TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive paste comprises metal paste or carbon paste. The metal paste contains nickel, aluminum, gold, silver, aluminum, palladium/silver, chromium, tantalum, copper, barium and/or indium tin oxide, and binder. The carbon paste contains graphite, carbon black, carbon powder and/or carbon nanotube. The external-electrode current collector comprises woven carbon fiber fabric. The internal-electrode active material layer contains natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbonaceous material, lithium titanium oxide, or metal (M) chosen from silicon, tin, lithium, zinc, magnesium, cadmium, cerium, nickel and iron, alloy of metals (M), oxide of metal (M) and/or composite of carbon and activated material particles. The outer-electrode active material layer contains lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt phosphate, lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and/or lithium-nickel-cobalt-metal (M1)-metal (M2) complex oxide (LiNi1-x-y-zCoxM1yM2zO2), where M1 and M2 is aluminum, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, vanadium, chromium, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, magnesium or molybdenum, x is 0 to less than 0.5, y is 0 to less than 0.5, z is 0 to less than 0.5, and x+y+z is less than 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The internal-electrode current collector comprises stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, plastic carbon, copper, carbon, nickel, surface-treated titanium or stainless steel, aluminum-cadmium alloy, non-conductive polymer surface treated with conductive material or conductive polymer. The conductive material contains polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(sulfur nitride), indium tin oxide, silver, palladium and/or nickel. The conductive polymer comprises polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and/or poly(sulfur nitride). The binder is acrylic resin, vinyl resin, hydroxy cellulose, methyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, ethylene cellulose and/or their modified resin. Preferred Layer: The separation layer is electrolyte layer containing polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene difluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile or polyvinyl acetate and lithium salt chosen from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium chlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium-boron chloride (LiB10Cl10), lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethane carbonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium methanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium (bis)trifluoromethanesulfonimide, or solid electrolyte comprising polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene imine, polyethylene sulfide or polyvinyl acetate, or porous base material containing binder polymer and inorganic particles or ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, ethylene-hexene copolymer and/or ethylene-methacrylate copolymer containing polymer chosen from polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether-ether-ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfate, polyolefin and/or polyethylene naphthalate.