% or less at 200 degrees C. Preferred Condition: The temperature limit of the heat-resistant microparticles is 300 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: Some amount of nickel is substituted with aluminum such that the substitution amount of aluminum is 0.3 or less with respect to a sum total of 1 with respect to number of atoms of rare-earth element, samarium, and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The localized electron spin density per unit specific surface area of electrode material is preferably 9.3x 1013-1.9x 1014/m2. Preferred Component: The electrode material comprises nitrogen-doped carbon material containing pyridine-type nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrode layer has BET specific surface area of 4.3 m2/g or more, which is obtained by nitrogen adsorption method. The active material for electrode has BET specific surface area of 1.4 m2/g or less, which is measured by nitrogen adsorption method, and specific surface area of 0.80-1.4 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polymer binder in the electrode layer is 3.5 %mass or less, preferably 2.5-3.5 %mass. The polymer binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline water is lithium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Metal catalyst is rhodium-nickel (Rh-Ni) alloy, rhodium-cobalt (Rh-Co) alloy, rhodium-lanthanum (Rh-La) alloy, or rhodium-platinum (Rh-Pt) alloy. Ratio of Rh with respect to metal in alloy is 1:3-19:1. Purity of carrier is greater than or equal to 99.99%. Carrier contains less than or equal to 10 ppm sodium (Na), less than or equal to 10 ppm silicon (Si), less than or equal to 10 ppm iron (Fe), less than or equal to 10 ppm copper (Cu), and less than or equal to 10 ppm magnesium (Mg). Preferred Parameters: Specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore diameter of steam reforming catalyst measured using nitrogen gas adsorption method are 1-5 m2/g, 0.001-0.01 cm3/g, and 1-15 nm, respectively. Specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore diameter of steam reforming catalyst measured using mercury intrusion technique are 1-10 m2/g, 0.1-0.5 cm3/g, and 200-500 nm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode is porous and includes carbon particles (216) covered in a catalyst. The negative electrode includes a protective layer on lithium metal. The protective layer contains lithium superionic conductor. The stoichiometric consumption ratio of carbon dioxide and oxygen is 2:1. The salt includes lithium, preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises an aqueous solvent, cyanomethane, and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phenyl derivative is 0.04-15 wt.% and the content of carbonate compound is 0.005-20 wt.%. The weight ratio of phenyl derivative and carbon compound is 1:0.01-10. The phenyl derivative is 1,1-diphenylethane or 1,1-diphenylethylene. The carbonate compound is fluoroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, or vinyl ethylene carbonate. The weight ratio of vinylene carbonate is 0.005-7 wt.% and the weight ratio of vinyl ethylene carbonate is 0.005-5 wt.%. The electrolyte further contains 5-45 vol.% high-dielectric-constant solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of boron compound is 0.1-5 %mass with respect to content of carbon material. The negative-electrode material has structure formed by bonding carbon atom of carbon material and oxygen atom of boron compound bonded by covalent bond. Preferred Process: The carbon material is artificial graphite obtained by heat-processing natural graphite or hydrocarbon compound at 2000 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the electrolyte is 0.01-2.0 mol/l. The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises 0.01-5 mass% cyclic carbonates having unsaturated bond. Preferred Components: The compound is lithium hexafluorophosphate, or lithium bis (fluoro sulfonyl) imide. The positive electrode is lithium cobaltate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic carbonate having unsaturated bond is vinylene carbonate. The solvent includes ethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Lithium iron phosphate is contained in positive electrode. The negative electrode contains carbon material particle surface coated with amorphous carbon having average particle diameter of 2-25 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Cyclic disulfone compound (I) is preferably 2,4-diethyl-(1,3)dithietane 1,1,3,3-tetraoxide, 2-isopropyl-(1,3)dithietane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide or 2,4-diisopropyl-(1,3)dithietane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide.
Preferred Definitions:    M=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Al, Bi, Sn, Mg, Ca, B or Zr, preferably Mn and Co;and    a=0.2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plasticizer is mineral oil and paraffin oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid fuel is selected from methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol, or low molecular polymer. An ion exchange resin is provided in a powder form or a granular form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monovalent metal is sodium, lithium, or potassium. The mass ratio of the phosphate with respect to the positive electrode active material is 0.001-2, preferably 0.02-1. The positive electrode further has a porous layer containing inorganic oxide filler, which is formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lead system piezoelectric ceramics includes the relaxer type ferroelectric substance containing titanic acid zirconic-acid lanthanum lead, magnesium niobate, lead-titanate solid solution, lead zirconate titanate, lead titanate, a nickel niobic acid and a lead-titanate solid solution. The lead-titanate solid solution is selected from the barium titanate, potassium niobate, a bismuth ferrite, and the lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. The piezoelectric macromolecule is selected from a polyvinylidene-fluoride ferroelectric substance and the vinylidene fluoride trifluoride ethylene copolymer ferroelectric substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali electrolyte solution with concentration of less than or equal to 7 mol/L contains potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide in which amounts of sodium are 0.4-4.2 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The primary modification process is carried out by contacting the carrier with aqueous ammonia. The secondary modification process is carried out by contacting the primary-modified material with nitric acid aqueous solution and/or sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The cation functional group and acid ion are ionically bonded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additive: The additive is chosen from rubidium carbonate, rubidium bicarbonate, or rubidium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gel layer comprises 65-85 weight% cesium carbonate with respect to total weight of polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic acid copolymer gel membrane and cesium carbonate. The gel layer is coated with a hydrophobic porous film. The gel layer has a crosslinked structure derived from an aldehyde group. The porous film is equipped with heat resistance of 100 degrees C or more. The porous films and gel layer are cylindrical having shaft at center. The hydrophilic porous film is made of ceramics. The gel layer is formed in the outer side of the hydrophilic porous film such that the porous film is surrounded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material composition further contains an electroconductive material. The nonoxidizing atmosphere is a reducing atmosphere, an inert atmosphere or a pressure-reduced atmosphere. The ratio (Ia/Ib) of diffraction intensity (Ia) of a peak of magnesium oxide at 2( theta ) of 61.8 plus minus 0.5 degrees to diffraction intensity (Ib) of a peak of magnesium hydride at 2( theta ) of 35.8 plus minus 0.5 degrees , in nonoxidizing atmosphere, using CuK( alpha ) by X-ray diffraction measurement, is 0.2 or less. Preferred Process: The miniaturization process is a process of miniaturizing the raw material composition by mechanical milling. The mechanical milling is a ball milling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound-material ink further contains carbon material as conductive support agent. The positive electrode active material is nickel hydroxide or nickel oxyhydroxide. Preferred Process: Compound-material ink is formed by coating the surface of nickel hydroxide and nickel oxy-hydroxide with cobalt hydroxide or cobalt oxyhydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The emulsion binder has acid value of 0.1-50 mg potassium hydroxide/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The conductive powder having average particle diameter of more than 1 nm and less than 100 nm, has specific surface area of more than 3 m2/g and less than 30 m2/g. The conductive powder having average particle diameter of more than 0.5 microns and less than 5 microns, has specific surface area of more than 0.1 m2/g and less than 2 m2/g. Preferred Composition: Conductive powder contains silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, tin, lead, zinc, iron, iridium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, and/or indium tin oxide. The paste composition comprises more than 60 wt.% and less than 90 wt.% conductive powder mixture, more than 1 wt.% and less than 10 wt.% glass frit and more than 5 wt.% and less than 30 wt.% organic vehicle. The paste composition comprises additive(s) chosen from dispersing agent, thixotropic agent, plasticizer, viscosity stabilizer, antifoaming agent, pigment, ultraviolet stabilizer, antioxidant and adhesion promoter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is air, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide solution and/or ozone gas. The acidic solution containing nickel is nickel oxidation ore, nickel matte, nickel sulfide, mixed sulfide of nickel and cobalt, crude nickel sulfate produced by copper smelting process, unfinished product generated during manufacture of nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, nickel carbonate, nickel powder, nickel metal, or nickel of nickel-hydrogen battery and lithium-ion battery, or solution obtained by adding sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid and leaching nickel. Preferred Process: The neutralization is carried out by adding alkali (KK). The solvent extraction is carried out using acid-phosphate-type extractant. The nickel sulfate solution is subjected to crystallization. The sulfidizing agent is added to acidic solution containing nickel, and the nickel is sulfurized, and separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lithium-ion battery consists of a solid electrolyte layer formed by injecting 50 mg glass-ceramic solid electrolyte into a stainless steel metal mold of 10 mm diameter and press-molding, a positive electrode formed by providing 7.2 mg electrode material on the solid electrolyte layer and press-molding, and a negative electrode consisting of an indium foil having thickness of 0.3 mm and diameter of 9.5 mm and a lithium foil having thickness of 0.2 mm and diameter of 9.5 mm, on the solid electrolyte layer. The discharge capacity per sulfur at current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, charging/discharging electric potential of 0.5-2.2 V and charging/discharging temperature of 25 degrees C is 1000 mAh/g or more, by constant current charging/discharging test. The ratio (maintenance factor) of the discharge capacity of the 30th time with respect to the discharge capacity of the 1st time is 80% or more, when a constant current charging/discharging test is performed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte has a peak at 91 plus minus 0.6 ppm and 90.5 plus minus 0.6 ppm, in solid 31PNMR spectrum, and the ratio of phosphorus atoms contained in the peak is less than 15 mol% with respect to the phosphorus atom contained in all the peaks. The solid electrolyte is a lithium-ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte containing lithium material (LiaMbPcSd (I), where M is chosen from boron, zinc, silicon, copper or gallium and a:b:c:d is 12:0-0.2:1:0-9, preferably 1-9:1:3-7). The electroconductive substance is a porous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fibrous carbon material is carbon nanotubes having average fiber diameter of 5-200 nm. The chain-like carbon material is carbon black formed by coupling primary particles having average primary diameter of 10-100 nm in chain shape. The lithium-containing phosphate particles are lithium-iron-phosphate, lithium-manganese-phosphate, lithium-manganese-iron-phosphate (LiMnxFe1-xPO4), lithium-cobalt phosphate or lithium-vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3). Preferred Property: The average primary particle diameter of composite particles is 0.02-20 mu m. Preferred Process: Alternately, composite particles are obtained by surface-treating carbon materials, heating solution obtained by dissolving metal ions other than phosphate ions and lithium ions in solvent, forming lithium-containing phosphate particles and/or its precursor particles, mixing obtained carbon materials with lithium-containing phosphate particles and/or its precursor particles, decomposing by heating, producing carbon, and forming composite particles coated with carbon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is mixed solvent of water and alcohol, water or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The material (A) contains polysulfone or sulfonated butadiene styrene. The material (B) contains polyarylene ether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the carbonization process, chaff is used for carbon material. Carbon material is heated while rotating within combustion oven. During alkali activation process, 3-8 times alkali activator is added. In alkali activation process, after performing activation process using alkali activator, activation is performed for several times using alkali activator which is different from that of the alkali activator used during activation process. Preferred Property: The ratio of mezzo-soprano hole volume of mezzo-soprano hole with respect to micropore volume of micropores, in porous carbon is 0.5 or more. Preferred Composition: Alkali activator is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and/or sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Gaseous-phase supporting (S3) is carried out with respect to pre-catalyst after carrying out liquid-phase supporting (S2) and producing a pre-catalyst. The outer peripheral particles are larger than the inner particles. Preferred Compound: The catalyst is a solid acid having an acidic functional group in a catalyst carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Lithium sulfur battery contains 0.02-0.5 M acid with respect to nonaqueous solvent. Supporting electrolyte is lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The secondary battery further has an anode current collector (50).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material comprises silicon or germanium, preferably, silicon. The metal-semiconductor alloy is nickel silicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal-semiconductor alloy material contains metal-semiconductor alloy including metal which is nickel, copper, cobalt, silver, gold, platinum, palladium or rhodium, preferably nickel. Preferred Property: The metal-semiconductor alloy layer has thickness of 100 nm to 3 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diol compound (I) is 3-butyne-1,2-diol derivative of formula (II), preferably carbonic acid 1-methoxy carbonyloxymethyl-prop-2-ynyl ester methyl ester, carbonic acid ethyl ester 1-methoxy carbonyloxymethyl-prop-2-ynyl ester, carbonic acid 1-ethoxy carbonyloxymethyl-prop-2-ynyl ester methyl ester or carbonic acid 1-ethoxy carbonyloxymethyl-prop-2-ynyl ester ethyl ester. Preferred Composition: The content of the diol compound is 0.01-5 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat radiating member is made of aluminum, iron, stainless steel, or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the spherical powder having the average particle diameter D50 of 0.3-1 mu m to the spherical powder having the average particle diameter D50 of 1.1-1.5 mu m, is 1:0.2-1:2.5. The weight ratio of the spherical powder having the average particle diameter D50 of 1.6-2.4 mu m to the spherical powder having the average particle diameter D50 of 2.5-3 mu m is 2:1-4:1. The composition includes: the mixture of conductive powders (60-90 wt.%), the glass fit (1-10 wt.%), and the organic vehicle (7-30 wt.%). Preferred Components: The first spherical powder has an average particle diameter D50 of 0.3-1.5 (preferably 0.3-1) mu m. The first spherical powder has an average particle diameter D90 of 1-2.5 (preferably 1.1-1.5) mu m. The second spherical powder has an average particle diameter D50 of 1.51-3 mu m. The second spherical powder includes a mixture of a spherical powder having an average particle diameter D50 of 1.6-2.4 mu m and a spherical powder having an average particle diameter D50 of 2.5-3 mu m. EXAMPLE - A paste composition comprising conductive powders (85 parts by weight (pts.wt.)) comprising first spherical powder (40 pts.wt.) having average particle diameter D50 of 0.8 mu m; flake powder (6 pts.wt.) having average particle diameter D50 of 2.7 mu m, and second spherical powder (54 pts.wt.) having average particle diameter D50 of 2.8 mu m; glass frit (5 pts.wt.), and organic vehicle (10 pts.wt.), was prepared, where organic vehicle was prepared by dissolving cellulose (1 pts.wt.) in butyl carbitol (9 pts.wt.) at 60 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery has an electronic control device connected with a component protective device over an interface such as controller area network (CAN) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is made of stamped sheet metal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The height of each of the edge (12) and edge (14) of the porous polymer separator layer is 10-50 mu m. The polymer material comprises polyetherimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, standard polysulfone, or polyethersulfone. The content of the polymer material in the polymer solution is 5-40 weight% based on the total content of the polymer material and the polymer solvent. The polymer solution further contains miscible mixture of the polymer solvent and polymer non-solvent having boiling point more than the polymer solvent, and particles having melting temperature more than the polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The porous carbon-based material has average particle diameter of 0.5-50 microns, pore diameter of 50-300 nm and BET specific surface area of 10-1000 m2/g, preferably 10-100 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal nanostructures are chosen from group 13 element and group 14 element. The metal nanostructures contain silicon-based metal nanostructures or metal nanowires having average diameter of 20-100 nm. The content of metal nanostructures is 10-200 pts. wt., preferably 10-150 pts. wt., more preferably 10-70 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. porous carbon-based material. The metal nanostructures are chosen from metal nanofilm, metal nanorod, metal nanotubes and metal nanoribbon. The porous carbon-based material is amorphous carbon or crystalline carbon. Preferred Process: The metal nanostructures are grown using metal catalyst particles chosen from gold, copper, aluminum, silver and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation of composite negative active material involves heat-treating silicon oxide as pore-forming material and carbon precursor chosen from petroleum-based pitch, coal-based pitch, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polyacrylonitrile, mesophase pitch, furfuryl alcohol, furan, phenol, cellulose, sucrose and/or polyvinyl chloride, graphitization-promoting catalyst including iron, aluminum, cobalt or nickel, impregnating obtained porous carbon in catalyst chosen from gold, silver, nickel and copper, and introducing metal precursor chosen from silane and tetrachlorosilane to grow metal nanostructures on pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains solvent including 20-40 volume% ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector foil is made of aluminum foil, and the damping metal provided in between ultrasonic welding portion and connection portion is made of damping iron-aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte particles are sulfide solid electrolytes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pulverization process and adjuvant addition process are performed in fluid medium. Preferred Properties: In Raman spectrum of sulfur-type positive electrode active material, the active material has main peak existing at 1331 cm-1 vicinity of Raman shift, and a peak existing at 1548 cm-1, 939 cm -1, 479 cm-1, 381 cm-1 and 317 cm-1 vicinity within range of 200-1800 cm-1, respectively. In particle size distribution of the sulfur-type positive electrode active material, more than 70% of whole particles have particle diameter of 2 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sodium is precipitated on the surface of sodium battery negative electrode collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal element and atoms of the second metal element are not constituent atoms of a crystal lattice of the lithium composite oxide. The upper limit value of a charge voltage is 4.2-4.8 volts, preferably 4.25-4.8 volts. The lithium composite oxide: includes at least one nickel, cobalt or manganese as the transition metal element, and cobalt as a constituent element; and is of formula (LiaM1bM2cO2) (I) or (LidM3cM4fO4) (II). The first compound: includes zirconium and/or titanium as the first metal element; and is lithium oxide compound of formula (LigM5hOi) (III). The second compound: includes phosphorus as a constituent element; is a phosphate compound of formula (M6jPkOmFn) (IV); and includes at least one of sodium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and barium as the second metal element.M1, M3 = Ni, Co or Mn;M2, M4 = Al, Mg, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Ba, Bi, Ca or B;M5 = Zr and/or Ti;M6 = Na, Li, Mg, Zn, Mn or Ba;a, d = greater than 0.01 to less than 1.3;b = greater than 0.9 to less than 1.05;c = 0-0.1;e = greater than 1.8 to less than 2.1;f = greater than or equal to 0 to less than 0.2;g = 0-4;h, k = greater than 0 to less than or equal to 5;i = greater than 0 to less than or equal to 12;j, n = greater than 0 to less than or equal to 6; andm = greater than 0 to less than or equal to 14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The firing is performed at a temperature of 750-1050 degrees C. The positive active material preparation method further comprises washing the mixed product to remove at least some of the molybdate salt, after the firing. The step of preparing the mixed product includes mixing the molybdate salt with the precursor of the solid solution and the lithium compound, where the precursor of the solid solution includes a hydroxide including cobalt, manganese and nickel. Preferred Components: The primary particles have an average particle diameter of 0.5-5 mu m. The secondary particle is an agglomeration of more than one of the primary particles. The molybdate salt is included in the mixed product in an amount of 5-50 (pts. wt.). The molybdate salt includes at least one lithium molybdate (preferred) and sodium molybdate. The positive electrode has an electrode density of greater than 2.8 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aluminum silicate has peak (A) corresponding to -78 ppm and silicon has peak (B) corresponding to -85 ppm, in nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. In X-ray diffraction spectrum, the aluminum silicate has peak corresponding to 2( theta ) of 26.9-35 degrees . The ratio of peak B to A is 2.0-9.0. The BET specific surface area of aluminum silicate is 250 m/g. The ratio of water content in aluminum silicate is less than 10 % mass. The lithium ion-secondary battery consists of positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte solution, separator or binder. The positive electrode is a collector. The electrolyte solution contains organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alloy includes silicon (Si), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi) and indium (In).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monoclinic crystal layered rock salt-type structure is single phase of the crystal phase of a monoclinic crystal layered rock salt-type structure, or mixing phase of the crystal phase of a monoclinic crystal layered rock salt-type structure, or crystal phase of a cubic crystal rock salt-type structure. Preferred Process: Air is passed into the aqueous solution containing formed deposit after precipitation, and further performing oxidation and ageing treatment. A hydrothermal process is carried out in the deposit under alkaline condition with oxidizing agent and a water-soluble lithium compound before baking. The baking process is two-stage baked process which is carried out in presence of organic substance under inert atmosphere. EXAMPLE - 12.82 g Magnesium-nitrate(II)hexahydrate and 39.58 g manganese chloride(II)tetrahydrate were added to 500 ml distilled water, to obtain metal salt aqueous solution. Lithium hydroxide aqueous solution was prepared in which obtained metal salt aqueous solution was dripped and stirred, to obtain magnesium-manganese deposit. Wet-oxidation process was carried out and filtered. 15.74 g Lithium hydroxide monohydrate was dissolved in 200 ml distilled water, filtrate was mixed, pulverized the resultant product, 2.14 g sucrose was dispersed in 100 ml distilled water, baked the obtained powder at 300 degrees C for 1-3 hours under nitrogen atmosphere, cooled to room, washed the obtained product with distilled water and dried, to obtain powdery product of magnesium containing lithium-manganese-type complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The extractant is acid phosphate-type extractant. The pH of the nickel sulfate solution is 2.8 or more. The volume ratio of the nickel-holding organic phase and nickel sulfate solution (A) is 2-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thermal conductivity of container (2) is more than container (3), or the thermal-insulation-property of contained (b) is more than the container (2). The thickness of container (2) is less than the thickness of container (3). The positive electrode active material precursor (4) is granulated previously. The positive electrode active material has primary particle diameter of 0.05-2 mu m, secondary particle diameter of 5 mu m or less, and BET specific surface area of 0.1-1 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium-manganese oxide (Li1+xMn2-yMyO4-z).M=nickel, cobalt, iron, aluminum, magnesium, boron, gallium, indium, silicon, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, yttrium, tin, titanium, vanadium, chromium, copper, silver and/or zinc;x=more than -0.1 to less than 0.1;y=more than 0 to less than 1;andz=more than 0 to less than 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is carbon black. The content of carbon black is 0.5-2 mol with respect to 1 mol vanadium pentoxide. The phosphate compound is diammonium phosphate. The molar ratio of vanadium pentoxide and diammonium phosphate is 1:2. The content of the mixed solvent with respect to the raw material is 100-300 %mass. Preferred Process: The main baking process (S103) of the mixture containing phosphate compound, vanadium pentoxide, carbon material and mixed solvent is carried out at 800-900 degrees C and provisional baking process (S102) of the mixture containing phosphate compound, vanadium pentoxide, carbon material and mixed solvent is carried out at 200-400 degrees C in inert atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is propanol, preferably 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The ionic compound is added to the nonaqueous electrolyte solution and/or the negative electrode paste. The ionic compound (0.5-20 mass.%) or (0.05-10 mass.%) is added, to the nonaqueous electrolyte solution and/or to the negative electrode paste, with respect to the silicon-based negative electrode active material. The ionic compound is coated on a surface of the silicon-based negative electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic material is chosen from silica, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer particles (A) further contain repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid (c).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises a lithium salt comprised of fluorine and/or chlorine. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises a lithium salt comprised of fluorine. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises a lithium salt comprised of chlorine. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy plate material further contains intermetallic compound containing manganese having maximum length of 1 mu m in a matrix. The number of intermetallic compound is 0.25/ mu m2 or more. Preferred Properties: The average value of the maximum length of intermetallic compound is 0.35 mu m or less as measured by image analysis of 5400 mu m2 visual field. The electroconductivity of the aluminum alloy plate material is 45-55 IACS% at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material is a lithium-transition metal composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The locking element is made of metal i.e. stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The moisture-impermeable layer contains silicon dioxide, Parylene (RTM: poly(p-xylylene) polymer), silicon-organic compound or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber-amplified plastic contains thermoplastic, polyolefin or copolymer of polyolefin or polyphenylene sulfide, or copolymer of polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilizing salt comprises one or more of phosphorus, aluminum, or boron. The electrode material comprises a material consisting of a vanadium pentoxide-containing compound or a manganese oxide-containing compound. The pH of the aqueous or non-aqueous acid solution is greater than 6 but less than 7. The stabilizing salt is ammonium hexafluorophosphate, ammonium titanium fluoride, ammonium hexafluorosilicate, ammonium fluorozirconate, ammonium hexafluoroaluminate or ammonium tetrafluoroborate. The electrode material has a metal compound of formula (xLi2M1O3.(1-x)LiM2O2).M1 = metal ions with an average tetravalent oxidation state, preferably Mn, Ti, or Zr;x = 0 to less than 1; andM2 = metal ions with an average trivalent oxidation state, preferably Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or Ni.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous acid solution comprises an alcohol i.e. methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal-plating film is crystalline, and has thickness of 0.01-0.1 mu m. The gold-plating film is formed by electroless-plating process using substitution reaction with nickel of nickel-plating film, and has thickness of 0.01-0.1 mu m. The gold-plating film does not contain nickel oxide. The aluminum base material consists of 5000 type-aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangements: The electrode assembly further comprises base porous conductive network layer which is laminated between current collector and electrical active material layer (20), electrical active material layer (20A) which is laminated on the opposite side of layer (30A), and porous conductive network layer (30B). Preferred Composition: The current collector includes metal foil and metal mesh. The layers (30A) and (30B) comprises metal foam, carbon fiber and metal filament layer. The metal filament layer has nonwoven fabric structure. The metal filament layer comprises segmented metal filaments having average length of 10 mu m -100 mm, preferably 50 mu m to 100 mm. Preferred Property: The thickness of porous conductive network layer (30A) is 0.5-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode component further has separators (70A,70B). The positive electrode has positive electrode active material layer (34) on positive electrode collector (32). The negative electrode has negative electrode active material layer (54) on negative electrode collector (52). The positive electrode is equipped with electroconductive intermediate layer (36) containing electroconductive material and a binder. The separator has separator main component and heat-resistant layer (72) including binder and inorganic filler having average particle diameter of 0.5-5 mu m. The content of granular polymer in the electroconductive intermediate layer is 10-30 %mass. The content of granular polymer in the heat-resistant layer is 10-40 %mass. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of granular polymer is 0.1-3 mu m. The porosity of separator is 30-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of iron and fluorine in the amorphous structure coating film is more than 1 and less than 6. The content of positive electrode active material is 0.5-1.5 %mass with respect to 100 %mass film. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains organic solvent, lithium salt and fluorine. Preferred Property: The manganese-containing lithium complex oxide has oxidation-reduction potential of 4.6 V or more based on metallic lithium electrode standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible resin class material is any one of cellulose based resin, the polyester resin, the polyethylene resin, the poly propylene resin, the polyvinyl chloride resin, the polycarbonate (PC), the polyethersulfone (PES), the polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), the polyphenylene-sulfide (PPS), the polyimide, the tri-acetyl cellulose, the polyvinyl alcohol, the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate and polyamide group resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material is manganese spinel active material and olivine active material. The manganese spinel active material has a metal compound of formula (Li1+xMn2-yMyO4). The olivine active material has a metal compound of formula (LiM1aPO4). A cathode active material of the second active material layer has a metal compound of formula (LiaNibMncCodMeO2). The first and second active material layers have a thickness of 40-80 mu m.M = 2-3 oxidation numbers;x, y = 0-0.2;M1a = Fe, Mn, Ni or V;a = 0.95-1.05;b-d = 0; ande = 0-0.1, where a+b+c+d+e is 1.95-2.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous mixture contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer layer is made of polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound further contains compound containing nickel atom, and compound containing cobalt atom and titanium atom. The lithium composite metal oxide has composition of formula: Lia(Ni1-x-y-zCoxFeyTiz)O2 (I).a=0.9-1.3;x=0-1;y,z=0-0.4;andx+y+z=0-1 (excluding 0 and 1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An adjuvant with electric charge same as the main component is sprayed such that the solvent is evaporated from the substrate surface. The adjuvant is the same as the solvent or dispersion medium containing the main component. The substrate is heated to 50-1000 degrees C during the electrostatic spraying process. The deposit on the substrate is heated at 400-1300 degrees C. The electrostatic spraying is carried out in oxygen atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base material is consisted of a raw material chosen from galvanized steel sheet, aluminum alloy boards, and stainless steel plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The synthetic resin coating materials is consisted of polyvinyl chloride resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from linear sulfone of formula: S(=O)(=O)(-R31)(-R32), nitrile, lactone, and cyclic carbonate. The amount of colloidal silica in electrolyte solution is 1-60 %mass.R31,R32=halo, aryl or 1-12C alkyl optionally and partially substituted with alkoxy or aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Before irradiating electromagnetic waves to the residue, a positive electrode active material precursor is added to the residue, the above process is carried out for 1 or more times, and the obtained products and residue are pulverized. The separation process is carried out using a sieve. Electromagnetic waves are irradiated to the positive electrode active material, to carryout positive electrode active material precursor flow, and/or electromagnetic waves are irradiated to the residue, to carryout the residue flow. The positive electrode active material precursor is granulated previously. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium-manganese-containing composition of formula: Li1+xMn2-yMyO4-z (I).M=Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Mg, B, Ga, In, Si, Zr, Nb, Mo, Y, Sn, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, Ag and/or Zn;x=more than -0.1 and less than 0.1;y=0 and less than 1;andz=0 and less than 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclopropane compound (II) is a compound of formula (II-1). The cyclopropane compound (III) is a compound of formula (III-1) or (III-2). The electrolyte is lithium salt. The content of cyclopropane compound with respect to total amount of electrolyte solution is 0.005-20 %mass. The organic solvent is cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, or cyclic ester. The lithium-ion secondary battery has lithium titanate as active material, and negative electrode.L22=cyclopropyl group and 2 carbonyl groups, which forms ring structure;andL21+L22=5-membered or 6-membered ring. Preferred Definitions:    X=cyano;    R11-R14=H;and    L32=methylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of peaks (A) and (B) is 0.2-0.9 mu m, and 1-2 mu m. The maximum particle size of inorganic filler contained in the porous heat-resistant layer is 5 mu m or less. The ratio of frequency at peak (A) and frequency at peak (B) is 0.4 or less to more than 1. The porosity of porous heat-resistant layer is 50-70%. Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is chosen from alumina, magnesia, zirconia, silica, boehmite and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of dibutyl phthalate oil absorption of the carbon black is 150-200 mL/g. The content of the carbon black is 0.1-0.5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The all-solid-state battery has positive electrode layer containing positive electrode active material particles and sulfide solid electrolyte, negative electrode layer, and solid electrolyte layer formed between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer. Preferred Properties: The cross-sectional area (Sa) of the sulfide solid electrolyte is 1000 nm or less. When the sum total of the area of the sulfide solid electrolyte is made into (Sb), then the ratio of (Sa) and (Sb) is 0.1 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte-coated positive electrode active material particles further have lithium ion conductive oxide layer (3), provided between the positive electrode active material particles and the sulfide solid electrolyte layer. Preferred Property: The sulfide solid electrolyte layer has thickness of 50-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution is aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide. The air electrode is a porous material containing inorganic oxide fine particles having oxidation reduction catalytic function. The inorganic solid electrolyte material contains layered double hydroxide (M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2A power(n-)x/n.mH2O, where M2+ is bivalent cation, preferably magnesium ion, M3+ is trivalent cation, preferably aluminum ion, A power(n-) is n valent anion, preferably carbonate, n is 1 or more and x is 0.1-0.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of silicon with respect to aluminum of the aluminum silicate is 0.4-0.6. The positive electrode contains dispersion liquid further contains binder. Preferred Property: The aluminum silicate has peak in 3 ppm vicinity measured from aluminum (27Al)-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and peak in 78 ppm and -85 ppm vicinity measured from silicon (29Si)-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The aluminum silicate has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 250 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material with surface area of 2.6-3.9 m2/cm3 per unit area of electrode plate group. Preferred Component: The lead alloy contains 0.005-2 %mass silver, and 0.01-0.5 %mass indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating material comprises lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM). The powder for forming interconnects is chromium and iron containing powder. The interconnect is chromium-iron alloy interconnect having the LSM layer on its air surface. The coating material comprises a spinel or (Mn,Co)3O4 spinel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron conducting material comprises iron, aluminum, nickel, copper, or porous carbon including pores with metal in the pores. The alkali metal comprises sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The heat pipe is substantially closed such that it defines an environment which is fluidly isolated from the ambient environment during normal operation. The pressure control device comprises a pressure relief valve and a rupture disc. The module further comprises a cooling plate placed in thermal communication with heat pipe. The heat pipe comprises a pressure relief device coupled to it, where pressure relief device facilitates the release of heat transfer fluid present in the heat pipe upon attainment of thermal event. The heat pipe comprises pressure relief device to isolate the heat transfer fluid from an ambient environment at least when a pressure exerted by heat transfer fluid on the heat pipe does not exceed the predetermined threshold. Preferred Method: The method further comprises providing additional support to maintain pressure relief device in place at least during a portion of affixing such that the heat transfer fluid arranged within the heat pipe is not prematurely liberated. The affixing of heat pipe to another structure in the heat pipe system comprises at least one welding, soldering and brazing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon powder has average particle diameter of 150 nm or less. The actual baking is performed at 850 degrees C or less. The lithium compound is lithium carbonate. The vanadium compound is vanadium trioxide and the phosphorus compound is dihydrogen ammonium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte further has structural unit of formula: -((Ar'-Y')m-(Ar')n-Z)- (IV). The content of structural unit (III) is 5 wt.% or more. The polymer electrolyte is block copolymer containing the hydrophobic segment which does not have sulfonic acid group, and hydrophilic segment having sulfonic acid group.Y'=SO2, C(CH3)2 or C(CF3)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Processes: Mechanical treatment process involves performing 1st ball mill process at 200-300 rpm for 10-30 hours and 2nd ball mill process at 350-450 rpm for 5-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is of compositional formula: Li1+xMn2-yMyO4-z.M=Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Mg, B, Ga, In, Si, Zr, Nb, Mo, Y, Sn, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, Ag or Zn;x=-0.1 to 0.1;y=0 to less than 1;andz=0 to less than 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode is transparent electrode. The photocatalyst contains titanium oxide (15a). The adsorbent is clay mineral which is allophane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rod-shaped core is made of aluminium gallium nitride, gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Inorganic persulfate is persulfate of ammonium, sodium, or potassium. Mineral salt is sodium chloride or calcium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Hydrophilic polymeric material is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doped strontium titanate exhibits a perovskite structure including an A site, where the A site is doped with at least one lanthanum, yttrium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium or erbium. The doped strontium titanate has a structure of formula ((Yx1Sr1-x1)y1TiO3-d), ((Lax2Sr1-x2)y2TiO3-d) or (Lax4SrOy3TiO3-d). The doped strontium titanate exhibits a perovskite structure including a B site, where the B site is doped with M, which comprises at least one of niobium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, vanadium, iron, gallium or aluminum. The doped strontium titanate has a structure of formula (Srx3Ti1-zMzO3-d). The chemical barrier includes a doped ceria with the formula ((R,Ce)O2-d). The chemical barrier including doped strontium titanate having a pervoskite structure and doped ceria has a structure of formula ((1-w)(RxSr1-x)yTiO3-d-w(R, Ce)O2-d). The chemical barrier separates the interconnect from the first anode. The chemical barrier exhibits a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is substantially same as a CTE exhibited by a substrate on which the chemical barrier is deposited.x1 = 0-0.1;y1 = 0.9-1;x2 = 0-0.4;y2 = 0.9-1;x3 = 0.9-1;z = 0-0.5;R = Y, La (both preferred), Gd, Sm, or Nd;x4 = 0-0.4; andy3 = 0.90-1.Preferred Method: The step of forming the chemical barrier comprises: firing the doped strontium titanate in an air atmosphere; and reducing the fired doped strontium titanate to increase the conductivity of the doped strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing active material having layered-type lithium manganese nickel cobalt-containing composition of formula: Li(1+d)Mnx NiyCo(1-x-y-z)MzO2, where M is titanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum, silicon, gallium, germanium and tin, d is -0.15-0.15 (excluding -0.15 and 0.15), x is 0.1-0.5 (excluding 0.1), x+y+z is 0.6-1 (excluding 0.6) and z is 0-0.1. The complex oxide and spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide is of composition Li(1+e)Mn(2-w-e)M'-WO4, where M' is magnesium, calcium, strontium, aluminum, gallium, zinc and copper, e is 0-0.2 and w=0-0.1. The weight ratio of layered-type lithium manganese nickel cobalt complex oxide of mixing active material is 25-55% with respect to the total weight of the layered-type lithium manganese nickel cobalt complex oxide and spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide. The electrolyte solution further contains inorganic ion salt. The amount of cyclohexylbenzene or its derivative(s) is in the electrolyte is 0.5-3.5 wt.% with respect to 100 pts. wt. electrolyte solution. Preferred Property: The upper limit voltage of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery at the time of charge is 4-4.2 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of primary component and secondary component consisting positive electrode active material is 8/2-5/5. Preferred Properties: The particle size ratio of the primary component and secondary component of positive electrode active material is 1.67-8.33. The ratio of specific-surface-area of primary component and secondary component consisting positive electrode active material is 0.40-0.23.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The latter part includes aluminum. The former part includes copper, nickel and nickel-plated copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the battery electrode: a peak P(020) appears at 48.0-49.0 degrees and a peak P(001) appears at 12-16 degrees in a powder X-ray diffraction diagram when the electrode is subjected to measurement by a powder X-ray diffractometry using a copper K( alpha ) ray source; and the ratio of intensity (I(020)) of the peak P(020) to intensity (I(001)) of the peak P(001) is 0.89-1.1. The active material layer has: a pore volume of 0.2-0.25 ml/g; and a density of 2-2.4 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel cell reaction system comprises at least one member selected from alkaline fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, a membrane/electrode assembly, a molten carbonate fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, a protonic-ceramic fuel cell, a regenerative fuel cell and a solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is obtained by mixing and baking lithium compound and precursor of transition metal oxide. The lithium compound is carbonate. Preferred Properties: The ratio of 90%-accumulation volume particle size with respect to 10%-accumulation volume particle size is 2.3-4.4. The active material has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 3.5-6.5 m2/g and tap density of 1.65-1.96 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive material comprises nickel, copper, aluminum, magnesium, magnesium-nickel alloy of formula (Mg2Ni), titanium-iron alloy of formula (TiFe), zirconium-nickel alloy of formula (ZrNi), zirconium-manganese alloy of formula (ZrMn2), lanthanum-nickel alloy of formula (LaNi5) and lanthanum-nickel-tin alloy (LaNi5-xSnx), graphite and carbon. The electrically conductive condensed powder of the second electrode further comprises platinum and palladium. The ion is at least one lithium ion, magnesium(II) ion, sodium ion, potassium ion and calcium(II) ion. The first electrode has stronger negative potential than the second electrode. The first- and the second electrode comprise hydride-containing or hydroxide-containing condensed powder electrode, where hydrogen is developed. The hydride-containing or hydroxide-containing condensed powder electrode comprises lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, magnesium hydride, lithium hydroxide and lithium amide.x = not defined. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Antioxidant is a compound which contains ammonium ion. Basic aqueous dispersion contains 0.001-2 molar ratio antioxidant with respect to iron (Fe). Basic aqueous dispersion contains organic acid iron of formula R2Fe. Lithium compound is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate, and/or lithium sulfate. Silicic acid compound is amorphous silica and/or Na4SiO4. Preferred Process: Hydrothermal reaction of the mixture obtained by mixing basic aqueous dispersion and FeSO4 is performed. Preferred Parameters: Basic aqueous dispersion has 12-13.5 pH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The silica-sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol composite membrane membrane has low degree of development in methanol and ethanol, and ion-exchange capacity of 0.23 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery electrode active material is lead dioxide. The electrode material further includes (in %mass) carbon-containing additive (0.01-10), hydrogen evolution inhibitor (0.01-2) and binder (0.01-10). The carbon-containing additive is activated carbon, acetylene black, carbon black, carbon nanotube and/or graphite. The hydrogen evolution inhibitor is zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, gallium oxide and/or tin oxide. Alternatively, the electrode material further includes carbon-containing additive (0.01-10), oxygen evolution inhibitor (0.01-2) and binder (0.01-10). The oxygen evolution inhibitor is bismuth oxide and/or antimony oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-butadiene rubber, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and/or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyamine-containing material is functional group binder material. The binder material is silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium manganese complex oxide of formula: Lia(MxMn2-x-yY'y)(O4-wZw), Lix1M1PO4Fy1 or Lix2(LiaM2bMn1-a2-b2)O2.x,a=0.4-1.2;y=0 or more;x+y=less than 2;w=0-1;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr or Cu;Y'=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K or Ca;Z=F or Cl;x1=0-2;y1=0-1;M1=Co or Ni;x2=0-1;a2=0.05-0.3;b2=more than 0.1 to less than 0.4;andM3=Ni, Co, Fe or Cr.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated solvent is fluorinated ether of formula: R101-O-R102 (I), fluorinated phosphate ester of formula: O=P(-O-R201)(-O-R203)-O-R202 (II), fluorinated carboxylate ester of formula: R301-C(=O)-O-R302 (III) or fluorinated carbonate of formula: R401-O-C(=O)-O-R402 (IV). The content of fluorinated solvent in the nonaqueous electrolysis solvent is 30-90 vol.%. The nonaqueous electrolysis solvent further contains carbonate compound or sulfone compound. In the nonaqueous electrolysis solvent containing carbonate compound, content of fluorinated solvent and content of carbonate compound is 10-50 vol.% and 50-90 vol.%, respectively.R101,R102,R201-R203,R301,R302,R401,R402=alkyl optionally substituted by fluoro, where at least one of R101 and R102, at least one of R301 and R302, at least one of R401 and R402, and at least one of R201-R203 are alkyl substituted by fluoro, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator is cellulose-containing separator, cellulose derivative-containing separator or glass fiber-containing separator. Preferred Property: The separator has porosity of 50-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains lithium titanate as negative electrode active material. The electroconductive powder is carbon material having particle size of 10-100 nm with respect to primary particle in electron-microscope observation. Preferred Property: The particle size of positive electrode active material particles is 10-200 nm with respect to primary particles by electron-microscope observation. The crystal structure of the lithium containing phosphoric acid compound (I) has space group Cmcm and space group Pnma. Preferred Condition: The pH of the aqueous medium is 3 or less. Preferred Process: The surface of positive electrode active material particles is coated by electroconductive powder. Chelating agent is further added to prepare raw material mixture. The baking of gel-like raw material mixture involves temporary baking at 400 degrees C or less, mixing temporary baking products and electroconductive powder at more than temporary baking temperature, and baking at 800 degrees C. The temporary baking is preferably performed at 120-400 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    A=tungsten;    M=Mn or Li;and    y=0-0.05 (excluding 0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains compound: F-Si(-R5)(-R6)-Q-Si(-R5)(-R6)-F (III).R5,R6=alkyl, 1-8C halogenoalkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl or 6-8C aryl;andQ=oxygen atom or 1-6C bivalent hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal foil layer is aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate-protection layer contains urethane resin having glass transition temperature of 0-60 degrees C, and resin filler. The aliphatic isocyanate hardener is 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. The adhesive layers contain polyamide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vanadium in the glass component is 70 wt.% or more based on oxide conversion. The content of the glass component is 5-15 wt.%. The electroconductive powder contains atomizing powder produced by atomizing method, and silver as a main component. The electroconductive paste contains phosphate compound chosen from silver phosphate (Ag4P2O5), silver orthophosphate, zinc pyrophosphate, manganese phosphate and zirconium-tungstyl phosphate (Zr2WO4(PO4)2). Preferred Property: The crystalline diameter of the electroconductive powder is 70 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the phosphoric compound in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.2-30 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of base electrolyte solution. The content of the compound (a) in the base electrolyte solution is 50-99.8 %mass. The concentration of the lithium salt in the base electrolyte solution is 0.5-1.5 mol/l. The compound (I) is preferably of formula: Li(LixMnyNivCow)Op. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has charge voltage of 4.4 V or more. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=CH3-, CH3CH2-, CF3CH2- or CHF2CF2CH2-;and    Y'=-CH2CH2-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the sulfonic acid compound in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.2-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of base electrolyte solution. The sulfonic acid compound is sulfolane compound. The content of the compound (a) in the base electrolyte solution is 50-99.8 %mass. The concentration of the lithium salt in the base electrolyte solution is 0.5-1.5 mol/l. The compound (I) is preferably of formula: Li(LixMnyNivCow)Op. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has charge voltage of 4.4 V or more. Preferred Definitions:    Rf1,Rf2=trifluoromethyl;and    Y1,Y2=H or fluoro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the sulfonic acid compound in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.2-30 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of base electrolyte solution. The content of the compound (a) in the base electrolyte solution is 50-99.8 %mass. The concentration of the lithium salt in the base electrolyte solution is 0.5-1.5 mol/l. The compound (I) is preferably of formula: Li(LixMnyNivCow)Op. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has charge voltage of 4.4 V or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the sulfonic acid compound in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.2-30 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of base electrolyte solution. The sulfonic acid compound is sulfolane compound. The content of the compound (a) in the base electrolyte solution is 50-99.8 %mass. The concentration of the lithium salt in the base electrolyte solution is 0.5-1.5 mol/l. The compound (I) is preferably of formula: Li(LixMnyNivCow)Op. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has charge voltage of 4.4 V or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microbial fuel cell apparatus contains electroactive microorganism (BB) chosen from Geobacter and Shwanella are adhered on the surface of the anode electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molecular weight cut-off value of water treatment separation film is 1-30 kDa. The permeation rate of permeated water passing through the water treatment separation film is 10-20 L/m2/hour.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The anode electrode of anode portion is chosen from stainless steel mesh, carbonfelt and carbon paper. The cathode electrode of the cathode portion is carbonfelt, carbon paper or carbon cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hollow section is made of light metal such as aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (M) is chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tin and lead. The liquid mixture further contains chelating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is glycol compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the lithium bisoxalate borate is 0.01 wt.% or more. The ionic liquid contains cation containing nitrogen atom as cation component, preferably alkyl ammonium, imidazolium, pyrrolidinium and piperidinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium complex oxide has lattice strain of 0.3% or less. The lithium complex oxide is surface-treated oxide. Preferred Definitions:    M=Mn, Co or Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal film contains silver and/or aluminum of (110) orientation. The x of compound is preferably 1. Preferred Properties: The lattice spacing of c axial direction of the positive electrode active material is expanded 1% or more with respect to lattice spacing not controlled. The lattice mismatch of the metal film and positive electrode active material is 7% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode has carbon-type positive electrode collector (12). The negative electrode has carbon-type negative electrode collector (22). The carbon-type positive electrode collector and carbon-type negative electrode collector include carbon nonwoven fabric or carbon woven fabric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonmetallic electroconductive filler is carbon-type filler. The negative electrode has negative electrode active material layer (21) contains silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The lamination exterior is formed using film having laminated structure of resin layer and gas barrier layer containing silica. Preferred Composition: The sulfur-type positive electrode active material has structure derived from polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The tabular secondary battery with a particle shape of the manganese phosphate compound flat to b axial direction. Preferred Process: The manganese phosphate compound is prepared by mixing starting material which includes sodium source, manganese source, M' source, phosphoric acid source and fluorine source in the solvent-containing metal chelate formation functional group, preparing raw material liquid mixture, heating, obtaining precursor, and baking at predetermined temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal chelate formation functional group is chosen from hydroxyl group, carbonyl group and ether group. The solvent is polyol solvent. Preferred Definitions:    M'=aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrolyte layer is formed of sulfide type solid electrolyte containing lithium sulfide or phosphorus sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode active material layer is formed of lithium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin or aluminum. The positive electrode active material layer is formed of cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder further contains crown ether. The dissociation constant of conjugate acid of the counter anion of lithium salt in water is 4 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material contains lithium-type transition metal complex oxide of formula: Li(LiaMnxCoyNiz)O2 (I), or silicon oxide of formula: SiOx'.x,y,z,a=positive real number;x'=more than 0 and less than 2;anda+x+y+z=1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The temperature-responsive polymer is poly(N-alkylacrylamide), poly(N-vinylalkylamide), polyvinyl alkyl ether, poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) and/or polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol block copolymer, preferably poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) and/or polyvinyl methyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high molecular polymer type dispersing agent is provided with any of polyvinyl acetals, such as polyvinyl formal and polyvinyl butyral, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyvinyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-type electrically conductive material is provided with acetylene black, graphite, and ketchen carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyanion-type material is lithium-iron phosphate. The negative electrode active material comprises silicon oxide. The supporting electrolyte comprises lithium- tetrafluoroborate. The metallic sheath of cladding material comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The collector comprises stainless steel, or carbon nonwoven fabric. The solvent of electrolyte solution comprises propylene carbonate and ( gamma )-butyrolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sealing material comprises perfluoroalkoxy fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The free acid is chosen from hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid and fluorosulfonic acid. The electrolyte solution has moisture content of less than or equal to 50 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles of electrolyte: consist of an inorganic material including compounds of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Li (2.9)PO(3.3)N(0.46)), compounds of lithium silicon phosphorus oxynitride (Li(1.9) Si(0.28) P(1)O(1.1) N(1)), lithium orthosilicate, lithiophosphate, lithium carbonate, boron oxide, lithium oxide, aluminummetaphosphate- lithium fluoride, phosphorus (III) sulfide, lithium sulfide, lithium nitride, lithium zinc germanate, lithium germanium vanadate (Li (3.6)Ge(0.6)V(0.4)O4), lithium titanium phosphate, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (Li (1.3)Al(0.3)Ti(1.7) (PO4)3), lithium lanthanum titanate (Li(0.36) La(0.55)TiO3), lithium geranium thiophosphates (Li(3.25)Ge(0.25)P(0.25)S4), 4.9LiI-34 (sic), 1Li2O-61B2O3 (sic), 30LiS-26B2S3-44LiI (sic), 60Li2S-40SiS2 (sic), 2Li3PO4-98(Li2S-SiS2) (sic), lithium titanium silicon phosphorus oxide (Li(1.4)Ti2Si(0.4)P(2.6)O12)/aluminum phosphate ratio of 2:1, 70Li2S-30P2S5 (sic), lithium aluminum phosphate (Li1+xAlxM2-x(PO4)3), where M is germanium, titanium and hafnium and x is 0-1, Li1+x+yAlxSiyP3-yO12 (sic), and Li1+x+yMx(Ge1-yTiy)2-xSizP3-zO12 (sic), where x is 0-0.8, y is 0-1 and z is 0-0.6; and comprise an impregnated polymer of a lithium salt. The lithium salt includes lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium acetate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, lithium triflate, lithium trifluoroacetate, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithium thiocyanate, and lithium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer includes polyethylene oxide, polyimides, vinylidene polyfluoride, polyacrylonitrile, poly methyl methacrylate, and polysiloxanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphene sheets comprise 2 (preferably 8) wt.% of sulfur. The sulfur-containing reagent is sulfuric acid. The graphite is oxidized to graphite oxide using a mixture comprising sulfuric acid and permanganate salt. The graphene sheets have a surface area of 100 (preferably 400) m2/g, and a carbon to oxygen molar ratio of 10:1, preferably 50:1. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains cyclohexylbenzene and/or cyclohexylbenzene derivative. The content of the biphenyl and/or biphenyl derivative and cyclohexylbenzene and/or cyclohexylbenzene derivative in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 5 mmol/cc or more and 0.5 mmol/cc or more, respectively with respect to the void volume of the positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element which can occlude/discharge lithium ion is silicon or tin, or their compounds, or sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, titanium, silver, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony or bismuth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent in the electrolyte solution in the secondary battery is fluoroethylene carbonate and/or difluoroethylene carbonate, or cyclic carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton donating group is sulfonic acid group. The content of the catalyst is 0.35 mg/cm2 or less, preferably 0.12 mg/cm2 or less. The support is carbon support having specific surface area of 150 m2/g or more, preferably 700 m2/g or more. The contact ratio of the proton conduction material in the carbon support is 0.4 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solid solution is prepared by mixing starting material including sodium source, manganese source, phosphate source, fluorine source, and lithium source in solvent containing metal chelate formation functional group, obtaining raw material liquid mixture, heating, obtaining precursor and baking the obtained precursor by predetermined temperature. The metal chelate formation functional group is chosen from hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and ether group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is a polyol solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer which comprises each of the negative electrode compound material layer and the separator is polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material further contains electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode active material is selected from silicon, tin or graphite. The metallic current collector is high conductivity copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shape memory alloy is nickel-titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery case is metal can. The electrode terminal (a) is anode terminal. The electrode terminal (a) is cathode terminal. The safety element is positive temperature coefficient element. The connection component (190) is made of nickel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic particles contain alumina, aluminum hydroxide, silica, barium-titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, clay, titanium oxide, glass powder, and/or boehmite, and have an average diameter (D50) of 0.1-2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous polymer is styrene-acrylic, styrene-butadiene, acrylic, and/or vinyl acrylic. The aqueous polymer is polyvinyl alcohol and/or its copolymer. Preferred Properties: The composite film has a shrinkage rate of 10% or less at 160 degrees C in both mechanical and traverse directions, and a meltdown temperature of 190 degrees C or more. The difference between shutdown temperature of composite film and shutdown temperature of microporous polyolefin fin is 1 degrees C or less. The adhesive strength of porous coating layer with respect to the microporous film is 1.5 kgf/cm2 or more, the adhesion retention in the electrolyte is 80% or more, the Gurley permeability is 30-500 seconds, and the permeability increase ratio depending on the thickness of porous coating layer is 30 seconds/ mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hetero-nanostructure material further comprises substrate for supporting the silicide nanoplatform which is from titanium silicide. The ionic host nanoparticles are titanium-doped vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles. The protective coating contains silicon oxide. The silicide nanonet in the fabrication of hetero-nanostructure material is titanium silicide nanonet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery further contains cathode active material containing manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves obtaining the solid carbon source; pyrolyzing the solid carbon source in an oven; pyrolyzing the solid carbon source via plasma chemical vapor deposition or thermal chemical vapor deposition; and blending the hybrid composite with a solvent, metal, ceramic, polymer, oxide, nitrile and a material comprising carbon. Preferred Components: The tubular carbon is a carbon nanotube. The tubular carbon is 0.01-99% of the hybrid composite. The graphene, graphene flake, or graphene nano platelets when analyzed via X-ray diffraction, generates peaks at two theta values of 26.5 degrees or 54.5 degrees . The tubular carbon, when analyzed via X-ray diffraction, generates peaks at two theta values of 26.5 degrees , 44.5 degrees and 51.6 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is chosen from group of platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, gold, and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Positive electrode active material is lithium salt of transition metal oxide which has layered rock salt-type structure. Lithium salt of ternary transition metal oxide is represented by Li1-x-y-zNixCoyAlzO2 or Li1-x-y-zNixCoyMnzO2.x, y, z=0-1; andx+y+z= less than or equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive material is carbon black or acetylene black. The dispersing agent is selected from high molecular compound having hydrophobic group and hydrophilic group, anionic compound having polar functional group, or a cationic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic polymer has water-soluble functional group chosen from carboxylic acid group and sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The solid content concentration of positive electrode paste is 50 %mass or more. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: Li1+xNiyCozM0(1-y-z)O2 (I).x=0.05-0.2;y=0.3to less than 0.9;z=more than 0.1 to more than 0.4;(1-y-z)=0 or less;andM0=manganese and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroactive component of cathode is comprised of ruthenium (IV) oxide hydrate (RuO2.nH2O), manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, and nickel oxyhydroxide. The cathode is comprised of a conductive additive including activated carbon, carbon black, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. The system is provided with a reservoir storing cleaning and purging agent such as concentrated hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode and active metal of active metal-based galvanic cell are of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, tin, zinc alloy, or alloy of the active metals. The electroactive component of cathode is made of noble metals such as platinum or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning agent is comprised of citric acid, tartaric acid, or fumaric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell is contained within a flexible packaging material made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is bismuth oxide or tin oxide. The metal is tin. The carbon material is graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic group is carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material powder contains 0.5 %mass or less lithium carbonate and 0.5 %mass or less lithium hydroxide, and has average particle diameter of 1-30 mu m, 10%-cumulative diameter of 1-10 mu m, 90%-cumulative diameter of 15-50 mu m, relative frequency of 10% or less with respect to average particle diameter, tap density of 0.5 g/cm3 or more, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.5-3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of compact powder resistivity of carbon material after and before graphitization when compressed to density of 1.4 g/cm3 is 0.5 or less. The carbon material has D50 particle size distribution of 30 mu m or less, before graphitization. The compression rate of carbon material measured as ratio of difference of hardening volume density and loosening volume density, and loosening volume density is 20-50%, before graphitization. Preferred Composition: The carbon material before graphitization is formed by pulverizing and heating an organic carbon raw material at 800-1500 degrees C. The organic carbon raw material is petroleum pitch, coal pitch, coke and/or petroleum coke, and has sulfur content of 2 %mass or less. The heat loss amount of organic carbon raw material is 5-20 %mass when heated at 300-1200 degrees C in inert atmosphere. The carbon material before graphitization contains 10-100000 mass ppm of boron type compound and/or silicon type compound. Preferred Method: The electrode material is manufactured in a cube-shaped furnace having opened upper portion. An electrode for supplying electricity is arranged at both end surfaces of furnace along longitudinal direction. An oxygen barrier layer is provided at the surface of furnace contacting with air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of compact powder resistivity of carbon material after and before graphitization when compressed to density of 1.4 g/cm3 is 0.5 or less. The carbon material has D50 particle size distribution of 30 mu m or less, before graphitization. The compression rate of carbon material measured as ratio of difference of hardening volume density and loosening volume density, and loosening volume density is 20-50%, before graphitization. Preferred Composition: The organic carbon raw material is petroleum pitch, coal pitch, coke and/or petroleum coke, and has sulfur content of 2 %mass or less. The heat loss amount of organic carbon raw material is 5-20 %mass when heated at 300-1200 degrees C in inert atmosphere. The carbon material before graphitization contains 10-100000 mass ppm of boron type compound and/or silicon type compound. Preferred Method: The electrode material is manufactured in a cube-shaped furnace having opened upper portion. An electrode for supplying electricity is arranged at both end surfaces of furnace along longitudinal direction. An oxygen barrier layer is provided at the surface of furnace contacting with air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic pore-forming agent is glycol ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The surface area of the cellulose fibers is 200-500 m2/g. The volume resistivity of the microporous membrane measured using 20-kHz alternating current in the state of impregnated with 1 mol lithium hexafluorophosphate-propylene carbonate solution is 1500 Omega cm or less. The solubility of hydrophilic pore-forming agent with respect to water is 10 wt.% or more. The microporous membrane has porosity of 30-70%, and tensile strength of 50 or more N.m/g. Preferred Process: The microporous membrane is obtained from 3-80 pts. wt. slurry containing hydrophilic pore-forming agent, with respect to 100 pts. wt. raw material cellulose fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion battery positive electrode active material further contains an electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of high level particles more than primary particles or secondary particles contains carbon. Preferred Condition: The aqueous solution is reacted for 6 hours or more at normal pressure vicinity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent of electrode material paste is aprotic polar solvents chosen from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide and ( gamma )-butyrolactone. The solvent of solidified liquid is protonic solvents chosen from water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The differences of binder concentration at the side of the current collector foil of the electrode film and the binder concentration opposite side of the current collector foil is less than 50% of the binder concentrations opposite side of the current collector foil. The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride-type and/or rubber-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfur compound is sodium thiosulfate or thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric particles are barium titanate particles. The noble metal salt is a palladium salt, preferably palladium chloride or palladium nitrate. The nickel compound is nickel hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal is palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyol is ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal of the compound B: contains manganese, molybdenum (both preferred), vanadium or chromium; and is used in an oxidation state greater than or equal to 5. The transition metal compound is: a transition metal oxide, which is a molybdenum trioxide; and a salt of an oxoacid of the transition metal. The salt is potassium permanganate. The material adsorbing sulfur-comprising compounds is zinc oxide, zeolite, or silver-doped zeolite. The hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture comprises 1-500 parts per million of sulfur-comprising compounds, where the hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture is subsequently fed to a fuel cell operated with the hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precipitation agent is sodium carbonate. The aqueous solution is ammonia solution, and includes manganese, cobalt and nickel according to a mass ratio of 0.5-0.7-0.1-0.3-0.1-0.2. The metallic aqueous solution, the sodium carbonate and ammonia solution are mixed to the mole ratio of 1-1-2.0.1-0.5. The stirring step is carried out using a metering pump at a speed of 500-3000 rotations per minute (rpm). The filtering and washing step is carried out at a temperature of 100-150 degrees C. Preferred Method: The cathode active material manufacturing method further comprises heat-treating the mixed lithium salt solution for 2 times. In the first time, the solution is pre-processed at 400-750 degrees C for 4-24 hours. In the second time, the solution is pre-processed at a temperature of 700-1000 degrees C for 4-12 hours. The lithium salt is lithium carbonate. The mole ratio of precursor and lithium carbonate is 1.1-3. Preferred Components: The cathode active material comprises composition (XLi2MnO3-(1-X)LiMO2), where x is 0-0.9 and M is nickel, iron, manganese, cobalt or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of negative-electrode active material, conductive support agent and binder is 70-95 %mass, 2-20 %mass and 3-15 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The intensity ratio of silicon carbide peak to silicon peak is 1-10. The average particle diameter of silicon particles is 1-300 nm. Preferred Composition: The amount of silicon, oxygen and carbon is 45-65 wt.%, 10-23 wt.% and 12-45 wt.% respectively, based on X-ray fluorescence analysis. The amount of silicon oxide and silicon carbide with respect to 100 pts.wt. silicon particles is 10-30 pts.wt. and 50-90 pts.wt. respectively. The amount of carbon in carbon coating film is 0.1-20 pts.wt. with respect to 100 pts.wt. composite. The carbonaceous material is further supplied to the carbon rod before supplying silicon particles and silicon oxide. The amount of carbonaceous material is 0.5-50 pts.wt. with respect to 100 pts.wt. silicon particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A base material used in the manufacture of porous sintered metal contains alloy-containing iron or iron. The metal used in the manufacture of porous sintered metal is chosen from titanium, zirconium, and hafnium, or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium vanadium phosphate is represented by a following chemical equation: LixV2-yMy(PO4)z, preferably Li3V2(PO4)3, where M is iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, gallium, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or zirconium, x is 1-3, y is less than or equal to 0 but greater than 2 and z is 2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The primary polypropylene layer has melting point of 140-180 degrees C. The secondary polypropylene layer has melting point of 120-150 degrees C and melt index of 5-30g/10 minutes. Preferred Composition: The chemical conversion treatment layer contains amination phenol polymer, chromic compound, phosphorus compound and chemical conversion liquid containing carbodiimide. The base material layer contains extended polyester or polybutylene-terephthalate layer. A coating layer containing a slipping agent is provided in the base material layer surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode is represented by the positive ion as a cation, having structure of formula N+(R1-R2-R3-R4) (a), P+(R20-R21-R22-R23) (b), S+(R17-R18-R19) (j), and (c)-(i), and the negative electrode is represented as anion chosen from aluminum chloride ion, heptachlorodialuminate ion, nitrogen dioxide ion, nitrate ion, fluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, hexafluoroarsenate ion, hexafluoroantimonate ion, hexafluoroniobate ion, tantalum(V) fluoride ion, tungsten heptafluoride ion, acetate ion, trifluoroacetate ion, methanesulfonic acid ion, perfluorobutane sulfonate ion, trifluoroacetic anhydride ion, N - 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ion, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-3H-imidazolium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanide ion, ethanedinitrile compound ((CN)2N-, (CN)3C -), fluoro substituted imide compound (CF3SO2)(C2F5SO2)N- , boron substituted compound ((CN)4B -) , trifluoromethyltrifluoroborate ion, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroborate, heptafluoro-n-propyltrifluoroborate ion, nonafluoro-n-butyltrifluoroborate ion and cyno compound (N(CN)2-) .R1-R14, R17-R23=alkyl or alkoxyalkyl;R15=H or alkyl;andR16=alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated carbon chain is perfluoro carbon chain, and the acidic functional group is chosen from sulfo group, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, a lactone group, phenolic hydroxyl group, a phenolic ketone group, a phosphoric acid group and hydroxyl groups. The polymer electrolyte has a structure of formula -((CF2CF2)m-C(F-O-CF2-C((F)(CF2CF2-SO3H))-CF3)-C(F2))n-. The partial ionization potential of the liquid is not less than 11.97 eV.m,n= greater than or equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon oxide is a mixture of silicon oxide, silicon dioxide and silicon. The carbon material is crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon. The oxygen-containing lithium salt is chosen from lithium borate, lithium nitrate, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide monohydrate and/or lithium hydroxide. The content of carbon material is 0.05-30 wt.%. The weight ratio of silicon oxide-carbon composite and oxygen-containing lithium salt is 30:70-95:5. The oxygen-containing lithium salt byproduct is chosen from lithium orthosilicate, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and lithium-silicon oxide (Li2Si3O5, Li2Si2O5, Li8O2(SiO4), Li6(S2O7), Li2Si2O5). Preferred Process: The surface of the core-cell structured silicon oxide-lithium alloy composite is cleaned using distilled water, ethanol or strong acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium and/or potassium. The alkaline-earth metal element is magnesium and/or calcium. The negative electrode active material has compositional formula: A1+aM3+b(SO4)2+c(OH)6+d.v(H2O), preferably (NaAl3(SO4)2.2(OH)5.6).0.3H2O, (NaAl1.1Fe1.6(SO4)2(OH)5.1).0.12H2O, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 or Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6.A=K, Na, Li, 1/2 Mg, 1/2 Ca, 1/2 Sr, Rb, Ag, Tl, 1/2 Pb, 1/2 Hg, NH4 or H3O;M=Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn;a-c=-1 to 1;d=-6 or more;andv=0 or more.The alunite group substance is soda jarosite. The metal ion is lithium ion or sodium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous carbon material is obtained from hard graphitized carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The active material layer further comprises a styrene butadiene rubber. The density of the active material layer is 2-2.5 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal M is iron and/or manganese. The X is phosphorus. The solid electrolyte powder is a sulfide-type solid electrolyte powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid electrolyte is a lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte which satisfies the expression of (LiaMbPcSd), where M is element selected from boron, zinc, silicon, copper, gallium, or germanium, and a:b:c:d is 12:0-0.2:1:2-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2O4). The oxide material contains tin oxide (45-95 mol%) and phosphorus pentoxide (5-55 mol%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing amorphous electrode material further contains 0-49 atomic% glass-forming element or glass-forming compound containing boron, silicon, scandium, titanium, cobalt, nickel, cerium, yttrium, zirconium and/or gadolinium and 5-49 atomic% lithium. 50 %mass or more, preferably 80 %mass or more of particles in electrode material are in amorphous state.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The shielding gas used during manufacture of lithium-containing amorphous electrode material is argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or sulfur hexafluoride. The grinding component or grinding container contains steel, silicon nitride or iron compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The matrix material is bismuth-based alloy containing sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, ruthenium, palladium, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, platinum and/or thulium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite electrode material further comprises an electroactive carbon chosen from graphite, hard carbon, mesocarbon microbeads and graphene, conductive carbon chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, lamp black and vapor grown carbon fibers, and a solvent. The total content of electroactive material and electroactive carbon is 70-80 wt.%. The content of electroactive material is 15-90 wt.%, preferably 40-80 wt.%. The content of conductive carbon is 4-l6 wt.%, preferably 8-l2 wt.%. The electroactive material is chosen from silicon, tin, gallium, germanium, aluminum, lead, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, indium, or their alloys with non-electroactive metal and ceramic titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from water, ethanol, propanol, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl alcohol. The electroactive material comprises silicon comprising particles having diameter of 1-20 mu m, preferably 4-6 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The polymeric binder has molecular weight of 400000-2000000, preferably 450000-750000. The metal ion carboxylate salt is carboxylate salt of lithium, sodium, potassium and cesium, preferably lithium or sodium, and 80%, preferably 70% of the carboxyl groups are in the form of metal ion carboxylate salt. The content of binder is 3-40 wt.%, preferably 8-12 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali electrolyte solution is selected from a group consisting of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The expansion rate of the ionomer is 140% or more. The ratio of ionomer and carbon of the electrode catalyst layer is 0.5-1. The electrode catalyst layer is anode catalyst layer (32) and cathode catalyst layer (33).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material has compositional formula: LiNixCo(1-x-y-z)MnyM1zO2, where x is 0.5-0.9, y is 0-0.3, z is 0.003-0.05, and element (M1) is metallic elements other than lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, and chosen from magnesium, aluminum, titanium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, silver or barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sparse filling volume density of the spherical solid particles is 0.3-0.7 g/cm3 and average particle diameter of 10-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material particle is a graphite particle having a density of 1.5-1.9 g/cm3, and having strength between particles of greater than or equal to 180 N/cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second polymeric material has a gel content of 50-80 mass%, preferably 50-75 mass%. The first polymeric material has a gel content of less than 50 mass%, preferably 18-45 mass%. The first polymeric material has a glass transition temperature of greater than or equal to 0 degrees C, preferably - 10 degrees C. The second polymeric material has a glass transition temperature of less than 0 degrees C, preferably less than or equal to - 10 degrees C. The first and second polymeric materials comprise diene, (meth)acrylate, and fluorinated alkylvinyl ether. The first polymeric material contains 25-60 mass% monomer unit. The second polymeric material contains 50-80 mass% monomer unit. The first and second polymeric material comprises aromatic vinyl, a vinyl cyanide, and a halogenated olefin. The first and second polymeric material comprises 5-100 further comprises a polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid. The polymeric particle has an average particle diameter of 0.05-2 mu m. The mass ratio of the core and the shell is 15/85-80/20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The collector includes metal foil single unit containing metal chosen from aluminum, gold, silver, copper, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, platinum and their alloy. The positive electrode active material in the slurry contains complex oxide (LixMO2 and/or LiyM2O4, where M is transition metal, x is 0-1, and y is 1-2), porous oxide, metal chalcogenide having laminated structure, and lithium ion-containing chalcogen compound. The negative electrode active material contains metal powder including carbon black, Ketjen black (RTM: carbon black), acetylene black, carbon whisker, carbon fiber, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon nanoparticles, nanotube, titanium oxide, ruthenium oxide, aluminum, nickel or fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid resin is silicone resin. The slurry includes mixture of dispersion medium, positive electrode and negative electrode active material, electroconductive auxiliary agent and binder resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium silicate-type compound has trivalent of iron electronic state of 50% or more. The positive-electrode active material contains carbon and lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manganese phosphate compound is prepared by mixing starting material containing sodium source, manganese source, phosphoric acid source and fluorine source in solvent containing metal chelate formation functional group, obtaining raw material liquid mixture, heating the obtained raw material liquid mixture, obtaining a precursor, and baking the precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is polyol solvent. Preferred Component: The metal chelate formation functional group is chosen from hydroxyl group, carbonyl group and ether group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal anode is chosen from iron, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, calcium and lithium, preferably lithium which is lithium metal foil. The cathode is porous cathode comprising large surface area carbon with surface area of 200-3000 m2/g. The porous cathode and graphene support contains same material. The graphene support contains graphene nanosheets. The catalyst is chosen from platinum, gold and silver, preferably platinum in form of platinum nanoparticles, and/or gold. The catalyst contains compound (AmBnOp, where m is 1-5, n is 1-5, p is 1-5, A is divalent metal chosen from cerium, calcium, strontium and lead, preferably cerium, or rare earth element and B is tetrahedral metal chosen from titanium, iron, nickel and molybdenum). The catalyst contains compound (AmBnOp) is preferably lanthanum cerium iron manganese oxide (La1-xCe1-xFe1-yMnyO3, where x is 0-1 and y is 0-1), more preferably La0.5Ce0.5Fe0.5Mn0.5O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolytic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium(bis)perfluoroethanesulfonimide and/or lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate, and lithium salt is of formula (LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a).a=0-5;andn=1-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent further comprises non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate, non-fluorinated linear carbonate, unsaturated cyclic carbonate, fluorinated cyclic carbonate and/or cyclic sulfone acid compound. The non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate. The non-fluorinated linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate and/or ethyl butyl carbonate. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.5-70 ppm hydrofluoric acid. The content of the non-aqueous solvent is 0.1-10 mass%. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed in a volume ratio of 3:7 in a vertical mixing tank provided with a stirring blade. 7.5x 10-4 mole/kg triethylamine n-hydrofluoric-acid added salt was added to the mixture contained in the tank and lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mole/l) was mixed to obtain the non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 40-95 wt.% of silver particle, 0.5-6 wt.% of glass frit, 0.05-20 wt.% metal nanoparticle, and 5-30 wt.% of organic vehicle. The composition further comprises at least one additive comprising aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, lithium oxide, silver(I) oxide, silver oxide, molybdenum tri oxide, titanium dioxide, tellurium dioxide, cobalt oxide, cobalt(III) oxide, bismuth oxide, cerium oxide, cerium fluoride, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, lead(II) oxide, zirconium dioxide, hafnium(IV) oxide, indium(III) oxide, stanum dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, tantalum pentoxide, boron trioxide, silver ortho phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, nickel(II) phosphate, nickel(II) oxide, or lithium phosphates in an amount of 0.1-3 wt.%. Preferred Components: The nanoparticles comprise nickel, chromium, cobalt, titanium, and/or their alloys or silicides. The nanoparticles have a particle diameter of 20-800 nm, preferably 20-500 nm. The nanoparticle is present at 0.05-20 wt.%, preferably 0.05-5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Typical electroconductive paste composition comprised (in wt.%): silver particles (85); glass fit (4-5); organic vehicle (8); glass additive (2); and nickel nanoparticles (0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel-consumption improvement part is formed from metal selected from a group consisting of iron, aluminum, nickel, brass, and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium vanadium phosphate is compound of formula LixV2-yMny(PO4)3. The active material contains manganese compound which has crystal structure different from the lithium vanadium phosphate. The surface or the inside of active material particle is equipped with carbonaceous compound.x=0-5; andy=0.01-0.16, preferably 0.01-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the filler with respect to polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin is 1-30. Preferred Properties: The porous base material has average thickness of 0.5-5 mu m. The filler has volume average particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode current collector and the anode current collector are made of aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, niobium, etched metal, expanded metal, punched metal, nets and foam. The anode current collector is made of copper, nickel and alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode active material and cathode active material are selected from the materials such as activated carbon, carbon nanotube (CNT), graphite, carbon aerogel, carbon nanofiber (CNF), activated carbon nanofiber (ACNF), vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), and graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode current collector uses materials selected from aluminum, stainless steel, copper, nickel, and alloys, etched metal, expanded metal, nets, foam or punched metal. The cathode current collector uses material selected from aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, niobium, etched metal, expanded metal, punched metal, nets or foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anode active material and cathode active material are selected from polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lead tab is made of aluminum or copper, and the battery comprises a connection element made of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The auxiliary discharge path is formed by an insert injection part and an insulation element made of 70-90 wt.% of polypropylene and 70-90 wt.% of polyphenylenesulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The connecting portion is made of aluminum, and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The current collector is a copper sheet. The conductive particles are carbon black and/or graphite. The conductive skeleton is a carbon fiber; or the conductive skeleton is CNT. The electrode is an anode. Conductive polymeric binder includes one or more of pyrrole, aniline, or thiofuran. The pore forming agent is includes at least one of a pore-forming material or vesicant material. The conductive polymer includes one or more of modified pyrrole, aniline, or thiofuran. Preferred Parameter: The particle size of the active material is in a range of approximately 1 nm to 10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Particle surface of lithium vanadium phosphate is coated with electroconductive carbon material. Content of electroconductive carbon material is 0.1-20 wt.% in conversion of carbon atom. Electroconductive carbon material is carbonized substance of the precursor of electroconductive carbon material, such as saccharides. Content of calcium compound is 0.01-0.5 wt.% in conversion of calcium atom. Surface of lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite particles consisting of lithium vanadium phosphate and electroconductive carbon material is coated with calcium compound. Calcium compound is calcium sulfate. The aqueous slurry contains calcium compound, lithium vanadium phosphate of formula (1), and lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite particles consist of electroconductive carbon material. Preferred Conditions: Spray-drying temperature is 80-160 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Coating of lithium-nickel complex oxide particles is formed when lithium-vanadium phosphate particles are physically absorbed on the surface of the lithium-nickel complex oxide particles. Electrical storage device contains conductive carbon coated with lithium-vanadium phosphate particles. Lithium-vanadium phosphate is a compound of formula LiaV2-bMb(PO4)c, preferably Li3V2(PO4)3. Mass ratio of lithium-vanadium phosphate particles with respect to lithium-nickel complex oxide particles is 20:70-60:30. Lithium-nickel complex oxide is a compound of formula LixNi1-yM'yO2.a=1-3;b=0-2;c=2-3;M=Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, B, Ga, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Zr;x=0.8-1.2;y=0-0.7; andM'=Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, B, Ga, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, or Sr. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.9-1.1; and    M'=Co, Mn, Al, or Mg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The low-melting metal is zinc, bismuth or indium. The alloy layer of the copper and low-melting metal is zinc-copper alloy layer containing 1 wt.% or less zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Manufacture of positive electrode active material involves heating mixture of iron oxide microparticles, lithium source, and phosphoric acid source in inert atmosphere or reducing environment or hydrothermally treating mixture or heating mixture in inert atmosphere or reducing environment after hydrothermal treatment. Preferred Components: Iron oxide microparticle is Fe2O3, FeOOH, Fe3O4, or substituted particle which contains element other than iron. Element which substitutes Fe in substituted particle is aluminum or yttrium which has glassy structure and exists around olivine-type lithium iron phosphate microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: The curing process is carried out at 40 degrees C or more in atmosphere with relative humidity of 60% or more. Preferred Components: Cellulose nanofiber is microfibrillated nanofiber with average fiber diameter of 100 nm or more. Cellulose nanofiber includes primary cellulose nanofiber having average fiber diameter of 100 nm to less than 1000 nm, and secondary cellulose nanofiber having average fiber diameter of less than 100 nm. The nonwoven fabric does not contain an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium salt includes one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, and lithium perchlorate, and the organic solvent includes one of a linear carbonate and cyclic carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator includes one of a polyethylene film and polypropylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The non-conjugated precursor polymer contains poly((2,3-diphenyl-p-phenylene)(2-halo-ethylene)). The poly((2,3-diphenyl-p-phenylene)(2-halo-ethylene)) further contains one or more polar substituent containing halogen, on one or more diphenyl rings. The non-conjugated precursor polymer contains precursor of poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(poly(thiophene vinylene)), poly(aniline vinylene) or poly(pyrrole vinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material is spinel-type lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains a lithium transition metal oxide as a main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin (A) and resin (B) are polyethylene. The separator is a multilayered structure and the resin (B) forms an internal layer in the multilayered structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of salt in the composite paste is less than 0.2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The battery consists of a positive electrode active material layer (1), a negative electrode active material layer (2) containing the negative electrode material, and an electrolyte layer (3) formed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer. The electrolyte layer contains electrolyte solution containing an ionic liquid having quaternary ammonium cation and amido or imido anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (A) is chosen from boron element and aluminum element. The negative electrode material further contains an electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode comprises a positive electrode active material containing composite metal oxide of formula: LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2. The content of silicon oxide is preferably 27 %mass. The negative electrode active material contains compound of sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, titanium, silver, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth. The negative electrode active material layer contains carbon-type particles and lithium occlusion particles. The ratio of D50 particle diameter of carbon-type particles and lithium occlusion particles is more than 1 and 2 or less. The ratio of D50 particle diameter of carbon-type particles and thickness of negative electrode active material layer is 1/4 or more and 5/6 or less. The lithium occlusion particles are silicon oxide group particles. The carbon-type particles are graphite having D50 particle diameter of 1-15 mu m. The silicon oxide and graphite have BET specific surface area of 2.5-7 m2/g and 3.5-6.5 m2/g, respectively. The total content of graphite and silicon oxide is 70-85 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The negative electrode active material layer contains binder chosen from polyamidoimide resin, polyamidoimide silica hybrid material and polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide hydrate particles are chosen from hydrated-alumina particles, silica hydrate particles, titania hydrate particles and zirconia hydrate particles, preferably hydrated-alumina particles. The hydrated-alumina particles are boehmite particles. Preferred Properties: The uniformity of particle size distribution ( alpha ) of inorganic oxide hydrate particles measured using relation: (d90-d10)/d50=0-2.5, where d90 is particle size at 90 vol.% with respect to total volume of the inorganic oxide hydrate particles measured by the dynamic-light-scattering method, and d50 (nm) and d10 (nm) are particle diameter at 50 vol.% and 10 vol.% with respect to total volume, measured from the small particles side, respectively. The surface resistivity of separator is 1015 Omega /square or more even in the atmosphere of at 25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity for 24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Organopolysiloxane is polymer obtained using 3-glycidoxy propyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane, vinyl trimethoxysilane or alkoxysilane having epoxy group, vinyl group, acryloyl group or methacryloyl group. The organic fiber contains polyester, polyolefin, cellulose or cellulose derivative, preferably polyester. The ratio of support coating layer with respect to separator is 5-35 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The coating layer containing oxides of metallic element chosen from magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, gadolinium and europium is formed on the surface of lithium-containing complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene to repeating unit derived form propylene is 40-70/60-30. The molar ratio of repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene, repeating unit derived from propylene, and repeating unit derived from vinylidene fluoride is 30-70/20-60/1-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has average particle diameter of 3-15 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic disulfone compound is 2,4-diethyl-1,3-dithietane-1,1,3,3-tetra-one, 2,4-bis(methylethyl)-1,3-dithietane-1,1,3,3-tetra-one and/or 2-(methyl ethyl)-1,3-dithietane-1,1,3,3-tetra-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle diameter (D50) of silicon oxide is more than two fifths of particle diameter (D50) of the graphite. The particle diameter (D50) of silicon oxide is 5.7 mu m or more. Preferred Composition: The amount of silicon oxide is preferably 20-40 %mass. The electrical storage device has positive electrode active material containing composite metal oxide of formula: LiCopNiqMnrO2, where p+q+r is 1, p, q and r are 0-1 (excluding 0 and 1), as a positive electrode. The composite metal oxide is preferably lithium-nickel-manganese oxide (LiCo2/10Ni5/10Mn3/10O2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal fluoride comprises aluminum fluoride. The anode material comprises titanium oxide-based material, carbon, silicon or silicon oxide, tin or tin dioxide, or antimony. The titanium-oxide based material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2) or lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12). The metal-ion comprises lithium ion or sodium ion. The metal fluoride is coordinated with another anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of lithium-manganese oxide involves adding manganese raw material to a soft container made of synthetic resin material, adding aluminum source and lithium source, mixing, adding to zirconia ball in the weight ratio of 1:1-5:1, and milled at the speed for 50-150 rpm. The primary plasticizing process is carried out at 600-700 degrees C for 5-10 hours. Preferred Composition: The manganese raw material is manganese oxide (Mn3O4, Mn2O3 and MnO2), hydrated manganese carbonate (MnCO3.xH2O), hydrated manganese chloride (MnCl2.xH2O), hydrated manganese sulfate (MnSO4.xH2O), and/or hydrated manganese acetate (Mn(CH3COO)2.H2O), and has particle size of 1-5 mu m. The aluminum source is alumina, aluminum hydroxide, hydrated aluminum chloride (AlCl3.xH2O), and/or hydrated aluminum acetate (Al(CH3COO)2.H2O). The lithium source is lithium carbonate, hydrated lithium hydroxide (LiOH.xH2O), lithium chloride, and/or hydrated lithium acetate (Li(CH3COO).xH2O). The zinc source is hydrated zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2.xH2O), hydrated zinc oxide (ZnO.H2O), and/or zinc oxide (ZnO2 or ZnO). The sulfur powder has particle size of 25-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Atmosphere: The deaeration atmosphere is attained by subjecting inert gas into vanadium ion solution. Preferred Process: The electrolysis process has primary electrolysis cell and secondary electrolysis cell. In the primary electrolysis cell, the same electric charge performs oxidation and reduction of vanadium. Only vanadium ion is oxidized in the secondary electrolysis cell with the same electric charge as the oxidation in primary electrolysis cell. The oxidation electrolysis by the electrolysis cell is performed using electrolyte solution other than vanadium ion solution. The tetravalent vanadium ion solution is obtained by deaerating sulfuric acid aqueous solution containing vanadium oxide-sulfate hydrate. The electrolysis process is potentiostatic-electrolysis process, electrolysis-with-constant-current process, potentiostatic-electrolysis process, or electrolysis-with-constant-current process. Preferred Composition: The tetravalent vanadium ion solution contains less than 0.5 %mass of sodium oxide, potassium oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide, and calcium oxide. The pentavalent vanadium ion and bivalent vanadium ion contain 1.5-4 mol/L sulfuric acid aqueous solution, less than 0.4 %mass of aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, silicon and chromium, and 0.1 ppm or less dissolved oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing complex oxide is of formula: Li1+yMO2.y=(-0.15)-0.15;andM=element group containing Ni, Co and Mn.The ratio of number of elements of nickel, cobalt and manganese contained in the element group (M) to the total number of elements of the element group (M) is 25-90 mol%, 5-35 mol%, 5-35 mol%, respectively. The sum of ratio of cobalt and manganese in element group is 10-70. The molar ratio of nickel with respect to total amount of lithium contained in positive electrode active material is 0.15-1. The positive electrode active material further contains other lithium-containing complex oxide containing transition metals other than nickel. The content of lithium-containing complex oxide containing nickel in positive electrode active material is 10-80 %mass. The negative electrode consists of a collector and negative mix layer formed on the collector. The negative mix layer contains a negative electrode active material containing graphite carbon material and composite product of material containing silicon and oxygen elements and carbon material. The lithium secondary battery further consists of porous layer (a) laminated on separator having resin with melting point of 140 degrees C or less, and porous layer (b) having resin with melting point of 150 degrees C or less and inorganic filler. The charge voltage of lithium secondary battery is 4.3 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphonoacetate compound (I) is 2-propynyl (diethyl phosphono)acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The density of the positive mix layer is 3.7 g/cm3 or more. Preferred Composition: The positive mix layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material includes lithium salt (LiaCo1-xM1xO2-dXd, LiaNi1-z1Cox1Mny1Mz1O2-dXd, LiaNixCo1-xMnx-y2My2O2dXd, Li(M2x3/2N2x3/2Li(1/3-x3/2)Mn(2/3-x3/2))O2-dXd, LiaMn2-x4Mx4O4-dXd, LiaM4xFe1-xPO4-dXd and Li4Ti5O12-dXd, where M1 is chosen from nickel, manganese, magnesium, calcium, strontium, boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, antimony, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum and tungsten, M is chosen from boron, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, zinc, silicon, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, indium, tin, molybdenum and tungsten, X is halogen or sulfur, a is 0.9-1.5, x is 0-0.2, d is 0-0.2, x1 is 0.02-0.5, y1 is 0-0.5, z1 is 0-0.2, y2 is 0-0.2, M2 is divalent metal, N2 is trivalent metal chosen from nickel, magnesium, calcium, boron, aluminum, cobalt, gallium, chromium, zinc, copper, scandium, vanadium and yttrium, x3 is 0-2/3, x4 is 0-0.5, M4 is chosen from boron, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, zinc, silicon, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, indium, tin, molybdenum and vanadium). The anode further has conductive material and binder. Preferred Process: In the cathode active material, 1-10 mol.% of oxygen atom is substituted by fluorine atom. The fluorine element is obtained from base metal fluoride chosen from ammonium fluoride, ammonium hydrogen difluoride, hydrogen fluoride and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material contains acicular particles having average diameter of 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode collector layer and the negative electrode collector layer comprise copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is formed using silicon, tin, lithium titanate and carbon material chosen from graphite, easily-graphitized carbon and hardly-graphitized carbon. The negative electrode collector contains aluminum, copper, nickel and stainless component. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and lithium hexaphosphate. The occlusion amount of lithium ion with respect to negative electrode active material is 90% or less of difference of the positive electrode capacity and negative electrode capacity. Preferred Property: The aluminum porous component has fabric weight of 80-1000 g/m2 and pore diameter of 50-1000 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains solvent chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst liquid mixture preparation step is performed by preparing a platinum-carbon catalyst, water, and alcohol. The prepared platinum-carbon catalyst, water, and alcohol are mixed to produce the catalyst liquid mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles contain silicon, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, their oxide, nitride, hydroxide and their complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The porous substrate layer contains resin having melting temperature of 120-200 degrees C. The porous substrate layer contains polyethylene, polypropylene and/or ethylene propylene copolymer. The porous substrate layer contains a microporous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The ground material is heated at 2200-3300 degrees C using the Joule heat produced by supplying electricity directly to packing powder. Alternately, the ground material is introduced into a graphite crucible and then packed with packing powder. The obtained product is further packed with anther packing powder. The carbon material is obtained by delayed coking of crude-distillation residue comprising 30-80 %mass of asphaltene portion and resin portion, and 0.3-6 %mass of sulfur. The delayed coking is performed by maintaining the heating-furnace outlet temperature in front of a coke drum at 550-580 degrees C. The ground material is heated at 500-1800 degrees C by indirect-heating method before graphitization process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The graphite microcrystal has average face distance (d002) of 0.3356-0.3375 nm as computed with Gakushin-method using powder X ray diffractometry, and thickness (Lc) in C axial direction of 50-100 nm. The average value of the aspect-ratio of the primary particle of graphite material is 1-4. The graphite material has volume-based average particle diameter (D50) of 3-20 mu m as measured by laser diffractometry and BET specific surface area of 0.5-4 m2/g. The graphite material after loosening has volume density of 0.7 g/cm3 or more, and the powder density at the time of performing 400 times tapping of 0.8-1.6 g/cm3. The average value of aspect-ratio of the particles of packing powder is 1.2-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon support consists of active carbon, carbon nanofibers, and graphitized carbon. The active carbon has a particle diameter of 1-1000 nm. The carbon nanofibers have a fiber diameter of 5-100 nm and a length of 0.1 nm and 1000 mu m. The graphitized carbon has a particle diameter of 1-1000 nm. The carbon nanofibers consist of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon nanohorns, and carbon nanorings. The second metal consists of iridium, palladium, cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diluted perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer dispersion contains solid material (20 weight%) and solvent (5 weight%). The solvent is isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium-containing transition-metal phosphate having olivine-type structure, or its complex oxide, metal-containing complex oxide and/or lithium-containing transition-metal phosphate. The metal-containing complex oxide is obtained by substituting lithium oxide of complex oxide of transition metal and lithium, transition metal oxide and lithium oxide. The negative electrode active material is non-graphitized carbon, artificial graphite carbon, natural graphite carbon, lithium, aluminum, lead, silicon, tin, tin oxide and/or titanium oxide. The lithium salt is lithium-boron-fluorohydride (Li2B12F8H4, Li2B12F9H3, Li2B12F10H2, Li2B12F11H), and/or lithium-boron-fluoride (Li2B12F12), or lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate. The content of lithium-boron-fluoride, lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.4-1.5 mol/L. The content of lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.05-1 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: Primary particles contained in ceramic material have maximum size of 2 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating layer contains carbonaceous electro-conductive substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic solid electrolyte powder is a sulfide type solid electrolyte powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The dopant contains boron, aluminum, gallium and/or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the metal oxide particle in an electrode mixture layer is 0.01-2 mass parts. Preferred Components: The particle of the metal oxide comprises crystal zirconium oxide, zirconium oxide of a tetragonal crystal, and cubic crystal zirconium oxides with stabilizer. The stabilizer is selected from one of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and yttrium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The group having cyclic structure including an amide bond is 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, and has a glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more. The polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone. The heat resistant porous membrane further contains resin fine particles having melting point of 80-150 degrees C, and microparticles, in which absorbed quantity of non-aqueous electrolyte (4) increases and swells under 80-150 degrees C. The porous base material is polyolefin microporous membrane. Preferred Property: The thermal contraction rate of non-aqueous battery-cell separator at 150 degrees C is 5% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is silicon type material or carbonaceous material containing silicon and silicon oxide. Silicon is dispersed in the silicon oxide. The silicon oxide has amorphous structure. The negative electrode active material contains aluminum, lead, tin, indium, bismuth, silver, barium, calcium, mercury, palladium, platinum, tellurium, zinc, lanthanum, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide or lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains 0.01-4 %mass of carbonate ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The negative electrode active material contains binder chosen from polyimide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The microfiber sheet comprises polymer (A) and polymer (B) in a ratio of 10:1-10000:1. The microfiber assembly is cross sectioned and is magnified 5000 times, where the bead generation number per 100 mu m2 is 5 or less. Preferred Components: The polymer (A) is low-conductive or non-conductive polymer, and the polymer (B) is thickening polymer. The polymer (A) is ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer or diamine, where the diamine unit is polyamide including 1-9 nonane diamine unit and/or 2-methyl-1,8-octane diamine unit. The polyamide comprises dicarboxylic acid unit, preferably terephthalic acid (60 mol% or more) and diamine unit, preferably 1-9 nonane diamine and/or 2-methyl-1,8-octane diamine (60 mol% or more). The polymer (B) is chosen from polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol and polyacrlamide. The polymer (B) has average molecular weight of 500000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The signal processing module is connected with a control terminal by a controller area network (CAN) bus communication interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive agent is conductive carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is deionized water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive is styrene butadiene rubber-carboxymethylcellulose-polyacrylic latex binder (SBR-CMC-LA132).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is performed using oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, carbon tetra-fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, silicon fluoride, trifluoromethane and hexa-fluoroethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I) have a rhombohedral crystal structure of R3c space group. Preferred Definitions:    x = 0.37-0.47;    y = 0.4-0.55;    z = 0.05; and    d = 0.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode electrode casing comprises of carbon (C), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), and silicon (Si).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl group of organic substance is bonded with carbon atom at 2nd position. The organic substance comprises dihydric alcohol and/or 1,2-ethanediol. The concentration of organic substance is 0.5-5 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of alpha -alumina with respect to heat-resistant particles is 0.06 or more. The ratio of amount of heat-resistant particles and amount of binder is 5.6-99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The battery has charge voltage of 4.3 V or more. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains lithium transition metal oxide of formula: LiaM12(a+b)M2bO2 (i) or LicM32-dM4dO4 (ii), and lithium transition-metal phosphoric acid compound of formula: LieM51-fM6fPO4 (iii), as a positive electrode active material.M1,M5=Mn, Ni, V, Co or Fe;M2,M4,M6=Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Mg, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, B, Ga, Cr, V, Sr, Ca, In, Si, Ge or Ti;a=0.4-1.2;b=0-0.6;M3=Mn, Ni, V, Co, Al or Fe;c=0.9 or more;d=0-1.5;e=0.9-1.2;andf=0-0.3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent is a one or more fluorine-type solvent chosen from fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, fluorine-containing linear carbonate and fluorine-containing ether. The content of fluorine-containing compound (I) is 0.01-20 vol.%. Preferred Definitions:    X=-CONH2, -CN, -CON(CH3)2 or -CON(C2H5)2;and    R=fluorine-containing alkylene optionally containing ether bond or perfluoro alkylene optionally containing ether bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The battery has charge voltage of 4.3 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains lithium transition metal oxide of formula: LiaM12(a+b)M2bO2 (i) or LicM32-dM4dO4 (ii), and lithium transition-metal phosphoric acid compound of formula: LieM51-fM6fPO4 (iii), as a positive electrode active material.M1=Mn, Ni, V or Fe;M2,M4,M6=Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Mg, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, B, Ga, Cr, V, Sr, Ca, In, Si, Ge or Ti;M5=Mn, Ni, V, Co or Fe;a=0.4-1.2;b=0-0.6;M3=Mn, Ni, V, Co, Al or Fe;c=0.9 or more;d=0-1.5;e=0.9-1.2;andf=0-0.3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-containing compound (I) is 0.01-20 vol.% with respect to the total volume of non-aqueous electrolyte. The fluorine-containing compound (I) is preferably of formula: Rfa-CX1X2-SO2F (I-i).Rfa=1-12C alkyl optionally containing ether bond and double bond, in which portion of H optionally substituted with fluoro;andX1,X2=H, F or 1-10C fluorine-containing alkyl, where at least one of X1 and X2 is F or 1-3C fluorine-containing alkyl. Preferred Definitions:    Rfa=hydro fluoroalkyl containing ether bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnetic carcass is formed by stacking ferrous material sheets e.g. iron-silicon, iron-nickel or iron-cobalt sheets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of intensity of peak appearing in vicinity of 1360 cm-1 and vicinity of 1580 cm-1 is 0.5-1.5. The negative electrode material has specific surface area of 0.5-25 m2/g, average particle diameter of 5-30 mu m, and true specific gravity of 1.8-2.2 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bus bar is made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water discharging substance is aluminum hydroxide, hydrate of aluminum oxide or water absorption material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Material: The lignocellulosic material is selected from paper, paper products, wood, wood-related materials, grasses, rice hulls, bagasse, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, straw, corn cobs, coconut hair, industrial waste, processing waste, human waste, and animal waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The lignocellulosic material has been treated selected from chemical treatment, physical treatment, mechanical treatment, sonication, pyrolysis, oxidation, and steam explosion. The converting further involves contacting the irradiated lignocellulosic material with an enzyme and/or a microorganism. The lignocellulosic material is irradiated with a dose of at least 10 Mrad. The method utilizes the saccharification unit for producing a sugar solution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (M)-containing compound is chosen from sulfate, halide, nitrate, phosphate and organic salt of element (M). Lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium acetate and/or lithium carboxylate as lithium source is further mixed. The lithium phosphate and element (M)-containing compound are mixed until particle size (D90) is respectively 100 mu m or less, in inert gas atmosphere. A carbon source is further mixed with the lithium-metal phosphate. The concentration of element (M) with respect to water in the raw material is 4-10.2 mol/L. A phosphoric acid source chosen from phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, triphosphoric acid, tetra-phosphoric acid, hydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid dihydrogen, ammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen ammonium phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and iron phosphate, is further mixed. The lithium-metal phosphate is of formula: LixMyPwO4.X=0-2 (excluding 0 and 2);y=0-1.5 (excluding 0);andw=0.9-1.1 (excluding 0.9 and 1.1).Preferred Properties: The particle size (D90) of the element (M)-containing compound is 60 mu m or less. The particle size (D90) of the lithium source is 45 mu m or less. The average particle diameter (D50) of lithium-metal phosphate is 0.01-1 mu m, preferably 0.05-0.5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source is chosen from sucrose, lactose, ascorbic acid, 1,6-hexanediol, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, carboxymethyl cellulose, carbon black, and fibrous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer resin is chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, poly butylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Preferred Properties: The micro pores have size of 1-100 mu m. The molded product has electrical resistance. The insulating component has thickness of 0.1-0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating component further comprises reinforcing filler, or polymer resin or polymer composite which is electrically insulating polymer resin or electrically insulating polymer composite. The polymer resin is chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, poly butylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Preferred Property: The thickness of insulating component is 0.1-0.5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The 2nd active material comprises lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide e.g. LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, and LiNi0.3Co0.3Mn0.4O2. Amount of nickel contained in 2nd active material is 0.3-0.8 mole with respect to 1 mole lithium. Amount of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 in positive electrode is 10-80 mass parts. Amount of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 in positive electrode is 15-85 mass parts. Amount of LiNi0.3Co0.3Mn0.4O2 is 50-85 mass parts. Amount of fluorinated ethylene carbonate in electrolytic solution is 0.2-10 mass%.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=electron withdrawing group chosen from -F, -Cl, -Br, -OR, =O, -COR, -CO2R, -NO2, -SO2R, -CN, -CR=CR2, -C(triple-bond)R, -CHxFy, -CHvFw or -CHxFy;    R=inorganic or organic substituent, or atom based on a periodic table;    v,w=0-2;    v+w=2;and    x,y=0-3;    x+y=3.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing ether is non-cyclic fluorine-containing ether compound of formula (R1-O-R2). The non-aqueous solvent is a mixed solvent of fluorine-containing ether and cyclic carbonate, and linear carbonate ester and/or propionate ester. The cyclic carbonate is propylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate. The linear carbonate ester is diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or carbonic acid ethyl methyl ester. The propionate ester is methyl propionate and/or ethyl propionate.R1,R2=2-6C fluorinated alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive-electrode compound material has average particle diameter of 0.2-0.8 mu m. Preferred Composition: The crystal structure of positive-electrode compound material is rhombic-type crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: When the ratio for second phase is set to b and the ratio for first phase is set to a, the relationship of 1.2 lesser than a/b lesser than 5.7 is satisfied. The second phase satisfies relationship of 0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.1 and satisfies relationship of 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 0.2. In a portion of K, the KNbO3, is substituted by other alkali-metal A, where A is lithium or sodium. The second phase is of formula: (Ba1-xMx) (Ti1-yLy)O3 (I).M=calcium, strontium or magnesium;andL=zirconium, hydrogen fluoride, cobalt, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The material is prepared by vapor deposition in the material preparation step. The material is vapor deposited by volatilizing the lithium metal, lanthanum metal and titanium metal and irradiating the resulting metallic gas with oxygen plasma in the material preparation step. In the method, lithium-lanthanum-titanium oxide containing compound of formula (Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3) and titanium oxide containing compound of formula (TiO2-y) are produced in the heating step.x = 0.05-0.17; andy = 0-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The surface of carbon nanofiber is oxidized such that the oxygen content is 8-20 %mass. Oxidation treatment is carried out using a mixed acid of nitric acid (10-30 %mass) and sulfuric acid. The carbon nanofiber has an average fiber diameter of 1-100 nm and an aspect ratio of 5 or more. Preferred Compounds: The electrode active material is a transition metal oxide containing lithium. The electrode active material is natural graphite, artificial graphite, synthetic graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, graphitized material of organic substance, coal, coke, polyacrylonitrile type carbon fiber, pitch based carbon fiber, lithium titanate, and/or alloy containing tin or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium phosphate, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, lithium-containing olivine type phosphate and/or lithium-containing manganese spinel oxide. The positive electrode mixture contained in the battery comprises conductive material, binder and filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material comprises elements of aluminum, magnesium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, chromium and/or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The electroconductive imparting agent is chosen from carbon black, carbon fiber, and metal fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Terminal blocking of polyamide is carried out with monocarboxylic acid having molecular weight of 140 or more. The diamine component is 1,10-decane diamine. The amount of triamine unit with respect to diamine unit in polyamide is 0.3 mol% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat pipe is made of stainless steel or carbon steel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of palladium (II) chloride aqueous solution and ferric chloride aqueous solution in the palladium iron electrodeposition base solution is 9:1. The electrodeposition potential during the direct electrodeposition process is -0.3 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion conductor (a) is lithium-niobium oxide. The lithium-ion conductor (b) is lithium-titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains 0.3-2 %mass of acetylene black and 0.1-2 %mass of lignin-based surfactant. The total pore volume of positive electrode active material is 0.09-0.11 cm3/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel of fuel cell system is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether and ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemical thermal storage medium is formed of lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, strontium chloride, barium chloride, manganese (II) chloride and cobalt (II) chloride and nickel (II) chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (Li1+xNiaMnbCocO2+d, where x+a+b+c is 1, a+b is 0.7 or less, x is more than 0 and 0.1 or less, c/(a+b) is more than 0 and less than 0.65, a/b is 0.7-2, and d is -0.1-0.1). The lithium salt is lithium-bisoxalate borate. The concentration of the lithium-bisoxalate borate with respect to the non-aqueous solvent is 0.05-0.3 mol/liter. The halogen of the metal halide is a fluorine or chlorine. The metal of the metal halide is lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium or zirconium. The metal halide is chosen from are lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, calcium fluoride, zirconium fluoride, lithium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. The amount of the metal halide with respect to the positive electrode active material is 0.1-5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bracket is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Battery: In the lithium ion secondary battery, the operation voltage is 4.4 V or higher. The fluorinated carbonate comprises cis-difluoroethylene carbonate, trans-difluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, allyl tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate, or a mixture. The fluorinated carbonate comprises fluoroethylene carbonate. The lithium vanadium phosphate is represented by LixV2-yMy(PO4)z, where M is a metal element having an atom number of 11 or higher, where 1 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 3; 0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 2, and 2 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 3. The lithium vanadium phosphate comprises Li3V2(PO4)3. The content of the fluorinated carbonate is 0.01-30% by mass, with respect to 100 % by mass of the total mass of the electrolytic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium nickel composite oxide in the positive electrode active material is 5-95 %mass. The content of nickel element and lithium element in the lithium nickel composite oxide is 0.5-0.8 mol and 1 mol, respectively. The lithium nickel composite oxide comprises a metallic element (excluding nickel) having atomic number of 11 or more. The metallic element is an element chosen from cobalt, manganese, aluminum and magnesium. The lithium vanadium phosphate is of formula: LixV2-yMy(PO4)z, where M is iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, gallium, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or zirconium, x is 1-3, y is 0-2, and z is 2-3. Preferred Process: The first charge capacity of the negative electrode and the first charge capacity of the positive electrode are determined by coating amount of the negative electrode and coating amount of the positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical insulating layer is made of polyethylene terephthalate, PVC, polyimide or polyolefin materials. The protective layer is made of glass-fiber reinforced polyolefin, aramide- or glass fiber materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tungstate catalyst is sodium tungstate or potassium tungstate. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fluorine-containing alkyl sulfone compound has purity of more than purity 99%. Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-containing alkyl sulfone compound is 5-80 %mass with respect to whole quantity of solvent in electrolyte solution. EXAMPLE - 2-(2,2,2-Trifluorethylsulfanyl)propane (6 g), sodium tungstate dehydrate (0.03 g) and sulfuric acid (0.17 g) were added, heated, 35 %mass of hydrogen peroxide solution was dripped, stirred, sodium sulfite (1.1 g) was added, neutralized, toluene was added and liquid-separated, to obtain 2-(2,2,2-trifluorethylsulfonyl)propane having purity of 99.4%, with yield of 89%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition element-containing inorganic layered substance of formula: (E+,E2+1/2)p(Mg,Al)qXr(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.nH2O. The transition element-containing inorganic layered substance is layered clay mineral containing transition element, preferably smectite containing transition element or vermiculite containing transition element. The transition metal is iron. The content of transition element-containing inorganic layered substance is 0.05 mol or more per mol. The negative electrode active material further includes less than 1 mol of lithium salt.E=guest substance inserted in interlayer of inorganic layered substance;X=transition element;p=0-1;q=number;r=0.2 or more;q+r=2-3;andn=2-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of benzylidene aniline compound in electrolyte solution in 0.05-3 wt.%. The benzylidene aniline compound (I) is 2-t-butyl-6-((E)-(phenylimino)methyl)phenol, (1-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, (1-(3-t-butyl-2-methoxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, 2-t-butyl-6-((E)-phenyliminomethyl)-benzenesulfonic acid methyl ester, phenyl-(1-(2-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-amine, (1-(3-t-butyl-2-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, 2-((E)-phenyliminomethyl)-benzonitrile, 2-t-butyl-6-((E)-phenyliminomethyl)-benzonitrile, (NE)-N-((3-t-butyl-2-(lithiooxy)phenyl)methylidene)aniline, 2-methyl-6-((E)-phenyliminomethyl)-phenol, 2-((E)-phenyliminomethyl)-phenylamine, phenyl-(1-(2-phenylsulfanyl-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-amine, (1-(2-diphenylphosphanyl-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, (NE)-N-((2-(lithiosulfanyl)phenyl)methylidene)aniline, N,N-dimethyl-2-((E)-(phenylimino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide, 2-((E)-(phenylimino)methyl)benzoic acid, lithio 2-t-butyl-6-(N-phenylcarboximidoyl)benzene-1-sulfonate, 2-((E)-Phenyliminomethyl)-benzenethiol, N-(2-t-butyl-6-((E)-phenyliminom ethyl)-phenyl)-acetamide, (1-(3-t-butyl-2-trimethylsilanyl oxy-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, (1-(3-t-butyl-2-dimethylbismuthanyl-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, (1-(2-diphenylboranyl-phenyl)-meth-(E)-ylidene)-phenyl-amine, and/or 2-t-butyl-6-((E)-phenyliminomethyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester. The benzylidene aniline compound (II) is (NE)-N-((3-t-butyl-2-((2-t-butyl-6-(N-phenylcarboximidoyl)phenoxycobaltio)oxy)phenyl)methylidene)aniline, bis(2-t-butyl-6-(N-phenylcarboximidoyl)phenoxy)dichlorotitanium, bis(2-t-butyl-6-(N-phenylcarboximidoyl)phenoxy)dichlorozirconium or (bis(2-t-butyl-6-(N-phenylcarboximidoyl)phenoxy)(carboxy)titanio)carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal catalyst contains transition metal element chosen from titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, niobium, palladium, lanthanum, cerium and platinum, and elemental metal, alloy, or metal oxide, preferably nickel metal. The negative electrode material further contains electroconductive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves processing a thin film of manganese dioxide with organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reforming catalysts (1) and (2) contain ruthenium or nickel as catalyst metal. A support which supports the catalyst metal, is contained in reforming catalyst (2). The amount of reforming catalyst (2) is more than the content of reforming catalyst (1). Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of reforming catalyst (2) is less than that of reforming catalyst (1). The carrier effect of support which supports the catalyst metal in reforming catalyst (2) with respect to reforming reaction, is less than that of support with supports the catalyst metal in reforming catalyst (1). The temperature of the reforming catalyst (2) is higher than the temperature of reforming catalyst (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery has negative electrode containing negative electrode active material which is graphite, and positive electrode containing positive electrode active material which is lithium manganese complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfone compound is chosen from tetramethylene sulfone, pentamethylene sulfone, hexamethylene sulfone, 3-methyl-sulfolane or 2,4-dimethylsulfone. The fluorine-containing ester compound is 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoromethyl propionate or 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoroethylpropionate. The nonaqueous electrolysis solvent contains propylene carbonate (10-50 volume%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio (Ma/Mc) of amount (Ma) of lithium doped into the negative electrode by the time the negative electrode reaches the electric potential of 0.02 V with respect to metallic lithium, to the amount (Mc) of lithium discharged from the positive electrode by the time the positive electrode reaches the electric potential of 4.3 V with respect to metallic lithium is 1.2-1.9. The ratio (A/B) of amount (A) of lithium in the negative electrode active material at the time of the discharge from which the battery voltage of 3 V or less to the amount (B) of lithium in the negative electrode binder is 2-20. The silicon-type compound is silicon oxide. The negative electrode further contains carbon as negative electrode active material. The content of carbon contained with respect to total content of negative electrode active material is 1-10 %mass. The content of negative electrode binder contained with respect to 100 parts mass of negative electrode active material is 5-25 parts mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide forms a lithium polyimide of formula (II), by a reversible reaction with lithium ion in connection with charging/discharging. The polyimide (I) is of formula (III) or (IV). Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=methyl or methoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The division element is coated to the surface of the metal plate with the polypropylene or the polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nitrogen content in the supplied air stream is reduced for increasing the oxygen content of the supplied air stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode comprises: a simple substance of an element capable of being alloyed with lithium or a compound of the element, as a negative electrode active material; or a carbon material as a negative electrode active material. The positive electrode comprises a nickel containing lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte further comprises: fluorinated cyclic carbonate, preferably fluoro ethylene carbonate; and vinylene carbonate. The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is present at 0.1-5 mass%. The vinylene carbonate is present at 0.5-5 mass%. Total content of (I) and (II) is 0.05-3 mass%. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved at 1 mol/l in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 2:3:1. 2-Phenylsulfanylamino-indan-1,3-dione (0.5 mass%), vinylene carbonate (2.5 mass%) and fluoro ethylene carbonate (1 mass%) were added to the mixed solvent to obtain the non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, lithium iron oxide olivine structure, and lithium manganese oxide spinel structure. The amount of anode material is 1-30 weight%, preferably 5-25 weight%. The anode material is of formula: aLi2MnO3-(1-a)LiMO2. The gas is oxygen or carbon dioxide.M=Al, Mg, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, V or Fe;anda=more than 0 and 1 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium vanadium phosphate is expressed as LixV2-yMy(PO4)z. The lithium vanadium phosphate is Li3V2(PO4)3. The crystallization degree of the lithium vanadium phosphate particles is greater than or equal to 98%.M=Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, B, Ga, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Zr;x=1-3;y=0-2;z=2 or 3. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material has lithium-containing transition metal oxide including nickel, cobalt and manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent binder is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, trifluoro ethylene and vinyl fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the polymer with respect to total amount of the positive mix layer is 0.005-0.75 %mass. The polymer is polyethylene glycol. Preferred Property: The polymer has mean molecular weight of 200-20000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode mixture layer further contains complex oxide (LiM2O2, where M2 is element chosen from nickel, cobalt and manganese, and when the ratio of number of elements of nickel, cobalt and manganese to the total number of elements of M2 is a (mol%), b (mol%) and c (mol%), respectively, then a is 20-65 mol%, b is 15-55 mol%, c is 0-45 mol% and a+b+c is 90-100 mol%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of the negative electrode material is coated by a carbon material. The halogen-substituted cyclic carbonate is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The content of cyclic carbonate in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.5-20 %mass. The boric-acid triester is boric-acid triethyl ester. The content of boric-acid triester in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.1-1 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material (A) is lithium-titanium complex oxide. The conductive support agent (B) is graphite powder, carbon black, carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of 50% of microfibrillated cellulose fiber (C) is 0.01-40 mu m, measured using water as dispersion medium by laser diffraction-scattering type particle size distribution analyzer. Preferred Component: The microfibrillated cellulose fiber (C) is prepared from plant-derived cellulose or bacterial cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inert atmosphere contains inert gas chosen from nitrogen, helium, argon and neon. The reducing atmosphere contains nitrogen, helium, argon and neon, and does not contain oxygen. The molten material is solidified to form solidified material (12) containing organic compound and carbon-type electroconductive substance. The positive electrode material contains phosphoric acid compound of formula: AM1-aX1aP1-bZ1bO4+c, and silicic-acid compound of formula: A2M1-dX2dSi1-eZ2eO4+f.A=Li, Na or K;M=Fe, Mn, Co or Ni;X1,X2=Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, Mo, or W;Z1,Z2=Si, B, Al, or V;a,b,d,e=0-0.2;c=number which satisfies neutrality depending on numerical value of a and b, valence of M, valence of X1, and valence of Z1;andf=number which satisfies neutrality depending on numerical value of d and e, valence of M, valence of X2, and valence of Z2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The composite includes a carbon fiber (0.1-8 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese oxide has compositional formula: Li(LiaMnxM1-a-x)O2, where M is manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, copper, zinc, titanium, aluminum, magnesium or boron. The content of lithium-containing metal oxide in active material is 50 parts weight. The active material contains natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, furnace black, and Ketjen black (RTM: carbon material).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium-containing transition metal oxide has irreversible capacity of more than 250 mAh/g.Preferred Composition: The cathode active material contains lithium-containing transition metal oxide Li2Nix'Cu1-xO2, where x is 0-1. The content of lithium-containing transition metal oxide is 5-50 parts weight, preferably 20-40 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of cathode active material.The cathode active material further contains conductive material comprising graphite and conductive carbon, lithium-containing metal oxide chosen from lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide and lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese and aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and/or bismuth. The content of conductive material is 0.5-15 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of cathode active material. The conductive carbon comprises carbon black, acetylene black, Ketchen black (RTM: carbon black), channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, crystalline graphene and/or graphite. The content of lithium-containing metal oxide is 50 parts weight or less with respect to 100 parts weight of cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastomer constituent forming the base layer is comprised of a silicone-based constituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In step (i), the reaction is carried out in a high pressure stainless steel kettle lined with polyfluortetraethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In step (i), the organotellurium source feeding amount is according to amount of tellurium material, where the ratio of organotellurium and the reducing agent feeding amount is 1:2-5. The volume of organic solvent accounts to 212.31-318.46 ml/mmol of the amount of organotellurium source material, and the volume ratio of the organic solvent and the buffer solution are 1:0.156-2. The buffer solution is ammonium hydrate-ammonium chloride buffer solution with pH of 8-10. The reducing agent is dithiosalicylic acid or glucose. In step (ii) the molar ratio of the tellurium dendritic crystal and the gold precursor is 1:0.25-1, where the amount of tellurium dendrites content is according to the amount of tellurium substance, and the gold precursor content is according to the amount of gold substance, and the volume dosage of ethylene glycol is 133-400 ml/mmol of tellurium dendritic crystal substance. The concentration of aqueous chloroauric acid solution is 10 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The lid is provided on the surface orthogonal to winding axis of electrode winding group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive mix contains positive electrode active material comprising lithium-molybdenum complex oxide of formula: Li1+xM1-yMoyO2, or positive electrode active material is layered lithium transition metal oxide having (003) plane microcrystal size of 30-80 nm.M=Ni, Mn or Co;x=0-0.2;andy=0.025-0.055.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material has a specific surface area of 0.01-3 m2/g. The cathode comprises (wt.%) the cathode active material (70-98.5), a conductivity-endowing material (0.5-30), and a binder (1-10). The anode collector contains the anode active material deposited on it. The cathode containing the cathode active material and anode containing the anode active material are separated by a separator and immersed in a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    M3=Fe;    y1=0.02-0.4 (preferably 0.02-0.2, 0.1-0.4, 0.1-0.3 or 0.1-0.2);    y2=0.1-0.3 (preferably 0.05-0.2).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vanadium-based compound dispersed in the negative electrode active material layer is a vanadium oxide and/or a vanadium phosphate compound. The vanadium oxide consists of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), vanadium oxide (V3O8) and lithium vanadium oxide (LixV2O5). The vanadium phosphate compound consists of lithium vanadium phosphate (LiVPO4) and lithium vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The roughness of the inner wall surface of the foil-shaped collector conforms to JIS B 0601.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium composite metal oxide has lattice constant c of 14.9-14.22 Angstrom , and lattice product of 100.5-101.5 Angstrom 3. The ratio of lattice constant c and lattice constant a is 4.94-4.97. Preferred Process: During manufacture of lithium composite metal oxide, 1-2 mole times of lithium compound based on conversion of lithium is added with respect to amount of nickel during production of lithium composite metal oxide (L1), and 1-2 mole times of lithium compound based on conversion of lithium is added with respect to amount of nickel during preparation of lithium composite metal oxide (L2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles includes gap having size of 200 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of the core material layer is 40-100 nm. The thickness of oxide layer is 1-500 mu m. The thickness of carbon layer or conductive high molecular material layer is 1-500 nm. Preferred Process: The alloy is combined with an element chosen from titanium, copper, nickel, iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, zirconium, silver, boron, molybdenum, niobium and tin. Preferred Composition: The oxide layer contains lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate or lithium silicate. The carbon layer contains pitch, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphite, carbon black or Ketjen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive high molecular material layer contains polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and/or polyacetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tin metal salt is chosen from tin acetate, tin nitrate, tin carbonate and tin sulfate. The cobalt metal salt is chosen from cobalt acetate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt carbonate and cobalt sulfate. The iron metal salt is chosen from iron acetate, iron nitrate, iron carbonate and iron sulfate. The graphite is chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon black, carbon nanotube and fullerene. The reducing agent is citric acid and/or ascorbic acid. The molar ratio of the tin metal salt, cobalt metal salt, iron metal salt and graphite is 1:1:1:5. The molar ratio of the reducing agent and total metal ion is 1:1-2. The lithium secondary battery contains cathode active material, preferably carbon black, polyvinylidene fluoride, binder and ion conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Nitrogen gas is introduced into the reaction system before addition of bivalent iron compound. Preferred Conditions: The hydrothermal reaction is performed in a pressure-resistant container at 150-250 degrees C. Baking process is carried out at 600-800 degrees C. Preferred Component: The base is ammonia or organic amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The supply raw material of manganese ion and iron ion is water-soluble metal salt(s) chosen from sulfate and chloride. The supply raw material of phosphate ion is phosphoric acid or dihydrogen ammonium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive powder in the composition is a carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated binder in the composition is a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluroralkoxy (PFA) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon-oxide particles are particles containing silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 1-2). Preferred Process: The micropores are formed in the carbon nanohorn of carbon nanohorn aggregate. Preferred Property: The thickness of carbon film is 1 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode layer is selected from the group which consists of a silicon and tin. The metallic element in positive electrode group is selected from the group which consists of cobalt, nickel, manganese, and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ratio of average secondary particle diameter (r1) and average secondary particle diameter (r2) is less than 0.8. The amount of secondary positive electrode active material is 40-90 %mass, preferably 60-90 %mass. The primary positive electrode active material has compositional formula: Li1+x1Nia1Mnb1Coc1O2+d1, where x1+a1+b1+c1 is 1, x1 is more than 0 and 0.1 or less, c1/(a1+b1+c1) is 0.15 or less, a1/b1 is 0.7-3, and d1 is -0.1 to 0.1. The secondary positive electrode active material has compositional formula: Li1+x2Nia2Mnb2Coc2O2+d2, where x2+a2+b2+c2 is 1, x2 is x1, c2/(a2+b2+c2) is 0-0.05, a2/b2 is 0.7-3, and d2 is d1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - One of the layers includes an inorganic solid oxide, and a lithium titanate with spinel type crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The soldering pattern contains (in weight%) lead (Pb), tin (Sn) (65-99.9) and copper (Cu) (0.01-35) to the main component-free and lead-free soldering material. The soldering material of soldering pattern contains (in weight%) additional metal (0.01-20), nickel and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture consists of soot and carbon nano-small tube (4-7 wt.%), polytetrafluoroethylene as binding agents (1-3 wt.%), polyethylene glycol as film former (1-4 wt.%), and hydroxypropylcellulose as viscosity adjusters (0.5-2 wt.%). The carbon portion of soot has a residual weight of 100 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The compound contains element(s) chosen from group 5-7 elements such as molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The separator elements are formed from lithium glass ceramic. The catalyst converter comprises the components e.g. oxide ion conductive ceramic material e.g. lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite and barium strontium cobalt ferrite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst converter comprises components e.g. perovskite type mixed oxides of lanthanum-calcium-cobalt-iron-nickel-manganese oxide and spinel type mixed oxides of cobalt-nickel-manganese and/or copper, manganese oxide, iron oxide and nickel II oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery comprises an anode contact element made of metallic material i.e. copper. The anode fuel elements are completely made of lithium or lithium alloy. The cathode contact element is made of metallic material e.g. stainless steel or nickel. The catalyst converter comprises the components e.g. platinum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic electrolyte contained in the electrode body is perovskite type lithium lanthanum titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from indium, bismuth, thallium and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ion exchange resin comprises sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and carboxylic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector is formed by aluminum or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The aqueous binder is selected from a group consisting of fluorine resin, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite electrolyte membrane layer comprises hydrocarbon polymer (90-99.9 weight%) and graphene nanostructures (0.1-10 weight%). The content (in weight%) of hydrocarbon polymer is chosen from 90, 90.5, 91, 91.5, 92, 92.5, 93, 93.5, 94, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, and 99.9. The content (in weight%) of graphene nanostructures is chosen from 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, and 10. The graphene nanostructures are graphene oxide nanoflakes. Preferred Arrangement: The hydrocarbon composite electrolyte membrane further comprises at least two hydrocarbon electrolyte membrane layers (21,22,23). Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon composite electrolyte membrane layer is prepared by mixing hydrocarbon polymer solution (90-99.9 weight%) and graphene nanostructures (0.1-10 weight%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The original material is divided into metal powder and pore former. The metal powder is titanium powder. The pore former is ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate provided with inorganic salt of low decomposition temperature. The baking temperature is 60-150 degrees C for 2-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inorganic compound melts the raw material batch containing lithium oxide, iron oxide and phosphorus pentoxide, and the molten glass is subjected to molding and crystallization. Carbon or organic compound is added to the precursor inorganic powder and heat-processed at 500-1000 degrees C in inactivity or reducing environment. Preferred Composition: The prepared raw material batch contains (in mol%) lithium oxide (20-50), iron oxide (10-40) and phosphorus pentoxide (20-50). The raw material batch further contains 0.1-25 mol% of total of niobium oxide, vanadium oxide, silicon oxide, boron trioxide, germanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, antimony oxide and bismuth oxide. The inorganic compound contains 10 %mass or more of crystals. The crystals are Nasicon-type crystal of formula: Li3MyFe2-y(PO4)3 (II).y=0 or more and less than 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium oxide, ferric oxide and phosphorus pentoxide in inorganic powder is 20-50 mol%, 5-40 mol% and 20-50 mol%, respectively. The raw material is melted using inorganic powder, vitrified and pulverized after molding molten glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic lipophilic balance value of surfactant is 5-19. The surfactant has benzene ring. The battery has ratio of peak intensity of 1300-1400 cm-1 with respect to peak intensity of 1550-1650 cm-1 in a Raman spectroscopy is 1 or less. The battery has ratio of peak intensity of 900-1000 cm-1 with respect to peak intensity of 1550-1650 cm-1 is 0.5 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A nonionic surfactant has polyoxyalkylene chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sendust powder contains silicon (9-10%), aluminum (4-8%) and remainder of iron. The molybdenum permalloy powder contains nickel (80-81%), iron (16-18) and molybdenum (1.5-2.5). The silicon steel powder contains silicon (5-8 wt.%) and remainder of iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel is hydrogen, reformed gas, alcohol or mixture of water and alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polybenzimidazole compound has a sulfonic acid or a sulfonate in the structural unit. The polybenzimidazole compound is crosslinked. The polybenzimidazole compounds are of formulae (I) or (II).n=1-4;R1=tetravalent aryl unit forming imidazole ring;R2=bivalent aryl;X=direct bond, -O-, -SO2-, -S-, -CO-, -C(CH3)2-,-C(CF3)2- or -O-Ph-O-;Ar=aryl;Ph=aryl;andY',Z=sulfonic acid group, in which one or all forms acid or sulfonic acid group derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (I) is boron substituted 2,2-difluoro-(1,3)dioxolane-4,5-dione compound of formula (II), phosphorus substituted 2,2-tetrafluoro-(1,3)dioxolane-4,5-dione compound of formula (III), phosphorus substituted 1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-spiro(4.4)nonane-2,3,7,8-tetraone compound of formula (IV), phosphorus substituted spiro compound of formula (V), and cyclic sulfone compound of formula (VI). The electrolyte further comprises (1,3)dioxol-2-one compound of formula (VIII), and (1,3)dioxolan-2-one compound of formula (IX).R21-R24=1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl, 2-10C alkynyl (all optionally substituted), -SiR7R8R9, H, halo, -CO2R10, -COR11, -P(O)(OR12)2, -SO2R13, -SO2(OR14), or -B(OR15)2;R7-R9=1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl or phenyl;R10=H, optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl, phenyl or -SiR7R8R9;R11=optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl or phenyl;R12,R14,R15=H, optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl, phenyl or -SiR7R8R9;R13=optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl or phenyl;R21,R22=3-7C cycloalkane group or methylene group of formula (VII), preferably H, F, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, trimethyl-silyl, dimethyl tert-butyl silyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl or cyclopentyl;R25,R26=1-10C alkyl, phenyl or 2-12C dialkylamino group;CR25R26=3-7C cycloalkane;CR23R24=3-7C cycloalkane, preferably H, F, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, trimethyl-silyl, dimethyl tert-butyl silyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl or cyclopentyl;andwavy line=bonding position.Preferred Composition: The content of the compound (I), the compound (VIII) and the compound (IX) is 0.001-10 mass%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the half value width (A) of diffraction peak of plane (003) and half value width (B) of diffraction peak of (104) plane of active material particles is 0.45-0.7. The average thickness of the shell portion surrounding hollow portion is 0.1-2.2 mu m. Preferred Composition: The lithium transition metal oxide is compound of layered crystal structure containing nickel as constituent element, and tungsten. The content of tungsten is 0.05-1 mol% with respect to 100 mol% of total of transition metal elements other than tungsten. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: Li1+xNiyCozMn(1-y-z)WuMvO2.x=0-0.2;y=more than 0.1 and less than 0.9;z=more than 0.1 and less than 0.4;u=0.0005-0.01;v=0-0.01;andM=Zr, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Cr, Zn, Si, Sn, Al, B and/or F.The transition-metal hydroxide contains tungsten. The content of tungsten is 0.05-1 mol%. Preferred Conditions: The baking is carried out for 3-20 hours. The calcination temperature is 850-950 degrees C. Preferred Method: The transition-metal hydroxide is deposited from the aqueous solution. The transition-metal hydroxide is grown after decreasing pH of aqueous solution. The pH of aqueous solution in nucleation process is 12-13. The pH of aqueous solution in particles growth process is 11-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The countercation of compound (a) is countercation chosen from lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion and tetraalkylammonium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of compound (a) and compound (b) in electrolyte solution is 0.01-5 %mass and 0.01-10.0 %mass, respectively. The solute is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide and lithium bispentafluoroethanesulfonimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material is powdery lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductivity additive is made of a conductive carbon black and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon support is graphene, activated charcoal, carbon black, carbon fiber or mesoporous carbon, preferably graphene. The metal catalyst precursor solution comprises metals chosen from platinum, palladium, cobalt, iron, titanium, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, cadmium, indium, antimony, gold, lead and bismuth. The surface of the graphene is processed using nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid, amino acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid and/or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Electronic conduction rate of lithium silicon nitride at room temperature is greater than or equal to 1x 10-2Scm-1. Preferred Conditions: Load pressure is greater than or equal to 20 MPa. Preferred Processes: Mixing is performed in atmosphere which does not react with lithium nitride. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.25-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The battery pack further comprises a protection circuit (26) which is capable of detecting a voltage of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monoclinic system beta -type titanium composite oxide comprises a second element that comprises at least one of vanadium, niobium or tantalum. The monoclinic system beta -type titanium composite oxide: comprises a solid solution of the second element and titanium; has an agglomerated particle of fibrous particles containing the first element which is present at 0.01-3 mass%; has a coagulated form of fibrous particles, and the fibrous particles have an average fiber diameter of 1 nm to 10 mu m and a ratio of fiber length to fiber diameter of 20 or less; has a crystal structure which is titanium dioxide (B) (monoclinic form); and comprises a solid solution of the first element and titanium. In the monoclinic system beta -type titanium composite oxide: the second element is present at 0.01-10 mass%; and the first element is present at 0.01-3 mass%, preferably 0.1-1 mass%. EXAMPLE - Potassium molybdate, potassium carbonate and an anatase-type titanium dioxide were mixed and subjected to a spray drying process to obtain agglomerated particles of fibrous particles, and the particles were calcined at 1000 degrees C for 24 hours and washed with pure water to give a proton-exchanged precursor in the form of coagulated particles. The obtained proton-exchanged precursor was kept into a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution and stirred at 25 degrees C for 12 hours to obtain a proton-exchanged form. The proton-exchanged form was calcined in the air at 350 degrees C for 3 hours to give titanium composite oxide. The resulting titanium composite oxide was in the form of spherical coagulated particles having an average particle size of 9.6 mu m and a specific surface area of 12.8 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material is selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, lithium-titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, amorphous tin oxide, tin-silicon oxide, silicon oxide, titanium sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, ferric sulfide, lithium-cobalt nitride, manganese dioxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium-manganese composite oxide, lithium-nickel composite oxide, lithium-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt composite oxide, spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide, lithium-phosphorus oxide, iron sulfate, vanadium oxide, lithium titanate and lithium-cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mixed gas being measured is natural gas or a utility gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additives include calcium, tungsten, magnesium, aluminum, tin, zinc or strontium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material consists of manganese, cobalt, and LI containing complex oxide containing nickel. The ME is comprised of copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium or sodium-containing oxoate compound powder contains iron phosphate of formula: A2M1-xFexP2O7 (I).A=lithium or sodium;M=manganese, zirconium, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, vanadium or copper;andx=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel is citric acid, carbohydrazide or glycine. Preferred Conditions: The combustion reaction and heat-processing are carried out at 100-300 degrees C and 300-800 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polypropylene resin (a1) contains ( beta )-crystalline nucleating agent. The content of ( beta )-crystalline nucleating agent is 0.0001-5 %mass with respect to 100 %mass of polypropylene resin in the layer (A). The layer (B) has thickness ratio of 5-80% with respect to the thickness of the separator. Preferred Properties: The filler in the layer (B) has average particle diameter of 0.1-2 mu m. The separator has pin stabbing strength of 232 gf or more, porosity of 30-65%, and air permeability of 50-500 second/100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex component of the lithium-silicon oxide (I) has sea island structure in which island shape is scattered with oxide and has average diameter in terms of yen of island of island structure of 15 nm. The complex component contains particles having size of 1-20 mu m. The area ratio of gap having size of 20 nm or more in the particles is 20-80%. The lithium-silicon oxide (I) is preferably of formula: Li2+xFe(Si,M2)O4 (Ia) or Li2+xMn(Si,M2)O4 (Ib).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal element is platinum, palladium, gold, iridium, and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Complex oxide contains nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), wherein amount of manganese (Mn) is greater than the total amount of Ni and Co. Mole ratio of lithium (Li) and Mn and M satisfies Li/(Mn+M)=1-1.5. Electrode material contains cubic crystal layer which does not have lithium on surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hot side is made of ferritic steel, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the hydrogen generation reaction is conducted in an alkaline aqueous solution. Preferred Components: The composite metal of iron and nickel: is an alloy, intermetallic compound, or solid solution of iron and nickel; contains 25-75 mole% of iron; and is composed of ultrafine particles having a particle size of 1-100 mil. EXAMPLE - Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (0.012 g), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (0.042 g), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (0.1 g) and water (2.5 ml) were placed in a 30 ml two necked flask. The resultant mixture was then ultrasonically stirred for 5 minutes, followed by heating at 50 degrees C for 5 minutes. Then sodium borohydride (0.01 g) aqueous solution (1.5 ml) was subsequently added, and the reactor was vigorously shaken for 5 minutes to form nickel-iron nanoparticle catalyst. Then sodium hydroxide (0.08 g) was added to the obtained solution and the reactor was shaken to dissolve the sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolytic solution includes one or more compounds comprising ester compounds of formula (R22-O-C(=O)-O-R23-O-C(=O)-O-R24) (V) or (R25-C(=O)-O-(R26-O)n-C(=O)-R27) (VI), sulfonic ester compounds of formula (R28-S((=O)2)-O-R29-O-S((=O)2)-R30) (VII), lithium monofluorophosphate (VIII) and lithium difluorophosphate (IX). The amount of (Q) in the electrolytic solution is 0.01-10 wt.%. The total content of (V)-(IX) in the electrolytic solution is 0.001-2 wt.%.R22, R24, R25, R27, R28, R30 = monovalent hydrocarbyl (optionally halogenated); andR23, R26, R29 = divalent hydrocarbyl (optionally halogenated); andn = greater than or equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A surfactant (0.1-1 %mass, preferably 0.4-0.6 %mass) is provided to polyolefin-type nonwoven fabric, after sulfonation. Preferred Composition: The surfactant is alkyl phosphoric acid-type anionic surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The battery-cell separator has ratio of cross-sectional area of polypropylene and cross-sectional area of polyethylene of more than 60/40 and 80/20 or less, preferably 65/35-75/25, and ratio of melting peak area of polyethylene at low-melting point and melting peak area of polypropylene at high-melting point in differential scanning calorimetry curve of 0.4-1.1, preferably 0.6-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive agent is conductive carbon black. The baking temperature is 120-150 degrees C for 6-8 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The evaporation promoting material is formed with ceramics as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fluorine-containing ethylene carbonate derivative is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one or 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. Compound of formula (1) is represented by compound of formula XR6X (4). Compound of formula (2) is represented by compound of formula (5). Compound of formula (2) is succinic anhydride or succinimide. Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% compound of formula (3). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% fluorine-containing ethylene carbonate derivative, compound of formula (1), and/or compound of formula (2).R6= less than or equal to 15C hydrocarbon group containing hetero element; andX=CN or isocyanato group. Preferred Definitions:    R4, R5=methylene group, dimethylene group, trimethylene group, and/or tetramethylene group;    R3=-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CHCH-, -CHC(CH3)-, and/or -CH2C(CH2)-;    M=O, -NH-, and/or -N(CH3)-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Component C is represented by formula (2). Electrolyte solution contains 1-30 wt.% component E with respect to total weight of components A, D, and E. Component E contains 7-16 wt.% boron. Electrolyte solution contains alcohol (F) e.g. monoalkylether of dihydric alcohol.R6-R10=H, 1-18C alkyl group, 1-18C alkoxy group, or formula -(OX)n-OY (3);X=2-3C alkylene group;n=1-5; andY=1-8C alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collecting plate of negative and electrode terminals are made of copper and aluminum respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic filler is made of inorganic compound selected from group that consists of alumina, magnesia, zirconia, silica, Boehmite and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal of the active metal ion is an alkali metal. The solid electroactive component material is selected from intercalation material of the active alkali metal, the metal of the active alkali metal, and a displacement reaction material of the active alkali metal. The active metal ion is lithium. The electroactive component material is a lithium carbon intercalation material. The electron transfer materials are selected from metals, semi-metals, carbons, and electronically conducting polymers; and carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solid electroactive component material is selected from an alloy material of the active alkali metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The package member is a battery can or a laminate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The content of (I) in the non aqueous electrolytic solution is 0.01-10 wt.%. The non aqueous electrolytic solution includes substituted unsaturated cyclic carbonate compounds of formula (II), provided that (II) is present at 0.01-5 wt.%, (I) is present at 0.01-5 wt.%, and (I)/(II) is present at 0.002-500. The unsaturated cyclic carbonate is vinylene carbonate (1,3-dioxol-2-one) or methyl vinylene carbonate (4-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one). The non aqueous electrolytic solution includes a halogenated carbonate, where the halogenated carbonate includes one or both of substituted halogenated cyclic carbonate compounds of formula (III) and substituted halogenated chain carbonate compounds of formula (R22-C((R23)(R21))-O-C(=O)-O-C((R24)(R26))-R25), provided that the halogenated carbonate is present at 0.01-30 wt.%, (I) is present at 0.01-5 wt.%, and (I)/the halogenated carbonate is present at 1/3000-500. The halogenated carbonate is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. The non aqueous electrolytic solution includes ethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxolane-2-one) and propylene carbonate (4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one), where a mixture weight ratio of the ethylene carbonate and the propylene carbonate is present at 75:25-25:75.R11, R12 = H or alkyl; andR17-R26 = H, halo, monovalent hydrocarbyl or monovalent halogenated hydrocarbyl, where one or more of R17-R26 is halo or monovalent halogenated hydrocarbyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 31 compounds (I) is disclosed e.g. 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one of formula (Ia), 4-methyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methylene-5-phenethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methylene-5-prop-2-ynyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and 4-methylene-5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amino compound is triazole having 1-5 amino groups, preferably 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-5-propyl-1,2,4-triazole and/or 3-amino-5-butyl-1,2,4-triazole. The electrode contains 0.001-1 wt.% of additive based on weight of electrode, and further contains electrode protective film formation agent containing carbonyl group-containing compound of formula: T2-C(-T1)=C(-T3)-O-R1-(O-C(=O)-O-R1)n-O-C(-T3)=C(T1)-T2 (I). The electrode has a protective film formed using the electrode protective film formation agent.R1=5-12C aliphatic hydrocarbyl having cyclic structure or linear or branched 1-6C aliphatic hydrocarbyl;T1-T3=H or 1-3C alkyl;andn=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: In the lithium ion secondary battery, several polymer compounds form a bridge structure with each other. The lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrolytic solution, and decomposition of the electrolytic solution is suppressed by the polymer compound. Preferred Components: The anode composite material contains a binder, and a total weight of the binder and the polymer compound is 1 to 10 wt.% based on a total weight of the anode composite material. The cathode composite material contains a binder, and a total weight of the binder and the polymer compound is 5 to 20 wt.% based on a total weight of the cathode composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ratio value of the polymer compound with respect to the binder is 0 to 0.75. Preferred Definitions:    Z=an element that is capable of being bonded to a carboxylic acid salt; or is at least one of C, Si, Sn, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni;    n=10 to 500.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte contains non-aqueous solvent and lithium salt which is dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent that contains ethylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystalline substance is mica-type crystalline substance, NASICON-type crystalline substance, ( beta )-iron(III) sulfate-type crystalline substance, perovskite-type crystalline substance, calcium sulfide/sodium chloride-type crystalline substance, ( beta )-alumina-type crystalline substance, montmorillonite-type crystalline substance, hollandite-type crystalline substance and zirconium-type crystalline substance. Preferred Processes: The to-be-processed material is prepared by providing an amorphous substance containing alkali metals other than lithium and heat-processing the amorphous substance. The method further involves adjusting thickness of to-be-processed material (S120) to 1 mm or less, before ion-exchange treatment. The ionic conductivity (S/cm) of the to-be-processed material is increased by single or more digits before and behind the ion-exchange treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The lithium ion conductive glass ceramics have ionic conductivity of 1x 10-6 S/cm or more at room temperature. Preferred Components: The lithium ion conductive glass ceramics have crystal structure of lithium substitution sodium super ionic conductor type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of surface of solid electrolyte is 10 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of each of hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,3-dioxane in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.1-2 %mass with respect to total amount of electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first material comprises a metal including silver and copper, a multiphase composite consisting of silver-copper, copper-niobium, copper-vanadium, copper-tantalum and copper-iron, and an aluminum-based alloy. The second material comprises platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium manganese multiple oxide having spinel crystal structure. The negative electrode active material is graphite-type carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Relation: The mass ratio of phosphazene-type flame retardant (x) and mass ratio of fluorine-substituted ether (y) have relations: y=0 and 0.5 or less, y greater than or equal to 0.005x-0.05 and y greater than or equal to 240x2-48x+2.4. Preferred Composition: The phosphazene-type flame retardant is liquid. The mixed solvent in the non-aqueous electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. One or more portions of hydrogen atom of linear ether compound of formula: R1-O-R2 is substituted by fluorine atom.R1,R2=1-10C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive agent is included with carbon material. The positive electrode active material is included with lithium manganese multiple oxide with spinel crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode active material is carbon material with graphite. The positive electrode active material is lithium manganese transition-metal multiple oxides by which portion of manganese site is substituted with transition metals other than manganese including lithium and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent consists of dichloromethane, cyclohexane, toluene, ethyl acetate, diethylether, 2-butanone, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, ethanol or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal is chosen from iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, titanium, aluminum, zinc, copper, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum and niobium. Two or more types of lithium transition-metal composite phosphate particles contain manganese-type particles including iron compound (LiaFe1-bM1b(PO4)c) and iron-type particles including iron compound (LidMn1-eM2e(PO4)f), where M1 is chosen from manganese, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, titanium, aluminum, zinc, copper, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum and niobium, a is 0 to less than 2, b is 0 to less than 0.8, c is 0 to less than 2, M2 is chosen from iron, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, titanium, aluminum, zinc, copper, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum and niobium, d is 0 to less than 2, e is 0-1, f is 0 to less than 2, and when M1 is manganese, then, M2 is iron, and have olivine-type crystal structure. The weight ratio of the iron-type particles and the manganese-type particles is 20:80-95:5. The secondary battery further has coating layer containing a carbon material. The positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The platinum complex adsorption process, purging processes and reduction process are carried out for several times. The carbon monoxide adsorption process and final purging process are optionally carried out. The purging processes, adsorption process and reduction process are carried out at 100-200 degrees C. Preferred Support: The support is titanium carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-semiconductor volume consists of n-doped silicon carbide, tin disulfide, antimony sulfide or aluminum antimonide. The p-semiconductor volume consists of fixed charges made of magnesium antimonide, magnesium bismutide or solid solutions of magnesium antimonide and magnesium bismutide. The n-semiconductor volume consists of fixed charges made of bismuth sulfide or alkaline earth hexaborides. The p-semiconductor volume is made of movable charges made of p-endowed silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Lithium-containing complex oxide is spinel-type lithium manganese oxide of formula: Li1+xMgyAlzMn2-xy-zO4.x=(-0.05) to 0.1;andy,z=more than 0 to 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material is lithium complex oxide. At least one portion of positive electrode active material is nickel-containing lithium complex oxide has compositional formula: Li1+xMO2, where x is -0.5 to 0.5, M is manganese, cobalt and/or nickel, a is 20-100, and a+b+c is 50-100. The positive mix-containing composition contains electrode material and a solvent. The battery has positive electrode (1) containing the material, negative electrode (2), a separator (3) and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode contains active material containing carbon material capable of occluding and discharging lithium ion or lithium, and element capable of alloying. The active material contains material containing silicon and oxygen, and graphite. The atomic ratio of oxygen with respect to silicon is 0.5-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material is lithium-titanium oxide or lithium-titanium composite oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrates are made of copper, aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution has electrochemical stability in a high voltage battery at voltages of above 4.2 V. The solution further has electrochemical stability when the battery is operated in an environment at a temperature of 45 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is vinyl(trifluoromethyl) dimethylsilane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction step is carried out at 80-120 degrees C, or at room temperature. Preferred Components: The core is composed of an alloy of palladium and copper. The core-forming metal is platinum, palladium (preferred), iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, transition metals, nickel or copper. The shell-forming metal is platinum, iridium (both preferred), palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, transition metals, nickel or copper. The shell layer consists of a first shell layer directly formed on the core and a second shell layer formed on the first shell layer, and the core, the first shell layer and the second shell layer are composed of palladium, gold and platinum, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ether-based solvent is benzyl ether, phenyl ether, dimethoxytetraglycol and/or furan-based aromatic ethers. The ester-based reducing agent is a Hantzsch ester of formula (III).R = 1-4C alkyl or its derivative. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode further contains 0.01-5 weight% of binder with respect to the total content of additive and active material, and has polymerized film formed with additive. The cyclic compound contains polymerizable unsaturated bond (1-7 millimole/g). The organic group is chosen from group of formulae: -R5-C(-Q1)=C(-Q2)-Q3, -R7-C(-Q9)=C(-Q10)-Q11 or group of formula (II).R5,R6=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3=H, 1-4C alkyl, or 6-12C aromatic group, in which at least one of Q1-Q3 is 6-12C aromatic group;Q4-Q8=H, 1-4C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, halo or fluoroalkyl, in which at least one of is Q4-Q8 is 2-6C alkenyl;R7=1-3C alkylene or alkyleneoxy carbonyl in which carbon atom in carbonyl group is bonded with carbon atom containing carbon-carbon double bond;Q9-Q11=H, or group (T1) chosen from 1-4C alkyl and phenyl, or group (T2) chosen from H, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, nitro, cyano or halo;andR7=alkyleneoxy carbonyl in carbonyl group is bonded with carbon atom containing carbon-carbon double bond. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H;    n=2-6;and    Y'=NH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogen carrier is ammonia borane. The inert insulator is quartz wool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrophilization treatment of the ketjen black is performed by using a material including a polar group selected from a group consisting of amino, cyclic amide, carboxyl, quinone, hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxylic anhydride, lactone, nitric acid, carboxylic acid, and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxygen reduction catalyst is obtained by heat-processing metallic compound (A) containing transition metal element(s) (a) chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium, and metallic compound (B) containing transition metal element(s) (b) chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium, under oxygen-containing atmosphere, such that valence of transition metal elements (a) and/or (b) may become high, or obtained by hydrolyzing metal salt or metal complex (C) containing transition metal element(s) (c) chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium, and metal salt or metal complex (D') containing transition metal element(s) (d) chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium, or obtained by carrying out oxidation thermal decomposition of organic metal compound (E) containing transition metal element(s) (e) chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum, and zirconium, organic metal compound (F) containing transition metal element(s) (f) chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium. Preferred Composition: The transition metal element (a) is different from transition metal element (b). The transition metal element (c) is different from transition metal element (d). The transition metal element (e) is different from transition metal element (f). The electrode catalyst layer further contains electroconductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The material (I) is melted by heating raw material. The raw material contains carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, hydroxide, silicate, phosphate, borate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate and/or organic acid salt of metal (A), oxide, oxyhydroxide, silicate, phosphate, borate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, alkoxide and/or organic acid salt of metal (M), silicon oxide, silicate of metal (A, M) and/or alkoxide of silicon, oxide, oxyhydroxide, silicate, phosphate, borate, metal, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, alkoxide, or organic acid salt of metal (X), oxide, ammonium salt, oxyhydroxide, and/or organic acid salt of metal (Z), and phosphate, borate, aluminate, vanadate or sulfate of metal (A,M). The molten material is cooled at -103-(-1010) degrees C/second. The median diameter of ground material is 10 nm to 10 mu m. The solidified material contains carbon source chosen from an organic compound and a carbon-type electroconductive material. The carbon equivalent amount of carbon source with respect to total amount of solidified material is 0.1-20 %mass. The ground material is heated at 500-1000 degrees C in an inert gas or a reducing gas. The median diameter of silicic acid compound is 10 nm to 10 mu m. The specific surface area of silicic acid compound is 0.2-200 m2/g. The silicic acid compound has compositional formula: Li2Fe1-eMeSi1-xXxOd.e=0-1. Preferred Definitions:    X=Zr, Ti and/or Nb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen concentration in the mixture solution is 4.5 ppm or less. The atmosphere (A1) is a nitrogen atmosphere or a mixed atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen. Preferred Process: During manufacture of lithium-transition metal phosphate, reducing agent is added to the obtained mixture solution by introducing reducing agent and mixture solution sequentially into a pressure-resistant container. The lithium-transition metal phosphate is formed by the hydrothermal process in the pressure-resistant container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layers are formed form a material chosen from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, tetrafluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride, modified polypropylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate and nylon (RTM: synthetic polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pair of claim parts is formed by selecting one of silver, palladium, nickel, copper, and mixture of silver and palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The main connection electrodes are made of copper, nickel and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive contains lithium, preferably lithium aluminum silicate. The active material contains nickel-doped spinel lithium manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloy thin film includes elements consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, gold, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silicon, arsenic, germanium, osmium, rhenium, tellurium, iridium, aluminum, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum and tungsten. The element to be removed consists of silicon, arsenic, germanium, osmium, rhenium, tellurium, iridium, aluminum, boron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, chromium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum and tungsten. The element is removed using reactive gas consisting of a group of non-plasma-type reactive gases containing fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bottomed prismatic hollow outer body is formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is provided with a propylene carbonate as a main ingredient.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The interlayer distance between graphenes is larger than a size of a solvated lithium ion generated by the electrolyte and a lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode contains a negative electrode active material layer, and at least one of the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer contains the alkyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkyl carbonate is at least one member selected from lithium octyl carbonate, lithium nonyl carbonate, lithium decyl carbonate, lithium undecyl carbonate, lithium dodecyl carbonate, lithium tridecyl carbonate, lithium tetradecyl carbonate, lithium pentadecyl carbonate, lithium hexadecyl carbonate, lithium heptadecyl carbonate, lithium octadecyl carbonate, lithium nonadecyl carbonate, lithium eicosyl carbonate, lithium 2-butyloctyl carbonate, lithium 2-hexyldecyl carbonate, lithium 2-octyldodecyl carbonate, and their halides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The allene compound has structure of formula (C(X1)(X2)=C=C(X3)(X4)) (I). The content of the allene compound in the electrolytic solution is 0.05-2 (preferably 0.3-1) wt.%.X1-X4 = H, halo (-F, -Cl, -Br, or -I), alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, haloaryl, -OH, -ORO, -CHO, -COOH, acid halide group (-COF, -COCl, -COBr or -COI), -NR22, -SH, -SR1, -SO3H, -CN, -NCO, -NCS, -OCOOR1, -COOR1, -COOCOR1, -NRCOR1, -SO3R1, -SO2OSO2R1, -OSO2OR1, -NHCOOR1, -OSiR13, -B(OR1)2, -OP(=O)(OR1)2, -OP(OR1)2, -OTi(OR1)3 or -OA1(OR1)2, where arbitrary two or more of X1-X4 are allowed to be bonded with each other and arbitrary two or more of the R1s are allowed to be bonded with each other;R1 = alkyl; andR2 = H or alkyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 37 compounds (I) is disclosed e.g. ethyl buta-2,3-dienoate, 1-methoxyallene, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-propa-1,2-dienyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, trimethyl(propa-1,2-dienyl)silane and vinylidenecyclohexane of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium transition metal complex compound includes magnesium on a surface. The lithium transition metal complex compound includes a central portion and a covering portion provided on part or the entire central portion, where the central portion and/or the covering portion include magnesium as a constituent element. The central portion includes one or more of a lithium compound of formula (Li(0.9+a)CobM11-bO2), (Li(0.9+c)NidCo1-e-eM2eO2), (Li1+f(MngNihCo1-g-h)1-fO2), (Li1+iM3PO4) or (Li(0.9+j)Mn2-kM4kO4). The constituent element includes a carbonate, sulfate, phosphate and/or halide of magnesium. The lithium transition metal complex compound includes cobalt as a transition metal. The charge voltage has an upper limit value of 4.2-4.8 (preferably 4.25-4.8) V.M1 = Al, Mg or Ba;a, j = 0-0.2;b = less than 0 or less than or equal to 1;M2 = Mg, Al, Mn or Ba;c = less than or equal to 0-0.2;d+e = 0 or 1;f = 0.05-0.25;g = 0.5-0.7;h = 0-(1-g);i = 0 or 0.1;M3 = Fe, Mn or Co;M4 = Al, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr or Ni; andk = less than or equal to 0.5- less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition comprises 1.2 M of lithium hexafluorophosphate in the liquid carrier comprising ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a weight ratio of 3:7 to 0.1-10 wt.%. Preferred Components: The lithium salt comprises at least one salt comprising lithium difluoro oxalato borate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. The lithium salt is present at a concentration of 0.1-5 (preferably 0.3-1.2) M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid carrier includes one or more carbonates comprising ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate. (I) is present in the liquid carrier at a concentration of 0.1-50 wt.%. The liquid carrier further comprises 0.1-5 or 0.1-10 wt.% of vinylidene carbonate. (I) and the dimethyl carbonate have a weight ratio of 1:8. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The effective surface area of platinum is less than 120 cm2.cm-2, preferably less than 100 cm2.cm-2. The support has primary void (a) with diameter of 10 nm or less. The ionomer has average thickness of preferably 2 nm or less, more preferably 1.7 nm or less. The ratio of surface area of metal particles contained in void of support with respect to surface area of metal particles supported by support is 50% or more. The catalyst layer has thickness of 5 mu m or less. The concentration of supported metal particles is 50 %mass or more. The ionomer has ion exchange equivalent of 800 or less. The support has acidic functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The particles are selected from group oxides consisting of titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. The electrolyte comprises a gelling agent and a vitreous eutectic mixture that consists of a salt such as lithium fluorosulfonimide or lithium fluorosulfonamide, and a solvent such as alkyl sulfonamide or aryl sulfonamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - A light reception glass surface of the N-type thin silicon layer is filled with crystalline substance, such as glass and quartz glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound consists of titania, alumina, zirconia, aluminum fluoride, and/or bismuth fluoride. The metallic compound, bismuth oxide and lithium manganese complex oxide are granular. The content of metallic compound is 0.2-13 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of lithium manganese complex oxide. The content of bismuth oxide is 0.3-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of lithium manganese complex oxide. The lithium manganese complex oxide is spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide of formula: Lia(MbMn2-b-cAc)O4 (I), and exhibits discharge potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium,a=more than 0.8 to less than 1.2;b=more than 0.4 to less than 0.6;c=0-0.3;M=nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, copper, and/or nickel;andA=silicon, titanium, magnesium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains fluorine-containing ether of formula: R1-R3-O-CH2-R4-R2 (II).R1,R2=CHmF3-m;m=0-3;R3,R4=CHnF2-n;andn=0-2.At least one of R1-R4 contain at least one fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte salt contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium fluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide, N,N-bis(fluorosulfonyl)lithiumamine, difluorobis(oxalate-O,O') lithium phosphate and/or tetrafluoro(oxalate-O,O')lithium phosphate. The content of electrolyte salt is 0.3-2.5 M with respect to nonaqueous solvent. A composite metal oxide containing lithium, cobalt, manganese and nickel, or Or lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel is used as active material for positive electrode. A compound chosen from lithium metal, a lithium alloy, and lithium, tin, a tin compound, silicon, silicon compound, and lithium-titanate compound is used as active material for negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate (A) chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, trans or cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate, linear ester (B) including asymmetrical linear carbonate chosen from methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, and ethyl propyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and symmetrical linear carbonate chosen from diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, and dibutyl carbonate, and linear carboxylate ester (C) chosen from methyl pivalate, ethyl pivalate, propyl pivalate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl acetate and ethyl acetate. Preferred Definitions:    R2=phenyl optionally substituted by halo, fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo;and    Y'1=-P(=O)(-OR3)-OR2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Bipolar plate is composed of aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material contains lithium-transition metal oxide (Li(Ni0.28Mn0.60Co0.12)O2). The natural graphite is surface-treated natural graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive compound is chalcogenide chosen from titanium sulfide, vanadium sulfide, iron sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, cobalt sulfide, titanium selenide, vanadium selenide, niobium selenide, selenium oxide, titanium telluride, vanadium telluride, lithium titanium sulfide or lithium vanadium sulfide. Lithium compound chosen from lithiated cobalt oxide, lithiated nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium manganese-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide, lithium-containing olivine type phosphate and lithium manganese spinel is further added to the active material. The active material further contains graphite or conductive carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Inorganic material containing zirconium, hafnium, yttrium, and/or samarium is added before molding into sheet-form. Particles of silicon dioxide and aluminum phosphate are dispersed on surface of sintered material obtained by baking sheet-like molded product. A raw material mixture containing lithium-containing compound, aluminum-containing compound, titanium-containing compound, silicon-containing compound, and phosphorus-containing containing compound, their carbonate and at least 1 ammonium salt, is calcined at 900-1250 degrees C, preferably 1075-1250 degrees C, and cooled to room temperature after heating at more than decomposition start temperature of ammonium salt. The obtained product is pulverized. The ground material is cooled to room temperature after heating ground material at more than decomposition start temperature of carbonate, and pulverized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A raw material is mixed in a liquid phase to obtain the precursor material. Compound of metallic element (M1), a nitrogen-containing organic compound, compound of metallic element (M3) and solvent are mixed to obtain precursor material. At least one component other than solvent has oxygen atom. The precursor material is heat-processed at 500-1100 degrees C. Solvent is removed after mixing the components. A fluorine-containing compound is further mixed. The heat-treated substance and acid are contacted, and alkali metal is removed from the substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silver in lithium-manganese-silver complex oxide is 0.01-1 mol%. The lithium-manganese-silver complex oxide is of formula: xLi2Mn1-yAgyO3.(1-x)LiMeO2 (II). The metallic compound raw material contains metallic compound(s) chosen from oxide, hydroxide and metal salt of niobium, aluminum iron, fluorine, magnesium, cobalt, titanium, nickel and/or trivalent manganese.y=more than 0 to 0.1.Preferred Process: Before performing raw material mixture preparation process, a deposit is obtained by converting an aqueous solution essentially containing manganese, element (Me) and/or silver, into alkalinity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode further has collector (4) and active material layer containing binder. The lithium-ion secondary battery further has exterior component which includes electrolyte solution, positive electrode (3), negative electrode, and separator (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode active material further includes carbon material (c) which occludes-discharges lithium ion and metal oxide (b) which occludes-discharges lithium ion. The metal oxide (b) comprises metal (a). The portion(s) of metal (a) is dispersed in metal oxide (b). At least one portion of metal oxide (b) has amorphous structure. The metal oxide (b) is silicon oxide. The metal (a) is silicon. The electrolyte solution contains carbonate ester or carboxylate ester, and further contains fluorinated ether compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polyimide or polyamideimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte layer is formed of nanoscale yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, or their mixture. The storage battery further consists of buffering additive chosen from borates, silicates and phosphates, in the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dry-type film formation method is pulsed laser deposition method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The separator of the standard cell comprises a ceramic layer formed by applying ceramics to a resin body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The standard cell contains vinyl carbonate, a fluoroethylene carbonate, propane sultone, or lithium bisoxalate borate as an additive with respect to the nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine monomer is vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sulfide solid electrolyte material contains lithium sulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, lithium iodide or aluminum sulfide, silicon sulfide and/or germanium sulfide. The sulfide glass contains lithium iodide-lithium-phosphorus-aluminum sulfide (xLiI.(100-x)(1-a)(bLi2S.(1-b)P2S5).a(cLi2S.(1-c)Al2S3)) or lithium iodide-lithium-phosphorus-metal (M) sulfide (xLiI.(100-x)(1-a)(bLi2S.(1-b)P2S5).a(dLi2S.(1-d)MS2)), where x is 1-60, a is more than 0 to 0.5, b and c are 0.7-0.8, MS2 is silicon sulfide (SS2) or germanium sulfide (GeS2), and d is 0.62-0.72.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material includes particles of positive electrode active material, and is solidified after dissolving. The base material is lithium borate. The volume ratio of crystalline lithium ion conductive substance with respect to total content of crystalline lithium ion conductive substance and base material is 33-50%. The lithium ion conductive substance is garnet-type oxide of formula: Li5+xLa3ZrxP'2-xO12.P'=Sc, Ti, V, Y, Nb, Hf, Ta, Al, Si, Ga and/or Ge;andx=1.4 to less than 2.Preferred Property: The peak of reaction product of lithium ion conductive substance and base material is not confirmed in X-ray diffraction measurement copper-K ( alpha )-ray. Preferred Condition: The heating process is carried out at 650-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic compound is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent contains malononitrile-type compound (I) and carbonate-type solvent. The content of malononitrile-type compound (I) in nonaqueous solvent is 0.05-95 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion conductor contains lithium-boron-phosphorus-sulfur-containing complex of formula: Li3+3/4xBxP1-3/4xS4, where x is 0.2-1 or 0.155-1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains silicon as metal (a), and further contains silicon oxide as metal oxide (b). At least one portion of metal oxide (b) has an amorphous structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vinyl compound has radical polymerization or anion polymerization performance. The content of vinyl compound in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.01-10 %mass. The vinyl compound has group chosen from methacryloyl group, acryloyl group, vinyl phenyl group, 1,3-butadienyl group and/or cyano acryloyl group as group including the terminal double bond. The vinyl compound is polyfunctional (meth)acrylate. The electrolytic polymerization reaction material of vinyl compound is formed in the surface of the negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide particles contain layered structure-containing lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide of formula: Lia(NibCocMnd)O2. The transition-metal silicide contains tungsten silicide, zirconium silicide, titanium silicide, niobium silicide, tantalum silicide, chromium silicide and/or molybdenum silicidea/(b+c+d)=0.9-1.2;b/d=more than 1.4;c=0-0.45;b=45-55;andc,d=20-30.Preferred Condition: The lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide particles and transition-metal silicide are sintered at temperature less than the oxidative decomposition initial temperature of transition of metal silicide, preferably at 500-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The oxidation agent is hydrogen peroxide. The amount of oxidation agent is 0.2-1.5 wt.% with respect to electrolyte. The rechargeable nickel metal hydride battery uses magnesium misch metal- based AB5 or ABx alloy, as negative electrode active material, where x is 3-4. The amount of neodymium with respect to misch metal is 80-100 wt.%. The amount of cobalt and manganese with respect to ABx alloy is 0-1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Another electrode comprises spinel type lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide and lithium nickel oxide. The carrier is coated with oxides, phosphates, sulfates, titanates, silicates and aluminosilicates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode comprises a compound with manganese, iron, nickel and titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell comprises a separator with polyethylene terephthalate as a partial substance-transmissive carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier layer is coated with inorganic material e.g. oxide, phosphate, sulfate, titanate, silicate or aluminosilicate with zirconium, aluminum or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is formed from one of polypropylene, polyethylene naphthalate and polyethylene terephthalate, and polymeric foam, and the sealant consists of two-part curable elastomer and thermally curable elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active material is selected form carbon, a binder i.e. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), cellulose-based binders i.e. PTFE. The support substrate is made of carbonized polymer fibers e.g. polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyurethane, polyester, PTFE, polystyrene or cellulose, self-conducting polymer, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber and/or metallized polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The air passage is made of a warm-conductive material such as iron or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon allotrope is carbon nanotube. The content of the carbon allotrope is 3 weight% or less. Preferred Structure: The olivine-type compound is single phase. The positive electrode active material has structure in which the carbon allotrope penetrates the outer shell of the particles of olivine-type compound. Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has electroconductivity of 1x 10-2 S/cm or more. Preferred Definitions:    M1=Fe;and    y2,y3=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After exposing for 1 minute under air, 50 mg of sulfide solid electrolyte material produces hydrogen sulfide having concentration of 60 ppm or less based on hydrogen sulfide generation amount measurement using airtight container having volume of 1750 cm3. Preferred Properties: The sulfide solid electrolyte material has ratio of diffraction intensity of peak at 2 theta of 26.1 degrees plus minus 0.5 degrees and diffraction intensity of peak at 2 theta of 29.58 degrees plus minus 0.5 degrees , of 1 or less. Preferred Composition: The ratio of phosphorus pentasulfide in the raw material composition is 5-20 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is N -methyl-2-Pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The non-perforated dielectric passivation layer is used instead of the perforated dielectric passivation layer and where the process comprises the additional step laser firing the fired aluminum layer and the dielectric passivation layer underneath the fired aluminum layer to produce perforations in the passivation layer and to form local back surface field contacts. The step of firing is performed as cofiring together with other front-side and/or back-side metal pastes that have been applied to the silicon wafer to form front-side and/or back-side electrodes on it. The aluminum paste is applied by printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particulate aluminum is present in a proportion of 50-80 wt.%. The organic vehicle is present at 20-45 wt.%. The lead free glass frit contains at least one of boron oxide (0-12 wt.%), zinc oxide (0-16 wt.%) or barium oxide (0-6 wt.%). The total content of the at least one lead-free glass frit in the aluminum paste is 0.25-8 wt.%. The other back-side metal paste is silver paste having no or only poor fire-through capability and silver/aluminum pastes having no or only poor fire-through capability. The PERC silicon solar cell further comprises a silicon wafer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Lithium ion battery positive electrode active material contains electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Lithium ion battery positive electrode active material has fluorine-containing olivine-type silicate compound and electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion-battery positive-electrode active material contains cobalt-containing olivine-type silicate compound and an electroconductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of flaky graphite particles and polyhedral shape graphite particles is 60-90 mass parts and 10-40 mass parts, respectively. The content of binder component contained in the negative mix layer is 2.05-2.35 mass parts with respect to total content of negative mix layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder component is rubber binder and/or carboxymethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition-metal-containing compound and nitrogen-containing organic compound are mixed in solvent. The transition metal element (M1) is chosen from titanium, zirconium, niobium and tantalum. The nitrogen-containing organic compound is compound which can form chelate in transition metal of the transition-metal-containing compound. The catalyst-precursor composition further contains compound having diketone structure. The electrode catalyst further contains transition-metal-containing compound (M2) chosen from iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, vanadium and manganese. The transition-metal-containing compound is chosen from metal nitrate, metal acid chloride, metal-containing organic compound, metal halide, metal perchlorate and metal hypochlorite. The nitrogen-containing organic compound has carbonyl group. The catalyst layer further contains electroconductive substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing oxide is lithium niobate, trilithium borate, lithium metaborate, lithium carbonate, lithium aluminate, lithium orthosilicate, lithium silicate, lithium orthophosphate, lithium sulfate, lithium metatitanate, spinel lithium titanate, lithium dititanate, lithium zirconate, lithium molybdate, and/or lithium tungstate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pores further contain a compound selected from conductive agent, binding agent, and lithium halogenide. The negative electrode comprises carbon for inserting lithium ions. The conductive salt comprises lithium tetrachloroaluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material includes carbon. The solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonpolar hydrophobic functional group is saturated 8-12C alkyl group. The content of material including nonpolar hydrophobic functional group is 1-2 parts weight, with respect to 100 parts weight of the electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is fluorine-based surfactant. The fluorine-based surfactant is nonionic surfactant containing 80-95% of fluorine-based polymer component. The content of surfactant is 0.01-5 wt.%, with respect to total weight of the composition. The composition includes conductive material, binder, solvent and/or additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate element is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (I) has an equivalent weight of less than 700. Preferred Components: The highly fluorinated sulfur-containing monomer comprises fluorine compound of formulae (CF2=CF-O-(CF2)z-SO2F), (CF2=CFCF2-O-(CF2)z-SO2F), (CF2=CF-O-CF2CF(CF3)-O-(CF2)z-SO2F), (CF2=CFCF2-O-CF(CF3)CF2-O-(CF2)z-SO2F), and/or their hydrolyzed versions. The polyfunctional monomer is a perfluorodivinyl alkylether, optionally comprising fluoro substituted compound of formulae (CF2=CF-O-(CF2)b-OCF=CF2), (CF2=CFCF2-O-(CF2)b-O-CF2CF=CF2), (CF2=CF-CF2-O-(CF2)b-O-CF=CF2), and (CF2=CF-(CF2)m-O-R-O-(CF2)e-CF=CF2). The polyfunctional monomer is a perfluorodiallyl alkylether, optionally comprising fluoro substituted compound of formula (CF2=CF-(CF2)z1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)a1(CF2)b1-((CF2)c1-O)d1-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)a1-(CF2)e1CF=CF2). The polyfunctional monomer is a fluorinated bisolefin compound of formula (R1R2C=CX6-(CF2)k-CX7=CR3R4).z = 1-10;b, k = 2-10;m, e = 0-2;R = aryl or fluorinated aryl;z1 = 0-5;a1-e1 = 0-5, where the sum of a1,b1, c1, and d1 is greater than or equal to 1;X6, X7 = H, F, Cl, or a non-fluorinated or fluorinated methyl group; andR1-R4 = H, Cl, or 1-5C alkyl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide particles are particles of the oxide containing silicon, zirconium, aluminum, cesium, magnesium, titanium, barium and/or strontium. The oxide particles are preferably particles of zirconia complex (ZrO2.nH2O, where n is 0.5-10), ceria or aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolytic salt consists of tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt, spiro ring bipyrrolidinium salt and imidazolium salt. Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of fluorine-containing chain-shaped ether compound and non-fluorinated carbonate is 5/95-30/70. EXAMPLE - Propylene carbonate and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether were mixed in a volume ratio of 80/20, and the non-aqueous solvent for electrolytic salt dissolution was prepared. Triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate was added to the non-aqueous solvent for electrolytic salt dissolution and dissolved uniformly. 5 wt.% of the molecular sieve was injected with respect to the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte and kept for 10 hours. The molecular sieve was removed by filtration to obtain the electrolyte solution, where the water content of the non-aqueous electrolyte after drying was 2 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The rib is formed as a circumferential adhesive beading, which connects the outer wall elements in the edge regions of the main surfaces, or in internal regions of the main surfaces spaced apart from edge regions. The first outer wall element and/or the second outer wall element together comprises at least one spacer (111) for defining a distance between the main surfaces of the outer wall elements. The first outer wall element or the second outer wall element comprises a first- and a second fluid opening for the tempering fluid. The device comprises a first fluid connecting element, which is attached to the first fluid opening, and a second fluid connecting element, which is attached to the second fluid opening. The first- and the second outer wall element are connected together within at least one mounting area by a mechanical or thermal joining connection. The first- and the second outer wall element are formed plate-shaped. The rib comprises a first circumferential adhesive beading, which connects the outer wall elements in the edge regions of the main surfaces, and a non-closed adhesive beading, which connects the outer wall elements in internal regions of the main surfaces spaced apart from edge regions. Preferred Method: At least one further rib made of adhesive is applied on the main surface of the second outer wall element, in the step (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The support electrolyte is an inorganic salt of alkali or alkaline earth metal with a dissociative anion, such as halogen, or anion derived from suitable acid, such as mineral acid. The support electrolyte is sodium chloride. The concentration of support electrolyte is 0.05-0.6 M, preferably 0.1-0.3 M. The polyelectrolytes are present in stoichiometric amounts by comparison with each other. The thickness of the layer deposited on the substrate is determined by the length of time that the substrate is exposed to the admixture. The desired thickness of the film is prepared on the substrate in a one step reaction. The wastage of polyelectrolyte is less than 20, preferably less than 10, more preferably less than 5 weight/weight%. The method involves using a buffer at a concentration below 0.01 M, preferably 0.001-0.005 M. The polyanion has carboxylate as predominant ionizable function. The polycation has amine e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine as predominant ionizable function. The polycation is poly(-L-lysine hydrobromide). The polyanion is sodium hyaluronate. The prepared film comprises both amino groups and carboxylic groups. The method further involves cross-linking amino groups and carboxylic groups to form amide bonds by thermal treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarboxylic acid salt is ammonium polycarboxylate having mean molecular weight of 20000-30000 or sodium polycarboxylate having mean molecular weight of 30000-40000. The concentration of dispersing agent is 1-10 wt.%. The heat processing temperature is 500-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The aromatic-polyamide porous membrane has film thickness of 6-40 mu m. The standard deviation of porosity in 3 areas of the layer from one surface to 2 mu m of thickness direction of membrane, the layer from another surface to 2 mu m of thickness direction of membrane and a layer with thickness of 2 mu m in thickness direction centre portion is 0-5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery cell is present in a sealed pouch. The cathode comprises a copper foil having a thickness of not more than 5 microns. The cathode comprises an aluminum foil coated in copper. The anode comprises an aluminum foil having a thickness not more than 10 microns. The cell is a single coil prismatic cell, a multi-tap coil prismatic cell, a multi-layer cell or a circular can cell. In the battery, the battery cells are arranged in many parallel strings, where each string comprises many battery cells. The cells in each parallel string are arranged in many cell sub packs. The battery further comprises voltage monitoring means for detecting when a cell enters the high impedance state, and temperature monitoring means for detecting when a cell exceeds a predetermined temperature, and where each of the parallel strings has an isolating contactor which disconnects the string when the voltage monitoring system indicates that a cell in that string has entered the high impedance state or the temperature monitoring system indicates that a cell in that string has exceeded the maximum temperature. Each isolation contactor is configured to send a signal causing a charger to reduce the current supply to the battery when the isolation contactor disconnects a string.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lactone is gamma-butyrolactone. The carbon is nanocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The rubber has monomer units comprising groups chosen from carboxyl, carboxylic acid anhydride, nitrile, hydroxyl, mercapto, acetate, ether, ester, amide, amine and/or halogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deprotonation agent contains hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal which is chosen from potassium, cesium or rubidium. The ratio of permeance of carbon dioxide to permeance of hydrogen with respect to carbon dioxide-hydrogen selectivity at 110-140 is 300 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous film is a hydrophilic porous film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrogel film is polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylate copolymer gel membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte solution is selected from group consisting of lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte solution is selected from group consisting of lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The he transition metal is iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alloy includes selected iron-platinum, iron nickel platinum, iron manganese, cobalt manganese, iron nickel manganese, cobalt manganese iron, chromium manganese, chromium cobalt, chromium iron, nickel iron, nickel cobalt iron, composition consisting of nickel cobalt silicon iron manganese (NiaCobSicCrdFeeMnf), where a is 28-30 wt.%, b is 17-23 wt.%, and c, d and f are 0-1 wt.%, a composition comprising nickel iron (Ni51 Fe 47), nickel iron (Ni54 Fe48), nickel manganese silicon chromium iron (Ni47Mn(0.2)Si(0.2)Cr8Fe (45.3)), nickel manganese silicon chromium iron (Ni51Mn(0.2)Si(0.1)Cr(0.9)Fe (46.4)), nickel manganese silicon iron (Ni(10.8)Mn(0.2)Si(0.1)Fe48), nickel manganese silicon iron (Ni(51.2)Mn(0.1)Si(0.1)Fe(48.1)) and nickel manganese silicon iron (Ni51Mn(0.2)Si(0.1)Fe(44.5)) and elements consisting of chromium, carbon, cobalt, copper, aluminum, molybdenum and titanium. The thermoelectric element comprises a material consisting of skutterudites, half-Heusler alloys, zintlphases, silicides, clathrates, silicon germanium and oxides. The first insulation layer and/or the second insulation layer comprises a material aluminum nitride, alumina and silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The connection between the electric battery and a control unit is ensured via a communication network i.e. enhanced data rates for global system for mobile communication (GSM) evolution (EDGE) network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hybrid porous carbon fiber has specific surface area of 300-500 m2/g, and electrical conductivity of 1-3 S/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hybrid porous fiber is prepared using starch, carbon nanotube-dispersed solution and spinning agent. The weight ratio of the starch and spinning agent is about 1:0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The spinning agent comprises polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polycarbonate, polylactic acid, polyvinylcarbazole, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate, collagen, polycaprolactone and/or poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nitrocellulose resin is chosen from acrylic resin, polyacetal type-resin and melamine-type resin and nitrocellulose. The content of melamine-type resin and nitrocellulose is 5-55 %mass and 40-90 %mass, with respect to 100 %mass of sum total of acrylic resin, polyacetal type-resin, melamine type resin, and nitrocellulose. Preferred Property: The current collector has water contact angle of 90-110 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the primary region of the negative electrode collector in the negative electrode active material layer is 0-30%. The thickness of the secondary region of the negative electrode collector in the negative electrode active material layer is 70-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The BET specific surface area of the artificial graphite and natural graphite is 1.8-4 m2/g and 2-4.5 m2/g, respectively. The thickness of the secondary region is 10-30% from the surface of the negative electrode active material layer. Preferred Composition: At least one portion of the natural graphite is covered with amorphous carbon film. The weight ratio of the amorphous carbon film in the natural graphite is 0.01-0.10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass contains (in mol%) lithium oxide (0.6-18, preferably 1-15), lead oxide (18-64, preferably 22-62), boric oxide (1-18, preferably 1-15), silicon dioxide (15-47, preferably 20-41), titanium dioxide (less than 18), aluminum oxide (less than 18) and/or zinc oxide (less than 30), or lead oxide (50-70, preferably 55-62), boric oxide (1-8, preferably 3-6), silicon dioxide (20-40, preferably 28-34), sulfur dioxide (0.1-3), titanium dioxide (less than 10), aluminum oxide (less than 5) and/or zinc oxide (less than 10) and phosphorus pentoxide (less than 6) oxide based on oxide conversion. The molar ratio of lead and silicon in the glass is 0.8-2.3, or 1.4-2.5, preferably 1.7-2.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass contains (in mol%) sulfur dioxide (0.1-5), lithium oxide (0.6-18, preferably 1-15), lead oxide (18-64, preferably 22-62), boric oxide (1-18, preferably 1-15), silicon dioxide (15-47, preferably 20-41), titanium dioxide (18), aluminum oxide (less than 18) and/or zinc oxide (less than 30), or lead oxide (50-70, preferably 55-62), boric oxide (1-8, preferably 3-6), silicon dioxide (20-40, preferably 28-34), sulfur dioxide (0.1-3), titanium dioxide (less than 10), aluminum oxide (less than 5) and/or zinc oxide (less than 10), bismuth oxide (0.1-15), phosphorus pentoxide (less than 6) and excluding lithium oxide based on oxide conversion. The molar ratio of lead and silicon in the glass is 0.8-2.3, or 1.4-2.5, preferably 1.7-2.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate and/or nickel-lithium cobaltate. The negative electrode active material comprises graphite. Preferred Property: The charge electric potential of positive electrode is 4.40 V or more with respect to lithium standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water contact angle is preferably 15-40 degrees . The content of electroconductive agent is 50-80 parts mass with respect to 100 parts weight of resin. The chitosan type resin contains 50-150 parts mass of organic acid with respect to 100 parts mass of chitosan derivative having a weight average molecular weight of 30000-500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Zirconium is dissolved with active substance by the composite oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte comprises a 4C or more nitrile-group-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The composite particles further contain amine antioxidant and/or phenolic antioxidant (0.05-3 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of binder).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acidic functional group is carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, and/or phosphoric acid group. The binder contains an acrylic polymer containing (meth)acrylic acid ester monomeric unit. The binder has an iodine number of 3-30 mg/100 mg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particle is silicon oxide, metal oxide and/or alkaline earth metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The azole ring is pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, thiazole, or oxazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous substrate is formed of a hydrocarbon polymer, and the ion conductor is a hydrocarbon polymer having a sulfonic acid group. The polymer having the hydrophilic group is polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide methacrylate, polyethylene oxide acrylate, polyethylene oxide dimethacrylate, polyethylene oxide diacrylate, polyhydroxyethylmethylacrylate and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The content of positive electrode active material in the positive electrode is 20-80 %mass. The core portion contains spinel-type crystal structure-containing compound of formula: Li1+xM12-xO4 (I) or olivine-type crystal structure-containing compound of formula: Li1+yM21-yPO4 (II), where M1 and M2 are manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, aluminum, magnesium, iron or titanium, x is 0-2, and y is 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer comprises repeating unit (B) derived unsaturated carboxylic ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The additional element contains boron, beryllium, cobalt, chromium, iron, gallium, germanium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon. The alloy composition further contains additional element comprising silver, aluminum, indium, magnesium, tin, titanium, zinc and zirconium and having atomic radius more than copper. The variation of interatomic distance is preferably less than -0.007 picometer. The copper foil has thickness of 20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additive is selected from fluorinated or non-fluorinated lithium organo borate e.g. lithium difluoro oxalato borate or lithium-bis oxalato borate and fluorinated or non-fluorinated lithium organo phosphates e.g. lithium tetrafluoro oxalato phosphate or lithium trichloroethylene oxalato phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the microporous film is 10-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the polyamine group in the polyamine group-containing microparticles is 0.2-0.99 %mass. Preferred Properties: The heat-resistant microparticles in the polyamine group-containing microparticles have allowable temperature limit of 200 degrees C, and average particle diameter of 0.05-2 mu m. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery separator has shutdown temperature of 80-180 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), the particles are added in an amount of 0.1-1.5 wt.% from the total amount of the electrolyte used. The method (M2) increases the electrolyte utilization coefficient up to a value of 0.6-0.7 Ah/ml. Preferred Components: The metal-air electrochemical cell is an Al-air cell. The metal hydroxide precipitate comprises aluminum hydroxide. The alkaline electrolyte solution comprises sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The electrolyte solution is subjected to circulation. The submicron particles comprise aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and/or zirconium oxide. The ultrasonic source generates ultrasonic energy in the alkaline electrolyte, where a portion of the ultrasonic source is located within the electrolyte chamber, and/or surrounds the electrolyte chamber. Preferred Composition: The concentration of sodium hydroxide or the potassium hydroxide is 20-30 wt.% of the alkaline aqueous solution. The alkaline aqueous solution comprises 98.5-99.9 wt.% of the total amount of the composition. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel distributor has an inlet port for introducing the liquid fuel, and the out-cell fuel flow channel includes a main flow channel connected to the inlet port, and branched flow channels connecting the main flow channel to each of the in-cell fuel flow channels. The fuel battery cell assembly includes at least two fuel battery cells linearly disposed. In the fuel battery: all of end portions of the in-cell fuel flow channels provided in the two fuel battery cells connected to the out-cell fuel flow channel are located on a side surface of the fuel battery cell assembly or main surface of the flow channel plate; all of end portions of the out-cell fuel flow channel provided in the fuel distributor connected to the in-cell fuel flow channels are located on a side surface of the fuel distributor; and the fuel distributor is disposed such that the side surface of fuel battery cell assembly and the side surface of the fuel distributor face each other and the fuel distributor is disposed to partly overlap with the flow channel plate such that the end portions of the in-cell fuel flow channels are located on the end portions of the out-cell fuel flow channel. The fuel battery cells further include: a liquid-gas separation layer disposed between the membrane electrode assembly and the flow channel plate and having permeability for a vaporized matter of the liquid fuel; an intervening layer disposed between the liquid-gas separation layer and the flow channel plate so as to cover the in-cell fuel flow channels and having a contact angle to water of less than 70 degrees ; a liquid-gas separation layer disposed on the anode-side surface of the flow channel plate so as to cover the in-cell fuel flow channels and having permeability for a vaporized matter of the liquid fuel; an anode collector layer disposed on the anode; and a cathode collector layer disposed on the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oil absorption (Y) of linseed oil in the negative electrode active substance particles (710A) is preferably 54 (mL/100 g). The weight ratio (X) of the amorphous carbon film in the negative electrode active substance particles (710A) is 0.05 or less. The solid content concentration (N) of negative mix prepared in manufacture of lithium-ion secondary battery is 60% or less. The difference between solid content concentration (N2) of negative mix collected at the bottom of the container and solid content concentration (N1) of negative mix collected on the surface layer of negative mix is less than 2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oil absorption amount of linseed oil of the negative electrode active material particles is 50 (ml/100 g) or less, preferably 64 (ml/100 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling case is molded using aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing element of the thermosetting resin is formed in the surface of the thermal radiation unit and the header unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The amount of chromium is 0.2-0.4 wt.%. The total amount of element (E) is 0.02 wt.% or more. The element (E) is chosen from silver, tin, indium, titanium and zirconium. The average atomic radius is more than 0.005 picometer. The copper foil has thickness of 20 mu m or less and electrical conductivity of more than 80% IACS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are coated with carbon. The recycled active material consists of lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, and/or lithium cobalt phosphate. The active material consists of lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, and/or lithium nickel oxide. The recycled active material for the negative electrode consists of lithium titanium oxide, tin and/or its alloy, silicon and/or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact elements are connected to the connector by a connecting bar made from copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aliphatic compound (A1) and/or the aliphatic hydrocarbon compound (B1) are alicyclic compounds. The aliphatic hydrocarbon compound (B1) has cyclohexane ring skeleton. The aliphatic ester compound (A2) and the aliphatic ester compound (B2) are chosen from carbonate ester compound, carboxylate ester compound, phosphoric acid ester compound, and sulfonic-acid ester compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The element includes lithium salt containing lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium borofluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The element has annular quaternary ammonium organic substance selected from a group consisting of 1, 3-diethyl imidazolium ion, 1-butyl- 3methylimidazolium ion and N-butyl pyridinium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer contains aluminum, nickel, copper, iron and/or titanium, metal carbide, metal nitride and/or metal oxide. Preferred Layer: The metal layer is thinner than the electroconductive layer (3A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of n-type diffusion additive is 0.1-2 weight%, preferably 0.1-0.5 wt.%. The n-type diffusion additive comprises nickel. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the silver powder is 2-3 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coated particles has olivine-type crystal structure in which portion(s) of surface of the particles is coated with electroconductive material and fluorine-containing polymer. The ground material contains carbon source. The carbon source is organic compound chosen from saccharide, amino acid, peptide, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, terpene, heterocyclic amine, aliphatic acyclic polymer having fatty acid and functional group or carbon-type electroconductive active material chosen from carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, and amorphous carbon. Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 10-70 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing polymer is a fluorine-containing polymer having repeating unit of formula: -CF2-CR1R2-, or fluorine-containing polymer having aliphatic ring in principal chain.R1,R2=H, F, Cl, CH3 or CF3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material is scale-like electrode active material containing positive electrode active material containing nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer further has carboxyl group-containing monomeric unit and (meth)acrylic acid ester monomeric unit. The water-soluble polymer is water-soluble polymer having sulfonic acid group-containing monomeric unit. The content of the sulfonic acid group-containing monomeric unit and carboxyl group-containing monomeric unit in the water-soluble polymer is 2-15 weight% and 20-60 weight%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector is made aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper and copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water permeation prevention layer comprises polystyrene, polyolefin, acryl, polycarbonate, methacryl, vinyl chloride, epoxy, polyester and amorphous polyolefin. The electrically resistant solution liquid layer comprises polyolefin, polyimide, polyamidoimide and polyetherimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Na2Sx is sodium sulfide. The Na2S-MxSy is sodium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5). The sodium sulfide-phosphorus pentasulfide contains 67-80 mol% of sodium sulfide. The ion-conductive glass ceramics have the state which the crystalline portion (50 wt.%) distributed in the glass component of an amorphous state. The positive electrode further comprises Na2S-MxSy used for the solid electrolyte layer. The positive electrode comprises 10-90 wt.% of positive electrode active material. The negative electrode contains Na2S-MxSy used for the solid electrolyte layer, and tin. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: In the battery (S1), the active material has a composition represented by formula LiMnb'Fec'PO4 (II). The cathode includes an active material layer including the active material, and a maximum peak pore diameter of percentage change of a mercury penetration amount with respect to the active material layer is 0.023-0.06 micrometers both inclusive, the mercury penetration amount is measured by a mercury injection method.b' and c'=0-1;orb'+c'=1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1), where a thickness of the molded product in the compressing of the powdery raw material is less than or equal to 6 mm, and firing temperature in the firing of the molded product is 400-800 degrees C both inclusive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I) is a cathode catalyst for the cell (where X is Pd, and Y1, Z are Group 6 or Group 9 elements). (I) is an anode catalyst for the cell (where X is Pt, and Y1, Z are Group 6, Group 8, or Group 11 elements). The electrocatalyst is loaded on a carrier. The carrier comprises activated carbon, carbon black, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, furnace black, graphitized carbon black and/or graphite. The carrier has a surface area of 10-2000 m2/g. In the fuel cell, a loading amount of the electrocatalyst loaded on the carrier is 10-90%. Preferred Definitions:    Y1 = Co or Ru; and    Z = W, Au, or Cu.    EXAMPLE - A Ketjen Black ECP300 (RTM: Electroconductive carbon black) was used as the catalyst carrier and was dispersed into ethylene glycol. Precursors including palladium(II) chloride, cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydride, ammonium tungsten oxide hydrate ((NH4)6W12O39.xH2O), and sodium hypophosphite hydrate (65 wt.%) were weighed and dissolved in a sodium chloride aqueous solution to form an aqueous metal salt solution. The aqueous metal salt solution was added into the ethylene glycol containing the carrier and uniformly dispersed. Then, the solution was stirred by a stirrer and refluxed for 2 hours at 1500 degrees C, thus the metal salts were reduced to metal nanoparticles and adsorbed onto the carrier. The temperature of the solution was then lowered to room temperature. The solution was then filtered, and the filter cake was washed with water to give the cathode electrode catalyst with atomic ratio of palladium:cobalt:tungsten:phosphorus was 68:15:10:7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hollow particles have hollowness of 3-30% and average particle diameter of 0.5 mu m or more. The porosity of the porous heat-resistant layer is 45% or more. Preferred Component: The hollow particles are chosen from alumina, magnesia, zirconia, silica, boehmite and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode collector contains lithium-containing metal active material or a carbon active material. The positive electrode active material layer contains positive electrode active material coated with ion-conductive oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: combining raw materials to form a mixture, surrounding the mixture with graphite; and heating the mixture to form partially-reduced thermoelectric oxide material. Preferred Method: The step of combining the raw materials: is done in air at a temperature of at least 900 degrees C; and comprises forming the mixture of raw materials into a pellet. In the method, heating is performed at 1200-1800 degrees C. Preferred Components: The raw materials comprise elements and/or compounds. The raw materials comprise oxides or reducing agent, where the reducing agent comprises titanium carbide. The material further comprises 0.25-10 wt.% of titanium carbide. The material comprises substituted lanthanum yttrium strontium titanium oxide compound of formula (La)x(Y)y(Sr)1-x-y)-(TiO3)m) (Ia). The material is co-doped. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The copper-zinc-tin-type copper alloy strip further comprises 0.005-0.8 %mass of total of nickel, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, manganese and chromium. The copper-zinc-tin-type copper alloy strip has reflow-tin-plating layer on its surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device utilizes connections e.g. RS-232 or RS-485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394a/k/a, IEEE 1284, IEEE 488, and/or BLUETOOTH connection, between a control interface and a control device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The correction ink is catalyst, polymer electrolyte and solvent, where the solid content of the correction ink is 10-90%. Preferred Method: The method involves pre-heating the catalyst layer sheet, and filling correction ink in the portion, in which the catalyst layer is removed. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive particle is comprised by carbon black. The binder is resin insoluble to aprotic polar solvent, and is chosen from the group consisting of water soluble resin, fluororesin, and rubber-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The anion filter is reinforced with a porous base material. The electrolyte material of the negative electrode side contains a non-aqueous solvent rather than the anion filter. The electrolyte material of the positive electrode side contains an aqueous medium rather than the anion filter. The positive electrode includes a material or oxide which decomposes the material and generates oxygen at the time of charging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal cation is magnesium ion. The anion filter is a structure having a bonding of a silicon atom, a titanium atom, an aluminum atom, a vanadium atom, a zirconium atom, a tin atom or a chromium atom, and oxygen. The permeation amount of the anion is less than the resin-made separators which dose have the bonding. The permeation amount of oxygen or air, and/or moisture is less than the resin-made separators which does not have the bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode contains alloy chosen from lithium-tin-type alloy, lithium-silicon-type alloy and lithium- aluminum-type alloy, and transition metal oxide, preferably lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte does not contain organic solvent. The concentration of lithium salt is 0.1-1 mol/L. The concentration of quaternary ammonium salt (B) is less than lithium salt, preferably 1 mol/L or less. The quaternary ammonium salt (B) is of formula (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium phosphate with respect to 1 mol of lithium cobaltate particles is 0.005-0.125 mol. The phosphate compound without containing lithium element is ammonium phosphate salt, preferably ammonium polyphosphate. The phosphate compound before mixing is ammonium polyphosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The linear polyimide resin has biphenyl skeleton coupled directly to five-membered ring imide skeleton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The linear epoxy resin contains polyalkylene glycol chain, preferably polyethylene glycol chain and/or polypropylene glycol chain. Preferred Composition: The content of the biphenyl skeleton is 20-45 mass%. Preferred Property: The polyimide resin has logarithmic viscosity of 0.2-0.8 dl/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The particles of hygrophobic binder comprise one or more of polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, perfluoroalkoxy, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material further comprises conductive material (0.5-15 parts weight). The conductive material is conductive graphite and conductive carbon. The conductive carbon is chosen from carbon black consisting of acetylene black, KETJEN BLACK (RTM: electroconductive black), channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black and crystalline graphene or graphite. The lithium-containing metal oxide is chosen from lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide and lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide. The lithium-containing metal oxide is doped using aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, titanium and bismuth. The content of lithium-containing metal oxide is 50-100 parts weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium ion conductor is lithium niobate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) includes removing the masking pattern from masked portions of the workpiece. In the method (M1), depositing a masking material on portions of the workpiece includes depositing the masking material on a curved surface of the workpiece. In the method (M1), depositing a masking material on portions of the workpiece includes depositing the masking material in an isogrid pattern on portions of the workpiece. In the method (M1), depositing a masking material on portions of the workpiece includes depositing an elastomer dissolved in at least one organic solvent on portions of the workpiece. The chemically removing material from the unmasked desired milling areas of the workpiece includes subjecting the workpiece to a chemical bath that includes an aqueous solution of acid (preferably ferric chloride). The method (M1) includes: removing the masking material from the portion of the workpiece by a power washing process that sprays the masking material off the workpiece.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system (S1) includes: a milling chemical operable to remove portions of a surface of unmasked desired milling areas; and a chemical bath in which the milling chemical is applied to the workpiece, where the chemical bath includes an aqueous solution of acid. In the system (S1), the predefined masking pattern includes an isogrid pattern, where the masking material includes an elastomer dissolved in the organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is selected from toluene, xylene and/or perchloroethylene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanofibers comprise a component that is selected from a group consisting of cerium oxide, manganese dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and zirconium-cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion-conducting polymers independently comprise a component that is selected from a group consisting of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, hydrocarbon based ionomer, sulfonated polyether ether ketone polymer and perfluorocyclobutane polymers. The nanofibers comprise a component that is selected from a group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device conforms to IEC 60555.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The treatment with microplasma, which is generated by capacitive discharge, is carried out in a frequency range of 0.5+1.5 MHz, at a current density of 0.3+1 A/cm2 and voltages of 0.2+1 KV. The radioactive solid sediment is compressed at a pressure of 1.5-2 t/cm2 into briquettes by the dry bag method. The briquettes are covered with a slurry of silicon aluminum oxynitride-glass powder, and are burnt at a temperature of 1770-1800 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The cold oxidation of hydrogen is carried out in the electrolyte on the basis of a ceramic-polymer using a nanoporous support at a temperature of 90-96 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode material comprises many primary particles of less than 300 nm in size and many nano-sized particles having an average secondary diameter of less than 100 mu . Preferred Definitions:    A = Na;    b = 1; and    g = 0.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first layer is made of polymer with heteroatom, and/or the second layer is made of anionic groups and/or negatively polarized group of functionalized polymer. The first layer is also consists of polyethylene oxide or its derivative. The second layer also consists of polystyrene or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nonaqueous electrolyte is obtained by forming a film containing lithium fluoride on the surface of negative mix layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated ester is of formula: R1-COO-R2 (I) or R3-COO-R4 (II). The fluorinated ester is chosen from ethyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, methyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, ethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, propyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, methyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl-2,2,2-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetate, propyl-3,3,3-trifluoroacetate, acetyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl-2,2,2-trifluoropropionate and propyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, preferably ethyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate and ethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate. The nonaqueous solvent contains additive containing cyclic carbonate having sultone compound and C=C unsaturated compound. The content of additive with respect to total content of nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.2-5 wt.%. The content of fluorinated ester is 30-40 wt.%.R1,R4=2-4C carbon chain;andR2,R3=1-3C carbon chain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer contains cellulose derivative or polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer particles contain polymer (A) having repeating unit derived from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene, and polymer (B) having repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer is made of titanium oxide, lithium oxide, lithium fluoride, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, magnesium oxide, praseodymium oxide, aluminum oxide, diamond, and hafnium oxide. The intermediate layer is made of silicon oxide, lead zirconate-titanate, bovine somatotropin, barrium titanate, titanium dioxide, praseodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, and silicon nitride.
Preferred Definitions:    T1-T3=vinyl or 1-propenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fluorine compound is soluble in water. Preferred Composition: The fluorine compound is substance which crosslinks polyvinyl alcohol-type resin or polyvinyl ether-type resin, and passivates aluminum surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyolefin sealant layer contains heat-bondable polyolefin resin having epoxy group. The laminate further has polyamide resin film layer having thickness of 10-50 mu m. Preferred Process: In the laminate, base material layer and the aluminum foil are attached through urethane-type adhesive agent. Preferred Properties: The laminate has total tensile rupture elongation along machine direction and transverse direction of 50% or more measured based on JIS K7127. The innermost layer has thickness of 20-150 mu m. Adhesive strength of the aluminum foil and the innermost layer is 10 N/inch or more measured based on JIS C6471.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier thread is made of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The main component of synthetic fiber in primary separator is olefin-type fiber. Preferred Property: The thickness of primary separator is 0.13-0.20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the electroconductive auxiliary material is 2-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains cyclic sulfonate ester or chain-shaped sulfonate having 2 sulfonyl groups, as additive. The cyclic sulfonate ester is of formula (I). The chain-shaped sulfonate is of formula: R-S(=O)2-O-X-O-S(=O)2-R (II). The content of electroconductive auxiliary in negative electrode active material is 2-10 %mass.Q=oxygen, methylene or single bond;A=1-5C alkylene (optionally substituted), carbonyl, sulfinyl, 1-6C fluoro alkylene (optionally substituted), 2-6C divalent group in which alkylene or fluoro alkylene is coupled through ether bond;B=alkylene and fluoro alkylene (both optionally substituted) or oxygen;X=1-6C alkylene;andR=1-6C alkyl.Preferred Properties: The electroconductive auxiliary has thickness of 0.05-0.5 mu m, and specific surface area of 10-40 m2/g. The ratio of average particle diameter (D50s) of negative electrode active material to the average particle diameter (D50a) of electroconductive auxiliary is 3-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the battery, each of the thin-film anode electrode materials and the thin-film cathode electrode materials comprise highly porous microstructures. The battery comprises an electrolyte in contact with the anode electrode material, the cathode electrode material and the separator. In the battery, each substrate comprises a glass, where the glass is etched or ablated to provide a cavity to receive the current collector and the anode or cathode electrode material, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass comprises an oxide of silicon. The anode electrode material comprises a material including zinc, lithium metal, graphite, meso carbon micro beads, or other carbon intercalation compounds. The cathode electrode material comprises a material including silver oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide of formula (Li(Nix)(Coy)(Alz)O2), and lithium nickel cobalt magnesium oxide of formula (Li(Nix)(Coy)(Mnz)O2), where x, y, and z are not defined. The electrolyte material comprises a material potassium hydroxide, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate or other electrolyte that conducts ions and is electrically neutral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5-15.5 mu m and specific surface area of 0.13-0.80 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane coupling agent or (I) is present at 0.1-0.5 mass%. The coupling agent comprises aluminum bis(ethylacetoacetate) monoacetylacetonate (preferred), aluminum ethylacetoacetate diisopropylate, aluminum tris(ethylacetoacetate), aluminum tris (acetylacetonate), titanium bis(ethylacetoacetate) diisopropoxide, titanium bis(ethylacetoacetate) bis(acetylacetonate), zirconium tetrakis(acetylacetonate), methyltrimethoxysilane, dimethylmethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, hexyltrimethoxysilane or 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The di(2-propynyl) oxalate content is present at 0.1-0.5 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sintered portion of the oxidation silver paste contains silver oxide, reducing agent and silver particles. The insulation layer is selected from aluminum nitride, silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The spray-dried material is heat-processed at 850-1100 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The heat-processed material has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.4-1.5 m2/g, and tap density of 0.8-2 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Rotational flow is generated in synthetic container by returning slurry in flow path along wall surface in the synthetic container, when returning the mixture slurry to the synthetic container. Preferred Property: The flow rate of slurry in synthetic container along inner wall face is 25 cm/second or more. Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal reaction is carried out at 130-220 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode compound material contains electrode material which adheres to a carbon material at portion or the entire surface of particles of the electrode active material, and do not contain electroconductive additive. The electroconductive particles are carbon particles. The electrode active material is chosen from lithium-containing complex oxide, chalcogen compound or lithium-containing olivinate, preferably lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, cobalt manganese lithium nickelate, titanium sulfide, iron lithium olivinate or magnesium lithium olivinate. Preferred Properties: The area ratio of electroconductive particles in the coating layer is 50-100%. The content rate of electroconductive particles is 30-90 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating layer further contains organic acid or its derivative, preferably trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or its derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains polysaccharide or its derivative(s), preferably chitosan, chitin, cellulose, and derivatives
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Each fuel diffusing portion comprises a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic framework is made of a material that is selected from a group consisting of silica, titania, alumina and zirconia. The transition metal ion complex has transition metal ion that is selected from a group consisting of cobalt (II), copper (I), iron (II), nickel (II), manganese (II), ruthenium (II), ruthenium (III), and rhodium (III).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal ion is a kind of ligand that is selected from the group consisting of porphyrin, phthalocyanine, cyclidene, Schiff base and derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic compound is a polymer which contains tetra-chalcogeno fulvalene frame in a repeating unit, and the molecular weight of the polymer is 2000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The supply raw material of manganese ion, iron ion and magnesium ion comprises water-soluble metal salt comprising sulfate or chloride salt. The supply raw material of phosphorus oxide ion comprises water-soluble salt comprising phosphoric acid or dihydrogen ammonium phosphate. Preferred Process: The crystallization process is carried out under non-oxidizing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanostructured template comprises silicide nanowires. The electrochemically active material comprises at least one material selected from silicon, tin, germanium, carbon, metal hydrides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides or oxy-nitrides. The first intermediate layer comprises at least one material selected from titanium, copper, iron, nickel or chromium. The first surface comprises at least one of copper, metal oxides, stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, nickel, chromium, tungsten, metal nitrides, metal carbides, carbon, carbon fiber, graphite, graphene, carbon mesh or conductive polymers. The conductive substrate comprises a base substrate and a thin metal foil that is attached to the base substrate, where the first surface comprises the thin metal foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The solid electrolyte is ceramic solid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler is dibutyl phthalate (DBP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and PVdF-hexafluoropropene (HFP). The solid electrolyte is polymer solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer contained in the porous layer is polyethylene. The polymer contained in the porous conductive layer is polypropylene. The amount of the electroconductive material is more than 3 %mass and less than 50 %mass, preferably 8-40 %mass with respect to the 100 %mass of the porous conductive layer. The electroconductive material is carbon material. Preferred Properties: The porous layer has average hole diameter of 0.05-0.5 mu m. The electroconductive material has average particle diameter of 0.01-0.1 mu m. Preferred Component: The secondary battery is assembled as lithium ion secondary battery having positive electrode containing positive electrode active material, negative electrode containing negative electrode active material, and electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The composite particles have BET specific surface area of 25-110 m2/g. The carbon material has shoulder peak other than C1s peak, SP2 peak and SP3 peak in the high bond energy side, measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The composite particles have average value of equivalent circle diameter of 50-500 nm. Preferred Composition: The amount of the carbon material is 2-25 %mass. Preferred Process: Before heat-processing, the pulverization of the composite particles is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium salt is selected from lithium perchlorate, lithium tetra-fluoroborate and lithium hexa-fluoro phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode is metal foil of aluminum, copper, nickel and stainless.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The aspect-ratio of carbon material (A) and carbon material (B) is 1.8-2.7 and 1.3-2, respectively. The R value of negative electrode material, based on Raman spectrum is 0.3-1. Preferred Composition: The carbon material (A) contains coated material in which one portion of surface of aggregate of flaky graphite particles are coated with low crystalline carbon. The carbon material (B) contains coated material in which one portion of surface of spheroidized graphite particles are coated with low crystalline carbon. The negative electrode has collector and negative electrode layer provided on collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder contains lead, bismuth, vanadium, boron, silicon, tin, phosphorus and/or zinc, and has softening point of 750 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum powder contains particles having average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m. The ratio of length and breadth of aluminum particles is 1-1.5. The content of glass powder, organic vehicle and dispersing agent is 1-40 parts weight, 10-50 parts weight and 0.5-10 parts weight, respectively with respect to 100 parts weight of aluminum powder. The passivation film contains silicon nitride, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent has anionic portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The binder-rich layer includes fine particles of metal including copper, nickel, iron, titanium and cobalt or alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder-rich layer includes fine particles of conductive carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The external current collector comprises a metal, which is nickel or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive carbon material is carbon black. The silicic-acid iron lithium microparticles are obtained by carrying out hydrothermal reaction of mixture of a silicic-acid source, an iron source, and a lithium source    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent-soluble organic compound is chosen from water-soluble alcoholic organic compound and water-soluble fatty acid, preferably water-soluble alcoholic organic compound. The solvent is water. The mass ratio of electroconductive carbon material and organic compound is 1:10-10:1. The total amount of electroconductive carbon material and organic compound is 0.1-20 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of silicic-acid iron lithium microparticles. The baking is performed at more than 400 degrees C for 10 minutes to 3 hours in an inert gas atmosphere or reduction condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealant (a1) comprises bismuth oxide-zinc oxide-boric oxide-silica. The content of bismuth oxide, zinc oxide and boric oxide with respect to 100 parts weight of silica 10-75 parts weight, 5-50 parts weight, and 25-100 parts weight, respectively. The sealant (b1) comprises silica-calcium oxide-alumina-boric oxide. The content of calcium oxide, alumina and boric oxide with respect to 100 parts weight of silica is 5-25 parts weight, 5-75 parts weight and 25-100 parts weight, respectively. The sealant (a1) is obtained by dissolving bismuth oxide, zinc oxide, boric oxide and silica in mixture of solvent and binder. The sealant (b1) is obtained by dissolving silica, calcium oxide, alumina and boric oxide in mixture of solvent and binder. Preferred Property: The thickness of each of the sealants is 20-700 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves providing a flow of an inert gas to the reaction chamber, where the inert gas comprises at least one of argon or nitrogen. The extracted hydrogen gas is processed by burning the hydrogen gas or is processed by feeding the hydrogen gas into a fuel cell. The step of processing the hydrogen gas involves passing reaction-product gases through a reduced pressure chamber to remove traces of unreacted carbon; or passing reaction-product gases through a water-cooled chamber to remove unreacted water. The step of heating the wet form of the compound involves heating the wet form of the compound to a temperature of 700-1100 degrees C. The step of transferring the wet form of the compound into a reaction processing chamber occurs continuously. The continuous transfer of the wet form of the compound into the reactor utilizes a geometry that reduces the presence of air. The method for extracting hydrogen for further processing involves: heating a wet compound, where the compound comprises carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, such that elements comprised from the wet compound dissociate and react to form at least hydrogen gas; and processing the hydrogen gas. Preferred Components: The compound consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The water comprises liquid water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The compound comprises cellulose, lignin or hemicellulose; or a combination of cellulose, lignin, and/or hemicellulose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrodes contain lithium-containing complex oxide of spinel structure as active material. The negative electrodes contain graphite as active material. The negative electrodes are equipped with a collector containing copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte solution of the battery contains additive(s) chosen cyclic disulfonate, cyclic sulfonate ester, cyclic sulfone, cyclic halogenated carbonate, unsaturated carbonate, acid anhydride, cyclic imide, lithium bisoxalate borate, difluoro(oxalato-O,O')lithium borate, sulfite, unsaturated ester, glycolide, and/or cyano furan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of primary active material and the secondary active material is 100:0-85:15 (excluding 100:0). The ratio of mass of primary active material to sum of mass of primary active material and secondary active material is 0-0.45.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The BET specific surface area of primary active material is 0.8-10.0 m2/g. The particle size of 50% of primary active material is 20 mu m or less. The BET specific surface area of secondary active material is 0.2-3 m2/g. The particle size of 50% of secondary active material is 20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass or glass-ceramic material is a solder glass comprising phosphorus pentoxide (38-50 mol.%), aluminum oxide (3-14 mol.%), boron trioxide (4-10 mol.%), sodium oxide (10-30 mol.%), potassium oxide (10-20 mol.%) and lead oxide (0-10 mol.%). The conductor is a nickel iron-coat comprising a copper portion, a cobalt-iron alloy and a metal including copper, copper silicon carbide, aluminum or aluminum silicon carbide and nickel iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase-change material is formed with wax, paraffin mixture or gas hydrate. The liquid is formed with water, alcohol or ethylene glycol. The heat transfer medium is formed with nucleating agent, surfactant or thixotropic agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The ionic salt is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The primary polymer layer is laminated on upper side and/or lower side of the secondary polymer layer contacting one of anode or cathode. The secondary polymer layer is laminated on upper side and/or lower side of the secondary polymer layer contacting one of anode or cathode. The polymer layers have tensile strength of 1-100 MPa, elongation ratio of 20-500% and ion conductivity of 10-5 S/cm to 10-3 S/cm. The amount of organic electrolyte is 0.1-60 wt.% with respect to polymer matrix in the primary polymer layer. The organic electrolyte contains crosslinked polymer and linear polymer in weight ratio of 1:9-8:2. The linear polymer is chosen from non-crosslinked poly-oxide-based polymer and non-crosslinked polar polymer. The crosslinked polymer is copolymer of polar monomer having one functional group and monomer having two or more functional groups. The polymer layers further comprise solid material (5-80 wt.%) providing mechanical rigidity. The solid material is solid phase particles having average particle diameter of 10 nm to 5 mu m. The solid material is oxide, nitride and carbide. The thickness of primary polymer layer is 10-100% with respect to secondary polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material further contains vanadium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, niobium oxide, and/or copper oxide, and the chemical composition of complex oxide is of formula: LixFeyM1-ySiO4, where y is more than 0 and less than 1, and M is vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, niobium or copper. The complex oxide is crystalline oxide comprising glass material, composite of crystalline oxide having glass and spinel structure, or crystalline oxide having spinel structure. The complex oxide comprises composite powder having particle diameter of 80 nm to 100 mu m and to which conductive support agent (0-10 wt.%) is added. The vanadium raw material is vanadium oxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide and/or vanadium pentoxide. The manganese raw material is manganese oxide, manganese(II) oxide and/or manganese(II,III) oxide. The cobalt raw material is cobalt oxide (Co3O4, CoO or Co2O3). The nickel raw material is nickel and/or nickel (III) oxide. The niobium raw material is niobium pentoxide. Preferred Process: The complex oxide is formed by molding flaky-shaped complex oxide having thickness of 0.25 mm or less. A reducing agent is added to composite having glass material or glass material and spinel structure, and carrying out crystallization by heating at temperature which is more than glass transition temperature under inert atmosphere or reducing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier is chosen from activated carbon, conductive carbon, graphite, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber and carbon molecular sieve. The cobalt oxide is contained in the carrier surface and/or inside, or as co-catalyst in catalyst components, or as a core material of catalyst components, or as an additive in electrode catalyst, or as carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus pentoxide, total-tin oxide and total-iron oxide in the glass frit is 42.5-50 mol%, 50-57.5 mol% and 0.01 mol% or more, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary additive is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive contains 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, guanidine acid salt, or urea or urea derivative. The difference of mobility of cobalt ion per concentration and mobility of lithium ion in additive is 2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fine lithium-coated silicon metal or silicon alloy particles are further mixed with silicon-containing carbon-type composite material. The step (I) further involves mixing and heat-processing metal silicon, silicon-based alloy fine powder and lithium or lithium compound. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the fine silicon metal or silicon alloy particles is 10 nm to 10 mu m. Preferred Composition: The content of lithium in the lithium-containing layer is 0.1-10 %mass. The lithium compound contains lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide hydrate, lithium carbonate, lithium complex compound, lithium nitrate, organic lithium compound of formula: LiR, organic lithium oxide compound of formula: LiOR, silicon-containing compound of formula: RnSi(OLi)4-n and/or lithium halide of formula: LiX.X=halo;R=alkyl or organosiloxy;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric group is of formula: -Y'1-CH(-Y'3)=CH(-Y'2)(-Y'4) (I). The compound (A) is oxo-acid lithium salt of formula (II), Rr-(TOp(OLi)s(OH)t)q, or carbonyl group-containing compound of formula: (LiO)nP(=O)(OZ)m. The agent further contains ether group-containing compound of formula: T2-C-(T1)=C(-T3)-R8(-O-C(=O)-O-R8)n'-O-T3-C(-T3)=C(-T1)(-T2), Lewis base and active material. The lithium secondary battery and lithium-ion capacitor have electrode active material covered with film formed by the electrode protective film formation agent.T=C, S or P;r,p,s,s+t=1 or 2;t=0 or 1;q=1-4;R=1-q valent 2-40C organic group having polymeric group;Y'1=1-4C bivalent hydrocarbyl optionally having O coupled directly to C comprising double bond, and O (Y'1 is optionally exists);Y'2-Y'4=H or 1-4C monovalent hydrocarbyl optionally having O and/or S;adjacent Y'2-Y'4=ring;R1-R5=H, methyl or 2-6C alkenyl;X-=-CO2, or -SO3;Z=group obtained by removing -X-Li+ from lithium salt;n,m=1 or 2;n+m=3;R1= 1-6C linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbyl or 5-12C or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbyl;T1,T2,T3=H or 1-3C;andn'=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polyimide resin is provided as adhered binder. The polyimide resin is made of polyamic acid. The covering binder is selected from group of acrylic acid ester copolymer, styrene-butadiene rubber, and cellulose. The positive electrode current collection tab is selected from the group of rare earths, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, tungsten, niobium, and tantalum and adhered to the particle surface of lithium-transition metal composite oxide. The neodymium and samarium are adhered to the particle surface of the lithium- transition metal composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon source comprises acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The acidic resin is selected from polyacrylic acid, polyitacon acid, polymethacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, poly fumaric acid, poly citraconic acid, poly mesaconic acid, poly glutaconic acid, poly crotonic acid and poly isocrotonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, chromium, indium, silver and/or titanium. The metal powder has an oxygen concentration of 0.1-20 %mass and a crystalline diameter of 50 nm or less. The ratio of transition metal and tin is 0.2-3. The content of additional element in the metal powder is 0.1-30 %mass. The electrode material has an average particle diameter of 200 nm or less, preferably less than 100 nm. The metal powder has a BET diameter of 2-200 nm, preferably 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Diffusion structure is porous metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode includes a metal oxide such as ion stabilized manganese dioxide, potassium stabilized manganese dioxide, ion stabilized titanium oxides and ion stabilized vanadium pentoxide. The high voltage electrolyte includes hexamethyldisilazide magnesium chloride and aluminum chloride in tetrahydrofuran, phenyl magnesium chloride and aluminum chloride in tetrahydrofuran or magnesium chloride-hexamethyldisilazide aluminum chloride in tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are oxide, hydroxide, nitride and/or complex of zirconium, aluminum, silicon, of titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of heat-resistant insulating-layer fabric weight with respect to resin porous substrate layer fabric weight is preferably 2 or less. The peeling strength between resin porous substrate layer and heat-resistant insulating layer is 0.1 mN/mm or more. The peeling strength of the separator is 2 mN/mm or more. Preferred Composition: The resin porous substrate layer contains polyethylene, polypropylene, and/or ethylene propylene copolymer, or woven fabric, nonwoven fabric and/or microporous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphorus source is selected from NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HP4, (NH4)3PO4, H3PO4, AlPO4, Al(H2PO4)3, and/or Al2(HPO4)3. The trivalent aluminum source is selected from Al(OH)3, Al2O3, Al(NO3)3, AlPO4, Al(H2PO4)3, and/or Al2(HPO4)3. The metallic oxide is selected from CrO3, ZnO, CuO, MgO, ZrO2, MoO3, V2O5, Nb2O5, and/or Ta2O5. The liquid phase solvent is water or N-methyl-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen of the lithium compound (I) is substituted with an anion. The anion is fluorine, sulfur and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: In the method, while the fuel cell system is transferred to the first stage stopping state from a power generation state by way of the a first step and a second step, where the first step in which connects the small controlling load with the fuel cell electrically, then, disconnects the small controlling load with the fuel cell electrically, and the second step in which closes the air inlet valve, the hydrogen inlet valve and the hydrogen exit valve, and reduces the cell voltage of the fuel cell to 0 V; and determination of hydrogen purge for increasing the hydrogen concentration in the hydrogen line upon starting of the fuel cell system is judged depending on the stopping stage, cell voltage, time of lapse from the stopping stage, and pressure in the cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has battery capacity of 4 Ah or more (preferably 20 or more), and energy density of 50 Wh/kg or more (preferably 100 Wh/kg or more). Preferred Process: During manufacture of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, caking additive is added.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The coated graphite particles have center grain diameter of 12-16 mu m, tap volume density of 0.9 g/cm3 or more, and specific surface area of 4-6 m2/g. The flaky graphite particles have center grain diameter of 5-10 mu m, tap volume density of 0.05 g/cm3 or more and specific surface area of 5-15 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The content of flaky graphite particles with respect to total mass of the negative electrode active material is 1-6 %mass. The mass ratio of the graphite particle in the coated graphite particles, the amorphous carbon particles, and the amorphous carbon layer is 100:a:b, where a and b are 1-10, respectively, and a is 1.34 times or less of b. The positive electrode active material includes lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (Li1+a1(NixCoyMnz)1-a1O2, where a1 is 0-0.15, x is 0.1-0.6, y is 0-0.5, z is 0.2-0.4 and x+y+z is 1), or lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (Li1+a1(NixCoyMnzMb1)1-a1O2, where M is chosen from aluminum, titanium, zirconium, niobium, boron, magnesium and molybdenum, and b1 is 0-0.02). The amorphous carbon particles include carbon black. The caking additive is pitch. During manufacture of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, mass ratio of graphite particles, the carbon black and the pitch is 100:a2:b2, where a2 is 1-b2, and b2 is a2-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made from a material selected from SiO2, Al2O3, Si3N4, BN, HfSiO4, ZrSiO4, HfO2, and/or ZrO2. The substrate is made from a material selected from Ni, Cu, Pt, Au, Co, and/or Fe. The few-layer graphene film has a thickness D, where D is less than or equal to 1.0 nm. The carbon nanotubes demonstrate three distinct histogram peaks at angles of -60 degrees , about 0 degrees and about +60 degrees in relation to any of the peaks.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ordered porous manganese oxide comprises manganese oxide (MnO, Mn2O3 or Mn3O4). The pores of the ordered porous manganese oxide are connected to each other to form a channel. The porous compound comprises silica, alumina, zinc oxide, manganese and carbon. The manganese precursor comprises manganese nitrate hexahydrate, manganese acetate tetrahydrate and/or manganese chloride tetrahydrate. The etchant comprises hydrofluoric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrofluoric acid-ammonium fluoride. Preferred Properties: The pores of ordered porous manganese oxide have bimodal size distribution with primary peak of 1-5 nm and secondary peak of 10-20 nm. The ordered porous manganese oxide has thickness of 5 nm or more (preferably, 5-20 nm), and crystal size of 5 nm or more (preferably, 5-30 nm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises 364 pts. wt. (preferably 370 pts. wt.) of nitrogenous fertilizer, 114 pts. wt. (preferably 120 pts. wt.) of phosphate fertilizer, 100 pts. wt. (preferably 105 pts. wt.) of potash fertilizer, 412 pts. wt. (preferably 420 pts. wt.) of alcohol waste residue, 1 pts. wt. (preferably 1.2 pts. wt.) of diethylamine-ethanol ester, 3 pts. wt. (preferably 3.3 pts. wt.) of jelly-like buds saturated Bacillus, 3 pts. wt. (preferably 3.3 pts. wt.) of huge bud saturated Bacillus, and 3 pts. wt. (preferably 3.3 pts. wt.) of buds saturated Bacillus subtilis. The nitrogenous fertilizer is urea having a nitrogen content of 46%. The phosphate fertilizer is ammonium phosphate having phosphorus content of 44% and nitrogen content of 11%. The potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate having potassium content of 50%. The alcohol residue is corn ethanol waste. The jelly-like buds saturated Bacillus, huge bud saturated bacilli and buds saturated Bacillus subtilis are present in an amount of 100 million/gram. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds - The insecticide is triazolone or tebuconazole. The pesticide is carbosulfan. ACTIVITY - Virucide; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, Chlorella vugaris and Scenedecmus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The eluate includes n-hexane, chloroform, dimethyl ether, pentane, octane, heptane, decane, dodecane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, cyclohexane, acetone, propanol, ethanol and methanol. The obtained lipid mixture is dissolved in chloroform, methanol and sulfuric acid to obtain the biodiesel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The amount of cationic polymer added into the mixture is 0.001-0.1 pts. wt. The cationic polymer has positive charge group, aliphatic chain group and includes poly-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, poly-N-(4-vinylbenzyl)-N,N-dimethylamine, poly-1-vinylpyrrolidone, poly diethylaminoethyl acrylate, poly dimethylamino ethyl acrylate and poly diethylaminoethyl methacrylate. The cationic polymer includes polymer particle, macromolecular solution and polymer thin film. The cationic polymer is added into the microalgae culture medium for 30 minutes to 48 hours. Preferred Process: The method further comprises mixing 0.001-0.1 pts. wt. of poly-N-(4-vinylbenzyl)-N,N-dimethylamine with 100 pts. wt. of microalgae culture for 2-24 hours and adding n-hexane, separating the upper layer of the phase separation of the mixture, and removing n-hexane to get a product. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 100 l microorganism and 1000-2000 l supplementary material. The supplementary material comprises at least one component chosen from 60-100 l, preferably 80 l rice bran, 60-100 l, preferably 80 l bran powder, 10-30 l, preferably 20 l disposable edible oil, 1000-1300 l, preferably 1220 l sawdust, fallen leaves, rice straw and rice hulls. The water content of the composition is 30-40%. The annihilation of food waste is performed by inoculating 10-15% microbial inoculum and degrading for 3 months. Preferred Method: The method involves injecting 900-1100 kg waste food into the composition, reacting at 60-75 degrees C and sweeping the degraded waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises Bacillus megaterium, B.mucilaginosus, B.subtilis and B.licheniformis in a ratio of 7:1:1:1.Preferred Components: The additives comprise dispersant D-1002, wetting agent W-1002, sodium methylenebis(naphthalenesulfonate) and sodium laurylsulfate in a ratio of 3:1:5:4. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The radical initiator is hydrogen peroxide or ozone. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution is 1-5%. The content of metal catalyst with respect to total content of reaction mixture is 0.1-3 wt.%. The metal ion of metal catalyst is the precious metal ion selected from the group comprising the transition metal or the platinum, palladium, gold and ruthenium, iron, copper, nickel, vanadium, chrome and manganese. The metal catalyst includes ferric sulfate, blue vitriol, silver chloride, ammonium vanadate and/or platinum chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bioalcohol is methanol, ethanol or propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of water-soluble polymer, alginate, or cellulose in the reaction mixture is 1-90 wt.% The cellulose is chosen from water-soluble polymer carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hard hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The photosynthetic microorganism consists of: Cyanobacteria of Anabaena, Spirulina, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Anacystis, Nostoc, Microcystis and Oscillatoria; and microalgae of Chlorella, Dunalialla, Haematococcus, Isochrysis, Scenedesmus, Chlamydomonas, Tetraselmis and Porphyridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The culture medium further comprises a light source device. The mixed ratio of chelating agent and iron in culture medium is 1:0.5-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chelating agent consists of EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid, hydroxy EDTA, ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid, triethylene tetramine hexaethanoic acid, hydroxy imminodiacetic acid, dihydroxy ethyl glycine, ethylenediamine, auxin, p-phenanthroline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The species of Vibrio is Vibrio harveyi having preservation number of ATCC 14126. The aerobic fermentation step is carried out by cultivating the Vibrio harveyi at 3x 107 to 4x 107 colony forming units per 1 g of marine algae dry weight for 30-54 hours. The aerobic microorganisms comprises Clostridium thermoaceticum, Clostridium formicoaceticum, Clostridium thermoautotropium, Acetobacterium woodii, Selenomonas rumintium, Propionibacterium arabinosum, Butyribacterium methylotrophicum and Lactobacillus amylophilus. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer is animal excrement, plant straw, bean cake, pig manure, rotten animal manure, horse dung, cow dung, cotton straw, corn straw and/or soybean straw.The inorganic fertilizer is urea, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, and calcium superphosphate are mixed according to weight ratio of 10-12:7-9:8-10:1-4.The trace element comprises magnesium, silicon, zinc or iron.The plant growth regulator comprises naphthylacetic acid powder, gibberellic acid powder and mepiquat chloride powder in a weight ratio of 1:2:1.The binder is bentonite clay. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The glyphosate mother liquor is prepared by adding 140-160 ml of 37 vol.% formaldehyde solution and 20-30 g polyvinyl alcohol, stirring, gradually raising the temperature from room temperature to 40 degrees C, maintaining the temperature for 20 minutes, adding 150-180 ml glyphosate mother liquid, slowly heating at 60 degrees C, adding 60-75 g melamine, 60-75 g urea, 60-80 g gum arabic, 60-80 g water, and 1-2 g triethanolamine, adding 10 vol.% citric acid to adjust the pH at 4.5-5, adding 3-5 g of 10 vol.% sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, 5-10 g styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, and 1.0 mol/L ammonium chloride, adjusting the pH at 4.3-4.5, stirring for 20 minutes, adding 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH at 3.0, gradually reducing the temperature of the reaction system to 42 degrees C, accelerating the stirring speed, reacting for 6 hours, after the reaction is finished, centrifuging, and drying to obtain the dry powder of glyphosate mother liquid. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chromium source is chromium chloride, chromium bromide, chromium iodide, chromium nitrate, chromium sulfate, chromium phosphate, chromium acetate or chromium carbonate. The aluminum source is aluminum hydroxide, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate or aluminum sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The template agent is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide or polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide triblock copolymer. The content of template agent is 0.4-20 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The initiator is potassium persulfate or ammonium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crosslinking agent comprises N,N'-ethylene-bisacrylamide, polyethylene glycol 600, or polyethylene glycol 1000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cellulose is low-crystalline modified cellulose. The tobacco stalk residue containing cellulose grafted polymer comprises 15-25 pts. wt. tobacco stalk residue and 60-68 pts. wt. acrylic acid and/or acrylic acid derivative polymer. It is prepared by subjecting 15-25 pts. wt. tobacco stalk cellulose-containing residue, 60-80 pts. wt. acrylic and/or acrylic acid derivatives, 4-8 pts. wt. crosslinking agent, and 0.2-1.0 pts. wt. initiator polymer into polymerization reaction at 50-60 degrees C for 3-6 hours, in which tobacco stalk cellulose-containing residue has moisture content of not less than 50 wt.%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed acid is thionyl chloride, sulfonic acid of formula (RSO3H), sodium sulfonate (RSO3H), potassium sulfonate (RSO3H), concentrated sulfuric acid and/or DL-10-camphor sulfonic acid in a ratio of 0.1-3:1-2, preferably 0.25-1.5:1.5, preferably methanesulfonic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid mixture. The mass ratio of vincamine acid and mixed acid is 1:1-5, preferably 1:2.5. The mass ratio of vincamine acid and absolute ethyl alcohol is 1:10-40, preferably 1:20. The organic phase in the step (b) is methylene dichloride and/or trichloromethane. The dehydrating and drying material is anhydrous magnesium sulfate and/or sodium sulfate. Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at 60-100 degrees C, preferably 700-800 degrees C. The step (b) further comprises recrystallizing vinpocetine, which uses a recrystallization solvent including methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and/or tetrahydrofuran, preferably absolute ethanol.R = 1-18C n-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl and/or para tolyl..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Alcaligenes faecalis NR has physiological and biochemical characters as given in the specification. The Alcaligenes faecalis NR is Gram-negative, and the colony morphology on peptone agar is gray, translucent, round, raised, seedless, and has diameter of 1 mm, smooth surface, no flagella, and bacterial size of 0.5 mu mx (1-1.2) mu m. The wastewater carbon-nitrogen ratio is 5-20. The wastewater pH is 5-9. Preferred Method: The wastewater temperature is 15-35 degrees C. The preferred wastewater processing conditions are: carbon nitrogen ratio is 10-15, the pH of the wastewater is 6-8, the wastewater temperature is 20-35 degrees C .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The composition is prepared in form of water dispersible granule, wettable powder, suspending agent, suspension and granular formulation. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Catalyst is copper chloride, copper sulfate, ferrous chloride, or ferrous sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Hydrolysis temperature is 40-180 degrees C, and hydrolysis time is 6-30 hours. Acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or trifluoroacetic acid. Preferred Compositions: Molar ratio N,N-diethyl-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionamide:acid:water is 1:1-10:1-100. Weight ratio catalyst:N,N-diethyl-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionamide is 1-5:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Water is 200-300 pts. wt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Weight ratio lignin:acetylated reagent is 1:15-25. Concentration of acetylated organic lignin solution is 5 g/L. Lignin is wheat straw alkali lignin, bamboo pulp alkali lignin, and/or wood pulp alkali lignin. Preferred Parameter: Colloid nanosphere has 30-200 nm hydrodynamic radius and contains hydrophobic group which is hollow spherical micelle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid polymer is polyacrylic acid and/or polymethacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Molecule: The secondary alcohol dehydrogenase has a 1056 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) fully defined in the specification. The vector is pKBE411SADH. Preferred Microorganism: The strain is chosen from Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052, C.beijerinckii NRRL B592, C.beijerinckii NRRL B593, C.beijerinckii IAM 19015, C.beijerinckii ATCC 14823 and C.beijerinckii NCIMB 9581. The ability of the microorganism to produce acetone is suppressed. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The perovskite oxide is of formula: ABO3 (I) where A-site element is chosen from lanthanum, strontium, barium and calcium, and B-site element is chosen from nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, chromium, titanium, vanadium, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium, niobium and ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrotalcite-like precursor comprising divalent ions chosen from magnesium ion (Mg2+), nickel ion (Ni2+), zinc ion (Zn2+), cupric ion (Cu2+), ferrous ion (Fe2+), manganese ion (Mn2+), and trivalent ions chosen from aluminum ion (Al3+), ferric ion (Fe3+), chromium ion (Cr3+) and gallium ion (Ga3+) is obtained by calcination of hydrotalcite-based oxide. The perovskite oxide reconstruction process is carried out by dissolving A-site element and B-site element of the soluble salt in water, impregnating using hydrotalcite-based oxide, introducing reconstruction condition and facilitating the formation of the calcined perovskite-based oxide. 200 mg Shell-core-type perovskite-wrapping hydrotalcite-based oxide catalyst is provided into a reactor at 700 degrees C, ethanol and water are added into the reactor in molar ratio of 3 by controlling water-alcohol mixture feed rate to 4 ml/hour, preheated at 200 degrees C, and contacted with catalyst in the reactor, to obtain ethanol-steam reforming hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is ethyl acetate or dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The method further comprises adding 1 l of membranous polymers organic waste solution and 10-50 ml of Fibrobacter succinogenes, where the membranous polymers organic waste solution has a microbial content of 5-9 g/l, and the Fibrobacter succinogenes is fibrobacter succinogenes H 23 having a deposit number of KCTC 12018BP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Agriculture: The tobacco crop organic, inorganic and microbial fertilizer comprises 201 pts. wt. nitrogenous fertilizer, 159 pts. wt. phosphate fertilizer, 140 pts. wt. potash fertilizer, 490 pts. wt. alcohol waste residue, 1 pt. wt. diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate and 3 pts. wt. B.subtilis. The nitrogen fertilizer is urea. The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The feeding dosing device guides the coagulant such as alum or poly aluminum chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step (a), the biomass is pulverized until the size is 100-500 mu m, preferably 100-200 mu m, where the biomass in the step (a) or (i) is herb, wood or woody-type herb, preferably wheat straw, poplar or kenaf. In the step (i), the biomass is pulverized until the size is 100-200 mu m. In the step (ii), radiation is gamma -ray (preferred), electron beam, UV or X ray, where the irradiation amount is 100-1000 kGy. In the step (b), the radiation is gamma -ray (preferred), electron beam, UV or X ray, where the irradiation amount is 100-1000 kGy, preferably 700-1000 kGy. In the step (c) or (iii), the humidity of popping apparatus is maintained at 75-85% with respect to sample during the popping process, where the popping apparatus inner temperature is 20-25 degrees C and pressure is 20-25 kg/cm2. In the step (iv), the sugar compound is obtained by using diastatic enzyme, preferably cellulase, xylanase, amylase, alpha -glucosidase and/or beta -glucosidase or a mixture of cellulase, xylanase and beta -glucosidase in the weight ratio of 5-7:1:1. In the step (v), bioethanol is obtained by alcohol fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, Klebsiella oxytoca P2, Brettanomyces curstersii, Saccharomyces uvzrun, Candida brassicae and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae BS2. EXAMPLE - 100 g Poplar stem was pulverized into powder of 200 mu m size, then irradiated with gamma irradiation of 750 kGy and popped in a popping reactor maintained at 80% water content with respect to the sample and heated at 20 degrees C/minute under reactor internal pressure of 20-25 kg/cm2 to obtain pre-treated poplar stem powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding 0.1-0.3 pts. wt. deodorant, 10-30 pts. wt. manure containing microorganisms for fermenting, and 5-30 pts. wt. pulverized sawdust, rice husk, rice straw and dried food waste, based on 100 pts. wt. mixture of dried livestock excrement and carbon powder. Preferred Components: The ratio of dried livestock excrement and carbon powder is 1:0.1-1. The surface of the solid fuel has combusting coating layer coated with combusting material. EXAMPLE - 1 pts. wt. Livestock excrement having moisture content of less than 60%, 0.1 pts. wt. carbon powder having particle size distribution of 10-100 mu m, 0.1 pts. wt. deodorant (nonylphenol and lauryl amine in ratio of 1:1) and 20 pts. wt. manure (prepared by filtering livestock wastewater and fermenting using Actinomyces) were mixed, extruded and cut to obtain solid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: carrying out an anaerobic digestion process in the wastewater; inoculating 9-11 w/w % of micro-algae and cultivating in 70-80 wt.% of wastewater; adding nutrients, glucose and glycerol in the cultured wastewater, and culturing at 20-30 degrees C; and cultivating in a photoautotrophic mode for 6-8 days and in a mixotrophic mode for 3-5 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium hydroxide solution has concentration of 17.5-22%. The content of chlorine dioxide is 5-10%. The content of sodium hypochlorite is 15-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Basis of content of fuel additive is 50-10000 ppmo. Mole ratio mono phenols:aldehydes:piperazine is 1:0.2-5:0.2-5. Component A is 11-22 carbon tert-butyl group ortho to the monophenol, 1-8 carbon aldehyde, and piperazine-type reaction of Mannich base polyamine. Ortho-tert.-butyl monophenol is 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert.-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert.-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,4-di-tert.-butylphenol, 2-tert.-butyl-6-methylphenol, 2-tert.-butyl -6-ethyl-phenol, and/or 2,6-di-tert.-butylphenol, aldehyde is formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, amyl aldehyde, and/or hexyl aldehyde, piperazine is polyamines piperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, N-methylpiperazine, N-ethyl piperazine, N-phenyl piperazine, N-benzyl-piperazine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, 1-amino-4-methyl-piperazine, N-aminoethyl piperazine, N-aminopropyl piperazine, N,N-bis(aminoethyl yl)piperazine, N,N-bis(aminopropyl)piperazine, 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine, 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine, and/or 1-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl ethyl)piperazine. Diesel oil further comprises components B which is metal deactivator component. Components A and B weight ratio is 1:0.01-1. Component B contains salt, benzotriazole, formaldehyde, and aliphatic amines which are aliphatic amines benzotriazole obtained by Mannich reaction Schiff bases and organic polycarboxylic acid. Diesel oils also contains other diesel which are petroleum diesel, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel, biodiesel hydrocracking, and/or oxygen-containing diesel fuel blend in which volume ratio biodiesel:other diesel 1:2-99. Preferred Parameters: Refluxing reaction time is 0.5-8 hours, temperature is 50-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Mole ratio aryl diazo acetate:alcohol: alpha , beta -unsaturated imidate:rhodium acetate is 1.5:1.5:1:0.01. Alcohol is benzyl alcohol, p-benzene methanol, o-nitro benzyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. The alpha , beta -unsaturated imidate is 4-chlorophenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide ester, 4-bromophenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide ester, 4-bromophenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide ester, 4-gas phenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide ester, 4-nitrophenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide ester, 4-methylphenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide ester, or 4-phenyl- alpha , beta -unsaturated imide esters. Aryl diazo acetate is phenyl acetate, methyl acetate, bromophenyl methyl diazoacetate, methyl diazoacetate bromophenyl, chlorophenyl diazo acetate, p-methoxy phenyl diazo acetate, or methyl phenyl diazoacetate methyl ester. Organic solvent is chloralkane, toluene, or xylene. Preferred Processes: The alpha -amido, delta -hydroxyl adipic acid derivative is prepared by subjecting alcohol, alpha , beta -unsaturated imidate, rhodium acetate, and organic solvent in reaction bottle, adding 500-1000 mg/mmol water-absorbing agent zeolite, dissolving phenyl diazonium acid ester in organic solvent to obtain diazonium solution in which amount of solvent is 10-30 ml/mmol alpha , beta -unsaturated imidate, adding dropwise diazonium solution into reaction flask through peristaltic pump, removing solvent through rotary evaporation, and subjecting crude product in column chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Lewis acid is aluminum chloride, ferric trichloride, boron trifluoride, titanium tetrachloride or zinc chloride (preferably aluminum chloride). The mol ratio of 1-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide, diethyl oxalate and Lewis acid is 1:1:0.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (c) involves blowing gas at flow rate of 0.5-25 m3/h to rinsed filter cake for 20 minutes at normal or low temperature, where the temperature of the gas is -10 to 40 degrees C under 0.1-0.8 MPa pressure. The step (d) involves drying the filter cake at 70-150 degrees C for l-3 hours. The step (a) involves performing plate-and-frame filter press at 90-200 degrees C high temperature steam, under 4-8 Bar pressure, where the steam does not directly contacts filter cake. The method further involves recovering the steam passage after cooling. The step (b) involves rinsing the filter cake into 5-50 wt.% rinse liquid, where the rinse liquid comprises one or more of gasoline, ethanol, acetone, methanol, and their mixtures. The step (c) further involves recovering the filter cake from the gas filter chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carcass inlet port is made of rubber or silicone material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The step (e) involves adding 1 pt. wt. Bryaceae plant dry powder to the mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves injecting diluted solution into the acid fermenter before adding food waste. The method further involves discharging the effluent produced after food waste fermentation. The fermentation is performed using microorganism. Preferred Device: The device comprises diluted solution tub, which supplies the diluted solution in the food waste flowing into the acid fermenter, where the diluted solution is supplied through repository or pipe connected to the acid fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microbial agent is barley grains. The content of microbial agent is 50-300 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of organic waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves granulating the fermented material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene. The para-toluene sulfonamide, 1,5-pentanediol, and acid catalyst are in a ratio of 1:1.5:0.2. Preferred Method: The temperature of the reaction is 90-170 degrees C (preferably 120 degrees C). The volume dosage of the organic solvent is 4 ml/mmol of the weight of material. The reaction liquid processing method involves: after the reaction is finished, distilling the reaction liquid to remove solvent, then carrying out column chromatography by using mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in volume ratio of 5:1, collecting eluent having Rf value 0.3 to 0.35, decompressing and distilling the collected eluent, and drying to obtain the compound (I). The method involves taking para-toluene sulfonamide and 1,5-pentanediol in toluene solvent and under the action of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride catalyst, reacting at 120 degrees C, TLC tracking and detecting until the reaction is complete, when the reaction is finished, distilling reaction liquid to remove the solvent, then carrying out column chromatography by using mixed solvent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in volume ratio of 5:1, collecting eluent having Rf value 0.3 to 0.35, decompressing and distilling the collected eluent, and drying to obtain (I), where the ratio of the amount of para-toluene sulfonamide, 1,5-pentanediol, and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride catalyst is 1:1.5:0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heteroatom molecular sieve is selected from titanium-silicon molecular sieve, vanadium-silicon molecular sieve, molecular sieve, molecular sieve or molecular sieve. The titanium-silicon molecular sieve is selected from TS-1, TS-2, T1-MCM-22, T1-MCM-41, T1-SBA-15, and/or T1-ZSM-48. The acid is selected from zinc phosphate, zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc gluconate, zinc acetate, where the soluble zinc salt, bromide, and the zinc phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reaction temperature in the microchannel reactor is 80-100 degrees C, and the reaction time is 80-100 seconds. The reinforcing mass transfer type microchannel structure is direct current type channel structure or reinforced mixed channel structure. The direct current channel structure is a tubular structure. The reinforced mixed channel structure is T-shaped structure, a spherical structure with a baffle plate, a teardrop-shaped structure or heart-shaped structure. The channel hydraulic diameter is 0.5-10 mm. The micro-channel reactor is reinforcing mass transfer microchannel reactor. The reaction system is composed of multiple modules. The module material is single crystal silicon, special glass, ceramic, stainless steel coated with a corrosion-resistant coating or a metal alloy, and polytetrafluoroethylene. The reaction system is provided with pressure-proof, corrosion-proof ability based on different materials and different system. The maximum safe pressure in the reaction system is 15-30 bar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the step (i), controlling the flow rate of guanidine nitrate aqueous solution to 0.8-2 ml/minute, and controlling the flow rate of concentrated sulfuric acid to 0.8-2 ml/minute. Preferred Components: The mass concentration of guanidine nitrate aqueous solution is 40-50%. The molar ratio of guanidine nitrate aqueous solution and concentrated sulfuric acid is 1:1-1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methylation reagent includes dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate and methyl iodide. The solvent is derivative of toluene and benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: Preparation (Claimed): Producing endophytic fungi isolates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and rice media formulations in the form of a tablet, comprises: propagating endophytic fungi on PDA comprising 200 g potatoes kalosi, 20 g sugar in 3 packs in order to swallow, and 1000 ml distilled water; propagating endophytic fungi on rice medium with 50 g rice on a heat resistant plastic measuring 5 cm x 10 cm; growing the endophytic fungi on the media and blending until the rice into powder; endophytic fungi in powder form is then glued using wood sawdust spinach; and tableting in machines to form tablets. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phase transfer catalyst used for preparing (II) is quaternary ammonium salts, crown ethers or any other catalyst used for the same purpose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base used for preparing (VI) is morpholine, imidazole, pyridine and/or N,N'-dimethyl aniline. The solvent used for preparing (VI)/(II) is 1-6C alcoholic solvent comprising methanol (preferred), ethanol, n-propanol and/or isopropanol. The base used for preparing (II) is alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal bicarbonate, preferably potassium carbonate. The first solvent system for purification of (II) comprises solvent and anti solvent, where the solvent is an ester preferably ethyl acetate and the anti-solvent is an aliphatic alicyclic or cyclic hydrocarbon, preferably cyclohexane. The solvent used for preparing (III) is 1-6C alcoholic solvent, ketonic solvent, ester solvent comprising acetone (preferred), methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone and/or ethyl acetate. The second solvent system used for purification of (III) comprises solvent and anti solvent where the solvent is an alcohol preferably isopropanol and the anti-solvent is an ethereal, preferably methyl tert-butyl ether. ACTIVITY - Osteopathic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - To solution of strontium hydroxide (prepared by dissolving 20 g strontium-hydroxide octahydrate in 650 ml of water) was added 10 g (5-(bis(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino)-4-cyano-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-thiopheneacetic acid methyl ester at room temperature. The suspension was heated at 70 degrees C for 1 hour and cooled gradually at 25 degrees C. The reaction mass was filtered and washed with water and dried to obtain white strontium ranelate (80% yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding the reacted mixture into water, an organic solvent or a mixture of water and organic solvent, then adjusting pH to 2.5-5, cooling and filtering to obtain (III). Preferred Components: The lower alkyl sulfonic acid is 1-10C alkyl sulfonic acid. The di(lower)alkyl carbonate is 1-6C (preferably 1-4C) di(lower)alkyl carbonate, preferably dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate. The boron trifluoride di(lower)alkyl carbonate complex is boron trifluoride dimethyl carbonate. The organic solvent is 1-4C alcohol or ketone, preferably methanol, ethanol or acetone. The salts of (I) are triethylamine salts, sodium salts, potassium salts or calcium salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing composite catalyst is mixture of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and tin tetrachloride at molar ratio of 1:0.1-20, mixture of trimethylsilyl perfluorobutanesulfonate and tin tetrachloride at molar ratio of 1:0.1-20 or mixture of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, trimethylsilyl perfluorobutanesulfonate and tin tetrachloride at molar ratio of 0.4-0.6:0.4-0.6:0.1-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is halo alkane, substituted benzene, ether or nitrile, preferably 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2,2-trichloroethane, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, propionitrile, p-methyl benzonitrile, toluene, xylene, p-xylene, anisole, diphenyl ether or substituted diphenyl ether. The molar ratio of (II) to (III) is 1:1-35, preferably 1:2-15. The molar ratio of fluorine-containing composite catalyst to (II) is 1:1-16, preferably 1:1-8. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3 = acetyl, benzoyl, p-methyl benzoyl, p-nitrobenzoyl, biphenylcarbonyl or benzoyl substituted with halogen;    L = Cl, Br, I, acetoxy, methanesulfonyloxy, ethanesulfonyloxy, phenylmethylsulfonyloxy, p-toluenesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy; and    R4 = trimethylsilyl, isopropyl dimethylsilyl, methyl diisopropylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl or tert-butyl-dimethyl-silyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The compound fertilizer comprises 220-260 pts. wt. plant ash, 110-130 pts. wt. cow dung, 150-200 pts. wt. saw dust, 200-260 pts. wt. straw, 80-110 pts. wt. corn powder, 280-330 pts. wt. soybean cake, 40-70 pts. wt. attapulgite, 35-60 pts. wt. bentonite, 105-145 pts. wt. zeolite, 50-90 pts. wt. sodium humate, 70-100 pts. wt. chicken manure, 10-30 pts. wt. compound trace element, 130-180 pts. wt. alga extractive, 250-400 pts. wt. human excreta, 150-200 pts. wt. urea, 110-140 pts. wt. triple superphosphate and 180-220 pts. wt. potassium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The agricultural waste comprises straw, bran, rice hull, cake, soybean meal, wood powder, peel, weeds and fermentation microbial inoculum that comprises 2-4 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis, 3-5 pts. wt. Streptomyces and 2-4 pts. wt. nystatin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The sugar is beet sugar residue or maltose. The bone cement is chicken bone cement, pig bone, beef bone, sheep bone or dog bone. Preferred Composition: The mushroom dreg comprises mycelium protein, polysaccharide, phosphorus, potassium and vitamin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The bentonite comprises silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, water, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological germ is Bacillus megaterium, rhizobia, purple perilla rhizobium and/or EM flora. Preferred Composition: The fertilizer further comprises 9 wt.% pepper platinum based grease content, 23 wt.% protein content, 60 wt.% organic substance content and 0.2 wt.% pepper. The fertilizer further comprises soybean comprising 48 wt.% protein, 4 wt.% lysine, 0.8 wt.% tryptophan and 1.5 wt.% methionine. The fertilizer further comprises micro-nutrient element comprising calcium, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron. The plant ash comprises greater than or equal to 10 % potassium content, greater than or equal to 80 % water-soluble components in a carbonate form and 2.7 % phosphorus content. The medicine residue contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements. The corn pulp comprises 2 % vitamin, 65 % starch, 28 % ester and 1 % water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The Lewis acid is one or more of aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, zinc chloride, and zirconium oxychloride (preferred).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrocarbon is one or more from toluene o-xylene, m-xylene or mixture of xylene. The Bronsted acid is one or more of hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid (preferred), phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, phosphoryl chloride, and thionyl chloride. The obtained 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benz(e)(1,3)oxazin-4-one is converted to deferasirox. EXAMPLE - In preparation of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benz(e) (1 3) oxazin-4-one, 1 kg of salicylic acid, catalytic quantity (0.02 kg) of N,N-dimethyl formamide and 0.64 L thionyl chloride were allowed to react in 3 L of o-xylene as solvent at 40-45 degrees C for 3 hours. At the end of reaction, toluene was distilled off partially to about half the original volume. In a separate flask, a suspension of 0.993 kg salicylamide was prepared in 1 L o-xylene and heated to 100-110 degrees C. The concentrated acid chloride solution was then added to the suspension over a period of 2-3 hours. The 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added and the reaction mass was heated at 120-130 degrees C for 6 to 8 hours. At the end of the reaction, the resulting slurry was filtered off and washed with methanol to get the compound as a yellow crystalline solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermenting step is carried out using bacteria mixture comprising Bacillus subtilis subsp., Bacillus sporothermodurans, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningii in a ratio of 1:1:1:1. Preferred Components: The straw has a grain size of 1.5-3 mm. The mixing ratio of the straw to corn core is 80-90:10-20. The mixed fermenting bacteria in fermented material is 4-8 wt.%. The adding amount of water in the mixed material is 60-70 wt.%. The earthworm in the fermented material is 5000-10000 m3. The earthworm collecting ratio is 10-20 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent comprises benzene, toluene, acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, and polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide. The polyhydric phenol comprises polyol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol, and benzene. The tertiary amine comprises diethylamine, N,N-Dipropyl-1-propanamine, N-dimethylaniline, 1,2-methyl tertiary amine, lauryl dimethyl amine, octadecyl dimethyl amine, dioctadecyl dimethyl amine, hexadecyl dimethylamine and octadecyl methyl amine. The mol ratio of polyol and/or polyhydric phenol, tertiary amine and epoxy chloropropane is 1:0.5-2.5:0.5-3.5. The dripping speed of tertiary amine is 20-300 l/h, preferably 60-200 l/h at 25-60 degrees C. The dripping speed of epichlorohydrin is 30-100 l/h at 30-80 degrees C. The preserving temperature of the mixture after dripping epichlorohydrin is 70-105 degrees C and reacting time is 10 hours.
ACTIVITY - Virucide; Cytostatic; Antiulcer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trace element is calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper, and/or boron. The ionic titanium product has titanium ion content of greater than or equal to 3.5 g/kg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second chelating agents are hydroxycarboxy organic compound, form stable complex with titanium ion, and not only protect titanium ion stability in the solution, but also ensure titanium ion activity in use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves subjecting the cultured microalgae to physical stimulation, preferably ultrasonic treatment (15-25 kHz, preferably 20 kHz for 5-15 minutes, preferably 10 minutes), separating oil-in-water emulsion and residual solids from cultured liquid by centrifugation at 2500-3500 revolutions per minute (rpm), preferably 3000 rpm for 3-7 minutes, preferably 5 minutes, passing the oil-in-water emulsion through filtration membrane, preferably ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane to form concentrated oil-in-water emulsion phase, (where pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane (polyethersulfone) or microfiltration membrane is 10 kDa (smaller than size of lipid)), and dissolving the concentrated oil-in-water emulsion and remaining solid in lipid extraction solvent chosen from hexane, petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform and their mixtures, preferably mixture of methanol and chloroform (in a ratio of 2:1-3:1). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms are Bacillus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ventilation machine is further provided with a heater for removing bacterial and a filter for removing smell. Air holes are formed in the center of the rotating shaft along the axial direction, a plurality of nozzles communicating with the air holes are formed on the outer side of the rotating shaft. The system further comprises an induction furnace for inducing water in the space bottom in one direction, and a drain pipe for discharging moisture to the outside.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The anaerobic reactor is provided with first, second and third reaction vessels of same type, a filter media for anaerobic digestion of the livestock manure is provided in a space compartmentalized by partition walls perforated with holes in the inner intermediate layer of the respective reaction vessels, the filter media stacked with tough coconut fiber, fine coconut fiber and a sponge is provided in the inner intermediate layer of the first and second reaction vessels, a sponge having micropores is provided in the space compartmentalized in the inner intermediate layer of the third tank. The tough coconut fiber, fine coconut fiber and sponge are prepared by an injection type so that the surface area is increased for facilitating the growth of anaerobic microorganisms. The livestock manure and the microbial suspension are contacted in the aeration tank. The sedimentation tank is compartmented into spaces by partition walls perforated with holes each in the intermediate part of the inner side, and formed with sand and gravel layers filled with sand and gravels in the inner side. The biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solid concentration of the processed livestock manure discharged from the sedimentation tank is less than 7 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves immobilizing microorganism in a nutritional medium by centrifuging at a speed of 5000 revolutions/minute (rpm) for 30 minutes. The methos involves using four tanks. The physical and chemical tests are percent removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total solid, Lactose, proteins and lipids. Preferred Components: The bioactive films on inert medium are prepared by immobilized suspension of microorganisms grown on the nutritional medium on an inert support. The inert medium is plastic sheet. The microorganism is Alcaligenes, preferably Alcaligenes MT03 strain, Alcaligenes CD234 strain or their combination. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary electrode and secondary electrode used in electrolytic cell device used during preparation of hydrogen fuel is graphite electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen fuel preferably comprises 51.9 vol.% hydrogen, 36.4 vol.% carbon monoxide, 3 vol.% ethane, 6.7 vol.% methane and 2 vol.% inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and organic nitrogen mass ratio is 20-40:60-80.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: Preparation of strain rejuvenation expanding comprises preparing plane culture medium comprising 10 g peptone, 10 g beef extract, 50 g sodium chloride, 18 g agar, 0.09 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 20 ml 0.2% musk vanilla phenol, and 1000 ml distilled water; adding beef extract, peptone and sodium chloride in distilled water, adjusting pH value to 7.5, adding agar, heating and dissolving, filtering, and adding indicator; dispensing 10 sterilized liquid plastic bottle, adding each flask with 1 g sucrose, dissolving and cooling to 50 degrees C, pouring plates, culturing at 28 degrees C 3-5 days, dividing each plate into 12 parts; preparing shake flask seed culture medium comprising 5 g peptone, 2.5 g potassium nitrate, 1 g ferrous phosphate and 0.5 g magnesium sulfate, adding soybean milk at mass-volume ratio of 1:40-1000 ml, dividing seed culture medium into 12 parts and sterilizing, placing in 1 part strain, shaking culture for 36 hours at 28 degrees C, and adjusting pH value to 7.5. Preparation of seed liquid comprises taking 350 g peptone, 700 g molasses, 45 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 42 g sodium hydrogen phosphate, 5 g ferrous sulfate, 35 g esculin, 100-300 kg 1% soybean milk, and 50 kg 1:100 corn steep liquor, sterilizing and cooling culture medium; taking 5% shake flask seed inoculum, fermenting in sealed oxygen supply, stirring, using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide to adjust fermentation liquid pH value to 7.5, fermenting for 24 hours at 29.5-37.2 degrees C, where oxygen supply amount is 1:1, stirring at speed of 150 revolutions/minute. Preferred Composition: B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens at mass ratio of 2:1:1. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral acid is 45-50% of sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process to obtain (A) is performed at 15-25 degrees C and optionally purified (A) in solvent or its mixture. Preferred Components: The alkali or alkaline-earth metal isocyanate is sodium isocyanate or potassium isocyanate. The weak acid is glacial acetic acid (preferred), carbonic acid, oxalic acid, or formic acid. The solvent is acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide or water, preferably acetone and water. ACTIVITY - Anticonvulsant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Sodium channel inhibitor.    EXAMPLE - 400 g of Glacial acetic acid was charged in a 5 l of 3-necked flask, and cooled to 18-24 degrees C. Then, 100 g of 10-methoxy-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine and 65 g of sodium isocyanate were added to reaction mixture and stirred for 3 hours at the same temperature to obtain slurry. 98 g of Sulfuric acid and 135 ml of water were add slowly and stirred for 2 hours at the same temperature. Then, 4 l of water was added, filtered and washed with water and optionally purified by reflux in methanol to obtain 10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of reacting compound (IA) is carried out in presence of solvent selected from 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and/or tetrahydrofuran, at 25 degrees C. The step of deacylation of compound (IIA) is carried out in presence of base and a solvent, where the base is alkali metal hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate, which is selected from sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and a solvent selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and/or water, at 25 degrees C. The step of methylation of compound (IIIA) is carried out in presence of methylating agent selected from methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate and a solvent selected from acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and/or methyl isobutyl ketone. EXAMPLE - To a solution of N-methyl-2-(3-(1-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-indol-5- yl)ethanesulfonamide (10 g) in a mixture of methanol (120 ml) and water (20 ml) was added with acetic acid and stirred to get a clear solution and treated with carbon. 5% palladium/carbon was added to the filtrate, and maintained under hydrogen pressure. After completion of the reaction, catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and added to a solution of sodium hydroxide. The precipitated product was stirred, cooled to 0 degrees C and filtered. The product was washed with water and ethyl acetate, and dried to obtain naratriptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: In the device, the glass outer wall of the tank body is set on the inner wall of the sterile air hole. The inoculating area is uniformly distributed with multiple inoculating holes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The E.coli strain X1 is rod-shaped bacteria and cultured at 37 degrees C for 24 hours to form smooth, white, and round colonies. The E.coli strain X1 comprises 16S rRNA sequence having a 1441 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: Not defined) fully defined in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Biomolecule: The shuttle expression plasmid PRES1 is transferred into Escherichia coli pUC18. The gene benzothiophene bdsABC sequence is capable of removing organic sulfur, and producing o-hydroxystyrene. The engineered bacteria PR4-pRABC is specific for cutting dibenzothiophene and forming 2-hydroxylbiphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves (a) soaking crushed straw in alkali solution for 2 days, where the weight ratio of straw and alkali solution is 1:6, (b) adding cellulase and water to the straw and hydrolyzing at 35 degrees C for 3 days, and (c) adding 0.6% koji to the straw and fermenting mixture at 28 degrees C for 4 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The component A comprises 48 or 37 pts. wt. biogas residue, 25 or 28 pts. wt. radix astragali residue, 6 or 4 pts. wt. Perilla, 8 or 6 pts. wt. folium cortex eucommiae, 6 or 8 pts. wt. purslane and 1 pts. wt. premix. Preferred Method: The step (a) further involves extruding and granulating the dried raw materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is one of CH2Cl2, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, and/or acetone (preferably DMF). The catalyst is triethylene diamine or 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The pyrolysis reactor temperature is 170-260 degrees C, and material retention time is 0.5-2 seconds. The hot carrier gas in the pyrolysis reactor is at normal pressure state. The lignocellulose raw material is preprocessed by batch or continuous reaction. The batch reaction involves adding small amount of reaction material into the material tank, and then obtaining the preprocessed materials. The continuous reaction involves continuously adding reaction materials into the material tank, and processing directly with large quantities of materials. Preferred Device: The pyrolysis reactor comprises material tank, feeding device, reactor, material separating device, and material collecting device. Preferred Components: The preprocessed lignocellulose raw material has particle size of 0.1-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves obtaining powder with required particle size by controlling the grinding time and rotating speed of the ball mill. The method involves adding 700 U/g compound cellulase to the super-fine powder and performing enzymolysis for 6 hours. The involves cutting the corn stover of length 1-3 cm, width 0.5-1.5 cm and thickness 0.1-1 cm, and crushing the corn stover using micro-crusher.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The hot preprocessing is carried out at 98-102 degrees C. The residual sludge and ryegrass temperature is reduced to 33-37 degrees C. The pH value of the product is adjusted to 4-6. The anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 9-11 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrating agent is concentrated nitric acid, copper nitrate, bismuth nitrate or zinc nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitration reaction solvent is dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetonitrile or water. The nitration reaction catalyst is sulfuric acid/melamine formaldehyde resin, sulfuric acid/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), sulfuric acid/silica, trichloro-s-triazine (TCT) or aluminum dihydrogen phosphate. The amount of the catalyst is 1-10% of (II). Preferred Method: The nitration reaction temperature is 0-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. The molar ratio of (1R,5R,6S)-6-((1R)-1-hydroxy)-1-methyl-2-diphenylphosphine acyloxy-cabapenem-2-alkene-3-carboxylic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester and (2S,4S)-2-dimethylamino formoxyl-4-sulfydryl-1-(4-p-nitrobenzyl carbonyl)pyrrolidine is 1:1-2.Preferred Process: The catalytic hydrogenation reduction is performed using palladium on carbon catalyst. The (1R,5R,6S)-6-((1R)-1-hydroxy)-1-methyl-2-diphenylphosphine acyloxy-cabapenem-2-alkene-3-carboxylic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester and (2S,4S)-2-dimethylamino formoxyl-4-sulfydryl-1-(4-p-nitrobenzyl carbonyl)pyrrolidine are reacted in presence of aminopyridine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The acrylic resin, styrene-acrylic resin, polyvinyl alcohol-containing paper, carboxyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, clay chosen from attapulgite-type clay and bentonite-type clay, kaolin, colloidal silica, silica sol and/or alumina sol and compost are mixed and molded in sphere or pellet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The trace elements comprise 2.7-3.3 parts per million (ppm) iron, 0.45-0.55 ppm boron, 0.45-0.55 ppm manganese, 0.045-0.055 ppm zinc, 0.018-0.022 ppm copper and 0.009-0.011 ppm molybdenum, where the chaff charcoal is obtained from Sasa, and rosemary. The nutrient composition comprises 13.5-6.5 g iron sulfate, 13.5-16.5 g boric acid, 1.8-2.2 g manganese sulfate, 0.198-0.242 g zinc sulfate, 0.045-0.055 g copper sulfate, and 0.018-0.022 g sodium molybdate. Preferred Method: The fermentation is performed at light or dark condition at room temperature for 30 days. The leavening is performed at 45 degrees C for 7 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic ionic liquid comprises imidazole ion and sulfonate ion. The catalyst is sodium hydroxide. The addition amount of catalyst is 0.5-1% of the content of total raw materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The ratio of colony forming units (cfu) of the T.reesei and S.silaceus in the organic fertilizer is 1:1. The microbial inoculum is added in an amount of 2x 108-4.5x 108 cfu/g of seedling matrix. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant; Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - The organic fertilizer is applied at a rate of 3x 109-4.5x 109 colony forming units/m2 to soil (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Process: Hydrolysis is effected by using an inorganic acid comprising hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid and/or dilute phosphoric acid. Step (4) is effected in the presence of inorganic alkali, preferably anhydrous potassium carbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate. Step (1) is effected in the presence of cupric sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of (IV) and 4-fluoro-3-chloroaniline is 1:1-2. The condensation reaction is performed by using a condensing agent, preferably N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, carbonyldiimidazole, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, O-benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, 1-(bis(dimethylamino)methylene)-1H-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-b)pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate or (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate; and promoter, preferably triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene or 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane. The condensation reaction solvent is toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide or acetonitrile. The condensation reaction temperature is 0-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ether stabilizer is dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, propyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl tert-amyl ether, methyl propyl ether or ethyl tert-butyl ether.The antioxidant and anti-anti-gum inhibitor is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-para-cresol, 2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, hydroxydiphenylamine, N-n-butyl-p-aminophenol, N,N'-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'- sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine.The corrosion inhibitor is trialkyl phosphate, dioctyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, phenyl phosphite, diisooctyl phenyl phosphite, isooctyl diphenyl phosphite, diphenyl isodecyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, or isopropanolamine.The catalytic combustion improver is cyclohexyl nitrate, isooctyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, n-amyl nitrate, 2-methyl-n-amyl nitrate, n-butyl oxalate, di-isoamyl oxalate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, or fatty acid methyl ester.The antistatic agent is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or antistatic agents T1501 or T1502.The antiknock agent is dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, 1-8C fuel grade alcohol, aromatic hydrocarbon solvent oil, 2,2-dimethyl propionic anhydride, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methyl aniline, or isobutyl acetate.The purification dispersant is polyisobutene succinimide, polyisobutyl amine, polyether amine or polyalkylene amine.The anti-wear agent is N,N'-disalicylidene-2-cyclohexanediamine and/or 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.The corrosion inhibitor is alkyl phosphate, benzotriazole, dimerized linoleic acid, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol or alcohol fuel metal corrosion inhibitor C1-1406 or KT-7062.The modified alcohol co-solvent is isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, dimethoxymethane, sodium perchlorate or potassium permanganate.The fungicide is glycol monophenyl ether.The identification agent is Oil Blue, Disperse Blue or or alcohol soluble Fast Blue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Emulsion: In the ionic liquid microemulsion, the mass ratio of surfactant:co-surfactant:hydrophilic ionic liquids:lipophilic ionic liquid is 1:(6-14):(8-12):(4-8). Preferred Method: In preparing the ionic liquid microemulsion, the rotational speed of stirring is 300-400 rpm for 20-25 minutes. Using the ionic liquid microemulsion for the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass comprises: (1) mixing dry mass of wood and the ionic liquid microemulsion liquid-solid ratio in accordance with the wood 15-35 ml/g at a temperature of 70-120 degrees C, magnetic stirring speed of 400 rpm in water or oil bath for at least 6 hours, allowing to cool to room temperature; (2) after the reaction step down wood filtering, washing with distilled water, and finally drying. The ionic liquid microemulsions and liquid-solid ratio of wood is 20-30 ml/g. The reaction temperature is 80-100 degrees C. The wood is pine, larch, eucalyptus, or poplar wood powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The sludge has a granular size of 0.5-3 mm diameter. The reflux ratio of the product is 50%. The auxiliary agent is at least one of 20-40% humic acid or 10%-20% bentonite.Preferred Method: In step (b), the reaction is performed at 55-60 degrees C and pH 7-8 for 45-50 hours, where the reactor is closed biochemical reactor. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves maintaining the pH of the liquid reagent to be 0.5-2.5, inoculating microorganism directly in liquid reactant, or performing biochemical reaction in air and adding the cell-adsorbing material including activated carbon, resin and porous ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (iii) and step (iv) further comprises adding culture medium into reservoir after completing the filtration of micro-algae culture solution, controlling the pressure of the pressure pump at 0.05-0.12 MPa, then washing the microalgae culture solution remained in the reservoir. Preferred Components: The microalgae is raw Chlorella protothecoides, preferably Chlorella protothecoides 0710.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a plate-and-frame filter press liquid outlet hole for discharging the filtrate connected via connecting pipeline II, and/or microalgae collecting plate at the bottom of liquid outlet hole of plate-and-frame filter press. The microalgae culture solution reservoir is a bioreactor, preferably the bioreactor is fermentation tank; or the plate-and-frame filter press is hydraulic plate-and-frame filter press; or the pressure pump is liquid pressure pump.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The filter cloth is single layer or double layer filter cloth, or fibrous filter cloth, where the fibrous filter cloth is polypropylene fiber filter cloth, polyethylene fiber filter cloth, cotton filter cloth, polyester fiber filter cloth or nylon filter cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, metazoan, oligochaetes and crustaceans 6 large class of microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pretreatment comprises adding auxiliary material with the sludge and then refluxing until the water content is 50-65%, pH value is 6-9 and granularity is 0-30 mm. The fermenting process is carried out at internal temperature of 55-70 degrees C, oxygen content of 5-15% and until the water content is 25-40%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fermentation tank is connected in series or in parallel with other fermentation tank through the feeding port and a discharge hole. The fermentation tank is a column body. The spiral shaft is connected with the fermentation chamber through a central shaft. An end of the hollow pipe is connected with the oxygen-supplying system. Other end of the hollow pipe is sealed. The hollow pipe is fixed on an outer wall of the propeller and formed with multiple air holes. The oxygen supply system provides oxygen to the fermentation chamber through the hollow pipe and an aeration hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of the N-methylmorpholine N-oxide-dilute hydrochloric acid and the corn straw is 20:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The organic carbon is porous carbon having size of 100-200 mesh size. The trace element is one or more chosen from calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, boric acid, borax, copper sulfate and ammonium molybdate. The vinegar liquid is one or more chosen from wood vinegar, organic acid, furfural, butyl acetate or acetone, preferably wood vinegar. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is chosen from heteropolyacid, sodium tungstate, tungsten and hydrogen peroxide. The reducing agent is iron powder or zinc powder. The base is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerization inhibitor is 10% thiophene ethanol. The content of solvent is 10-50 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the step (i), the mixed solution of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate A and organic solvent A is dropped at 40-60 degrees C and the reacting time is 3-5 hours. In the step (i), ethanolamine hydrochloride is added at 60-90 degrees C and the reaction time is 4-8 hours. In the step (ii), the mixed solution of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate B and organic solvent B is dropped at 70-110 degrees C and the reacting time is 3-5 hours. In the step (2), the processing of reaction liquid as follows: cooling the reaction liquid to room temperature after the reaction is finished, filtering, washing the filtrate with water, separating the organic layer, drying, concentrating, recycling solvent, vacuum distilling to collect 87-89 degrees C/100 mmHg fraction, and drying. Preferred Components: The molar ratio of methacrylic acid, polymerization inhibitor, catalyst, bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate A and ethanolamine hydrochloride is 1:0.005-0.01:0.001-0.005:0.4-0.6:1. The organic solvent A and organic solvent B is dichloromethane, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene and/or p-dichlorobenzene. The organic alkali is triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, triisopropylamine, tri-n-butylamine, triisobutylamine, diisopropylethylamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpiperidine, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylpiperidine, N,N-dimethylaniline and/or N,N-diethylaniline. The molar ratio of the organic alkali and methacrylic acid is 0.8-1.5:1, and the molar ratio of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate B and methacrylic acid is 0.45-0.6:1.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Fungicide.    ADMINISTRATION - The microbial inoculum is applied to 80-100 plants at a rate of 40-60 g/m2, preferably 70-80 g/m2 in one year (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the preparation of marsh gas, hydrogen sulfide is controlled at 100 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The process of preparing tobacco stalk feed in the step (a) comprises the steps (a1), (a2), (a3), (a4) or (a5) as mentioned above. The step (b) comprises mixing 10-100 pts. wt. tobacco stalk feed and 90 pts. wt. normal insect feed raw material or additive, where the normal feed raw material includes bran, corn powder, corn meal, wheat, rice bran, soybean meal, cake powder, grain powder, fish meal, bone meal, straw powder, wooden meal, potato powder, sweet potato powder, carrot powder, yeast powder, vegetable leaves, fruit peel, cholesterol, mineral element and/or vitamins. The step (c) comprises (c1) feeding the insects from larval period to adult stage by using the first tobacco stalk feed, allowing to grow to instar stage, and algebraically increasing the feed rate and feed input amount, where the insects on feeding adapts to conditions and feed the stalk for fast growth, and produce large insects, and allowing to breed after 1st generation to increase the number, and (c2) breeding larva, adding 50-100% feed, large scale breeding and continuously breeding to improve the insect variety. Preferred Components: The waste tobacco stalk is tobacco stem stalk obtained in the process of tobacco threshing and re-drying, or waste tobacco stalk generated in the other process of processing the tobacco. The insect is yellow mealworm, barley insect, black mealworm, Eupolyphaga, cricket, earthworm, grub, maggot and/or ant. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The culturing step is carried out using inorganic salt in the culture medium to adjust pH value of 7-10. The fermenting step is carried out using a shaking table at rotating speed of 130-150 revolutions per minute (rpm) and temperature of 30-35 degrees C for 2-7 days, preferably 7 days. The method comprises centrifuging the solid-liquid separation into a high speed of centrifuge machine at rotating speed of 10000-12000 rpm for 20 minutes and then filtering using 0.45 mu m of micro-hole filter film. The sludge extraction liquid has a pH value of 7-10. The adding step is carried out using 1-4 vol.% of liquid paraffin. The sterilizing step is carried out under high pressure and temperature of 120-125 degrees C for 20 minutes. Preferred Components: The Alcaligenes sp. TR-1 strain is preserved under a number of CGMCC No .2142. The inorganic salt comprises 4 g of ammonium nitrate, 4 g of dipotassium phosphate, 6 g of potassium phosphate, 0.2 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate and 1 ml of trace element solution. The trace element solution comprises 1000 mg of calcium chloride dihydrate, 1000 mg of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and 1400 mg of EDTA. The carbon source has a concentration of 1-4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method includes sorting biomass waste e.g. biomass waste containing organic waste, water treatment sludge, food waste and agricultural solid waste. The method includes removing metal objects, plastic wastes, electronic waste and other minerals form the biomass waste, then recycling to obtain kitchen waste containing cellulose, starch and other organic waste, and crushing to obtain waste powder. The bio-enzymatic modification of biomass waste includes: using natural bacterial fermentation product to modify the landfill biomass waste or spraying fermenting bacteria and enzyme solution on landfill biomass waste. The method includes mixing waste, steamed starch containing substances and saccharide containing substances, and then adding carbon powder, fermentation bacteria and enzyme mixture, and stirring together; carrying out microbial synthesis; where the starch-containing materials are 10% of wheat bran, starch, soybean meal or bran; and the saccharide containing substances are: 10% of sugarcane, bagasse, waste of glucose production or sugary fruit; the carbon powder is 5% of bamboo charcoal powder or wood charcoal powder, and the fermentation bacteria in fermentation bacteria and enzyme mixture is 1.5% cellulosic agricultural raw material (SUKAAgri-C3008/C), straw fermentation bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, microzyme or actinomycetes; and the biological enzyme is 1% of amylase, glucoamylase, cellulase and/or beta -ketosulfurlyase. The bio-enzymatic catalytic cultivation includes conducting bacterial fermentation of mixture at a suitable temperature, humidity and under conditions of oxygen; mixing raw materials at 18-28 degrees C until the moisture content is 30-40%, incubating at 60 degrees C, bagging after seven days of fermentation, storing at room temperature to complete the fermentation, adjusting the pH to 7 plus minus 1, drying, screening, and crushing to a fine powder of more than 30 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Copper salt catalyst is copper acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: Mole ratio xanthine compound of formula (II):compound of formula (I) is 1:0.02-0.05. Mole ratio xanthine compound of formula (II):disulfide compound of formula (R4SSR4):copper salt catalyst is 1:0.5-0.06:0.2-1. Preferred Condition: Reaction temperature is 110-130 degrees C. Reaction time is 8-16 hours. Preferred Process: Preparation of 8-thiaxanthine compound involves adding silver acetate into reaction medium. Preparation of 8-thiaxanthine compound involves finishing reaction by extracting, washing, drying, subjecting into column chromatography to separate, and processing reaction. Preparation of 8-thiaxanthine compound involves extracting by dichloromethane as extracting agent, washing by saturated salt, and subjecting into column chromatography by using 300-400 meshes silicon and eluting with methylene dichloride-acetone system in which volume ratio methylene dichloride:acetone is 15-25:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The hollow fiber micro filtration membrane adopts curtain-type hollow fiber micro-filtration membrane that is made of polyvinylidene fluoride. The waste water has COD of 1-100 mg/l and high ammonia-nitrogen content of 200 mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Degradation process is carried out at dose of 10-200, preferably 75 kGy. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The livestock excretions comprises cow manure, pig manure, fowl droppings, human excrement, dog excrement, horse-manure, farm animal waste and meat animal excrement. The sludge comprises cow dung sludge, pig manure sludge, fowl droppings sludge, human excrement sludge, anaerobic digestion residue sludge and livestock wastewater facility sludge. The coal further comprises microorganisms. The coal is in the form of pellets, small chips and dry powder. The aging step is carried out by injecting 5-15 pts. wt. of quicklime in the water, carrying out exothermic reaction and removing moisture and odor. The molding step is carried out adding 1-5 pts. wt. of a binder, based on 100 pts. wt. of water and drying. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The incubation temperature of the housefly ovum is 25-50 degrees C. The thickness of the housefly maggot feed is 8-15 cm. The housefly maggot feed box is connected with a collecting tank and the collecting tank is equipped with a bran dryer. The treatment period is 4 days and then drying the materials into organic fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The puffed feathers comprises 475-490 g/kg total carbon, 125-165 g/kg total nitrogen, 28-42 g/kg water-soluble carbon and 18-32 g/kg water-soluble nitrogen, where weight ratio of the total carbon and nitrogen is 3-4. The pH and conductivity of the puffed feathers is 6-7 and 1.9-2.6 respectively. The pig manure compost comprises greater than or equal to 45% organic substances comprising 1.2-2% nitrogen, 3-5% phosphorus pentoxide, 0.8-1.5% potassium oxide and 25-30% moisture content. The rapeseed compost comprises greater than or equal to 40% organic substances, 10-15% amino acids or small peptides, 4-5% nitrogen, 2-3% phosphorus pentoxide, 0.5-1% potassium oxide and 25-30% moisture content. Preferred Composition: The microbial bio-organic fertilizer comprises 1x 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/g dry weight manure, 2-4% nitrogen, 90% or more organic nitrogen, 4-7% nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium and greater than or equal to 45% organic matter. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Promoter; Fungicide.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Plant Growth Stimulant .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass concentration of sodium hydride is 60%. The catalyst is nickel chloride or cobalt chloride. The reducing agent is sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride. The acid solution is hydrochloric acid solution having concentration of 6 mol/L. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide solution having concentration of 10 %mass. The drying agent is anhydrous sodium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of organic solvent and cyano acetamide is 10-50:1. The molar ratio of cyano acetamide, sodium hydride and alkylating agent is 1:2-6:2-5. The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The alkylating agent is dimethyl sulfate, methyl iodide, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl sulfate. The molar ratio of dimethyl cyano acetamide, reducing agent and catalyst is 1:3-10:0.2-1. The volume ratio of organic solvent and water is 1-4:1. The weight ratio of dimethyl cyano acetamide and water is 1:10-30. The extracting agent is dichloromethane.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The saccharification is followed by fermentation using separate hydrolysis and fermentation. The saccharification is conducted using separate liquefaction step followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The feedstock is wheat straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The air supply units includes air stone. Preferred Method: The air supply is by micro-bubble generating method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Antidiabetic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Xylene (40 ml) was added to (3S)-3-benzyl-4-(hexahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (3.7 g) from the first cycle and the mixture was heated to 100 degrees C for 2 hours. The solvent was distilled under vacuum. Ethyl acetate (50 ml) was added to the residue and the product was filtered to obtain (3S)-3-benzyl-4-(hexahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (III) (1.3 g) as white solid. The mother liquors were separated and the solvent was distilled under vacuum obtaining to obtain (S)-mitiglinide (II) (2.4 g) as a colorless oil. The mother liquors were mixed and the solvent was distilled under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (1.9 l) and then solution of 6 N sodium hydroxide (77.9 ml) was added. Calcium chloride dihydrate (166 g) in water (2 l) was mixed to the mixture and vigorously stirred to obtain crystals. The product was purified twice from a mixture of ethanol and water to obtain mitiglinide calcium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The formulation is in the form of a fumigant, tablets or vaporizers. Preferred Components: The herbal components comprise oil, extract or distillate of plant material comprising clove and garlic (preferred), cotton seed, soybean, cinnamon, corn, cedar, castor, clove, geranium, lemongrass, linseed, mint, sesame, thyme, rosemary, anise, basil, camphor, citronella, Eucalyptus, fennel, ginger, grapefruit, lemon, mandarin orange, pepper, rose, tangerine and tea tree.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oil, extract or distillate is prepared by crushing the herbal components to make a paste and extracting the oils of a steam distillation process. The inert material for adsorption is prepared by grinding the red oxide and zeolites, preparing a powder of mesh size of 100-500 of the red oxide and zeolites, making a blend of 1:1 proportion by adding a minimum amount of water as a binding agent to the powder so as to form a moistened dough, forming the moistened blend into a shaped product by compacting into molds of desired shape, allowing the shaped product to sun dry, activating the shaped product at 120-200 degrees C and bringing them to room temperature before further processing. The formulation is used in form of tablets by loading the liquid formulation on the inert material or as the fumigant or vaporizer without loading the liquid formulation on the inert material. The liquid formulation is packaged ampoules for use as a fumigant or vaporizer. The target area is stored grains, and the formulation is introduced in the target area, anytime during storage. Preferred Components: The zeolites and red oxides are used combination in a ratio of 1:1. The shaped product is: 1-10 g (preferably 2-4 g) of a tablet; and either handmade or made by tablet forming machines. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method comprises mixing 40 wt.% ginkgo cake, 35 wt.% fowl droppings, 5 wt.% starfish powder, 5 wt.% crab shell powder, 5 wt.% oyster shell powder and 5 wt.% clam shell powder with 5 wt.% lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Dry gingko leaf was extracted using 15-20% ethanol at 70 degrees C for 25 hours to obtain the extract. The obtained extract was filtered, gingko leaf cake was recovered, dried for 3 hours at 70 degrees C and cooled for 1 hour to 25 degrees C. Then cooled 40 wt.% gingko leaf cake, 35 wt.% fowl droppings, 5 wt.% starfish powder, 4.5 wt.% crab shell powder, 5 wt.% oyster shell powder and 5 wt.% clam shell powder were mixed, 2.5 wt.% Bacillus subtilis and 2.5 wt.% Lactobacillus fermentum were added, and fermented at 30 degrees C to obtain the fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The microbial fertilizer further comprises B.amyloliquefaciens, B.laterosporus, B.subtilis strain 802-K and B.subtilis strain 802-Ser in a weight ratio of 4:4:1:1. Preferred Component: The additives comprise dispersants D-1002, wetting agent W-1002, methylene-bis-naphthalene sulfonate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate in a mass ratio of 3:1:5:4. Preferred Method: The method further involves preparing cultures of the B.amyloliquefaciens, B.laterosporus. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alkaline conditions to obtain ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-(acetyloxy)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-methoxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate is sodium hydride, potassium hydride, or alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide. The alkali used for removing protecting group of ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-(acetyloxy)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-methoxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate is alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonate, bicarbonate or hydroxide, preferably potassium carbonate and sodium hydroxide in a molar ratio of 1:1.5-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Catalyst (A) is organic amine, preferably pyridine. The ratio of catalyst (A) and compound is 1.2-2:1. The deprotecting agent of ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-bis(acetyloxy)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate is acetic acid. The molar ratio of acetic acid and ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-bis(acetyloxy)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate is 1.2-1.6:1. The mixed solvent is a mixture of water and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran in a volume ratio of 1:8-15. Preferred Conditions: Adenosine is reacted at 50-70 degrees C. ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-(Acetyloxy)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-methoxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate is prepared at room temperature. The final reaction temperature is 0-10 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The CNC efficient two phase mesophilic anaerobic fermentation technology and CNC purely physical partial pressure of decarbonization purification technology are performed to achieve methane and carbon dioxide high purity separation under pressure in gas compression rodless compressor to complete storage integration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological filler is made of high molecule composite material, plastic or chemical material, and fiber or textile materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step (c), the seeds are aloowed to germinate at 33 degrees C and under humidity condition of 92% for 55-60 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The feeding device is composed of a feeding main pipe and connected to annular feeding ring, where the lower part of the annular feeding ring is disposed on the outer wall of the outer fermentation tank. The feeding tube is uniformly distributed with multiple holes at the center. The lower part of the outer fermentation tank is provided with multiple feeding ports, connected with the feeding device, and there is a valve arranged in the outer side of the outer fermentation tank and the upper part of each feeding pipe. The fender is divided into upper fender and a lower fender, and a fan is distributed at the back and forth, and right and left sides of the outer fermentation tank. The lower end of the upper fender is disconnected. The fermentation tanks are provided with a sludge discharging device, which is composed of a discharging pipe and connected to annular discharging ring. The sludge discharging device is disposed on the outer side of the outer fermentation tank, and the upper part is connected with a multiple outer fermentation pipes. Each pipe have valve. An overflow pipe is higher than the upper end of the fender, and the lower end of the overflow pipe is connected to bottom of fermentation tank. The feeding pipe is 6 in number, which are uniformly distributed on the annular feeding ring. The fermentation tank outer pipe is 6 in number, which are uniformly distributed in the annular discharging ring. The top part of the outer fermentation tank is provided with an exhaust pipe, which is just located to the upper part of the three-phase separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The cake fertilizer is bean cake, colza cake, hemp seed cake, cottonseed, peanut cake, sesame cake, tung seed cake, tea cake or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The rexall tiopronin providence bacteria YL has physiological-biochemical characteristic as given in the table of specification. The rexall tiopronin providence bacteria YL is gram-negative bacteria comprising Bacillus having flagellum of 0.4 x (1.0-1.3) mu m, milky white color on a flat plate, a diameter of 2 mm, semi-transparent, circular or convex shaped and smooth bacterial colony. The waste water has carbon nitrogen ratio of 5-20 (preferably 10-15). The waste water has a pH value of 6-9 (preferably 7-8). The waste water has a temperature of 20-40 degrees C, preferably 20-35 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The marsh gas fermenting raw material is prepared by mixing cow dung, pig manure and chicken manure (according to dry matter weight) in the weight ratio of 3:1:0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The heat exchange tank, the oscillating tube, a temperature control valve, a temperature sensor and other auxiliary equipment are arranged on the fermentation tank. The fermentation tank is in U-shape. A circumference of an inner wall of the heat exchange tank is fixed on an inner wall of the fermentation tank. The fermentation tank is provided with multiple heat exchange storage tanks and multiple oscillating heat pipes. A water inlet and a water outlet of the water storage tank are connected with the fermentation tank. The temperature sensor is provided for transmitting marsh gas to the fermentation tank. The temperature control valve is used for regulating low enthalpy heat of a heat pump system with multiple heat sources. The temperature control valve is a self-operated temperature control valve. The heat exchange tank has inlet temperature of 45-65 degrees C. The oscillation heat pipe is made of double-phase stainless steel with inner diameter of 2-5 mm. The oscillating heat pipe is filled with 20-85% of deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Rhizopus is Rhizopus oryzae. Preferred Process: The spore suspension is prepared by eluting spores of Rhizopus in an inclined plane culture medium with a lens cleaning paper mycelium filter using sterile water to obtain the spore suspension with a spore dilution of about 107 /ml. The spore suspension liquid is inoculated in a seed culture medium, where an inoculation quantity is 20-30%, a control speed is 150-200 revolution per minute (rpm), an inoculation temperature is 30-35 degrees C, and an inoculation time is 24-48 hours. The method comprises taking and crushing 20-50 g of kitchen waste into a 250 ml conical flask, adding water according to a solid-liquid ratio of 1:1-1:1.5, then sterilizing by adding 2-6% of calcium carbonate at 115 degrees C for 30 minutes, cooling to a room temperature, inoculating the mixture with 20-30% of bacteria solution, and then fermenting the mixture for 72-96 hours at 25-35 degrees C and at 120-150 rpm using of yeast product, where the accumulation of the fumaric acid is 8-14 g/l or 10-18 g/l, and the yield of the acid is 0.07-0.13 g/g or 0.09-0.18 g/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The seed culture medium comprises 20-40 g/l of glucose, 5 g/l of urea, 0.4-0.8 g/l of monopotassium phosphate, 0.4-0.8 g/l of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 4x 10-4-5x 10-4 g/l of iron sulfate and 1x 10-3-2x 10-3 g/l of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, and has pH of 2-3. The kitchen waste comprises 70-90% of water, 10-30% of dry matter, 30-50% of starch, 10-20% of protein, 10-35% of crude fat, 2-12% of crude fiber and 5-20% of ash.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inclined plane culture medium comprises 15-30 g/l of glycerol, 2-5 g/l of yeast extract powder, 15-30 g/l of agar, 2-5 g/l malt extract and 2-5 g/l of peptone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The step (i) includes controlling the volatile suspended solids in the primary sludge and the residual sludge to 1/3. In step (ii) the fermentation broth comprises acetic acid and propionic acid, and the COD ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid is 0.90/1-1.20/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The livestock and poultry excrement is excretion of chicken, duck, goose, pig, cow, horse or sheep.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Gas: The gas is obtained from oxidation pond in which natural gases are leached for 3 months or more, where the oxidation has aeration for 2-3 days. The mushroom is harvested in third stage of cultivation. In soaking process, the water content of the mushroom is 30-35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves utilizing 1-10 wt.% acting carbon source i.e. kitchen rubbish, straw, vegetable or grain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is urea, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulphate, calcium superphosphate, boratesludge and lime mixed in a weight ratio of 9-11:6-8:8-10:2-4:2-4:1-3.The trace element comprises 0.06 kg sulphur, 0.06 kg magnesium, 0.06 kg silicon, 0.06 kg zinc and 0.06 kg iron per kg of fertilizer.The plant growth regulator is Naphthalene acetic acid powder, indole-3-acetic acid powder and mepiquat chloride powder in a weight ratio of 1:1:2.The adhesive is sodium alginate and/or bentonite.The pesticide is fenvalerate or phoxim. ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves utilizing a hydrochloric acid solution or sodium hydroxide solution for adjusting the pH value of the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises 100 pts. wt. bagasse, 20 pts. wt. humic acid, 15 pts. wt. chicken manure, 30 pts. wt. water, and 5 pts. wt. beneficial strain. The beneficial strain is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, microzyme, ray fungi, saccharomycetes, or actinomycetes. The fertilizer comprises not less than 68% organic matter, not less than 8% NP2O5K2O, water content of less than 5.1%, effective viable count of not less than 0.2 billion cfu/g. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In treating livestock died of epidemic diseases, in step (2) retort sealed container with two juxtaposed alternately is used, two switching sealed container, the heat balance of the first communication pipe and the use of pressure, which will complete the sealed container retort heat and pressure balancing a sealed container to another; and the cooking temperature is controlled at 190-220 degrees C for 4-6 hours. In step (4), the carbonization furnace uses non-contact heating carbonization, carbonization furnace exhaust emissions into the air dryer, carbonization furnace before entering the solid organic matter in the air dryer for drying. In step (4), the carbon adsorption of ammonia sludge digester biogas is for production of fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: In the processing apparatus, the high-temperature cooking tank top has a valve, and exhaust pipe, where the exhaust pipe is in communication with the digester. The exhaust pipe is connected through a gas-liquid separator digester gas outlet connected to the gas-liquid separator digester, the gas-liquid separator and the liquid outlet of the oil port, the oil port to connect the burner. The burner is provided between the tank and the high-temperature cooking boilers, heat through a heat pipe connection cooking pot. The separating unit comprises a series of sequentially liquid separator and oil-water separator. The carbonization furnace is hot gas stream with an anaerobic solid organic non-contact heat exchange temperature carbonization furnace. The organic solids separation device between the outlet and the carbonization furnace also has air dryer, the carbonization furnace exhaust vent air dryer inlet. The filter has a water curtain formed from the digester slurry pump pumps, water is also provided at the bottom of the screen filter where there are biogas digesters reflux return lines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gradient elution is performed by adding 3-5 times column volume of 20-50% ethanol solution to elute impurities and adding 3-5 times column volume of 60-90% ethanol to elute active ingredient. Preferred Components: The solvent system of high-speed countercurrent chromatography is ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and water, where ratio is 5-10:1-2:1-2:3-9, upper phase is stationary phase and lower phase is mobile phase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The macroporous resin is AB-8, HPD-500, NK-9 or ADS-21.
ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In using the alkali-distillation wastewater, the raw material is pineapple or banana skin. In the biogas fermentation production, the alkali distilled water mixed with the solid component material in the dry matter and water in a ratio of 1:6 to 1:10. The treatment temperature is 30-60 degrees C, and the processing time is 1-5 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Utilization of banana stem comprises: (1) raw material pretreatment: pulverizing banana stalks; (2) water treatment: transporting the crushed material adjustment tank, in the regulation of pool water dispersing agent; (3) obtaining fiber: obtaining in the material for separation to obtain a fiber and liquid components; (4) methane fermentation: giving a liquid component points for methane fermentation, obtaining biogas and anaerobic effluent. In step (2), the material to water ratio is 1:1-1:10. The control biogas fermentation substrates dry matter content is 5-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In producing biogas, the lignocellulosic feedstock is selected from straw, corn straw, corn cobs, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, rice shell, herb, hardwood or softwood. The dilute acid hydrolysis with a mineral acid or an organic acid or an organic acid and an inorganic acid, a mixed acid as a catalyst, the acid mass fraction of 0.05-5%, solid-liquid ratio of 2.5-15, the reaction temperature is 80-210 degrees C, the reaction time is 10-300 minutes. The alkaline material is selected from lime, calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate. The nitrogen or phosphorus nutrient source is selected from corn syrup, corn flour, wheat bran, rice bran, yeast extract, peptone, fish meal, soybean meal, yeast extract, soybean meal, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, urea, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, potassium or sodium hydrogen phosphate. The anaerobic fermenter is selected from anaerobic fermentation tank, anaerobic biofilter, upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor, anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed reactor or internal circulation reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Ecologically co-producing fuel ethanol and biogas involves: (a) fuel ethanol production units: (1) material moisture control: reduction or maintenance of sugar in the moisture content of the material; (2) crushing: to carbohydrate materials for crushing; (3) water regulation: according to the needs of alcoholic fermentation, the use of bio-gas production unit anaerobic waste water and / or fresh water to adjust the moisture content of crushing; (4) alcoholic fermentation: the cultured yeast seed liquid and (3) the material obtained in alcoholic fermentation are mixed and, after the end of alcoholic fermentation, distillation to give the crude alcohol and stillage; (5) access to and use of anaerobic wastewater: lees solid-liquid separation to obtain a lower moisture content of distillers grains and distillery waste, liquid waste into the anaerobic fermentation of the distillation process to obtain biogas and anaerobic wastewater, anaerobic wastewater as a bio-gas unit of land irrigation water, collect produce crop straw; (b) biogas production units: (1) pretreatment of raw materials: the collected crop straw to smash, making it suitable for biogas fermentation; (2) biogas fermentation: obtaining material into biogas fermentation system to get biogas and anaerobic wastewater, anaerobic wastewater as a fuel ethanol production unit of water regulator for use. The sugar feedstock material is sweet sorghum stalks, sugar cane, sugar beet, artichoke or a mixture. In step (1), the moisture content of the material is controlled at 20-70%. In step (4), the seed yeast is inoculated with moisture content of 60-85%. The alcoholic fermentation temperature is 28-40 degrees C, the fermentation time is 16-30 hours, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor is further comprises a temperature control device, a stirring device comprising a magnetic stirring device, a liquid sampling port and a gas sampling port. The organic substrate supply device is provided with a water inlet control pump.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic substrate includes glucose, sucrose and glycerin. The organic substrate has a concentration of 0.05-50 g/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent used in the step (1) is at least one methanol, normal hexane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether (preferably normal hexane or tetrahydrofuran). The solvent used in the step (2) is at least one ethyl acetate, ethanol or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic alkali is potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mole ratio of water to nitrocompounds is 1:1-1:2.5. The selenium accounts for 0.05-1 mole% of nitrocompounds The mole ratio of organic alkali or inorganic alkali to nitrocompounds is 1:10-1:4. The nitrocompounds are of formula RNO2. The organic alkali is sodium acetate, potassium acetate, triethylamine, pyridine, 4-methyl pyridine, 1,8-di-aza-bicyclo (5.4.0)-7,1,5-di-aza-bicyclo (4.3.0)-5-nonane, 1,4-di-aza-bicyclo(2.2.2)-octane, N,N-dimethyl aniline, N-methyl pyrrole or aniline.R=aryl or aliphatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method is carried out at 160-180 degrees C. The method further comprises distilling the fermentation product produced in the step (e), and dehydrating the distillation product. In the milling step, a fiber bundle is made into fibers by a non-mechanical treatment. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The wood composite biomass is rice straw, barley straw, Pinus rigida, Eucalyptus residue or purple eulalia, and has size of 30-50 meshes. The leaching reaction is performs at the reaction temperature of 150-190 degrees C, and at the pressure of 300-400 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The corn cob and the straw are crushed into granules by a crusher. The cultivation material is prepared by mixing the corn cob and straw particles, stirring and mixing uniformly, adding urea, monopotassium phosphate, calcium oxide and water soluble carbendazim to obtain a nutrient solution, and uniformly spraying the nutrient solution on the corn cob and straw particles. The piling process is performed for 14 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours, respectively. The fermenting process is performed for 40 hours and 50 hours, respectively at 62-65 degrees C. The inoculated bag is injected into a sterilized culture chamber to cultivate fungus for 10 days to grow mycelium at 26-28 degrees C with the relative humidity of 71-73%. The processing step is performed by generating fungi and bacteria in a mushroom room, controlling the temperature at 15 degrees C or 18 degrees C, controlling the air humidity of the mushroom room at 90-93%, keeping air flow, and culturing for 4 days to form primary mushroom bud.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mushroom residue substance is present in an amount of 10-20%. The decomposing bacteria is Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus natto according to a weight ratio of 2-5:1, and has viable count of 1000000/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The weathered coal has fineness of 100 meshes. The content of humic acid is more than 50%. The weathered coal is present in an amount of 5-20%. The content of water is 5-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of EM bacteria liquid and oil tea shell is 1:40-50. The weight ratio of the oil tea cake, sesame cake and EM bacteria diluted liquid is 10-15:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The semi-finished product I is obtained by deodorizing 550 pts. wt. of chicken manure and 280 pts. wt. of dairy cattle dung, mixing 0.5 pts. wt. of Stenotrophomonas, Aspergillus niger and Actinomycetes, 4 pts. wt. of brown sugar, 100 pts. wt. of crushed straw, 18 pts. wt. of corn flour, fermenting at 55 degrees C for 8 days, adding 5 pts. wt. of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, again fermenting at 55 degrees C for 2 days, drying until the moisture content is 38%, and screening. The product II is obtained by mixing 80 pts. wt. of wheat bran, 100 pts. wt. of calcium powder, 4 pts. wt. of brown sugar, 0.5 pts. wt. of Bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria and ferrous sulfate with 5 pts. wt. of water, uniformly stirring, fermenting at 55 degrees C for 2 days, drying until the water content is 38%, and sieving. The base material is obtained by mixing 42 pts. wt. of product I, 28 pts. wt. of product II, 0.5 pts. wt. of Bacillus megaterium, Aspergillus niger, lactic acid bacteria, Streptomyces, photosynthetic bacteria and 2 pts. wt. of dinoflagellate, fermenting at 28 degrees C for 3 days, drying until the water content is lower than 15% to obtain base material. The original product is obtained adding 73 pts. wt. of base material and 27 pts. wt. of chemical fertilizer, stirring, crushing into granule, and adding 80 pts. wt. of potassium sulfate, 20 pts. wt. of nitrogen fertilizer, 90 pts. wt. of amide nitrogen fertilizer, 48 pts. wt. of phosphorus pentoxide and 10 pts. wt. of zinc sulfate. The chicken manure and dung are mixed with 70% of water. The Stenotrophomonas has cell count of more than 200 million units/g. The Aspergillus niger has cell count of more than 200 million units/g. The Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis have cell count of more than 200 million units/g. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological functional bacteria are Bacillus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The A special long-term slow release fertilizer corn Fertilizer comprises: either 5 wt.% of potassium chloride, 7 wt.% of monoammonium phosphate, 20 wt.% of ammonium chloride, 20 wt.% of urea, 11.1 wt.% of boron mud, 17 wt.% of humic acid, 19.65 wt.% of fermented mushroom residue, and 0.25 wt.% of biological functional bacteria; or 6 wt.% of potassium chloride, 9 wt.% of monoammonium phosphate, 18 wt.% of ammonium chloride, 19.65 wt.% of urea, 10 wt.% of boron mud, 15.1 wt.% of humic acid, 22 wt.% of fermented mushroom residue, and 0.25 wt.% of biological functional bacteria; or 7.7 wt.% of potassium chloride, 9.1 wt.% of monoammonium phosphate, 13 wt.% of ammonium chloride, 22 wt.% of urea, 10 wt.% of boron mud, 20 wt.% of humic acid, 18 wt.% of fermented mushroom residue, and 0.2 wt.% of biological functional bacteria, where the particle size of the granule is less than or equal to 2.5 mm or less than or equal to 1.5 mm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction solvent is single fatty alcohol solvent, preferably 1-3C lower alcohol, more preferably methanol, ethanol, normal propyl alcohol or isopropanol. The mol ratio of 2-amino-3-nitro-6-chlorine pyridine, p-fluoro benzyl amine, 80% hydrazine hydrate, ethyl chloroformate and maleic acid is 1:1.1-2:3-8:1.1-2:1.5-3. The weight ratio of 2-amino-3-nitro-6-chlorine pyridine and reducing catalyst is 1:0.1-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The food processed byproduct is rice bran or rice chaff having moisture content of less than 5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic alkali is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide. Catalyst is thionyl chloride or concentrated sulfuric acid. Preferred Composition: The concentration of inorganic alkali is 1-4 mol/L. Inorganic alkali and glycine mass ratio is 1-1.2, and glycine solution mass ratio is 10:1-5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 6-nitro-2,3-dichlorobenzaldehyde substituted with glycine or glycine mass ratio is 0.9:1.0-1.0:1.5. The protic solvent and inorganic alkali mass ratio is 4:1-1:1. Reducing agent added amount is 0.3-4. Preferred Components: The aprotic solvent is methyl alcohol, ethanol or benzyl alcohol. Preferred Method: The 6-nitro-2,3-dichlorobenzaldehyde substituted with glycine or glycine is added to solution at 0-60 degrees C, adding reducing agent, stirring for 10-120 minutes, keeping temperature at 20-60 degrees C until reaction is complete. Second reaction is carried out at 20-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In the step (a), the reduced concentration of BOD is 20000 parts per million and the constant ORP level maintained is -300 mV. The step (b) comprises, filtering out the solids from the livestock excretion slurry, performing solid-liquid separation by centrifuging to reduce the BOD concentration to 10000 parts per million. In the step (c), the constant ORP level in the aerated batch fermentation process is maintained at -50 mV, the concentration of VFA is reduced to less than 300 mg/l and the concentration of BOD is reduced to less than 5000 parts per million. In the step (d), the reflux amount of fermented liquid is 20-50 wt.%. In the step (e), the amount of air supplied is 30-60 l/m3/minute, and the BOD concentration is reduced to less than or equal to 1000 parts per million. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The inorganic fertilizer of urea, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate are mixed according to the weight ratio of 4-6:3-5:1-2. The trace element is chosen from zinc sulfate, borax, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and calcium carbonate. The adhesive is clay or sodium alginate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cotton waste is obtained by washing common fine cotton, removing impurity and sterilizing cotton. The culture medium comprises water, where the water is distilled water. The distilled water is obtained by boiling domestic tap water at high temperature for 15-20 minutes. The weight ratio of the culture medium to distilled water is 3:2.5. The diameter of the talc is 1-2 cm. Preferred Composition: The medium comprises 26 wt.% cotton waste, 14 wt.% sesame straw, 27 wt.% cottonseed cake powder, 0.26 wt.% plant oil, 3 wt.% galactose, 0.12 wt.% Chinese wax gourd peel, 8 wt.% talc, 6 wt.% plant ash and 2 wt.% gypsum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer for crop seedling vine, plant straw and animal excrement is in a weight ratio of 1:1:1-3, where the crop seedling vine is climbing plant crop seedling vine of cucumber, white gourd, watermelon and bottle gourd, the plant straw is composed of corn straw, soybean stalk, and Sorghum straw stalk and the animal excrement is composed of pig manure, chicken manure, and cow dung. The inorganic fertilizer is ammonium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate mixed in a weight ratio of 2-3:3-5:1-2. The micro fertilizer is chelated calcium EDTA, EDTA chelate magnesium, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated cobalt mixed in a weight ratio of 6-8:3-5:2-4:2-5:1-2. The adhesive is one or more of clay or bentonite. The stabilizing effect additive is flavonoid, coumarin, and sodium molybdate mixed in a weight ratio of 2-4:1-2:1-3. The insecticide is deltamethrin missible oil and avermectin missible oil mixed in a ratio of 1-3:1. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 2 pts. wt. Artemisia capillaries, 2 pts. wt. T.wilfordii, 6 pts. wt. radix stemonae, 4 pts. wt. Scutellaria, 4 pts. wt. rhizoma coptidis, 2 pts. wt. golden cypress, 6 pts. wt. rhubarb, 4 pts. wt. honeysuckle, 4 pts. wt. root of red-rooted Salvia, 4 pts. wt. safflower, 4 pts. wt. A.membranaceus, 2 pts. wt. large-headed Atractylodes rhizome, 4 pts. wt. rhizoma paridis, 4 pts. wt. P.cocos, 2 pts. wt. bistort, 4 pts. wt. kelp, 4 pts. wt. Angelica, 2 pts. wt. radix polygoni multiflori, 2 pts. wt. barberry, 2 pts. wt. Polygonatum, 6 pts. wt. pangolin, 4 pts. wt. raw gypsum, 6 pts. wt. keel, 6 pts. wt. oyster, 4 pts. wt. limonite, 5 pts. wt. cuttlebone and 3 pts. wt. silkworm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insect Repellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The pH is adjusted using ammonium hydrogen carbonate. The step (b) involves performing vacuum evaporation using quadruple-effect vacuum falling film evaporator, where the evaporation pressure is 450-500 kPa. The step (c) involves separating the cooled liquid in a separator for greater than or equal to 24 hours. The steps (c) and (d) involve drying using mist spraying drier. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) involves performing the above-mentioned steps (a)-(d). Preferred Bacteria: The Rhodococcus is R.rhodochrous (ATCC 15906). The A.ferrooxidans is A.ferrooxidans (ATCC 53993). The nitrifying bacteria are Nitrosomonas europaea (CCTCC Met 2010002). The B.cereus is B.cereus (ATCC 10876). The A.faecalis is A.faecalis (ATCC 31555). The A.niger is A.niger (CCTCC M206034). The T.denitrificans is T.denitrificans (ATCC 25259).
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - The base fertilizer is applied at a dose of 150 kg/acre before sowing the seeds. The middle-stage fertilizer is applied at a dose of 40 kg/acre when ginger seedlings are grown to a height of 20 cm, and after 40 days of fertilization the middle-stage fertilizer is applied again at a dose of 35 kg/acre. The later-stage fertilizer is applied at a dose of 35 kg/acre after three months (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the hydroxyacetophenone and methylethylcarbamoyl chloride is 1:1-1:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves pelleting the urea in fluidized bed. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of methanol in 17 alpha -hydroxy progesterone-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione, is 40 wt.. The amount of activated carbon in 17 alpha -hydroxy progesterone-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione, is 0.1 wt..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The pesticide is fenvalerate and phoxim.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is urea, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, calcium superphosphate, boric sludge or lime.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer is animal excrement, plant straw, rotten pig manure, chicken manure, dairy manure, cotton straw, corn straw, rape stalk and peanut. The plant growth regulator is NAA powder, IAA powder or DPC powder. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The air cap of the whole frame is made of steel structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Solid state fermentation for producing ethanol involves: (1) material moisture control: reduction or maintenance of sugar in the moisture content of the material; (2) crushing: sugar material pulverizing; (3) water regulation: according to the needs of alcoholic fermentation, produced by anaerobic wastewater and/or fresh water to the crushed material for water regulation; (4) alcoholic fermentation: to cultivate yeast seed liquid in step (3) and the material obtained by mixing alcoholic fermentation; (5) access to and use of anaerobic wastewater: after the alcoholic fermentation, ethanol and stillage obtained by distillation of lees solid-liquid separation to obtain lower moisture content of distillers grains and distillery waste, the distillery waste for biogas fermentation to produce biogas and anaerobic wastewater, anaerobic wastewater back to step (3) for the crushed materials for water regulation. The sugar material is sweet sorghum, sugar cane, sugar beet, artichoke or a mixture. In step (1), the moisture is 20-70%. In step (4), the seed yeast is inoculated with moisture content of 60-85%. The alcoholic fermentation temperature range is 28-40 degrees C, the fermentation time is 16-30 hours. The yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbial inoculum is in liquid state. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The methane fermentation is carried at 15-30 degrees C using methanogens, where the trace elements are frequently added once a day. Preferred Components: The amount of iron, cobalt, nickel and zinc is 0.1, 0.15, 0.3, and 0.35 mg/l/d respectively. The agents: further comprise cow dung, pig and sheep manure; and are in the form of concentrated solution of a metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 11-13 days. The ryegrass and sludge are mixed in a ratio of 18:1 at 33-37 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The anaerobic fermentation utilizes: energy as a heat source to prepare the active carbon; and straw residue and anaerobic sludge. The straw residue comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin or a microorganism. The biogas has 25-300 ppm of sulfur content and 50-90% of methane content. Preferred Method: The biogas is produced in a biogas reactor having a volume production rate of 0.6-1.0 m3/m3/day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The stirring blades are arranged obliquely in a spiral form with respect to the rotating shaft. The push stirring blades radially extend along an axial direction of the rotating shaft, and the rotating shaft is perpendicular to a transverse cutting blade group. The respective transverse cutting blade group comprises a number of transverse cutting blades. The respective transverse cutting blade group comprises an axially extending longitudinal cutting blade connected away from the rotating shaft between the ends by an edge of the rotating shaft. The transverse cutting blade group and the stirring blade are arranged at intervals. The longitudinal cutting blade is externally provided with a pressing strip. A stirring rod is arranged at an end of the stirring blade adjacent to the discharge opening. The stirring cavity has a second stirring shaft arranged symmetrically to the first stirring shaft. The stirring blade rotates at the first stirring shaft and the second stirring shaft is arranged at an upper side of the discharge port. The feeding port comprises slurry sludge feeding opening and a dry sludge feeding opening. The slurry sludge feeding opening is connected with a mud slurry feeding tube. A dry sludge particle conveyer belt is arranged above the dry sludge feeding opening. The driving unit comprises a first gear and a second gear meshing with the first gear. The first gear and second gear are connected to the stirring shaft, and are driven to rotate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Amount of aqueous inorganic alkali solution is 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine. Inorganic alkali is 5-20 times the mass of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide. Mass concentration of aqueous inorganic alkali solution is 10-60%. Acid binding agent is organic alkaline e.g. triethylamine, N,N-diethylethanamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, or triethylenediamine or inorganic alkaline e.g. potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Chloroformate is methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, N-propyl chloroformate, isopropyl chloroformate, or N-butyl chloroformate. Organic solvent is ethyl acetate, N-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, N-butyl acetate, acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, petroleum ether, tetrahydrofuran, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and amount of organic solvent is 2-8 times the amount of 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-chloropyridine. Molar ratio acid-binding agent:2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-chloropyridine is 0.5-3:1. Preferred Conditions: Reaction of 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine is performed at 80-90 degrees C for 5-16 hours. Temperature is controlled at 0-10 degrees C. Heating temperature is 40-50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Amount of ethyl cyanoacetate is 0.5-2 the amount of benzophenone. Low carbon-containing sec.-amine is 2-6 carbon-containing alkyl amine, preferably dibutylamine e.g. di-n-butylamine and 1-8 carbon-containing aliphatic acid is propionic acid, butyric acid, or n-octanoic acid, preferably propionic acid. Mole ratio organic amine:organic acid is 1:4-4:1, preferably 1:2-2:1 and mole ratio organic amine and organic acid:benzophenone is 0.01-0.5, preferably 0.1-0.2. Water-insoluble solvent is chloroform, halogenated hydrocarbon e.g. dichloroethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatic hydrocarbons, napthenic or paraffinic, cycloalkanes e.g. cyclopentane and cyclohexane, or alkanes e.g. n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, and petroleum ether, preferably cyclohexane. Weight ratio water:benzophenone is 0.1-1, preferably 0.5. Amount of catalyst is 5-50%, preferably 10-20%. Amount of ethanol is 80-100%, preferably 95% and weight ratio ethanol:benzophenone is 5-1, preferably 2. Preferred Conditions: Condensation reaction time is 12-15 hours and reflux reaction temperature is 85-88 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Acidic catalyst is Lewis acid. Acidic catalyst is zinc chloride (ZnCl2), iron chloride (FeCl3), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), boron trifluoride (BF3), tin chloride (SnCl4), or titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Alkylbenzene as reaction solvent is toluene, ethylbenzene, or dimethylbenzene. Mole ratio 2-ethyl-3-p-methoxybenzoyl-benzofuran and acidic catalyst is 1:1-5. Halogenated alkyl is methyl chloride, methylene dichloride, or methane. Preferred Condition: Catalytic reaction temperature is 70-95 degrees C. Catalytic reaction time is 4-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Amount of oxidizing agent is 1.05-3 molar equivalents, preferably 1.5-2.5 molar equivalents of (II) when oxidizing agent is potassium permanganate, sodium bromate, or ammonium persulfate, amount of oxidizing agent is 6-9 molar equivalents of (II) when oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, amount of catalyst is 0.05-0.25 times, preferably 0.1-0.2 times the mass of (II), and amount of cocatalyst is 0.5-3.5 molar equivalents, preferably 1.2-2.8 molar equivalents of (II). Oxidizing agent is potassium permanganate or hydrogen peroxide, catalyst is copper acetate or manganese dioxide, and cocatalyst is sodium acetate. Reaction solvent is acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, and/or acetic anhydride, preferably acetic acid:acetic anhydride with volume ratio of 1.5-10:1.Preferred Conditions: Reaction temperature is 40-65 degrees C, preferably 45-55 degrees C, and reaction time is 0.3-3 hours, preferably 1-2 hours.Preferred Processes: Penem antibiotic intermediate is prepared by quenching reaction using quenching reagent e.g. sodium sulfite, paraformaldehyde or thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves allowing the gas discharged from condenser to flow into the rice hulls charcoal before being subjected to the carbonization furnace for performing extraction step, mixing rice hull charcoal and waste organic matter pellet and performing high temperature pyrolysis to obtain carbonized rice hull. The lead-free gas is discharged from the carbonization furnace and then supplied during the carbonization process. The method involves mixing 30-65 wt.% rice hull charcoal, 5-15 wt.% chaff-vinegar liquid and 30-65 wt.% rice bran and subjecting obtained mixture to palletizing process. The method involves performing methane combustion process by supplying methane gas produced during the drying process to the carbonization furnace. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step (a), the liquid culture process includes mixing 68-72 wt.% purified water, 18-22 wt.% coconut powder and 8-12 wt.% granular powder, and culturing. The granular powder is prepared by washing various impurities adhered on natural fruits, crushing the washed natural fruits to obtain granule powder, quickly freezing the granule powder at -20 to -40 degrees C in a natural granules drying use-pan in a freezer, drying and lyophilizing in a freezing dryer for 24 hours, primarily crushing the freeze-dried granule powder into particles of 120 meshes and secondarily crushing into particles of 200 meshes. In the step (b), the sprayed granule powder accounts for 7-10 wt. % of the granule powder added in the step (a). In the method before the step (d), the sliced bio-cellulose fabric is stored in cold storage for 5 hours and then natural fermentation is processed after spraying the granule powder. In the step (e), granule powder is sprayed and the transparent film, the bio cellulose and the non-woven fabric are pressed. ACTIVITY - Dermatological; Antiallergic; Antiseborrheic. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The crystal form of (-)-6-((4R,5S,6S)-2-mercapto-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-aza-bicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-en-3-yl)-S-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazol(1,2-a))(1,2,4)triazole onium salt has 5-100% peak at 16.228 plus minus 0.2 degrees , and peak at 3348.8 cm-1, 3124.5 cm-1, 3015.1 cm-1, 2977.7 cm-1, 1750.7 cm-1, 1603.0 cm-1, 1562.0 cm-1, 1503.6 cm-1, 1447.3 cm-1, 1384.6 cm-1, 1365.0 cm-1, 1335.8 cm-1, 1284.8 cm-1, 1259.2 cm-1, 1230.7 cm-1, 1184.2 cm-1, 1157.2 cm-1, 1106.9 cm-1, 1082.6 cm-1, 1011.9 cm-1, 966.22 cm-1, 940.40 cm-1, 920.67 cm-1, 895.87 cm-1, 844.82 cm-1, 813.08 cm-1, 762.11 cm-1, 691.81 cm-1, 674.24 cm-1, 656.32 cm-1, 632.88 cm-1, 599.38 cm-1, 571.40 cm-1, 547.67 cm-1, 464.58 cm-1 and 431.89 cm-1, based on potassium bromide infrared absorption spectrum analysis. Preferred Composition: The dosage amount of (-)-6-((4R,5S,6S)-2-mercapto-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-aza-bicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-en-3-yl)-S-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazol(1,2-a))(1,2,4)triazole onium salt, dosage amount of primary solvent and dosage amount of secondary solvent is 1 pts. wt., 25-100 parts volume and 100-375 parts volume, respectively. The primary solvent is preferably 50 parts volume water, or mixed solution of 50 parts volume water and 40 parts volume ethanol. The secondary solvent is preferably 3000 parts volume ethyl acetate, mixed solution of 200 parts volume ethanol and 150 parts volume ethyl acetate, or mixed solution of 60 parts volume acetone and 60 parts volume ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: In synthesizing tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765, step (1) comprises using a basic reagent, cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, or potassium acetate; aprotic solvent can be selected from solvents including ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4 -dioxane; polar aprotic solvent is dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP); and the reaction temperature is preferably 40-90 degrees C. Step (2) comprises using a basic compound catalyst that is an inorganic base selected from cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, and cesium carbonate; the solvent is diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, or THF; and temperature range is 30-80 degrees C. Step (3) comprises subsequent reaction with the first protected amino group, where organic base is triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, triethylamine, or dicyclohexyl acid binding agent, the solvent may be ethers and halogenated hydrocarbons, and at room temperature to complete the reaction.The catalyst comprises bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) dichloride, palladium dichloride manganese diacetate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)palladium (II), bis(benzonitrile)palladium chloride or (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)dichloropalladium (II). MECHANISM OF ACTION - Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Methanol can be replaced by 40-65 pts. wt. ethanol, or 40-65 pts. wt. mixture of ethanol and methanol in a weight ratio of 1:1. The mixed fuel comprises 40-65 pts. wt. biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The culture medium comprises 2000-10000 pts. wt. sucrose, 1000-5000 pts. wt. soybean meal, 1000-5000 pts. wt. corn steep liquor, 1000-6000 pts. wt. bran, 6-60 pts. wt. phosphate and 5-50 pts. wt. magnesium salt. The liquid culture medium comprises 2000-10000 pts. wt. sucrose, 1000-5000 pts. wt. soybean meal, 1000-5000 pts. wt. corn steep liquor, 1000-6000 pts. wt. bran, 6-60 pts. wt. phosphate, 5-50 pts. wt. magnesium salt and 200-700 pts. wt. soybean oil. Preferred Components: The phosphate is potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate or diammonium phosphate. The magnesium salt is magnesium sulfate. The corn steep liquor has not less than 37% protein content. Preferred Method: The slant culture is prepared by sterilizing potato dextrose agar medium comprising 200 g potato extract, 20 g glucose and 20 g agar per 1000 ml, where the potato extract is prepared by peeling potatoes, slicing to pieces, boiling using distilled water for 30 minutes and filtering using eight gauze filter, adding into test tubes, plugging, sterilizing at 120-130 degrees C, placing in slant position and culturing at 30-35 degrees C for 7 days and storing at 4-6 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Hypotensive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The sand is obtained from battle of Ningxia. The fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure or sheep manure. Preferred Method: The method involves mixing 0.6% organic fertilizer having 45-55% humidity, and bran and streptozotocin in mass ratio of 5:1, covering with plastic sheet, fermenting for 7-15 days, mixing fermented product and waste matrix, sterilizing at high temperature, adding 5 %mass nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium containing fertilizer and water, maintaining 65% humidity, covering with plastic sheet, and fermenting for 5-15 days until organic matter content reaches greater than 40% and humic acid content reaches greater than 15%. ADMINISTRATION - The soil conditioner is applied directly on soil at a rate of 25 m3/667 m2 for first time and half of the amount for second time (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal catalyst salt is chosen from nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, barium nitrate, nickel nitrate, palladium nitrate, ferric nitrate, manganese nitrate, cerium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, bismuth nitrate, copper nitrate and zinc nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mineral oil is chosen from petroleum residual oil, heavy oil, diesel oil and engine oil. The vegetable oil is chosen from soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil and peanut oil. The emulsifier contains compound (a) chosen from oleic acid, stearic acid and lauric acid, compound (b) chosen from ethanol, butanol, octanol and decanol, compound (c) chosen from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol, and compound (d) chosen from sodium hydroxide solution, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The waste oil is selected from high-acid-value oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, corn oil, olive oil, walnut oil, tung oil, sesame oil, rice bran oil, lard oil, beef fat, fish oil and/or chicken oil. The ester exchange reagent is selected from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate and/or butyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant is selected from a group consisting of sodium lignin sulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, polycarboxylate, sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate, oleate, alkyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether formaldehyde condensate and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymer. The wetting agent is selected from a group consisting of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, nickel powder, alkyl phenol formaldehyde reain polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfonate (SOPA), alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and detergent. The stabilizer is selected from a group consisting of water-soluble resin, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydrated silica, bentonite and polyvinyl alcohol. The anti-freezing agent is selected from a group comprising ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol and urea. The de-foaming agent is selected from a group consisting of silicon oil, organic silicone, 10-20C saturated fatty acid compound and 8-10C alcohol compound. The preservative is selected from a group comprising potassium sorbate, sodium sorbate, sodium benzoate and Kathon (RTM: Versatile preservative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane material PEBA polyether-b-polyamide block copolymer has structure of formula (OH-(C(=O)-PA-C(=O)-O-PE-O)n-H). The membrane material is polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 200-10000, and polyethylene oxide having molecular weight range of 400000-1000000.PA=amide segment;PE=polyether segment, where the molecular weight of the copolymer determined by copolymer molecular of PA and PE, is 300-15000, and the molecular weight of PE copolymer molecular chain is 200-6000;andn=not defined, preferably PA segment is nylon-6 (PA6), nylon-11 (PA11) or nylon-12 (PA12), and PE is polyethylene oxide segment alkyl, polypropylene oxide or polybutylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenol and epichlorohydrin is 1:1-1.1. The molar ratio of etherified product and isopropylamine is 1:1-3. The organic solvent is chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, acetone, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane an dchloroform. The molar ratio of metoprolol and succinic acid is 1:0.5-0.8. The weight ratio of inorganic alkali and purified water is 1:20. The molar ratio of inorganic alkali and 4-(2-methoxylethyl)phenol is 1.1:1. The volume ratio of ethyl acetate and purified water is 1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sealing body part comprises a carbon influx space in which carbon is supplied to the upper side and accumulated, a driving shaft located at the central part and driven by the driving means, and a an exhaust plenum located at the lower side to discharge the incoming carbon. The driving shaft includes multiple partition wall plates fixed at regular intervals in the circumferential direction, where the partition wall portion is formed by the inner wall area of the sealing body part and the partition plate. The connecting tube is equipped with a carbon sensor connected with a sensing unit, where the sensor senses carbon if carbon is piled up at the sensing unit position inside the connecting tube and operates the air inflow sealing device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The air or oxygen flowing through the channel of the bipolar plate is flowed into the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel supply unit utilizes titanium manganese alloy, such as titanium-zirconium, manganese and manganese-vanadium-nickel-iron-chromium alloy for hydrogen storage cartridge capable of absorption and release of hydrogen to supply the raw material containing hydrogen into the power generator at room temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cathode comprises a catalyst layer and a hydrophobic diffusion layer made of a carbon sheet containing 10 to 20 part by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The regulator comprising sulfuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide has the pH of 6-7.5 to adjust the solution. The fertilizer is present in an amount of 2-3 kg. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Lewis acid is chosen from boron trifluoride etherate, titanium tetrachloride, zinc chloride, tin chloride, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, zinc bromide and magnesium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid binding agent is chosen from sulfonyl chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. The strong base is sodium hydride, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, lithium diisopropylamide and n-butyllithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid is organic acid chosen from trifluoroacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and/or inorganic acid chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydrofluoric acid. The organic solvent is chosen from halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, ester organic solvent, ether-based organic solvent and organic nitrile solvent. The solvent is chosen from dichloromethane, toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, hexamethylphosphoramide triamide, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydrofuran and 1,3-dioxane. The oxygenated solvent is water, alcohol solvent, ketone solvent or ester solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The content of biological carbon is not less than 40 wt%. The method involves (a) reacting biological carbon with nitric acid or spraying nitric acid on the biological carbon using a device, and then adding or spraying ammonia water in the reaction product of the biological carbon and nitric acid, (b) reacting biological carbon with ammonia water, and then with nitric acid to obtain the reaction mixture, or (c) reacting biological carbon with ammonia water filled in reactor or spraying the ammonia water on the biological carbon, then adding nitric acid solution or spraying on the reaction product of the biological carbon and ammonia water. The method involves using 50-80 pts. wt. biological carbon, 12-35 pts. wt. nitric acid and 3-10 pts. wt. ammonia water, and pelleting by adding 2-5 pts. wt. above-mentioned mixture and bonding agent to the reaction mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microbial Inoculum: The microorganism comprises Methanococcus mazei DSM-10132, Methanobacterium subterraneum DSM-l1074, Methanogenium frigidum DSM-16458, Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM-2834, Methanosarcina siciliae DSM-11916, and Methanosaeta harundinacea DSM-17206.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The 3 components of nitrogen fertilizer synergist are crushed and uniformly mixed to obtain mixture, and then the other raw materials are crushed and uniformly stirred with the obtained mixture. The fertilizer, preferably 50 kg/667 m2-70 kg/667 m2 fertilizer is applied to tobacco planting density of 1.2 mx 0.5 m by existing method. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Ammonolysis reaction is performed by cooling treated ammonia gas and decompressing at normal temperature and 0.1-0.5 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel gas comprises supplemental fuel. The oxidant gas mixture comprises 20-35 vol.% oxygen and 15-50 vol.% carbon dioxide on wet basis, and less than 5 vol.% inert including nitrogen and noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbial agent comprises 5 pts. wt. powdered complex microbial inoculum, 10 pts. wt. porous adsorbent, 75 pts. wt. nutritional agent and 10 pts. wt. water absorbent. The powdered complex microbial inoculum comprises complex microbial inoculum and rice flour with a mass ratio of 1:2. The complex microbial inoculum comprises Saccharomyces cerevisiae with viable count of 1-3 billion colony forming units/g, Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride according to mass ratio of 1:5:10. The rice flour is crushed to particle size of not less than 80 meshes. The porous adsorbent is porous activated carbon powder, sodium alginate powder, and/or bentonite. The water absorbent is diatomite or modified starch. Preferred Method: Preparation of the nutritional agent comprises (i) mixing wheat bran and rice bran according to mass ratio of 1:4 to obtain main material, (ii) according 100 kg of main material, mixing 2 kg brown sugar, 1 kg urea and 0.5 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain the mixed material, and (iii) wet mixing the mixed material, kneading by hand without dropping water, maintaining humidity and fermenting the mixed material for 3-4 days to obtain the nutritional agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Desulfurizing additive contains 88-95 mass% calcium oxide, 0-10 mass% ferrous sulfate, 0-10 mass% magnesium carbonate, 0-2 mass% and chitosan fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Biomass includes weeds, leaves, branches, palm, wood and wooden meal, straw mushroom, giganto, Phalaris, reed, rice straw, bamboo, and/or forest processed product. Preferred Parameter: Dry basis biomass raw material thermal value is 3700-4700 kcal/kg and dry basis sludge raw material thermal value is 1500-4500kcal/kg. Preferred Process: Processing of solid biomass fuel and sludge involves subjecting biomass raw material in biomass drying room to dry until water content is less than or equal to 25%, drying dried biomass raw material obtain biomass raw material, drying biomass raw material with granularity of \5 mm and water content of less than or equal to 15%, and drying obtained solid fuel in subsequent combustion process of high temperature-pressure steam in which biomass drying chamber and sludge drying chamber are set on same glass temperature room and energy of glass temperature room consists of biomass raw material drying produce residue of the biomass energy raw material or directly purchasing water with content of less than or equal to 15% of biomass raw material, crushing biomass raw material, and drying biomass raw material with granularity of less than or equal to 5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinating agent is potassium fluoride. The deprotection reaction is sodium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium hydroxide alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, preferably sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of fluorinating agent and compound (IV) is 1.5-2.5:1. The catalyst is phase transfer catalyst such as tetra-alkyl ammonium halide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, polyglycolic acid, preferably tetramethyl ammonium chloride. The organic solvent is aprotic solvent such as diemthylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylacetamide. The mixed solvent is water and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran mixture. The volume ratio of water and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran is 1:8-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A glucosamine group-containing compound of formula (II) and N-alkyl acid of formula: CH3(CH2)mCOOH are reacted in the ratio of 1:1-1.5, obtaining reaction mixture, providing obtained mixture in methanol solution for 18-20 hours and methanol solvent is removed, to obtain glycosyl derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The number of viable cells in L.acidophilus is greater than or equal to 200 million/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves performing fermentation at 30 degrees C and 200 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 3 days. The concentration of the microbial inoculum is 5-10 wt.%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bark is obtained by scrapping waste from leather factory after production. The sawdust is waste obtained from timber factory. The coal ash is obtained from power plant. Preferred Method: The method involves inoculating biofertilizer fermentation agent into livestock and poultry excrement to obtain microbial inoculum, mixing microbial inoculum and other raw materials, testing moisture content of mixture before fermentation, adjusting moisture content to 45-50% and carbon to nitrogen ratio to 20-35, fermenting mixture at 70-75 degrees C and pH of 7-8 for 7-10 days, where during fermentation the mixture is turned, and cooling the fermented mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base oil is biodiesel obtained from animal fats and plants as raw material. The base oil is obtained by transesterification of diesel using methanol or ethanol, and has density of 0.89 kg/m3 or less at 20 degrees C, flash point of 130 degrees C or more, and sulfur content of 0.05% or less. The lubricant is organic bentonite. The fluid loss agent is oxidized asphalt. The brine has calcium chloride concentration of 20%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The primary emulsifier contains oleic acid amide or mixture of oleic acid amide and rosin acid, and has hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 2.5. The auxiliary emulsifier is sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and has hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 10.75. The wetting agent is sulfo succinate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves adjusting water content of pond mud to less than 20%, and crushing the pond mud to 10-20 meshes. The method involves selecting the dried crop straw free from foreign materials and bacterial infection, and crushing the crop straw to 10-20 meshes. The method involves selecting animal excrement without too many impurities, adjusting the water content of the animal excrement to less than 15-20%, and crushing the animal excrement to 10-20 meshes. Preferred Strain: The biological strain is viable bacteria, preferably effective microorganisms (EM) of greater than or equal to 5 x 100/ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The condensation reaction temperature is 0-120 degrees C. Preferred Components: Molar ratio of (III) to 4-fluoro-3-chloro-aniline is 1:1-2; condensing agent is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, carbonyldiimidazole, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate or (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate; condensation promoting agent is triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene or 1,4-diaza-bicyclo(2.2.2)octane; and solvent is toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Bacillus subtilis is preserved in China microbial strain preservation management center on 2012-06-21 with preservation number of CGMCC N0.6265. The Bacillus licheniformis, is preserved in China microbial strain preservation management center on 2012-03-22 with preservation number of CGMCC N0.7349. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae is preserved in China microbial strain preservation management center with preservation number of CGMCC N0.32203.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the component (b) and component (a) is 0.01-10. The component (b) is chosen from 30 compounds e.g. 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4'- methylene-bis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-methylen-yl-bis-(2-tert-butylphenol) and 4,4'-thiobis-(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol). The component (A) is obtained using alkylphenol, aldehyde and polyamine type piperazine in molar ratio of 1:0.2-5:0.2-5. The alkylphenol is chosen from heptyl phenol, octyl phenol, nonyl phenol, decyl phenol and dodecyl phenol. The aldehyde is formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde. The piperazine type polyamine is chosen from 13 compounds e.g. 2-methylpiperazine piperazine, N-methylpiperazine, N-ethyl piperazine, N-phenyl piperazine and N-benzylpiperazine. The additive further comprises metal deactivator as component (c). The component (c) is obtained by subjecting using ammonium salt, aliphatic amine, benzotriazole, fatty amine and formaldehyde to Mannich reaction in presence of Schiff bases and organic polycarboxylic acid. The content of the additive with respect to the weight of composition is 50-10000 ppm. The diesel composition further contains other diesel chosen from Fischer-Tropsch diesel and biodiesel hydrocracking oxygenated diesel blend in volume ratio of 1:2-99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first distillation is done at 118 degrees C. The second distillation is done at 93 degrees C. Preferred Components: The organic film evaporation device obtains product having butanol content of less than 15%. The inorganic film evaporation device obtains product having butanol content of less than 10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The preparation of carrier which is a modified polypropylene carrier comprises: grinding the cedar bark into 40 meshes powder and drying, adding 1-2 wt.% attapulgite, mixing the materials with water in a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5, adding a mixture of sodium polyphosphate and low molecular weight polyacrylamide and stirring at 50-60 degrees C for 5-10 hours, where the amount of sodium polyphosphate, low molecular weight polyacrylamide and cedar bark powder is in a ratio of 1:1:80-100, grading the suspension and dehydrating to obtain solid material; drying the solid material, crushing, carrying out cross-linking reaction by adding excessive ethylene glycol diacrylate to generate a solid product with trimethylamine alcohol solution for quaternary amination and to obtain a polypropylene additive; adding 3-5 wt.% bentonite powder into 15-20 wt.% polypropylene additive, granulating via a double-screw extruder and carrying out injection molding to obtain the modified polypropylene carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The application method comprises: adding filler and Nitrosomonas eutropha to the aerobic tank of the sewage treatment system and then hanging to the aerobic tank, and introducing the sewage to be processed; and fixing the Nitrosomonas eutropha on the carrier to prepare microorganism, carrying out domestication for microorganism, and domesticating the microorganism input to the water body to be treated. In sewage treatment system, the aerobic tank of the temperature is 20-40 degrees C, dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.5-3 mg/l, pH value of 7-8.5, and ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 2400 mg/l. Preferred Components: The sewage treatment system is an anaerobic-aerobic process system, an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic technology system, sequencing batch activated sludge system or a fluidized-bed biomembrane reactor system. The filler is 10-30% of the filling rate in the aerobic tank, and is polyurethane sponge, raschig ring filler, active carbon or porcelain granule. The carrier is a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganisms Bacillus subtilis KSC4 and Burkholderia pyrrocinia FB11 are incubated, concentrated after reaching density of 109 colony forming units/ml and freeze-dried. Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises metabolites of Bacillus subtilis KSC4 or Burkholderia pyrrocinia FB11.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The granular natural fertilizer further comprises 1 pts. wt. polyacrylamide additive. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Typical fertilizer comprised of: 100 pts. wt. molybdenum mineral fine powder, 100 pts. wt. tourmaline fine powder, 1 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis KSC4 dry powder, 4 pts. wt. Burkholderia pyrrocinia FB11 dry powder, 7 pts. wt. dextrin and 10 pts. wt. trehalose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The tomato seedling substrate comprises: 25-30 vol.%, preferably 25 vol.% of fermented paper sludge, 20-25 vol.%, preferably 25 vol.% of fermented mushroom residue and 50-60 vol.%, preferably 50 vol.% of sand. The moisture content of fermentation mushroom residue and fermentation paper mud is 55-65%. Preferred Method: The steps of preparing the fermentation paper mud and the fermentation mushroom residue are performed at a temperature of 60-70 degrees C. In the steps of preparing the fermentation paper mud and the fermentation mushroom residue, the pH value is adjusted by adding citric acid or acetic acid. The method further comprises cooling and removing the poisonous gas from fermentation paper mud and the fermentation mushroom residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Resin to betel nut extract volume ratio is 1:5-1:7. Ethanol concentration is 50-70%. Extract to ethanol volume ratio is 1:2-1:3. Extract to deionized water volume ratio is 1:1-1:2. Preferred Component: Ethanol has pH value of 3.0-3.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating, refluxing and extracting time is 1-3 hours, preferably 1.5-2.5 hours. The extracting times are 2-6 times, preferably 4 times. The methanol-water eluting flow speed is 2.5-4.5 mL/minute, preferably 3.5 mL/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: Edible fungi fungal chaff consists of Pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom, mushroom edible fungus, or mushroom derived from production waste material. Chitin is chitin product commercially available as waste shrimp shell as raw material prepared by acid leaching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water content of the biomass is 0-80%. The liquefaction reactor comprises less than or equal to 8 % mass catalysts. The catalyst is base and/or base salts. The liquefaction reactor comprises reducing gas. The reducing gas is hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide. Preferred Components: The non-proton polar solvent is one or more chosen from 1,4-dioxane, acetone, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, preferably 1,4-dioxane. The catalyst is one or more chosen from sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, and their combination. Preferred Method: The step (a) is performed by at a temperature of 280-320 degrees C under a total pressure of less than or equal to 3-7 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises 71% chicken manure, 18% nitrogenous fertilizer, 7% potash fertilizer, 1% calcium fertilizer, 1% boron, 1% biological fermentation bacterium and 1% organic fungicide. Preferred Microorganism: The biological fermentation bacterium is one or more chosen from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus natto, denitrifying bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus laterosporus. Preferred Component: The organic fungicide is chosen from N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide and tetramethylenethiuram disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogenous fertilizer is one or more chosen from ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium hydrogen bicarbonate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and urea. The potash fertilizer is one or more chosen from potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, plant ash, potassium salt and potassium hydrogen phosphate. The calcium fertilizer is one or more chosen from agricultural lime, gypsum and calcium fertilizer residue. The boron fertilizer is one or more chosen from borax, boric acid and boric magnesium fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In method, the water content of sugar cane leaves is less than 18%, where the sugar cane leaves are crushed to 1-3 cm. In method, the moisture content of animal manure is less than 18%, where the animal manure is crushed to 50-60 mesh sizes. In method, the moisture content of pond scum is less than 15%, where the pond scum is crushed to 100-120 mesh size. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The volume ratio of filtrate and nutrient medium is (0.1-0.2):1. The number of viable cells in fermenting sludge compost special agent is 4x 108-6.5x 108 colony forming units (CFU)/m. The method involves adding 0.1-0.5 wt.% special sludge compost fermenting agent, and stacking the oxygen content at 5-15 volume/volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The spread application comprises spreading the rapeseed straw soil cadmium passivating agent after plowing, and spreading the rapeseed straw in ratio of 20-350 pts. wt., preferably 300 pts. wt. on every area of soil, where the condition of spread application rate is half the amount of the administered passivating agent, and the hole application rate of the rapeseed straw soil cadmium passivating agent is half the administration amount by the band application.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises pre-processing castor seed by adding 2-5% catalyst. The ultrasonic frequency is 20-500 kHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The culture medium comprises 1% potato starch, 0.6% sodium chloride, 0.6% peptone, 2% beef peptone, 0.5% yeast extract powder, 2% glucose, 0.2% diammonium hydrogen citrate, 0.1% Tween-80, 0.4% sodium acetate, 0.2% dipotassium phosphate, 0.06% magnesium sulfate, 0.02% manganese sulfate, 2% agar and 0.3% monopotassium phosphate. Preferred Method: The method involves utilizing a culture liquid which comprises 4 g corn flour, 2 g beef extract, 4 g sodium chloride, 5 g bran, and 4 g potato starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The condensation and cyclization catalyst is aluminum trichloride, zinc chloride, ferric trichloride, boron trifluoride, niobium pentachloride or indium trichloride or lanthanide triflate. The temperature of the condensation and cyclization reaction is 60-160 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molar ratio of 3,4-bis-substituted aniline, triethyl orthoformate and malononitrile is 1:0.5-2:0.5-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The aldehyde compound and the para-chlorobenzene hydrochloride are in mol ratio of 1.1:1-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The silkworm is five years old silkworm and is processed by taking the fresh silkworm without mildew, drying and sieving, removing the mulberry leaf residue and other impurities. The Coprinus is crushed into a particle size of 1-2 mm. Preferred Method: The culturing step is carried out at 22-24 degrees C under relative humidity of 60-75% for 22-23 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The fresh tea debris is obtained by drying and crushing into fine particles. The tea debris is accumulated and fermented, piled at a height of 2 m, keeping stockpiles moist, turning once for every two months, composting for eight months or more to remove the formation of tannin and oil, and eliminate the growth of harmful substance after composting, and then drying the tea fresh debris. The husk of the rice bran is removed and rice bran is adhered on the surface layer of the material. Preferred Method: The method is carried out at a room temperature of 22-24 degrees C and a relative air humidity of 60-75%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The capacity of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain B40 in the waste is greater than 105 colony-forming unit (CFU).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The absorption device comprises a sieve plate and a sealing pipe. The adsorption device is made up of a plastic and stainless steel material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fermenting step is performed at a temperature of 54-58 degrees C for 2 days. The method comprises inoculating Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain B40 in to a Bacillus culture medium using an inclined plane at 40-50 degrees C for 2-3 days, culturing Nicotiana tabacum for 2-3 days, fermenting in a fermentation tank having a ventilation quantity of 0.05-0.2 volume per volume per minute (vvm), centrifuging, filtering, and separating thalli and a bacterial using sterile water at 5 degrees C having a ratio of 1:4-6, where the culture medium includes sodium chloride, 4-6 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2-0.4 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.06-0.14 g of potassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.2-0.4 g of ammonium sulfate, 0.8-1.2 g of olive oil, 8-10 ml of agar and 1000 ml of water. The method further comprises processing a tail gas using an absorption device, where the tail gas comprises composite absorbing material including rice bran and wooden meal active carbon in a ratio of 10-20:3-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous furfural residue has particle having diameter of 2-5 mm. The aqueous furfural residue comprises 66-70 %mass organic matter, 49-64 %mass carbon, 0.50-0.61 %mass nitrogen, 0.30-0.36 %mass phosphorus, and 1.10-1.18 %mass potassium and has pH of 3.1. The organic fertilizer is soybean meal having grain diameter of 3 mm and comprises 30-32 %mass organic matter, 4-5 %mass mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide, and 14-15 %mass amino acid, where the organic fertilizer has pH of 5.5-6.5. The microbial fertilizer has particle size of 0.5-1 mm and has viable count of 2000000000/g powder. The zinc sulfate heptahydrate in the form of powder has particle size of 1-2 mm, and comprises 23 %mass zinc. The ammonium molybdate has particle size of 0.5-1 mm and comprises 54.3 %mass molybdate powder. The polyvinyl alcohol has particle size of 0.5-1 mm. The water retention agent in the form of powder has particle size of 0.5-1 mm, where the 645 g powder attains water retention property. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Insect Repellent. The ability of the repellent (2 ml/g diluted 50 times) to combat mushroom flies was tested on mushrooms. The results showed that the repellent eradicates mushroom flies by greater than 90% after 24 hours of spraying.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - 1 kg Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte was extracted with 4 liters 70% ethanol. The obtained extract was dried for 10 hours in drier, pulverized and diluted (50 times with ethanol) to obtain the repellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The method comprises 75-85 %mass P.eryngii fungus medium residue, 10-20 %mass bran, and 2-5 %mass lime. Preferred Method: The step (b) involves adjusting moisture content of medium to 65-75%. The method further involves inoculating P.citrinopileatus in sterilized medium, culturing, fruiting and harvesting the P.citrinopileatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: After stacking for 60 days the liquid medicine is added to the stacking material in a mass ratio of 50:1, where the liquid medicine is prepared by diluting Qing Kai Ling KeLi (natural tea style health drink) with 20% and 25% spirit, and diluting with water for 500 times in a volume ratio of 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The waste liquor precipitate is generated in production process of amino acids, and fermentation treatment. The inorganic fertilizer comprises urea, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate and ferrous sulfate, where weight ratio of urea, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate and ferrous sulfate is 7-9:4-6:8-10:1-4. The trace element comprises magnesium, silicon, zinc and molybdenum, where weight ratio of magnesium, silicon, zinc and molybdenum is 2-3:1-2:4-6:1-3. The adhesive comprises sodium alginate and clay, where weight ratio of sodium alginate and clay is 1-2:4-7. The stabilizing agent is a liquid barium/cadmium stabilizer. The insecticide comprises phoxim and permethrin, where weight ratio of phoxim and permethrin is 1:1. The pesticide comprises fosetyl aluminum, thiophanate-methyl, and alum, where weight ratio of fosetyl aluminum, thiophanate-methyl, and alum is 1-2:1-3:2-4. The growth regulator comprises naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), gibberellic Acid (GA) powder, and N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride (DPC) powder, where weight ratio of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), gibberellic Acid (GA) powder, and N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride (DPC) powder is 2:1:1. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 82 pts. wt. nitrogenous fertilizer, 114 pts. wt. phosphate fertilizer, 100 pts. wt. potash fertilizer, 694 pts. wt. alcohol waste residue, 1 pts. wt. hexanoic 2-(diethylamino) ethyl ester citrate, 3 pts. wt. B.mucilaginosus, 3 pts. wt. B.megaterium, and 3 pts. wt. B.subtilis. The nitrogenous fertilizer is urea nitrogen, where nitrogen content is 46%. The phosphate fertilizer is ammonium phosphate, where phosphorus content and ammonium nitrogen content are 44% and 11% respectively. The potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate, where potassium content in fertilizer is 50%. The alcohol residue is corn waste. The amount of Bacillus mucilaginosus, B.megaterium is 10 billion/g, and B.subtilis are 10 billion/g to total amount of fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microelement sulfate comprises copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate, and the sulfate anhydride can be also compound containing crystal water. The inorganic acid is sulfuric acid or nitric acid. The absorbent composite aqueous solution comprises copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and manganese sulfate. The mass concentration of metal salt in the composite water solution is 1-30%, and mass concentration of the acid is 1-20%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid or glutaric acid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During subcritical ester interchange process, metal-rare earth catalyst in amount of 1-5 wt.% oil is added. During metathesis reaction, tungsten oxide/silica catalyst is used. The tungsten oxide/silica catalyst is obtained by dipping method using tungsten oxide as active component and silica as carrier in weight ratio of (5-20):(80-95). Preferred Composition: The metal-rare earth catalyst comprises active component (C1) and carrier (C2) in weight ratio of (10-20):(80-90). The active component (C1) comprises metal oxide and rare-earth oxide in molar ratio of 2-8:1. The carrier (C2) is chosen from alumina, carbon and titania. The metal oxide is chosen from alkali metal oxide and alkaline-earth metal oxide. The alkali metal is chosen from sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. The alkaline-earth metal is chosen from magnesium and calcium. The rare-earth oxide is chosen from cerium oxide and lanthanum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The olefin is 9-octadecene and 6,9-octadecyl diene. The enedioate is 9-octadecene dimethyl ester and 6,9-dimethyl octadecene ester. During subcritical ester interchange process, molar ratio of oil and methanol is 1:3-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The mango controlled release fertilizer comprises 50-200 pts. wt. film coated urea with 3-8% response release, 120-280 pts. wt. urea, 70-130 pts. wt. phosphate fertilizer, 70-130 pts. wt. calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, 230-320 pts. wt. potash fertilizer, 120-180 pts. wt. film coated potassium chloride with 3-8% response reaction, and 5-20 pts. wt. boron. The 3-8% film coated urea is thermosetting reaction film coated urea, preferably polyurethane reaction film coated urea, epoxy resin reaction coated urea, or alkyd ester reaction film coated urea. The release period of film coated urea with 3-8% response release is 60-90 days, preferably 90 days. The release period of film coated potassium chloride with 3-8% response release is 30-60 days, preferably 60 days. The potash fertilizer is diammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or monoammonium phosphate. The film coated potassium chloride is potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or potassium sulfate. The controlled release fertilizer is applied separately during flower bud and strong fruit fertilization at ratio of (4:6)-(5:5) at amount of 1.5-3 lbs, preferably 2 lbs.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The boron is borax. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first crossbeam and second crossbeam are H-shaped steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method comprises keeping the temperature at 60 degrees C, keeping the humidity at 70-80%, and sieving by 70-80-mesh sieve. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The pot further comprises 1-5 pts. wt. wheat. The bark is obtained from waste of leather factory. The sawdust is obtained from waste of wood processing factory. The plant ash is obtained from biomass power plant. The wheat is wheat bran, seed coat of post-harvested wheat, and/or ground and sieved wheat flour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The humidity of the culture medium is less than 15%, and the culture medium is stored in dry environment. The method involves adding water, performing fermentation using Trichoderma, and spraying 2000-fold diluted 40% chlorpyrifos water. The method involves crushing the agglomeration in time during turning process. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The banana straw, stems and leaves are preprocessed by (a) segmenting banana straw, stems and leaves into 0.8-1 m length per segment, and cutting each segment into 8-12 pieces, and drying the pieces in a dryer until water content reaches less than 18%, (b) segmenting the dried banana straw, stems and leaves into segments with 30-50 cm length and drying until water content reaches less than 18%, and (c) crushing the dried segments into 30-50 mesh size. The animal excrement has water content of 18% and is crushed to particle size of 50-60 meshes. The pond mud has water content of 15% and is crushed to a particle size of 100-120 meshes. The EM strain has viable count of more than 100 hundred million/g of solid EM preparation. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer is chosen from vine crops seedlings, plant straw, and animal manure in a weight ratio of 1:1:1-3. The crop is cucumber, white gourd or watermelon. The plant straw comprises corn straw, soybean stalk and sorghum straw stalk. The animal manure is pig manure, chicken manure or cow dung. The inorganic fertilizer is ammonium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate in a weight ratio of 2-3:3-5:1-2. The microelement fertilizer is chosen from EDTA chelated calcium, EDTA chelated magnesium, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated iron and EDTA chelated cobalt in a weight ratio of 6-8:3-5:2-4:2-5:1-2. The adhesive is clay or bentonite. The auxiliary agent is chosen from flavonoid, coumarin and sodium in a weight ratio of 2-4:1-2:1-3. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The waste precipitate is obtained from gourmet powder industry and lysine production industry. The inorganic fertilizer is urea, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium sulfate in a weight ratio of 4-6:3-5:1-2. The trace element is chosen from zinc sulfate, borax, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and calcium carbonate. The adhesive is chosen from clay or sodium alginate. The stabilizing auxiliary agent is liquid barium/cadmium stabilizing auxiliary agent or calcium/zinc liquid stabilizing auxiliary agent in weight ratio of 1-2:1. The auxiliary agent is epoxy soybean oil, stearic acid or methane-cresol mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid catalyst is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or organic acid. The strong alkali solution is sodium hydroxide solution. The molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and wood liquefied is preferably 0.3:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is starch, wheat flour or chitosan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid-binding agent is potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate or sodium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, diethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol)200 or N-methylpyrrolidone. The molar ratio of aromatic primary amine compound and 3-methyl dehydroshikimate is 1:1-1.2. The molar ratio of dichloroethane and aromatic primary amine compound is more than 2. The molar ratio of aromatic primary amine compound and protonic acid catalyst is 1:0.05-0.1. The molar ratio of aromatic primary amine compound and acid-binding agent is 1:2-4. The protonic acid catalyst is p-toluene sulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid or sulfuric acid. The organic solvent used during re-crystallization is ethyl acetate-petroleum ether and methylene chloride-petroleum ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microorganism-fertilizer composition includes 40-50 pts. wt. animal manure, 25-35 pts. wt. sludge of aquatic product, 10-13 pts. wt. potassium chloride and 8-13 pts. wt. calcium carbonate. The fertilizer further comprises 2-10 pts. wt. zeolite. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: PH is 6-7. Reaction temperature is 80-100 degrees C. Reaction time is 6-8 hours. Preferred Components: Short chain fatty acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, malonic acid, or oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The superabsorbent polymer matrix includes cellulose group, starch group or acrylic polymer group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Step (A) addition of 10 pts. wt. methanol, cooling down to - 4 to - 2 degrees C, keeping temperature at - 4 to - 2 degrees C, continuously adding 8 pts. wt. methylene dichloride, and cooling to - 6 to - 4 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Anaerobic digestion of raw material is performed by coupling carbon and tail gas waste liquid. Preferred Component: Carbonization furnace is temperature-resistant stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Anaerobic reactor has heat-insulating jacket containing polypropylene (PP) plastic, PVC plastic, organic glass, and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Poly-substituted pyrimidine benzyl alcohol is prepared by mixing halo-pyrimidine, hydroxymethyl phenylboronic acid, base, and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium in organic solvent under inert gas, heated at reflux, filtering, evaporating to dryness, and purifying. Preferred Compositions: Polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (A) is the product of (1)-(2); polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (B) is the product of (3)-(4); polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (C) is the product of (5)-(6); polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (D) is the product of (7)-(9); polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (E) is the product of (10)-(12); polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (F) is the product of (13)-(15); polyhalogenated pyrimidine of formula (G) is the product of (16)-(19). Mole ratio hydroxymethyl phenylboronic acid:base:tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium is 1:1-6:1-8:0.01-0.15. Organic solvent is benzene, toluene, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, isopropanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, or dimethylsulfoxide. Base is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Conditions: Inert gas is heated to 70-160 degrees C and refluxing time is 10-48 hours. Preferred Processes: Product is purified by silica gel thin layer chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises adding 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde methanol solution in a reactor; dropwise adding (R)-(-)-2-amino-1- butanol in methanol, heating, stirring, and refluxing for 2.5-4 hours; and under stirring, adding aqueous copper acetate in methanol, stirring at room temperature for 3-5 hours, filtering, adding small amount of diethyl ether to filtrate, and standing for 7-14 days to volatilize the solvent. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Compositions: Total weight of added planting material is 20-40 wt.% (dry weight) with respect to soil. Preferred Parameters: Bamboo shell shoot particle diameter is less than or equal to 5 mm. Particle diameter of added loam soil is 0.3-1 cm. Preferred Process: Direct furrowing, seeding, and fruiting management of cooled fermented material is performed normally.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The sugar is maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol or glycerine. The cake cypress type raw material is castor, rape seed cake, cotton seed cake, bean cake, sesame cake, flax seed cake or tea seed cake. Preferred Components: The fermenting step is carried out at 60 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The sludge is paper pulp sludge. The water content of the pulp sludge is 40-50%. The fermenting microorganism is high temperature Bacillus . Preferred Method: In the step (ii), the stack height is -0.8-1.2 m, opening-starting turning when the temperature reaches 65 degrees C, every 5-7 days turning stack in a sequence, and turning for 4-5 times. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Extraction of natural taurine from abalone viscera further comprises recrystallizing by adding taurine crystal with hot water at 70-80 degrees C for 2-5 times, dissolving, adding 3-4 times the volume of absolute ethanol, standing at 4 degrees C, crystallizing for greater than or equal to 24 hours, filtering and drying to obtain high-purity taurine crystals. Cooking at high-temperature is carried out at 80-100 degrees C for 40-60 minutes. Activated carbon treatment is carried out at room temperature through activated carbon column with effluent flow rate of 10 mL/minute. Removal of impurities is carried out by adding ethanol to eluate to obtain final concentration of 60-80%, standing for 2-4 days at room temperature, centrifuging for 20 minutes to obtain precipitate and supernatant or using precipitate repeatedly for 2-3 times to remove taurine impurities. Concentrating supernatant is carried out under reduced pressure, concentrating to 40-60% by decompression, heating at 70-80 degrees C with vacuum pressure of 0.09-0.1 MPa. Activated carbon treatment is performed by adding activated carbon, stirring at 80 degrees C for 30 minutes to obtain 20-30% precipitate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Extraction of natural taurine further comprises recrystallizing coarse crystals by adding hot water at 70-80 degrees C for 2-5 times, adding activated carbon, dissolving, stirring, filtering, adding filtrate with 3-4 times volume of absolute ethanol, standing at 4 degrees C, crystallizing for greater than or equal to 24 hours and drying to obtain high-purity taurine crystals. Cooking at high temperature is carried out at 80-120 degrees C for 20-60 minutes. Removal of impurities is carried out by adding ethanol to obtain 50-80% final concentration at room temperature for 2-4 days at 70-80 degrees C, stirring for 40-120 minutes to obtain supernatant and precipitate or preferably repeating purifying step for 2-3 times to obtain high-purity taurine crystals. Concentrating supernatant is carried out under reduced pressure to concentration of 40-60% by decompression, heating at 70-80 degrees C with vacuum pressure of 0.09-0.1 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: Shellfish is clams, variegated clams or oysters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The organic active fertilizer raw material comprises 60-78 wt.% of sludge, 20-30 wt.% of livestock excreta, 1-10 wt.% of ammonium bicarbonate, 0.1-1 wt.% of microbial fermentations, a active functional group and a chelate agent. The sludge is paper pulp sludge, and has a water content of 40-50%. The fermenting microorganism is Bacillus subtilis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active functional group comprises a carboxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl group or a quinone group. The silicate is hydrolyzed. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 218 pts. wt., 210 pts. wt. or 225 pts. wt. nitrogenous fertilizer, 182 pts. wt., 175 pts. wt. or 190 pts. wt. phosphate fertilizer, 160 pts. wt., 155 pts. wt. or 165 pts. wt. potash fertilizer, 430 pts. wt., 425 pts. wt. or 435 pts. wt. alcohol waste residue, 1 pts. wt., 0.8 pts. wt. or 1.2 pts. wt. hexyl alcohol esters of diethylamine group, 3 pts. wt., 2.8 pts. wt. or 3.3 pts. wt. colloidal suspension of Bacillus, 3 pts. wt., 2.8 pts. wt. or 3.3 pts. wt. B.megaterium, and 3 pts. wt., 2.8 pts. wt. or 3.3 pts. wt. B.subtilis. The nitrogenous fertilizer is urea comprising 46% nitrogen content. The phosphate fertilizer is ammonium phosphate comprising 44% phosphorus and 11% ammonium. The potash is potassium sulfate comprising 50% potassium content. The hexyl alcohol ester of diethylamine comprises 98% amine. The colloidal suspension of Bacillus, B.megaterium, and B.subtilis comprise 10000000000/g Bacillus, respectively. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 209 pts. wt., 205 pts. wt. or 215 pts. wt. nitrogenous fertilizer, 205 pts. wt., 200 pts. wt. or 210 pts. wt. phosphate fertilizer, 180 pts. wt., 175 pts. wt. or 185 pts. wt. potash fertilizer, 396 pts. wt., 390 pts. wt. or 390-401 pts. wt. alcohol waste residue, 1 pts. wt., 0.8 pts. wt. or 1.2 pts. wt. hexyl alcohol esters of diethylamine group, 3 pts. wt., 2.8 pts. wt. or 3.3 pts. wt. colloidal suspension of Bacillus, 3 pts. wt., 2.8 pts. wt. or 3.3 pts. wt. B.megaterium, and 3 pts. wt., 2.8 pts. wt. or 3.3 pts. wt. B.subtilis. The nitrogenous fertilizer is urea comprising 46% nitrogen content. The phosphate fertilizer is ammonium phosphate comprising 44% phosphorus and 11% ammonium. The potash is potassium sulfate comprising 50% potassium content. The hexyl alcohol ester of diethylamine comprises 98% amine. The colloidal suspension of Bacillus, B.megaterium, and B.subtilis comprise 10000000000/g Bacillus, respectively. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The nutritional matrix for tomatoes is administered by watering 300-400 ml water to soil per day every morning in summer, watering 600-900 ml water to soil two times per day in spring (morning and afternoon), watering 1000-1400 ml water to soil three times per day in rainy days, where irrigation volume is decreased to 30-70%, irrigating the plant for 25-30 days (every once in 7 days) using 2-3 g prepared nutritional matrix, where the nutritional matrix comprises sodium, potassium and phosphorus, irrigating the plant for 5 days using 3-4 g prepared nutritional matrix after enlargement of fruits, and irrigating the plant for 3 days using 4 g prepared nutritional matrix after development of multiple fruits.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further involves (b) removing the plastic film, stirring the mixture, exposing oxygen to the mixture, gradually increasing temperature of the mixture from room temperature to 45 degrees C for 2-3 days, increasing temperature of the mixture to 60 degrees C and holding the temperature for 3-5 days, lowering temperature of the mixture to normal temperature, maintaining for 7-10 days until organic waste fully cures, drying the mixture, and crushing the mixture to 80 mesh size to obtain organic powder, (c) mixing remainder above-mentioned raw materials with water, stirring the mixture until raw materials completely dissolves, and (d) mixing organic powder obtained in step (b) and mixture obtained in step (c), stirring the mixture, drying and granulating the mixture, and packing to obtain product. ACTIVITY - Ferilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The furfural residue comprises straw, bran, rice husk, dry bread, soybean meal, flour, peel, and weed. The fermentation liquor are Mucor, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Lactobacillus, and yeast mixture in mass ratio of 1:0.8:1.2:1.4. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The seedling nursery substrate comprises 70 pts. wt. mushroom waste material, 30 pts. wt. mountain sand and tobacco floating seedling nursery nutrient solution, 1.x 106 water and tobacco floating seedling nursery nutrient solution, 170 pts. wt. urea, 80 pts. wt. phosphorus pentoxide, 200 pts. wt. potassium hydroxide, 70 pts. wt. superphosphate, 25 pts. wt. magnesium, 0.5 pts. wt. borax, and 0.5 pts. wt. zinc sulfate. Preferred Method: The preparation of the seedling nursery substrate, involves crushing mushroom waste material to 3 mm size, adding mushroom waste material to lime, adjusting pH of mixture to 7.5, adding organic material to the mixture, where weight ratio of organic material and mixture is 1000:1, decomposing the mixture, adding remainder raw materials to the mixture, maintaining moisture content of mixture to 60%, mixing the mixture, stacking the mixture, increasing temperature of the mixture to 50 degrees C, and packing to obtain product. Preferred Composition: The moisture content of mushroom waste material is 15%. The 15% mountain sand and tobacco floating seedling nursery nutrient solution particle size is not greater than 2 mm, water content is not greater than 10%, and pH is 6-7.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The fermentation fertilizer is one or more of urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, and ammonium chloride. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of calcium chloride aqueous solution is 15-35 %mass. The filtrate reducer is the mixture of coal powder and humic acid in the mass ratio of 5:5-10:0, preferably asphalt powder. The weighting material is barite or iron powdered ore.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The biological diesel oil is the mixture of fatty acid of methyl ester and/or ethyl ester. The organic soil is a long alkyl chain of the cationic surfactant containing 12-30C atoms, which is obtained by modifying organic rectorite lipophilic or organic bentonite. The wetting agent is octyl phenol polyethenoxy ether and PC50-type lecithin in the mass ratio of 5:5-10:0. The emulsifier is obtained from the main and additive emulsifier in the mass ratio of 1:1-3:1. The main emulsifier is a fatty amine emulsifier. The additive emulsifier is obtained from alkyl benzene sulfonate and petroleum sulfonate in the mass ratio of 5:5-10:0. Preferred Process: The manufacture of main emulsifier involves reacting fatty oil residue waste as raw material, and diesel or kerosene as a solvent, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and/or triethanolamine at 130-180 degrees C for 0.5-4 hours and maintaining pH at 7-9, and adding naphthenic acid and tall oil in the ratio of 7:1.5-2.5:0.5-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon comprises alkane, alkene, alkyne and/or aromatic hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyoxyethylene dioleate and ferrocene or ferrocene derivative is 70:30. The mass ratio of polyoxyethylene dioleate and hydrocarbon is 80:20. The mass ratio of polyoxyethylene dioleate, hydrocarbon and ferrocene or ferrocene derivative is 60:30:10. The mass ratio of polyoxyethylene dioleate and water is 20:80. The mass ratio of polyoxyethylene dioleate, hydrocarbon and water is 5:5:90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fermenting strain II is composed of Streptomyces microflavus (more than HiCFU/ml. The fermenting strain I is composed of aerobic bacteria and facultative aerobic bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Sporotrichum thermophile, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological bacteria is ectomycorrhiza (EM) fungus, antibiotic bacteria, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The potassium bacterium is Bacillus mucilaginosus; and soluble phosphorus bacteria is Bacillus megaterium. The auxiliary material is the mixture of straw and mushroom residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of first to second component is 1:40-60:1. The mass ratio of flufenzine to abamectin is 1:5-40:1. The mass ratio of flufenzine to etoxazole is 1:5-25:1. The mass ratio of flufenzine to fenpropathrin is 1:20-20:1. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Acaricide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The animal excrement is chicken manure, duck manure, pig manure, cattle manure, and/or sheep manure. The method comprises providing 600 pts. wt. C. sinensis slag, 200 pts. wt. animal excrement, and 200 pts. wt. C. sinensis meal. It comprises providing 500-700 pts. wt. C. sinensis slag, 150-250 pts. wt. animal excrement, and 150-250 pts. wt. C. sinensis meal, adding the raw materials with 0.1-0.6 wt.% (based on the total weight of the raw materials) strain, uniformly mixing, sealing, fermenting at 50-70 degrees C, where water content is 60-65%, fermenting for 40-60 days, turning the stack once for every 10-15 days, adding the mixed raw material with 0.1-0.6 wt.% (based on the total weight of the raw materials) urea, uniformly mixing, sealing, fermenting, repeating for 3 times, turning every after 40-60 days, obtaining fermented material, drying at 50-80 degrees C for 4-6 hours, putting the dried material into pelletizer, pelletizing, and mixing with 3-6% hydrophobic component, which comprises 70 pts. wt. talc powder, 20 pts. wt. powdered rock phosphate, 5 pts. wt. gypsum, and 5 pts. wt. sodium stearate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide; Plant Growth Regulant; Plant Growth Stimulant.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Antibacterial; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the clothianidin and an active component B is 60:1-1:60. The weight ratio of the clothianidin and tebuconazole is 10:1-1:30. The weight ratio of clothianidin and thiram is 5:1-1:20. The agent further comprises auxiliary agent chosen from wetting dispersant, film-forming agent, coloring agent, thickening agent, defoaming agent, emulsifying agent, antifreeze agent and water. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid salt in the step (c) is bicarbonate, phosphate, disodium EDTA and/or bisulfite. Preferred Method: The heating process in the step (b) is carried out for 3.5-4 hours. The weakly acidic pH is 6-7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic alcohol is 1-8C alkyl alcohol. The weight ratio of water and omeprazole sodium is 0.05-0.1. The process of adding triethylamine and L-(+)-mandelic acid is adding time is 5 to 10 minutes. The organic solvent is ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile and/or isopropyl ether. The absorbent in the step (e) is silica gel or clay. The ratio of sodium hydroxide and omeprazole sodium is 1:0.9-2. The ratio of organic solvent and omeprazole sodium is 1:1-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In step (iii) the reaction stream is either hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, with hydrogen to carbon ratio is 7-32, preferably 10-25; or carbon-rich synthesis gas, with hydrogen to carbon ratio of 0.09-1.2, preferably 0.13-0.8. The methanation reactor has 4-15 stages, preferably 4-10 stages. The step (iii) comprises mixing the reaction stream and control stream, where the total hydrogen to carbon ratio is 3-3.1, preferably 3.01-3.05. Preferred Method: The step (iv) includes passing the methane-rich reaction product from the methanation reactor into low temperature methanation reactor so as to ensure complete reaction of carbon monoxide. The methanation reactor outlet temperature of all stages is 500-900 degrees C, preferably 600-800 degrees C. The outlet temperature of low temperature methanation reactor is 200-600 degrees C, preferably 300-500 degrees C. The step (ii) includes removing impurities e.g. carbon dioxide gas, hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fertilizer further comprises agricultural waste comprising straw, bran, rice husk, dry bread, beans Parker, flour, fruit, weeds, bacteria ferment agent, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Mucor, plant lactic acid bacteria and yeast mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is selected from ammonium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate. The adhesive is sodium alga acid or bentonite. The fertilizer is selected from chelated calcium EDTA, EDTA chelate magnesium, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated iron and EDTA chelated key. The auxiliary agent is selected from flavonoid, coumarin and acid sodium sulfate. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The algae is selected from kelp, Sargassum fusiforme, gulfweed, Undaria pinnatifida and Asparagus seaweed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. The inorganic alkali is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sugar is selected from sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose and maltose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves utilizing algae that is selected from kelp, Sargassum fusiforme, gulfweed, undaria pinnatifida or Asparagus seaweed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves collecting organic layer, and recrystallizing. The oxidation reaction is carried out using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl oxygen free radical in presence of alkali metal bromide and hypochlorite. Preferred Composition: The recrystallizing solvent is acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of sodium and water in sodium periodate aqueous solution is 1:5-20, preferably 1:10-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of organic solvent is 20-30 times of amount of ( beta )-carotene. The organic solvent is dichloromethane. Preferred Process: The reaction is carried out at 15-30 degrees C for 3-5 hours. Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of ( beta )-carotene, sodium periodate and sodium iodide is 1:2-4:0.1-0.3, preferably 1:3-4:0.1-0.3. The molar ratio of ( beta )-carotene and sodium periodate is 1:3-4. The mass ratio of ( beta )-carotene and methylene dichloride is 1:20-30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of 6-methoxy-7-(3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one and 4-fluoro-5-hydroxy-2-methylindole is 1:1-2. The condensing agent is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, carbonyldiimidazole, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, O-benzotriazolyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, O-(7-azobenzotriazolyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazol-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate or benzotriazol-1-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. Preferred Process: During preparation of cediranib, promoter chosen from triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diaza-bicyclo(4.3.0)-non-5-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-undec-7-ene and 1,4-diaza-bicyclo(2.2.2)octane, and solvent chosen from toluene, dimethylbenzene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile are used during condensation reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic powder is zeolite, diatomite, vermiculite, attapulgite, light calcium carbonate, phosphorite powder or potassium mineral powder. The inorganic fertilizer comprises 10-30 pts. urea, 5-20 pts. wt. monoammonium phosphate, 5-30 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 0-1 pts. wt. borax, 0-1 pts. wt. magnesium sulfate, 0-1 pts. wt. zinc sulfate, 10-30 pts. wt. humic acid, and 10-50 pts. wt. concrete fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adsorbent comprises 50-90 wt.% organic powder and 10-50 wt.% inorganic powder. The organic powder is wheat bran, rice bran, soybean, soybean meal, corn core powder, Sorghum shell powder, straw powder, or furfural. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: In step (1), mole ratio piperazine:piperazine dihydrochloride is 1:0.8-1.2, preferably 1:0.91, solvent is water and alcohol, and adding amount of solvent according to volume weight ratio of ml/g piperazine is 1.8-2.2 times, preferably 2 times. Alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. In step (2), molar ratio piperazine monohydrochloride:2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethanol is 1.8-2.2, preferably 1.82:1, solvent is polar solvent and non-polar solvent, and adding amount of solvent according to weight ratio of g/g 2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethanol is 2-2.4 times, preferably 2 times. Polar solvent is water and alcohol solvent, nonpolar solvent is methylene dichloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, normal hexane, toluene, and/or dimethylbenzene. Preferred Conditions: In step (2), reaction temperature is 40-120 degrees C, preferably 80 degrees C, and reaction time is 2-8 hours, preferably 5.5 hours. In step (5), decompressing and rectifying temperature is 120-160 degrees C, and vacuum degree is 10-30 mmHg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The trace element comprises 20-30 wt.% borax, 10-5 wt.% silicon oxide, 20-30 wt.% zinc sulfate, 20-30 wt.% ferrous sulfate, 5-10 wt.% magnesium sulfate, 2.5-5 wt.% molybdenum and 2.5-5 wt.% selenium. The fermentation strain comprises (a) composition (A) is prepared by mixing 50 wt.% Azotobacter, 20-30 wt.% Actinomycetes and 20-30 wt.% Bacillus licheniformis, and (b) composition (B) is prepared by mixing 50 wt.% Bacillus Natto, 20-30 wt.% thermophilic bacteria and 20-30 wt.% Aspergillus, where the compositions (A) and (B) are mixed in weight ratio of 1:1 and the viable count of bacteria is 50 hundred million/ml. The pH value of the fertilizer is 7.3-7.8. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkali is weak base. Weak base is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Fluoroalkyl sulfonic acid surfactant and its salt are prepared by adding hexafluoropropylene oxide polymer and tris(4-nitrophenyl)amine at molar ratio of 1.0:1.0-2.0 to tetrahydrofuran, adding triethylamine, reacting at 0-10 degrees C for 2-4 hours, and reducing with reduced iron powder in hydrochloric acid; adding hexafluoropropylene oxide polymer and diphenylamine at molar ratio of 1.0:1.0-3.0, and reacting at 0-10 degrees C for 2-4 hours in tetrahydrofuran solvent and triethylamine; and combining reaction products, adding 1,3-propanesultone, heating with reflux to carry out ring-opening alkylation for 18-24 hours in acetonitrile, and reacting with alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Reducing agent is ammonium formate. Mole ratio ammonium formate:formic acid:compound of formula (III) is 1:1:5. Reaction solvent is methanol. Amount of water is 3.5-10 ml per 10 g of raw material. Preferred Processes: Lenalidomide intermediate is prepared by filtering reaction liquid from reduction reaction process to remove palladium-carbon catalyst, decompressing and distilling to recover and recycle solvent, adding rest of water under low temperature stirring to crystallize, filtering, and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: Step (A) reaction temperature is 60-80 degrees C, and time is 3-10 hours. Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of compounds (VII) and (VIII) is 1:1-5. Preferred Process: Removal of protecting group involves removal under acidic condition using acid removing agent or catalytic hydrogenation under catalyst. Removal under acidic condition involves dissolving compound (IX) in solvent and adding acid removing agent to obtain compound (IV) in which solvent is alcohol, ester, or halogenated hydrocarbon; acid removing agent is hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, formic acid, or trifluoroacetic acid; mole ratio acid removing agent:compound IX is 1:0.95-3; reaction temperature is - 10-50 degrees C; and reaction time is 0.5-3 hours. Removal under catalytic hydrogenation involves dissolving compound (IX) in solvent in presence of catalyst and performing hydrogenation to obtain compound (IV) in which solvent is alcohol or ester; catalyst is paladium/carbon (Pd/C) or Raney-Nickel (Ni); mole ratio acid compound IX:catalyst is 1:0.1-0.2; reaction temperature is - 10-50 degrees C; and reaction time is 4-8 hours. ACTIVITY - Hypertensive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Polar aprotic solvent is dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or N-methylpyrrolidone. Base solution is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, or triethylamine. Preferred Conditions: Step (I) reaction time is 1-2 hours; crystalline raising time is 1.5-2 hours. Step (2) extraction temperature less than or equal to 5 degrees C, extraction time is less than or equal to 5 minutes; and dropwise adding time is less than or equal to 90 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises washing 12, 10 and 8 times Viola diffusa Ging stems with 95% of ethanol for 2 hours, concentrating combined ethanol extracts under vacuum until there is no alcohol smell, and recovering ethanol to obtain total extract; dissolving the total extract in water and washing with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, water and saturated n-butanol, collecting n-butanol extract, concentrating extract under vacuum to remove the solvent to obtain n-butanol extract; dissolving the n-butanol extract in water and passing through D-101 macroporous resin column, and washing with water, 10%, 30%, 60%, 90% and 95% of ethanol; collecting eluate corresponding to 90% ethanol over 200-300 mesh silica gel column, eluting with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate as the solvent in a ratio of 30:1-0:1; collecting eluate corresponding to 5:1 petroleum ether-ethyl acetate eluent, loading on silica gel column, eluting with chloroform-methanol in ratio of 40:1 of as eluent; and collecting fractions solution and concentrating to obtain (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The medicine comprises 10-50 wt.% (I) and an excipient. The medicine is in the form of injections, oral tablets or capsules. ACTIVITY - Antiinflammatory; Hepatotropic; Virucide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The method involves crushing and sieving straw to obtain straw powder. The obtained straw powder is acidified before adding to the culture medium. The solid-state fermentation is carried out at 20-32 degrees C for 48-72 hours. The solid-state fermentation product is dried at 60-70 degrees C to obtain the protein feed. Preferred Composition: The liquid culture medium comprises 1-10 g/l peptone, 1-5 g/l dihydrogen potassium phosphate, 0.5-2 g/l magnesium sulfate, and 1-5 g/l ammonium chloride. The straw powder and liquid medium is mixed in the weight ratio of 1-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 65 pts. wt. tea cake, 25 pts. wt. biogas residue, 12 pts. wt. sawdust and 0.3 pts. wt. decomposing inoculant. Preferred Method: The step (a) involves adding 25 pts. wt. biogas residue, 12 pts. wt. sawdust, 0.2 pts. wt. decomposing inoculant and 65 pts. wt. tea cake in a reactor having 6 m length and 2.2 m width and carrying out high temperature fermentation to the above-mentioned materials, where the height of stack is 1.2 m and the stack has 55% moisture content. The step (b) involves carrying out low temperature fermentation by mixing the stack obtained from step (a) with 0.1 pts. wt. decomposing inoculant, where the stack has 50% moisture content and performing fermentation at above-mentioned conditions. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Processes: Preparation of biological agent which involves adding fermentation liquids of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus polymyxa to grass or other carrier in which weight of fermentation liquids is thrice weight of grass, adsorbing uniformly, drying at 60 degrees C, controlling moisture content to 3-5% to obtain Bacillus subtilis andBacillus polymyxa live spore microbial inoculum, adding fermentation liquid of saccharomycetes with grass or other carrier in which weight of fermentation liquid is thrice weight of grass, adsorbing uniformly, drying at 40 degrees C, controlling moisture content to 8-10% to obtain live spre microbial inoculum, and mixing uniformly live spore microbial inoculum of Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus hybrid biologics, and saccharomycetes. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Protectant; Plant Growth Regulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In step (b), the granulation is performed at 90-105 degrees C. The method involves adding 0.2-5% microbial fertilizer having size more than 100 meshes using conveying device, where the conveying device is an electronic belt scale or spiral conveyor. Preferred Composition: The fertilizer raw material is one or more of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer or potassium fertilizer and further comprises auxiliary agent. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of ethanol and water is 8:2. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic;.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Strains: The activation strains comprises (in number) 10-15 C.flavigena, 5-8 L.casei, 2-6 F.johnsoniae, 10-18 R.leguminosarum, 5-10 A.niger, 1-5 A.oryzae, 0.5-1.2 H.insolens, 1-5 B.cepacia and 0.5-1.5 R.oligosporus variety tuberosus. Preferred Components: The microbial inoculum is prepared by subjecting the above-mentioned microorganisms to culturing process, culture expansion process and fermentation process. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent is chosen from iron powder, zinc powder, hydrazine hydrate and Raney nickel.The chloroformate comprises methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, isopropyl chloroformate, isobutyl chloroformate, phenyl chloroformate or benzyl chloroformate.In the preparation of compound (V), the reaction is carried out under alkaline conditions using a base comprising sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate , sodium hydride, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, butyl lithium, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or pyridine.In the preparation of compound (VI), the reaction is carried out under alkaline conditions using a base comprising sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, sodium methoxide, potassium tert. butoxide, sodium hydride, butyl lithium, methyl magnesium bromide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.Hydrogenation reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising bariumsulphate and palladium on carbon, palladium on calcium carbonate, palladium, palladium acetate, palladium chloride or palladium and Raney nickel.In the preparation of compound (IV), the reducing agent comprises sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, zinc borohydride or potassium borohydride.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing the above-mentioned mineral and mudstone with mixed strain culture of Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579(T)) and B.firmus (NCIMB 9366(T)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing 0.002-0.003 pts. wt. cobalt powder, and 0.0015-0.002 pts. wt. germanium powder and 0.002-0.0025 pts. wt. selenium powder with respect to 100 pts. wt. microorganism supported mudstone to obtain mixture having particle size of 300-350 meshes. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier contains alkali metal compound, nitrogen compound or sulfur compound, preferably alkali metal compound (A) having deliquescence, and alkali metal compound (B) having low specific gravity deliquescence which is less than the alkali metal compound (A). The alkali metal compound is chosen from potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate and potassium hydroxide. 0.01-10 %mass Alkali metal compounds are unevenly distributed in the surface side of the facilitated-transport film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid gas separation layer contains a compound chosen from compound having 3-20C alkyl group or 3-20C fluorinated alkyl, and hydrophilic group, and compound having siloxane structure, or polymer particles having particle size of 0.01-1000 mu m and specific gravity of 0.5-1.3 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total content of alkali metal compounds and hydrophilic compound is 25-85 %mass. The hydrophilic compound is polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid copolymer.
ACTIVITY - Antimigraine.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Serotonin 1D receptor agonist.    EXAMPLE - 158.8 ml of Concentrated hydrochloric acid and 231.4 g of 4-hydrazinophenyl boronic acid were added to a solution of 100 g of 1H-1,2,4-triazole and 217.5 g of formaldehyde in 1841.2 ml of water to obtain a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was maintained for 1-1.5 hours at 0-5 degrees C. The reaction mixture was heated to 100 degrees C for 1.5-2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5 degrees C and quenched by adding 160-200 ml of 4N sodium hydroxide solution. The product was extracted with of 500 mlx 3 of ethyl acetate. Combined organic layers were removed and distilled out under vacuum less than 50 degrees C to give 150 g of 1-(4-hydrazinophenyl) methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrothermal reaction is carried out using catalyst. Preferred Composition: The catalyst is chosen from carbon-type catalyst, metal or metal oxide catalyst and inorganic alkaline catalyst, preferably carbon, nickel, titanium dioxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or dolomite. The content of hydrogen in the hydrogen-rich gas is 30-70%. The sludge is industrial sludge, sewage sludge, poultry excrement, agricultural and forestry waste, or sewage treatment plant sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intermediate-low grade phosphate ore contains 27.5% phosphorus pentoxide. The sulfuric acid is concentrated sulfuric acid having concentration of 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The zinc content of zinc rapeseed cake is more than 0.002%. The organic nitrogen fertilizer comprises soybean, sesame residue, and/or fermented human waste piled up. The organic fertilizer is phosphate rock, calcium magnesium phosphate, ash and/or slaked lime. The micronutrient fertilizer comprises iron, manganese, boron, selenium, copper, nickel and other trace elements. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method preferably involves shearing and crushing chitosan; adding 0.5-10% acetic acid to dissolve; adding 0.02-5% complex enzyme; carrying out enzymolysis at 20-65 degrees C for 4-6 hours; stopping enzymolysis reaction to obtain chitosan oligosaccharide solution with molecular polymerization degree of 4-8; adding 10-50% of 0-3 mol/l potassium iodide solution and reacting at 0-40 degrees C for 0.5-3 hours with stirring to obtain chitosan oligosaccharide iodide solution; subjecting solution into chelation reaction at 40-90 degrees C for 0.5-3 hours; and adding 2-3% microelement to obtain chitosan oligosaccharide iodide seaweed biological fertilizer. The method further involves spray drying under air inlet temperature at 150-220 degrees C, and outlet temperature at 50-90 degrees C, and collecting via cyclone collector to obtain powdered chitosan oligosaccharide iodide seaweed biological fertilizer by cyclone collector; or freeze drying under pre-freeze drying temperature at - 50 degrees C to - 80 degrees C, cold trap temperature at - 80 degrees C, and drying temperature at - 55 degrees C to 60 degrees C to obtain oligosaccharide seaweed biological fertilizer powder. Preferred Component: The chitosan concentration of enzymatic substrate is 1-5%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The tobacco stem selenium-rich organic fertilizer is prepared by providing tobacco stem, crushing to a particle size of less than 2 mm, adding water to obtain moisture content of 60%, adding 2% urea and 4% fulvic acid dissolved in 4 times water, adjusting the pH at 8.5 by potassium hydroxide, uniformly mixing, adding 10-45% selenium ore powder, inoculating activated fermentation bacteria liquid, covering the stack with plastic film, fermenting, turning once every 2 days, where turning is conducted for 5 times, stacking and fermenting for 28 days, and drying to water content of 17-18 wt.%. The selenium ore powder has particle size of less than 0.15 mm and selenium content of not less than 180 mg/kg. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The algae synergistic agent is obtained by grinding algae powder, pine needle powder and bean powder, homogenizing into paste, then adding Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces rouxii to ferment for 4 days at 35 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The sheep manure is fresh or dried. The grain diameter of corn cob is less than or equal to 5 mm. The soil is cultivated at 18-20 cm below dry loam. Preferred Process: The culture medium is straw mushroom, where culture room temperature is 28-30 degrees C, air relative humidity is 60-75% and culturing time is 16-17 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalytic hydrogenation catalyst contains molybdenum-cobalt-nickel/alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pentane includes n-pentane and isopentane in mass ratio of 7:3-6:4. The partial hydrogenation 5C fraction contains 2-5 wt.% 4C fraction, 30-50 wt.% pentane, 3-5 wt.% 2-methyl-1-butene, 10-20 wt.% 2-methyl-2-butene, 10-18 wt.% cyclopentene, 8-15 wt.% cyclopentane, 8-15 wt.% other eicosapentaenoic monoolefin and 2-5 wt.% 6C or more fraction, and has sulfur content of less than 1 ppm. Preferred Process: The conversion rate of etherification reaction is controlled to 60-70%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The etherification catalyst is sulfonic acid group cationic exchange resin fixed bed catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of mobile phase is 3-7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The pulp waste liquid is 45% liquid. ACTIVITY - Plant growth stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The emulsifier is sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or isomeric decyl polyoxyethylene ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is styrene, dimethyl benzene, cerium oxide or ferrocene. The combustion improver is pentane, hydrogen peroxide or active carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The biomass is corn stalks, rice straw, sorghum straw, millet stalks or wheat straw.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the coal, biomass, curing agent and smoke suppressant is 70:8:20:2. The smoke suppressant is calcium oxide. The waterproof liquid contains 80 wt.% aqueous gel, 19 wt.% rosin and 1 wt.% paraffin wax. The curing agent is clay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite emulsifying agent comprises nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, auxiliary surfactant and stabilizing agent. The nonionic surfactant is chosen from Span 60 (RTM: polysorbate), Span 80 (RTM: polysorbate), TWEEN 60 (RTM: polysorbate), TWEEN 80 (RTM: polysorbate), NP-10 surfactant, 0P-10 surfactant and peregal O. The anionic surfactant is chosen from sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium stearate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, secondary butyl, isooctanol polyoxyethylene ether sodium phosphate, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl polyethylene glycol 400 phosphate, dialkyl(2-methyl amyl) lauric acid and polyoxyethylene ether succinate sodium sulfonate. The auxiliary surfactant is amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-hexanol and/or n-butyl alcohol. The stabilizing agent is chosen from ethylenediamine, sodium phosphate, oxalic acid or its sodium salt, tartaric acid or its sodium salt and citric acid or its sodium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkyl glucoside is alkyl glucoside 0810, alkyl polyglucoside 0814 or alkyl glucoside 1214. Plant growth regulator is 6-benzylaminopurine or 1-naphthylacetate. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (2) is carried out using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic reaction tank and a secondary sedimentation tank. The sludge discharged from the secondary sedimentation tank is collected by a sludge tank and a sludge dewatering system. The sludge tank allows the clear liquid to flow back to the anaerobic reactor to collect marsh gas using a marsh gas boiler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The marsh gas boiler is provided with a marsh gas cabinet and a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is set between a regulating tank and the anaerobic tank. The anaerobic reactor comprises primary and secondary high efficient anaerobic reactors, which are connected with each other, and is divided into a feeding area and a reaction zone. The reaction zone comprises two layers of three-phase separator comprising carbon steel or reinforced plastic, and an inner circulating pipeline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The biological bacteria fertilizer comprises 0.0013-0.0045 pts. wt. gibberellin, 0.00002-0.0002 pts. wt. cytokinin, 15-35 pts. wt. Bacillus megaterium, 50-80 pts. wt. salt solution flora, 5-15 pts. wt. amino acids, and 2-10 pts. wt. humic acid. The salt solution flora comprises 95-110 pts. wt. humic acid and 8-12 pts. wt. complex broth. The composite bacteria liquid comprises 34-38 pts. wt. complex EM bacteria and 62-66 pts. wt. salt solution fermentation broth. The acid biological bacteria mixture comprises 4-15 pts. wt. lysine salt solution, 1-12 pts. wt. lysine, 30-50 pts. wt. humic acid, 1.5-5 pts. wt. enzymes bacteria. 40-55 pts. wt. manure, 6-15 pts. wt. compound containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, 3-7 pts. wt. magnesium, 1.5-5 pts. wt. ferrous sulfate, 0.30-1.0 pts. wt. zinc sulfate, 3-8 pts. wt. calcium sulfate, and 30 pts. wt. rapeseed, in which compound containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is urea, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The auxiliary material is wheat bran or soybean meal. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The simple filter comprises different size gravel, granular activated carbon, a third container and cotton. The bottom of the third container is provided with cotton. The bottom of the granular activated carbon, different size gravel and the third container are provided with multiple small holes. The aperture of the small holes located at the bottom of the third container is 1 cm, and the holes equally spaced at the bottom of the complete third container. The level of the cotton layer in the simple filter is 2-2.5 cm, the granular activated carbon layer is 2.5-3 cm, and the different size gravel layer is 7-7.5 cm. The filter material is a gauze, sponge or filter screen. The granular activated carbon is crushed and polished charcoal. The gravel can be replaced with red bean, green bean or corn grain. Preferred Method: The amount edible vinegar is 140 ml/1l. The amount of bleaching agent is 170 ml/1l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step (i): the Rhodiola rosea herb and water were mixed in a weight ratio of 1:10-20; decocting is carried out at 50-60 degrees C; and filtering is carried out for 4-5 times, where each residue is used for filtering next time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises pesticide auxiliary agent and excipient; and is prepared into any dosage form. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phenylenediamine compound in biodiesel is 0.5-5 wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H, bromo, chloro, iodo, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, phenylmethyl, phenylethyl, phenyl-n-butyl, phenyl-n-propyl, phenyl-isobutyl, phenyl-n-pentyl, phenyl-isopentyl, naphthyl methyl, naphthyl ethyl, naphthyl-n-propyl, naphthyl-n-butyl, or naphthyl isobutyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 7 phenylenediamine compounds are specifically claimed. e.g. N,N-diethylbenzene-1,4-diamine of formula (Ia), N,N-dibutylbenzene-1,4-diamine, 1-N-hexyl-4-N-octylbenzene-1,4-diamine, 1-N,4-N-dihexylbenzene-1,4-diamine, and N,N'-Diphenyl-benzene-1,4-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microorganism fertilizer further comprises magnesium, silicon, zinc and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is urea, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate or calcium superphosfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer is animal excrement, plant straw, bean cake, pig manure, rotten animal manure, horse dung, cow dung, plant straw, cotton straw, corn straw, soybean straw. The plant growth regulator is NAA powder, GA powder or DPC powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive clay or bentonite. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer comprises pig manure, chicken manure, dairy manure and pigeon dung. The plant growth regulator comprises ethephon powder agent, a multi-effect azole powder agent and gibberellin powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer comprises urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate and ferrous sulfate. The inorganic fertilizer comprises urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate and ferrous sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a mixture of sodium alga acid and bentonite. ACTIVITY - Bactericide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Plant ash composition is greater than or equal to 10% potassium, and 2.7% phosphorus. Plant ash further contains calcium, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum and trace elements. Bentonite composition includes silica, aluminum oxide and water. Bentonite further contains iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Sugar residue is beet sugar residue, corn sugar residue, cane sugar residue, and/or watermelon sugar residue. Humic acid is soil humic acid, water-soluble humic acid, and/or coal humic acid. Amino acid is glycine, threonine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, and/or tryptophan.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Lignin structure is polymerized syringyl propane monomer lignin, polymerized guaiacyl propane monomer lignin, and/or polymerized p-hydroxyphenyl propane monomer lignin. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The primary settling sludge dewatering process includes adding 11 wt.% ferric sulfate aqueous solution and 0.2-0.25 kg polymeric ferric sulfate aqueous solution, and using plate-and-frame filter press for dewatering. The Fenton oxidation includes using hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid/sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, or ferrous sulfate heptahydrate as oxidant. The biological sludge dehydration treatment method includes adding water solution to the biological sludge, such that per ton of mineral ore particles in the absolute biological sludge contains 8-9 kg of water solution, processing by centrifuge or plate-and-frame filter press for dewatering, such that the biological sludge dry solid content is 18-20% or 30-40%. The centrifugal separator main machine rotating drum is 75KW, and rotating speed is 3000 revolutions/minute (rpm). The chemical sludge dehydrating comprises adding 3-10 wt.% lime water solution, where lime water solution per each ton of absolute dry chemical in the sludge is 250-400 kg, and processing by plate-and-frame filter press to make the mass fraction 40-45%. The filter screen is a single layer chinlon filter cloth, where pressing pressure is 0.5 MPa, high pressure is 1.0-1.2 MPa, the low pressure charging time duration is 2000 s, high pressure feeding time is 2500 s, squeezing and de-watering time is 1200-1700 s, and whole working time is 2-3 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cold air buffer filtering net is made of hemp or flax.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The main pipe, branch pipe and cooling pipe are made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The ratio of microorganism fermentation dreg and silkworm powder is 1:0.4-0.6. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The step (b) is performed using 30-60% sawdust, 10% straw, 20-50% cottonseed skin, 5% wheat bran and 5% rice bran. The sawdust comprises 50-90% cocoa shells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Mole ratio 6-amino-1, 2-dihydro pyrimidine-2-keto-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester:3-chloro-4-methoxy benzyl chloride is 1:1-2. Acid binding agent in substitution reaction of potassium carbonate is potassium hydroxide, potassium tert.-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, triethylamine , diisopropylamine, pyridine, or sodium hydroxide. Mole ratio 6-(3-chloro-4-methoxy benzyl amino)-1, 2-dihydro pyrimidine-2-keto-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: S-hydroxymethyl pyrrolidine is 1:1-2. Condensing agent in condensation reaction is N,N,-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, carbonyldiimidazole, N,N'-diisopropyl carbodiimide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole , O-benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, O-(7-azobenzotriazole)-N, N, N', N'- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate or benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. Condensation promoting agent is triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine 4 - dimethylaminopyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, 1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, or 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane. Condensation reaction solvent is toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylformamide, or acetonitrile. Preferred Condition: Condensation reaction temperature is 0-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The straw is rice or corn straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: Cephalopod is octopus, cuttlefish, or squid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The antibacterial medicine is chosen from florfenicol, terramycin and enrofloxacin. The method involves mixing the cooled solution obtained from step (e) with powdery fish meal. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The attractant further comprises dibutyl phthalate. The volume ratio of the anisole and dibutyl phthalate is 1:1. ACTIVITY - Insect Attractant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Strong base is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. Strong acid is 30-50 wt.% hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Strong alkali is triethylamine and/or ethanolamine. Ether solvent is diethyl ether and/or methyl tert.-butyl ether. Ester solvent is ethyl acetate and/or butyl acetate. Alcohol is ethanol and/or methanol. Organic base is diethanolamine, triethylamine, and/or ethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermented bed is prepared by mixing the above-mentioned raw materials, forming bed to a thickness of 1.5 m using the above-mentioned mixture, fermenting the mixture, paving the fermented mixture as bed, and recycling the bed after using one time. The fermentation is performed at 65-70 degrees C for one week. The recycling is performed for once a week in winter, and once in two weeks in summer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The amount of macroelement fertilizer to the total amount of foliar fertilizer is not less than 4%. The fungus used in preparation of fungal bioprotein is A.flavus. Preferred Components: The wetting agent is one or more of sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfate, fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfate, Nekal powder BX (RTM: Alkylnaphthalene sulphonates), nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, sorbitan fatty acid ester, vinyl ether, alkyl naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, and their mixtures. The dispersing agent is one or more of lignin sulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, sodium polyacrylate, methylene bis-naphthalene sulfonate, alkylamino taurine salt, methylene-bis-naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymer, polycarboxylate, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), alkyl naphthalene sulfonate condensation, or their mixtures. The thickening agent is one or more of xanthan gum, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, starch, or organobentonite. The filler is one or more of kaolin clay, diatomaceous earth, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), attapulgite, bentonite, or silica. The macroelement is one or more chosen from ammonium sulfate fertilizer, potassium chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium citrate, preferably urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises spray drying at 100-105 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame retardant is aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydrate, modified aluminum hydroxide, modified magnesium hydrate, high molecular weight ammonium polyphosphate, phosphate flame retardant, melamine cyanurate, melamine pyrophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The termite-proof and rat-proof agent is nonivamide having molecular weight of 293.4, melting point of 56-58 degrees C and decomposition temperature of 340 degrees C, or DH-600, chlordane, heptachlor, dieldrin, aldrin or pyrethroid. The material further contains sensitizer (0.1-3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-octene copolymer, ethene-butene copolymer, ethylene propylene diene monomer, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. The polymer compatibilizer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer modified by maleic anhydride copolymer or ethylene-acrylate copolymer modified by maleic anhydride copolymer, having melt index of 0.5-15.0 g/10 minutes. The content of the polymer compatibilizer is 0.5-15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus has cooler which cools the internal liquid returned to the return line. The cooler cools slurried biomass in supply line which supplies the biomass slurried with the slurrying apparatus to saccharification apparatus. The preprocessor performs heat processing, hydrothermal treatment, acid treatment, and alkali treatment, and sterilizes biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The saccharification apparatus saccharifies the pre-processed biomass with saccharogenic amylase and performs simultaneously the process of fermenting a saccharide by a fermentation microorganism. The supply to the saccharogenic amylase production apparatus of the pre-processing biomass remainder replenishes the quantity in which the supplied pre-processing biomass was consumed by the saccharogenic amylase producing microbe continuously or intermittently. The saccharogenic amylase producing microbe is a microbe which belongs to Acremonium cellulolyticus. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The absorbent solution further comprises: 10-90 (preferably 10-30) wt.% of a tertiary amine or a hindered secondary amine; less than or equal to 30 wt.%, preferably less than or equal to 10 wt.% of a primary or secondary amine; and physical solvent consisting of methanol and sulfolane. Preferred Components: The amount of nitrogen compound is 10-90 (preferably 25-50) wt.%. The amount of water is 10-90 (preferably 50-75) wt.%. The tertiary amine is methyldiethanolamine. The primary or secondary amine comprises monoethanolamine, N-butyl ethanolamine, aminoethylethanolamine, diglycolamine, piperazine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, morpholine, 3-(methylamino)propylamine, 1,6-hexanediamine or its n-alkyl derivatives, N,N'-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, N-methyl-1,6-hexanediamine, and N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine. Preferred Method: The method further comprises obtaining gaseous effluent depleted in acid compounds and absorbent solution charged with acid compounds, and regenerating the absorbent solution charged with the acid compounds. The absorption step is carried out at a pressure of 1-120 bar and a temperature of 20-100 degrees C. The regeneration step is carried out at a pressure of 1-10 bar and a temperature of 100-180 degrees C. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 4 compounds (I) is specifically claimed i.e. 1-(4-morpholino)-2-(methyl-isopropyl-amino)-ethane of formula (Ia), 1-(4-morpholino)-2-(methyl-tert-butylamino)-ethane, 1-(4-morpholino)-2-(diisopropyl-amino)-ethane and -(4-morpholino)-2-(1-piperidinyl)-ethane.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The installation further comprises sliding plates, a parallelogram lever mechanism, rollers, windows, a temperature sensor, and a unit for indicating a presence of oxygen. The front walls are provided with a thermal insulation coating.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - Application of the fertilizer is 140-200 kg/acre or 50-100 kg/acre by dressing (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The nutritional soil comprises 24 wt.% of soil, 40 wt.% of fermented cow dung, 5 wt.% of perlite, 18 wt.% of straw, 5 wt.% of bacterial enzymes and 8 wt.% of water. Preferred Method: The paving step is carried out using soft non-woven fabric tray with a thickness of 0.2-0.4 mm and diameter of 0.3- 0.6 mm/2 m. The non-woven fabric tray is provided with 16 round holes. The Artemisia arborescens is cut into a depth of 8-10 cm, placed into a depth of 2-5 cm and a row distance of 10-15 cm. The fertilizing step is carried out for 10 days. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The liquid fertilizer comprises 50 wt.% or 40 wt.% of lemon peel, 40 wt.% or 30 wt.% of Phellodendron, 10 wt.% of bone powder, 6.5 wt.% of brown sugar, 1 wt.% of pectin enzyme, 1.5 wt.% or 1 wt.% of ferment bacteria, 1.5 wt.% or 1 wt.% of efficient microbes and purified water. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves crushing 35-45 wt.% 15% impurities less chicken manure, and pulverizing the crushed chicken manure to not greater than 10 mm. The method involves selecting impurity free P.eryngii, where moisture content of P.eryngii is 30-35%, and pulverizing the P.eryngii to not greater than 10 mm. The method involves selecting impurity free pig manure, where moisture content of pig manure is 30-35%, crushing the pig manure, and pulverizing the pig manure to not greater than 10 mm. The method involves adjusting the moisture content of the mixture to 55-60%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method comprises adding chicken manure with rice bran or wheat bran, calcium superphosphate, and tsaoko powder or grass carbon. It comprises adding the raw materials with probiotic concentrate and nutritional agent at 300:1:1 ratio, adding 30-35% water (where amount of water is increased or decreased according to the humidity of materials), diluting the probiotic concentrate and nutritional agent, and uniformly mixing. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The Dendrobium epiphytic planting fertilizer comprises glutinous rice paste and fermented cow dung at weight ratio of (5:1)-(1:5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fermented cow dung is prepared by putting cow manure with moisture content of 60-65% into pits; adding manure fermentation agent at 2.5-3.5 kg/tons cow dung; and fermenting until dark brown to obtain fermented cow dung. The manure fermentation agent is ectomycorrhizal bacteria or compound microbial bacterium. The glutinous rice paste is prepared by crushing glutinous rice, adding 2-8 times water, and boiling to obtain glutinous rice paste. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The sheep manure is fresh sheep excrement. The bagasse is dregs from sugarcane. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The functional strain comprises B. subtilis, B. megatherium, T. longibrachiatum, and A. niger at 2:0.5:0.5:2 mass ratio. The adsorbent comprises grass carbon and vermiculite at 1:4-6 ratio. The water content of microbial agent is less than or equal to 15%. The mass ratio of functional strain and adsorbent is 1:5. The adsorption is conducted at 35-40 degrees C. The drying step is low temperature drying until water content is 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves weighing the materials, stirring the materials, filling mixture into a plastic bag, and sealing the plastic bag. Preferred Components: The growth hormone comprises 81% urea and 19% bentonite. The trace element includes 46% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 23% magnesium sulfate, 19% glucose and 12% bentonite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of acetonitrile is 2000-6000 ml. The hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 36-38% and amount of 40-80 ml. Preferred Method: The stirring speed in the step (a) is 2000-3000 revolutions per minute. The heating speed in the step (d) is 4-5 degrees C/minute. The concentrated liquid in the step (b) is cooled to the room temperature and 6000-10000 ml water is added. The process of uniformly stirring in the step (b) is for 5-10 minutes. The drying process in the step (b) is carried out at room temperature. The ratio of phenothiazine and phthalic anhydride is 2.5:(2.75-3.25), preferably 2.5:3. The reaction is carried out at 55-75 degrees C, preferably 65 degrees C for 1.5 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tilmicosin phosphate powder is dissolved in ethyl acetate in a ratio of 1:3-5 (kg/l). The amount of isopropyl ether added is 1-2 times the amount of ethyl acetate, and the speed of addition in a drop wise manner is 10%/minute. Preferred Method: The stirring process is carried out at a rotating speed of 10-15 revolutions/minute. The solid-liquid separation is carried out at a central part after being allowed to stand. The method further comprises washing the crystal particles at 0-5 degrees C with isopropyl ether for 2 times, each time the amount of isopropyl ether is 0.5-1 times the volume of ethyl acetate. The vacuum drying is carried out using double-cone rotary vacuum dryer at 50-60 degrees C at a vacuum degree of -0.08 to -0.02 MPa until loss on dry is less than 1%. The solid-liquid separation is carried out using mixed solvent at 60-65 degrees C, vacuum extracting and distilling at -0.08 to -0.1 MPa, and recycling to obtain isopropyl ether and ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The non-yeast inorganic substance is waste glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-yeast inorganic substance is selected from waste nickel hydrogen battery, waste plastic, and waste shoe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The non-yeast inorganic substance is waste paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flocculating agent is polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The filter pool comprises zeolite, ceramsite and volcanic rock filter material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lignin decomposing fungi is Bacillus subtilis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent is grass carbon, zeolite powder, bentonite and light calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The livestock and poultry excrement is dairy manure, pig manure or chicken manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The Chinese herbal medicine comprises 6-10 pts. wt. Houttuynia herb, 10-14 pts. wt. fresh reed, 6-8 pts. wt. unbracteolated spurge root, 5-7 pts. wt. Imperata rhizome and 2-3 pts. wt. cotton root.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The anode Bacilluspumilus Streptomyces ferment culture medium is comprises 1 wt.% glucose, 2 wt.% yeast juice, 0.02 wt. % dipotassium phosphate, 0.03 wt.% sodium chloride and 0.004 wt.% ferrous sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is ammonium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, or potassium sulfate. The adhesive sodium alga acid or bentonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The micro fertilizer is chelated calcium EDTA, EDTA chelate magnesium, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated iron or EDTA chelated key. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The sugar is beet sugar slag, corn sugar residue and/or sugar residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:The chemical components of the bentonite comprise silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The chemical components of the bentonite comprise iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The humic acid is soil humic acid, humic acid and/or coal humic acid.The amino acid comprises glycine, threonine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and/or tryptophan proline methionine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological bacteria is Bacillus megaterium, Rhizobium, purple perilla rhizobium or EM flora.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bean meal comprises 50 wt.% lysine, 3.5 wt.% tryptophan and1 wt.% methionine. Preferred Components: The mushroom residue is mycelium protein, polysaccharide, phosphorus, potassium and vitamin. The bone cement is chicken bone cement, bone, pig bone, beef bone, sheep bone or dog bone cement. The sugar is beet sugar residue or maltose residue. The bentonite is silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide water, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium or potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological bacteria is Bacillus megaterium, Rhizobium, purple perilla rhizobium or EM flora.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The prickly ash meal comprises 23 wt.% protein content, 60 wt.% organic substance and 0.2 wt.% pepper. The bean pulp comprises 48 wt.% lysine, 4 wt.% tryptophan and 0.8 wt.% methionine. The plant ash comprises 10 wt.% potassium, 80 wt.% carbonate, 2.7 wt.% phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, silicon, sulphur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron. The corn slag comprises 2 wt. % vitamin, 65 wt.% starch, 28 wt.% ester and rest water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The protein is probiotic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria or photosynthetic bacteria. The sugar is beet sugar slag or corn sugar residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bentonite comprises silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, water, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The starch dreg is corn starch slag, potato starch dreg or sweet potato starch dreg. The bacteria is Bacillus megaterium, Rhizobium japonicum, Basil rhizobia or EM flora.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pepper meal comprises capsorubin, carotene, zeaxanthine and capsaicin. The humic acid is soil humic acid or coal humic acid. The amino acid comprises mixture of glycine, threonine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological bacteria is Bacillus megaterium, purple perilla rhizobium, EM flora.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bentonite comprises silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, and potassium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The urea is composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen organic compound. The humic acid is fulvic acid. The fertilizer comprises components of the smoke foam comprising a vitamin.