NOVELTY - The energy storage system has vertically aligned support filaments, e.g. carbon nanofibers (110), attached to a substrate (105). An intercalation material, e.g. silicon layer (115), is disposed on each of the support filaments to reversibly absorb members of the charge carriers, which include lithium, within a bulk of the intercalation material. A binder is disposed on the intercalation material, and includes nanoparticles configured to provide surface effect dominant sites to absorb members of the charge carriers via faradaic interactions on the nanoparticle surfaces.    USE - Energy storage system. Uses include, but are not limited to, lighting systems, portable electronics, load balancing devices, communication devices, backup power supplies, vehicles, and computing devices.    ADVANTAGE - Enables provision of a stacked-cone structure that results in improved lithium insertion, even without the addition of a silicon layer relative to standard carbon nanotubes or nanowires. The energy storage system includes carbon nanofibers having different lengths and silicon shell thickness, generating space that allows the silicon layer to expand radially when charging, and thus providing stability. The adsorption of the charge carriers on the surface of the nanoparticle results in the charge carriers providing a power density such as previously only achieved with capacitors, because the release of the charge is not dependent on diffusion of charge carriers though an intercalation material. The placement of the surface effect dominant sites in close proximity to the intercalation material enables the charge carriers to move from the intercalation material to the surface effect dominant sites, or directly to the electrolyte, thus resulting in energy densities that are equal to or greater than conventional batteries.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The intercalation material includes a metal oxide, carbon, graphite or graphene. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for the following:    (1) a method of producing an anode;    (2) a method of producing an energy storage device; and    (3) a method of charging a charge storage device.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows the carbon nanofiber (CNF) including a power enhancement material.    Substrate (105)    Carbon nanofiber (110)    Silicon layer (115)    Electrolyte (125)    Attachment layer (1310)    Power enhancement material (1420)