TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The device further comprises: a layer disposed on the composite, where the layer comprises a second electrolyte composition, or a second composite comprising the second electrolyte composition and a second conjugated polymer formed by in situ polymerization of a second electroactive monomer in a second combination comprising the second electrolyte composition and second electroactive monomer; reference electrode; and potential source in electrical connection with the two electrodes. The electrodes are indium-doped tin oxide coated substrates. The combination of crosslinked gel electrolyte composition and electroactive monomer further comprises conducting oligomer, a conducting precursor polymer and/or viologen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crosslinked gel electrolyte composition comprises lithium, sodium, or potassium salt, or an ionic liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroactive monomer is e.g. substituted fused heterocyclic compounds of formula (a1), (a7), (a12), (a13), (a15), (a17), or (a19), substituted 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxocine compounds of formula (a5), substituted aniline compounds of formula (a29), substituted 4,4'-bipyridine compounds of formula (a30) or substituted pyridine compounds of formula (a31).Q1 = S, O, or Se;Q2 = S, O or NR2;Q3 = CH or N;Q4 = C(R11)2, S, O or NR2;Q5 = CH2, S or O;R1 = H, 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C alkyl-OH, 1-12C haloalkyl, 1-12C alkoxy, 1-12C haloalkoxy, aryl, 1-6C alkyl-O-1-6C alkyl or1-6C alkyl-O-aryl;R2 = H or 1-6C alkyl;R3-R6 = H, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C haloalkyl, aryl, 1-20C alkoxy, 1-20C haloalkoxy, aryloxy, 1-10C alkyl-O-1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkyl-O-aryl, 1-10C alkyl-aryl or OH;R7 = electron withdrawing group;R8 = H, 1-6C alkyl or CN;R9 = 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C haloalkyl, 1-12C alkoxy, 1-12C haloalkoxy, aryl, 1-6C alkyl-O-1-6C alkyl, -1-6C alkyl-O-aryl, or NR2;R10 = 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C haloalkyl, aryl, 1-6C alkyl-O-1-6C alkyl, or -1-6C alkyl-O-aryl;E = O or C(R7)2;w1 = aryl;w2 = C2, C4, or C5 alkenylene, aryl or heteroaryl; andg = 0-3.The electroactive monomer is thiophene, thieno(3,4-b)thiophene, thieno(3,4-b)furan, bithiophene, pyrrole, phenylene, naphthalene, phenylene vinylene (p-phenylene vinylene), aniline and/or indole (all optionally substituted), carbazole, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, dithieno(3,4-b:3',4'-d)thiophene, acetylene, biphenyl and terphenyl or their substitutes.