NOVELTY - An aqueous lithium sulfur electrochemical cell comprises: an anode structure comprising an electroactive material; a cathode comprising a solid electron transfer medium; an aqueous electrolyte in contact with the electron transfer medium; and active sulfur species in contact with the aqueous electrolyte; where the anode electroactive material is isolated from direct contact with the aqueous electrolyte where the anode electroactive material does not contact water of the aqueous electrolyte or the active sulfur species.    USE - The aqueous lithium sulfur electrochemical cell is useful for manufacturing aqueous lithium sulfur battery used in the automotive industry.    ADVANTAGE - The aqueous lithium sulfur electrochemical cell efficiently produces lithium sulfur battery with compelling performance.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are:    (1) a method of making the aqueous lithium sulfur cell, comprising: (i) providing a lithium anode structure comprising an electroactive material; (ii) providing a cathode comprising an electron transfer medium for electro-reducing active sulfur species during cell discharge; (iii) providing an aqueous electrolyte comprising water; and (iv) configuring the electrolyte, anode structure and cathode into a battery cell such that the aqueous electrolyte contacts the cathode but does not contact the electroactive material of the anode; where at least one or both of the cathode and electrolyte comprises active sulfur species;    (2) a lithium sulfur flow cell system comprising: a lithium sulfur cell comprising: an anode structure comprising an electroactive material; a cathode comprising a solid electron transfer medium; an aqueous electrolyte in contact with the electron transfer medium; active sulfur species in contact with the aqueous electrolyte; where the anode electroactive material is isolated from direct contact with the aqueous electrolyte; and further comprising: an external reservoir system comprising a storage tank comprising aqueous catholyte in flow communication with the aqueous electrolyte in the cell, the aqueous catholyte in the storage tank comprising one or more of a dispersion of solid elemental sulfur, dissolved elemental sulfur, dissolved lithium polysulfide species, dissolved lithium sulfide, and a dispersion of solid lithium sulfide; and    (3) a method of operating an aqueous lithium sulfur cell comprising: (i) providing an aqueous lithium sulfur cell, comprising: an anode structure comprising an electroactive material; a cathode comprising a solid electron transfer medium having surface that facilitates electrochemical reduction of the active sulfur species and has a high overpotential for hydrogen evolution; an aqueous electrolyte in contact with the electron transfer medium; and active sulfur species in contact with the aqueous electrolyte; where the anode electroactive material is isolated from direct contact with the aqueous electrolyte and in particular the anode electroactive material does not contact water of the aqueous electrolyte or the active sulfur species; and (ii) electrochemically cycling the cell, including discharging the cell to a cell voltage selected from a voltage approaching the critical voltage, a voltage equal to the critical voltage; a voltage below the critical voltage.