TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-covalent interacting moieties comprise H-bonding moieties, ion-pairing moieties, metal complexing moieties and/or halogen-bonding moieties, and further comprises at least one H-bonding partner and a metal ion complexed by the metal complexing moiety. The semiconductor moiety is an electron donor moiety and is a p-type semiconducting pi -system. The pi -system comprises phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, subphthalocyanine, oligothiophene, donor-acceptor thiophene containing oligomer, linear acenes and diindenoperylene, or their derivatives. The non-covalent interacting moiety comprises phthalhydrazide, guanine, o-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and guanine-cytosine hybrid. The H-bonding moieties form a hetero-association with the H-bonding partner, and comprise melamine, uracil or phthalimide. The H-bonding partner comprises cyanuric acid or melamine. The linking moiety comprises single, double or triple bond or a unit comprising two functionalities. Each sub-unit comprises a single H-bonding moiety and noncovalent interacting moieties. The unit comprises 2-6 sub-units in the form of a sheet. The supramolecular assembly of donors or acceptors comprises stacked units. The supramolecular assembly of donors and the electron acceptors that fill gaps within the supramolecular assembly of donors provide continuous parallel nanophases of the electron donors for hole percolation and the electron acceptors for electron percolation through the photoactive layer, where the hole-electron recombination is at least partially inhibited. The electron acceptors comprise: (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester; phenyl-C71 -butyric-acid-methyl ester (bis(70)PCBM); cadmium selenide nanoparticles; cadmium sulfide nanoparticles; lead selenide nanoparticles; zinc oxide nanocrystals; titania; electron-deficient pentacenes; terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide); 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic-bis-benzimidazole, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-3,4,9,10-dianhydride, and perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-3,4,9,10-diimide; poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis(3-hexylthien-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-2,2-diyl); or 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone. The sub-unit comprises 6-(5-(4,5-bis(5-methyl-2-thienyl)-2-thienyl)-2-thienyl)-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione. Preferred Method: The steps of depositing the sub-units and depositing the electron acceptors are carried out by spin coating, inkjet printing, or spray coating, if the sub-units and the electron acceptors are provided in solution. The steps of depositing the sub-units and depositing the electron acceptors are carried out by vacuum thermal evaporation, organic vapor phase deposition, or organic vapor jet printing, if the sub-units and the electron acceptors are provided in bulk. The sub-units and the electron acceptors or electron donors are deposited simultaneously or sequentially.