TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The outer current collector is current collector, wire-wound wire-like current collector, sheet-like current collector or wire-wound mesh-type current collector. Preferred Process: The inner current collector is manufactured using stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon and copper, stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, and silver, aluminum-cadmium alloy, non-conductive polymer surface-treated with conductive material, or conductive polymer. The outer current collector is manufactured using carbon powder-containing carbon paste including graphite, carbon black and carbon nanotube, metal powder-containing metal paste including nickel, aluminum, gold, silver, aluminum, palladium/silver, chromium, tantalum, copper, indium tin oxide or barium, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon and copper, stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, and silver, aluminum-cadmium alloy, non-conductive polymer surface-treated with conductive material, or conductive polymer. The inner electrode is cathode or anode. The outer electrode is anode or cathode corresponding to inner electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inner electrode active material layer is formed using active material particles of carbonaceous material, lithium-containing titanium composite oxide, metal (Me) including silicon, tin, lithium, zinc, magnesium, cadmium, cerium, nickel and iron, alloy of metal (Me), oxide of metal (Me), and/or composite of metal (Me) and carbon. The outer electrode active material layer is formed using active material particles of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and/or lithium nickel cobalt oxide (LiNi1-x-y-zCoxM1yM2zO2, where M1 and M2 are chosen from aluminum, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, vanadium, chromium, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, magnesium and molybdenum, x, y and z are 0 to less than 0.5, respectively, and x+y+z is 1 or less).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains lithium salt chosen from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium boron chloride (LiB10Cl10), lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium compound (LiCF3CO2), lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V), lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium methanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, lithium chloroborane, aliphatic lower lithium carbonate and tetraphenyl lithium borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive material is chosen from polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polysulfur nitride, indium tin oxide, silver, palladium and nickel. The conductive polymer is chosen from polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polysulfur nitride. The electrolyte includes nonaqueous liquid electrolyte containing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl formate, gamma -butyrolactone, sulfolane, methyl acetate or methyl propionate, gel-type polymer electrolyte including polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene difluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile or polyvinyl acetate, and/or solid electrolyte containing polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene imine, polyethylene sulfide or polyvinyl acetate. The separation layer is electrolyte layer or separator. The separator includes porous base material manufactured using mixture of binder polymer and inorganic particle, porous base material manufactured using polyolefin-based polymer chosen from ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, ethylene-hexene copolymer and ethylene-methacrylate copolymer, and porous base material manufactured using polymer chosen from polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfate and polyethylene naphthalate.