TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mycoprotein is probiotic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria protein. The biological bacteria is Bacillus megaterium, Rhizobium, purple Perilla.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The humic acid is soil humic acid and coal humic acid. The sugar dreg is beet sugar slag, corn sugar residue, sugar residue and sugar slag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trace element comprises boron, manganese, copper, zinc and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises 1-5 g/l naphthalene and trace element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The micro-organism strain comprises 2-5 pts. wt. Bacillus, 1-5 pts. wt. bacteria and 2-5 pts. wt. silicate bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wetting dispersant is a mixture of nickel powder and sodium dodecyl sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A sulfhydryl-alkene chemical reaction is carried out on a functionalized polylactide with a lateral group containing norbornene and a sulfhydryl compound of formula: HS-R7, to obtain polylactide containing hydroxyl side group or carboxyl group. An esterification reaction is carried out on the polylactide containing hydroxyl side group or carboxyl group and drug molecules, to obtain polylactide-loaded prodrug.R7=5-carboxypentyl, 4-carboxybutyl, 3-carboxypropyl, 2-carboxyethyl, carboxylic acid methyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 4-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 4,5-dihydroxypentyl, 3,5-dihydroxypentyl, 2,5-dihydroxypentyl, 3,4-dihydroxy butyric, 2,4-dihydroxybutyl or 2,3-dihydroxy propane. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methoxy, ethoxy or propoxy;    hydroxy group-containing drug molecules=paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin or camptothecin;and    carboxy group-containing drug molecules=aspirin, fenbufen or ketoprofen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method includes controlling mixing material carbon/nitrogen (C/N) weight ratio to 15-30: 1. The straw is rice straw, and/or millet straw. Preferred Components: The agent can be effective microorganisms (EM) original liquid, compost fermenting, ET805, BJSY-03a solution, BJSY-03b working solution, microbial deodorizer, perfume or deodorizing agent. Length of the crushed straw is 1-20 cm, stacking width is 1.5-2.5 m and height is 2 m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Octane number regulator is naphtha, n-heptane and/or octane. The cold start accelerant is dichloromethane or dimethylformamide. The co-solvent is ethylene glycol and t-butanol and/or isopropanol. The antioxidant anticorrosion detergent is 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-p-phenylene diamine and/or polyisobutylene succinic imide. The coloring agent is methyl red.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The molar ratio of 4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidone, methyl/ethyl/benzyl 3-amino-4-methyl benzoate, and 5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl phenylamine is 1:1-2:1-2. The condensation temperature is 0-120 degrees C. Preferred Compounds: The condensing agent is N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, carbonyl diimidazole, N,N'-diisopropyl carbodiimide, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, O-benzotriazolyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, O-(7-azobenzotriazolyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, and/or benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. The promoter for condensation reaction is triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-azabicyclo(4.3.0)-non-5-ene, 8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-undec-7-ene, and/or 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane. The condensation reaction solvent is toluene, dimethylbenzene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and/or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves utilizing a sweetening agent and an excipient, where the sweetening agent is stevioside and/or sodium cyclamate and the excipient is starch, dextrin and/or maltodextrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of chlorine with 2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dimethoxy pyridine (II) is 1:1.2-1.6. The mass ratio of compound (III), 5-difluoromethoxy-2-sulfydryl-1H-benzimidazole and inorganic base is 1:1-1.2:2-2.5. The oxidant is peroxyacetic acid. The content of oxidant is 20-40%. Preferred Process: The method further involves using lactic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The phytoextraction intermediates comprise pepper, unbracteolated spurge root, tobacco leaf, pepper and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The culture medium is an inorganic salt culture medium, which comprises 0.5% sodium chloride, 0.1% ammonium sulfate, 0.01% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% sodium nitrate, 0.4% monopotassium phosphate and 1.0% dipotassium phosphate anhydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The persistent organic pollutant is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phthalic acid ester, polychlorinated biphenyl, chlorobenzene or chlorophenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The kitchen rubbish comprises food residual, rotten vegetable, remained rice, vegetable oil, fruit, animal and poultry residues comprising starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, polysaccharides, lignin and organic extract. The organic waste comprises clay sand, agricultural forestry waste, rural crop straw, rice straw, rice, human and animal excreta and domestic garbage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Process: The amino sugar compound is extracted from shells of marine creatures. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The rooting liquid fertilizer comprises 30-60 pts. wt., preferably 50 pts. wt. concentrated amino acid fermentation broth, 20-25 pts. wt., preferably 22 pts. wt. urea; 10-18 pts. wt., preferably 15 pts. wt. potassium fulvate; 12-17 pts. wt., preferably 14 pts. wt. alginic acid; 8-12 pts. wt., preferably 10 pts. wt. chitosan; 15-25 pts. wt., preferably 18 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis; 8-15 pts. wt., preferably 10 pts. wt. a -naphthalene acetic acid; 15-30 pts. wt., preferably 20 pts. wt. sodium nitrophenolate; 1-3 pts. wt., preferably 2 pts. wt. indole butyric acid potassium salt; 8-13 pts. wt., preferably 10 pts. wt. nitric acid; and 12-16 pts. wt., 14 pts. wt. calcium nitrate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic-inorganic compound biological medicine fertilizer for sweet potatoes, comprises 55 pts. wt. sweet potato vines, 15 pts. wt. deciduous leaves, 11 pts. wt. bone meal, 16 pts. wt. poultry droppings, 20 pts. wt. sodium humate, 15 pts. wt. chicken feathers, 11 pts. wt. monoammonium phosphate, 19 pts. wt. concentrated superphosphate, 11 pts. wt. ammonium bicarbonate, 9 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 15 pts. wt. silkworm faeces, 9 pts. wt. sepiolite, 2.5 pts. wt. Cnidium fruit, 2.5 pts. wt. Aloe, 3.5 pts. wt. buckeye, 2.5 pts. wt. Pharbitis seed, 5 pts. wt. C.burmannii, 0.03 pts. wt. sodium molybdate, 1.8 pts. wt. magnesium sulfate, 4 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 0.25 pts. wt. ferrous sulfate and 1.5 pts. wt. effective microorganisms strain. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The litter is a georgette bush vegetation litter comprising 60% or more dried leaves having 15% or less moisture content, 3% or less peanut bran moisture content, 5% or less Paulownia bran moisture content and 20-30% slaked lime moisture content. The biogas slurry manure comprises 15-25 pts. wt. poultry excrement, 20-40 pts. wt. crop straw and 80-100 pts. wt. domestic sewage. The poultry excrement comprises one or more of pig manure, cow dung and crop straw. The crop straw is rice straw. The domestic sewage is filtered to remove impurities having particle size diameter of 0.5 cm or more. The content of the yellow subsoil sediments is 10-20%. The pH of the yellow subsoil sediments is 5-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen is chosen from urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride. The phosphate element is chosen from monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, calcium superphosphate, and monopotassium phosphate. The potassium element is chosen from potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium carbonate, and potassium nitrate. The microelement is chosen from calcium, magnesium, silicon, zinc, manganese, boron, iron, and copper. The organic matter is mixture of humic acid, soluble protein, and their combinations. The amino acid composition comprises alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After adding Salvia miltrorrhiza medicinal material to water, the obtained product is centrifuged, and filtered with 0.45 ?m filter membrane or vacuum filtration with speed to 1000-2000 rpm. The high-performance hydrophobic interaction chromatography is carried out using mobile phase (A) solution with 3 mol/L ammonium sulfate and pH of 7.4, and solution as mobile phase (B) solution with pH of 7.4, flow rate of 1 mL/minute, linear gradient of mobile phase (B) solution of 0-100%, and detection wavelength of 286 nm. The separation and preparation of salvianolic acid By a simple process further involves dissolving salvianolic acid B in 50-100% ethanol, performing high-performance hydrophobic interaction chromatographic packed chromatographic column and using salt-water as an elution system, and performing quality monitoring by using a high-performance reversed phase liquid chromatography method and a liquid-mass combination method. The volume ratio of water and acetonitrile used in high-performance reversed phase liquid chromatography method is 70:30-80:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: S-methylisothiourea sulfate and di-tert-butyl ester are reacted in methylene chloride under basic conditions, diluted, extracted, washed and dried to obtain tert-butyl N-((1Z)-(((tert-butoxy)carbonyl)amino)(methylsulfanyl)methylidene)carbamate. The organic solvent used in the process is monohydric alcohol or halogenated hydrocarbon, toluene or benzene. The salt form of epinastine is obtained by trifluoroacetic acid salt method, hydrochloric acid or silica gel catalysis method, preferably using hydrochloric acid-ethanol solution. The process further involves purifying the reaction product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas (a) is a radioactive gas. The radioactive gas is a radioactive isotope of xenon and/or krypton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is preferably of formula (Ia). Preferred Composition: The composition has void spaces of 20-300 A3. The composition has 1 %mass or less loss up to the temperature of sublimation, measured based on thermogravimetric analysis. Alternately, the composition is a host-guest complex, where at least some of the void spaces of the composition comprise one or more guest gas molecules or atoms. The guest gas is acetylene, argon, krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, ethane, propyne, propene, propane, fluoromethane, chloromethane, chloroethane, dimethylether, freons, gaseous fluorocarbons, methanethiol, oxygen, nitrogen and/or bromomethane, preferably chloromethane, chloroethane or dimethylether. Preferred Condition: The ambient temperature is 20 degrees C or more. Preferred Definitions:    (R,R1,Y')=(H,CH3,CH3), or (H,i-Bu,CH2), or (H,4-CF3Ph,CH2), or (H,3,5-F2Ph,CH2), or (CH3,3,5-(CF3)2Ph,CH2), or (CH3,CH3CH2,CH2), or (CH3,i-Bu,CH2), or (NO2,H,CH2), or (H,H,Si(CH3)2), or (H,i-Bu,Si(CH3)2), or (CH3,CH3,Si(CH3)2), or (CH3,CH3CH2,Si(CH3)2), or (CH3,H,Si(CH3CH2)2), or (CH3,CH3,Si(CH3CH2)2), or (H,H,Si(i-Pr)2), or (H,CH3,Si(i-Pr)2), or (CH3,H,Si(i-Pr)2), or (CH3,CH3,Si(i-Pr)2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The digester (D1) further comprises: at least one weight adapted to create pressure on at least one flexible tank serving as a gas reservoir, where at least one weight comprising a set of weights is filled with the appropriate amount of material to create a predefined pressure; a plunger adapted to push or assist pushing of slurry into the digester tank, where the plunger equipped with floats; at least one non-household organic material (such as manure or animal dumping) intake sink; and at least one filter comprising at least one air pump and bacteria substrate (107). In the digester, overflow pipe opening is located higher than the bottom of the flexible tank serving as a gas reservoir. The gas reservoir is provided with a spiliway for the fluid adapted to prevent the fluid from rising above a predetermined level. The fluid in the gas reservoir is water. The grinder is hand operated or automated. The digester is provided with substrates having high surface area adapted to promulgate the formation of anaerobic bacteria colonies. The gas reservoir is provided with a pressure gauge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The methanation reactor comprises a reaction chamber, which is thermally insulated and housed within which is a support made of material with high thermal conductivity, which is charged with a methanation catalyst, where the support has a porous structure such as to enable hydrogen and carbon dioxide to diffuse inside it so that they can react to form methane. The unit comprises means for producing electrical energy by combustion of methane with the use of the oxygen produced by the electrolyzer, where the means for producing electrical energy produces carbon dioxide to be introduced into the methanation reactor and water to be introduced into the tank for use in the electrolytic process. The unit comprises a variable-thermal-conductivity device, which has the function of subtracting heat from the methanation reactor. The variable-thermal-conductivity device comprises a heat exchanger comprising first many metal plates thermally connected to the methanation reactor, a second many metal plates arranged alternating with the first metal plates, and means for filling/emptying a heat-conductive fluid in such a way as to vary the level of immersion of the first and second metal plates in the conductive fluid. The variable-thermal-conductivity device comprises a secondary fluid set in thermal contact with the second metal plates and responsible for heating in the electrolytic cell. The variable-thermal-conductivity device is connected to many temperature sensors set inside a solid support which is housed in the methanation reactor and within the methanation reaction occurs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode or the cathode is supported by electroconductive partition through the electroconductive elastic material. The anode is equipped with electroconductive base material and the catalyst layer arranged on electroconductive base material. Pores containing metallic crystals of nickel are formed in the catalyst layer. The electroconductive elastic material consists of electrical power collector and cushion mat layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The cathode consists of nickel plated base material chosen from mild steel, stainless steel, nickel-alloy base material, or nickel alloy containing platinum group metal, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum or manganese or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The outer frame consists of material chosen from nickel plated vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyphenylene-ether resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, polysulfone resin, polyether sulfone resin, polyetheretherketone resin, epoxy resin, nickel, nickel alloy, stainless steel, mild steel, or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Disclosed): The recombinant cell is prepared by standard recombinant method. Preferred Cell: The cell comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous alkane exporter protein comprising an ABC construct. The nucleic acid molecule is comprised in plasmid. The ABC comprises amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 4. At least one heterologous alkane exporter protein comprises amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 5. The cell is eukaryotic cell or yeast cell, preferably Saccharomyces, more preferably S.cerevisiae. The alkane exporter protein is capable of exporting 6-16C alkanes, preferably 8-12C alkanes, more preferably 10-11C alkanes. The cell is recombinant cell bioengineered for biofuel production. Sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The recombinant host cell is Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, or Saccharomyces (preferred). The mutant ketol-acid reductoisomerase enzyme comprises a GxGxx(g/a) cofactor binding motif. The host cell further comprises an acetolactate synthase enzyme. The acetolactate synthase enzyme is a Bacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase enzyme. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.05-10 wt.%, 0.5-4 wt.% of hydrophobic aerogel particles and 1-80 wt.%, preferably 10-60 wt.% of alcohol, where the alcohol is ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol (all preferred), 1-4-butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol or PEG-8. The ponderal ratio between the alcohol and the hydrophobic aerogel particles is 1-100, preferably 5-50. The composition has a water content of 5-90%, preferably 30-80%. Preferred Components: The hydrophobic aerogel particles have a specific surface per unit mass of 500-1500 m2/g, preferably 600-800 m2/g, an average diameter of 1-30 mu m, preferably 5-15 mu m and an oil absorption capacity of 5-18 ml/g, preferably 8-12 ml/g. The hydrophobic silica particles are modified with the trimethylsilyl groups, have a packed density of 0.04-0.10 g/cm3, preferably 0.05-0.08 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: 1.8 wt.% of sodium polyacrylate; 1.96 wt.% of trimethylated silica; 3.724 wt.% of ethyl alcohol; 40 wt.% of propylene glycol; 2 wt.% of glycerol; and 100 wt.% of deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Disclosed): The recombinant carboxydotrophic acetogenic microorganisms are prepared from a parental carboxydotrophic acetogenic microorganism and at least one exogenous nucleic acid using standard transformation techniques. Preferred Components: The bacterium is a Clostridium. The exogenous nonspecific acetyl transferase is Acinetobacter baylyi nonspecific acetyl transferase. The nucleic acid is a plasmid. The bacterium is Clostridium autoethanogenum, Clostridium ljungdahlii (both preferred), Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Clostridium drakei, Clostridium scatologenes, Clostridium aceticum, Clostridium formicoaceticum, Clostridium magnum, Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, Acetobacterium woodii, Alkalibaculum bacchi, Blautia producta, Eubacterium limosum, Moorella thermoacetica, Moorella thermautotrophica, Sporomusa ovata, Sporomusa silvacetica, Sporomusa sphaeroides, Oxobacter pfennigii or Thermoanaerobacter kiuvi. The nucleic acid encoding the nonspecific acetyltransferase is codon optimized for Clostridium autoethanogenum. In the plasmid, the nucleic acid encoding the nonspecific acetyltransferase is codon optimized for Clostridium autoethanogenum, where the plasmid is methylated. In the process, the substrate comprises an industrial waste gas, and the culture is strictly anaerobic. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The nano membrane filter is composite film made of polyamide functional layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is nickel-based catalyst, ruthenium-based catalyst, nickel-ruthenium binary catalyst or nickel-cobalt binary catalyst. The gas separation membrane used for separating and recovering hydrogen is a porous metal-ceramic composite film. The gas separation membrane used for separating and recovering hydrogen has a permeability of 5-15 L/m2 and hydrogen selectivity of 10-50. Preferred Method: The catalyst reforming reaction is carried out at 550-650 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed gas of methane and carbon dioxide injected into the reactor comprises 20-80 vol.% methane, and more than 0 and less than 0.1 wt.% hydrogen sulfide and acid content. EXAMPLE - Hydrogen was produced by reforming reaction of biogas using a gas separation membrane reactor at 600 degrees C. Then nickel-based catalyst was filled in a reactor up to a layer thickness of 1 cm, and the reactor was equipped with porous stainless steel/ceramic composite membrane, the catalyst was activated in a hydrogen atmosphere at 500 degrees C for 2 hours by heating. The resulted product was analyzed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (IIa) is reacted in the presence of 0.15-0.35 equivalents of calcium chloride and 0.15-0.35 equivalents of sodium methoxide. The process further comprises isolating the ribonolactone (I) by mixing acidic resin particles to the non-aqueous reaction medium, removing the acidic resin particles from the non-aqueous reaction medium, and crystallizing the ribonolactone (I). Preferred Components: The mixture has a ratio of methanol to tetrahydrofuran of 2:1-4:1 vol./vol.. EXAMPLE - To a slurry of 200 g of N-methylbenzyl-fructosamine (which was (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-((benzyl-methyl-amino)-methyl)-tetrahydro-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol) in a mixture of 2.6 l of methanol and 800 ml of tetrahydrofuran at room temperature was added 19.9 g of anhydrous calcium chloride, followed by 35 wt.% of sodium methoxide (25 wt.% solution in methanol). The reaction mixture was then heated to 40 degrees C for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 20 degrees C. With active cooling, 600 g of AMBERLYST-15 (RTM: Strongly acidic, sulfonic acid, macroreticular polymer resin based on crosslinked styrene divinylbenzene copolymers) (dry) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 20 degrees C for 1-2 hours. The AMBERLYST-15 (RTM: Strongly acidic, sulfonic acid, macroreticular polymer resin based on crosslinked styrene divinylbenzene copolymers) was then removed by filtration, and washed with 4 l of tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was then concentrated at reflux to 1 l in volume, and 3 l of ethyl acetate was added. The reaction mixture was then concentrated at reflux to 800 ml in volume, and then cooled to 0 degrees C. The solids were collected by filtration to obtain 66 g of 2-methyl-ribonolactone (which was (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of contacting the carbonaceous biomass feedstock with a microporous crystalline zeolitic catalyst at pyrolysis conditions is carried out at a catalyst-to-carbonaceous biomass feedstock ratio of 0.1-200. Preferred Components: The microporous crystalline zeolitic catalyst is thermally stable up to a temperature of greater than 600 degrees C. The microporous crystalline zeolitic catalyst has a micropore volume as a percentage of total pore volume of less than 60%. The microporous crystalline zeolitic catalyst has a micropore volume of less than 0.155 ml/g, preferably less than 0.150 ml/g. The differential volume of nitrogen adsorbed by the microporous crystalline zeolitic catalyst at a pore diameter of 475 Angstrom is greater than 00.1 ml preferably than 0.1 ml nitrogen/g Angstrom on a dV/dlog D versus pore diameter plot of differential volume of nitrogen adsorbed as a function of pore diameter. The hydrocarbons produced include aromatic compounds and the selectivity to aromatic compounds within the condensable portion of the pyrolysis gases is greater than 33 wt.%, preferably greater than 50 wt.%. The hydrocarbons produced include aromatic compounds and the yield of aromatic compounds is greater than 2 wt.%, preferably greater than 3 wt.% based upon the biomass. The pyrolysis conditions include a temperature of 300-800 degrees C. The catalyst is in a fluidized state. The microporous crystalline zeolitic catalyst comprises the heat transfer medium for a fast pyrolysis process. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Low-carbon alcohol preheating temperature is 65-78 degrees C, and bio-oil preheating temperature is 65-120 degrees C. Catalytic rectifying tower has pressure of normal pressure to 1 MPa, low-carbon alcohol reflux ratio of 0.5-9, tower top temperature of 65-150 degrees C, and reboiler temperature of 190-240 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Low-carbon alcohol is methanol and/or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The humic acid-containing water soluble liquid fertilizer comprises 33 wt.% of biogas residue, 21.7 wt.% of urea, 11.8 wt.% of phosphoric acid, 7.1 wt.% of potassium hydroxide and 26.4 wt.% of marsh gas wastewater. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The residue of monoammonium crystals comprises 34 %mass phosphorus pentoxide, and 6 %mass nitrogen. Preferred Process: The reaction is carried out at 125-135 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid super-acid is sulfate or metal oxide-type solid super-acid and/or composite metal oxide solid super-acid. The molecular sieve is a hydrogenous molecular sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid alkali is aluminum oxide or sodium aluminate, and has grain diameter of 0.1-2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modified matrix comprises 20 wt.% slag, 40 wt.% sawdust, 20 wt.% sand and 20 wt.% multi-micro composite mineral. The solid fertilizer comprises 50 wt.% solid fat, 5 wt.% nitrogen, 5 wt.% phosphorus, 5 wt.% potassium, 25 wt.% organic matter and 10 wt.% effective viable bacteria. The liquid fertilizer comprises 89.6427 wt.% biogas, 0.5 wt.% nitrogen, 0.9 wt.% potassium, 0.7 wt.% phosphorus, 0.427 wt.% carbon dioxide, 0.58 wt.% fluorine, 0.004 wt.% bromine, 0.003 wt.% iron, 0.48 wt.% strontium, 0.0663 wt.% lithium, 0.225 wt.% boron, 6.465 wt.% silicon, 0.001 wt.% zinc and 0.006 wt.% selenium as liquid fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline-earth metal oxide is magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide or barium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fatty acid methyl ester is methyl caprylate, methyl decanoate, methyl laurate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, soybean oil fatty acid methyl ester and rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitrogen fertilizer is urea or ammonium nitrate. The phosphate fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate. The potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate or potassium chloride. The adsorbent is zeolite, fly ash, or carbonized rice hull.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: the coating agent is plant fiber slurry from paper pulp production. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The inorganic base solution is chosen from barium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, or lithium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of methanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid is 9:1. The polar aprotic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or N,N-dimethyl acetamide. The molar ratio of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl thiazole-5-carboxylate and hexamethylene tetramine is 1:(1.5-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The anaerobic reactor condition comprises a stirring speed of 30-50 revolutions per minute (rpm), a reaction temperature of 25-45 degrees C, pH value of 5-6.8, feeding flow rate of 50-80 m3 and fermentation time of 10-15 days. Preferred Components: The cassava slag has a total solid content of 6%. The bacteria are Methanogenus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The heat-resistant enzyme is cellulase having enzyme activity of not less than 5000 units (U)/g, xylanase having enzyme activity of not less than 10000 U/g, phytase having enzyme activity of not less than 5000 U/g, mannanase having enzyme activity of not less than 10000 U/g, or beta -glucanase having enzyme activity of not less than 10000 U/g. The thermophilic bacterium is heat resistant Bacillus subtilis or B. cereus. The length of the crop straw or wood chips is less than 5 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The sowing and seeding processes are carried out at middle of February in a greenhouse, and ground paving geothermal line, and heating until the seedbed temperature is 18-28 degrees C. Preferred Components: The base comprises soil, decomposed farmyard manure, plant ash and sawdust in a volume ratio of 2:2:1:1; or soil, biological organic fertilizer, carbonized rice hull, and pearlite in a volume ratio of 2:1:1:1, where the total weight of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer in the base is 0.5%. ACTIVITY - Plant growth inhibitor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves using nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, where the nitrogen is obtained from 46% wt.% urea, the phosphorus is obtained from 16 wt.% phosphorus pentoxide, calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and potassium is obtained from 60%60 wt.% potassium chloride and potassium oxide. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic acid is concentrated hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of the solvent, methanol, p-nitroaniline, solid phosgene, acetylacetone, urea, acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50%) is 800:400:138:52:57.8:38.1:71:120. Preferred Method: In the step (i), the reaction solvent is ethyl acetate, and the reaction temperature is 75 degrees C and the reaction time is 30 hours. In the step (i), the reaction solvent is o-dichlorobenzene, and the reaction temperature is 130-132 degrees C and the reaction time is 16 hours. In the step (i), the reaction solvent is xylene, and the reaction temperature is 130-132 degrees C and the reaction time is 15 hours. The recycling of the reaction solvent comprises (i) adding centrifugal mother liquor into an extraction kettle, distilling and recycling the methanol in the mother liquor, collecting fraction at 64-65 degrees C to recycle methanol, cooling the residue, adjusting pH to 7.5-8 using 5% sodium hydroxide, stirring for 30 minutes, placing statically for stratification and separating out organic phase; and (ii) adding the organic phase to the extraction kettle, adjusting pH to 6-6.5 using 5% dilute hydrochloric acid, stirring for 30 minutes, placing statically for stratification and separating out organic phase, and collecting solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The washing of precipitate comprises (i) initially washing the precipitate with the alkali solution i.e. sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate solution (of 80-100 times the amount of precipitate) of pH 8-10; and (ii) then washing with distilled water, 20% ethanol solution and distilled water, where the total amount of the washing solution accounts for 80-100% of the total mass of precipitate. The air or oxygen pressure is 0.05-0.1 MPa. In the vacuum freeze-drying, the vacuum degree -0.05 to -0.09 MPa, and the temperature is -35 to -40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The animal bone is selected from carcasses, cattle, sheep, donkey, horse, chicken, duck, goose or kangaroo. Preferred Composition: The mixed strain is 40-60 pts. wt. Bacillus licheniformis, 20-40 pts. wt. microzyme and 20-40 pts. wt. Lactobacillus acidophilus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The condensation reaction is carried out under effect of solvent. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the 6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one and 3-aminophenylacetylene is 1:1-2. The condensing agent is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, carbonyldiimidazole, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, O-benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, O-(7-azobenzotriazole)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylhexafluorophosphate, benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl hexafluorophosphate or benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. The organic base is triethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diisopropylethylamine, 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)-non-5-ene, 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-undec-7-ene or 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane. The solvent is toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N'-dimethylformamide or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of magnesium ion in the magnesium sulfate solution is 5-40 g/L. The coefficient of amount of potassium chloride is 1-1.5. Preferred Process: The obtained liquid is evaporated and crystallized. The magnesium sulfate solution is purified, and a leaching solution containing iron, aluminum, cobalt, nickel and manganese is removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The potassium salt is potassium chloride or potassium sulfate powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pyrosulfite is potassium pyrosulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, and/or ammonium pyrosulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ground vine tea and hot water are mixed in the ratio of 1:20-40. The pyrosulfite is added to the vine tea as a dehydrogenation oxidizing agent, to carry out the dehydrogenation transformation of dihydromyricetin into myricetin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microbial fermentation liquor comprises Cellulomonas flavigena, Lactobacillus casei, Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, and Humicola insolens at 1:0.8:1.2:1.4:0.6:0.8:1.2 mass ratio.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The agricultural waste includes straw, bran, rice hull, cake, soybean meal, wood powder, peel, and weeds. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Herbicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, hypochlorous acid, active manganese dioxide, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, 2-iodobenzoic acid or tetramethylpiperidine oxide.The reducing agent comprises sodium hydrosulfite, hydrazine hydrate, iron/hydrochloric acid, iron/ammonium chloride, tin/hydrochloric acid, a chloride/hydrochloric acid or palladium on carbon and hydrogen. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The charging mole ratio of urea to methanol in the reaction kettle is 1:6-10, the reaction in the reaction kettle occurs at 150-200 degrees C, and the pressure in the reaction kettle is 1.5-2 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The drying device comprises a biomass feeding silo, a smoke box, multilayer smoke channel, a regenerator, an embedded scraper conveyor, a biomass carbon discharge port and a wet steam outlet. The smoke box is connected with the multilayer smoke channel. The four sides of the multilayer smoke channel are surrounded by the regenerator. The regenerator is set with multilayer embedded scraper conveyor. The smoke box is provided with multiple baffle plates, which forms a flow passage in the smoke box.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The flue gas temperature in the drying device inlet is 130-150 degrees C, the flue gas temperature in the drying device outlet is 80-90 degrees C, the flue gas temperature in the carbonization device inlet is 300-450 degrees C, the flue gas temperature in the carbonization device outlet is 150-250 degrees C, and the residence time of biomass in the drying device and carbonization device is 10-30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves adding 1.5-2.5 wt.% urea, 3-4 wt.% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.5-2.5 wt.% magnesium sulfate to mixture. The fermentation steps involves adding microbial inoculum and protein residue in mass ratio of 1:500-1:700, performing anaerobic fermentation at room temperature for 7-15 days in isolated air under the condition of pH 4-6. The preferred soil conditioner comprises 8.74% humic acid, 4.16% fulvic acid, 3.98% free amino acids, 6.58% nitrogen (N), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and potassium (K), and greater than or equal to 3.97% trace element, at pH 6.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etherification reaction accelerant is diethyl azodicarboxylate, diisopropyl azodicarboxylate, di-acrylic ester, dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester, azo di-chlorobenzyl, N,N,N', N'-tetramethyl azo bi-acid amide, N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropyl azo dicarboxylic amide or diformylchloride diode; triphenyl phosphine, tributyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine or methylene methyl butyl. The acid-binding agent in acylation reaction, is triethylamine, pyridine, N-methyl morpholine, diisopropylethylamine, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or potassium carbonate. The condensation reaction solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, methylene dichloride, trichloromethane, 1,2,-dichloroethane, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, toluene, xylene, diethyl ether, isopropyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or methyl tert-butyl ether. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: In apparatus for producing biological energy source, the reaction tower is at the bottom of a horizontal spiral tower or stirring shaft.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves feeding domestic sewage into the microorganism medium oxidizer for oxidization and denitrification and phosphorus removal by microbial medium to remove organic matter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrazine hydrate is used as a reaction solvent, and the reaction temperature in the step (i) is 60-85 degrees , preferably 80-85 degrees C. The molar ratio of methylthio propylene oxide and hydrazine hydrate is 1:1:5, preferably 1:2.5-1:3.5. The reaction water comprising ethanol and water is distilled at 0.09 MPa and avoids its influence to the next reaction. The method avoids using high vacuum distillation. The step (ii) uses alkaline catalyst comprising methoxide, sodium ethoxide or strong base, preferably sodium methoxide. The reaction solvent in the step (ii) is methanol. The reaction temperature in the step (ii) is 60-70 degrees C. The molar ratio of 3-methylthio-2-hydroxypropyl hydrazide and diethyl carbonate is 1: 2, preferably 1:1.5. The molar ratio of 3-methylthio-2-hydroxypropyl hydrazide and sodium methoxide is 1:0.1-1:0.4, preferably 1:0.2-1:0.3. The acidic hydrolyzing solvent used in the step (iii) is diluted hydrochloric acid, diluted sulfuric acid, preferably 10% dilute sulfuric acid solution. The reaction solvent in the step (iii) is methanol, ethanol, and preferably 95% ethanol. The reaction temperature in the step (iii) is 70-80 degrees C or 20-25 degrees C. The molar ratio of 2-(bis-methoxymethoxy-methyl)-5-nitro-furan and concentrated sulfuric acid is 1:0.5-1: 2, preferably 1: 0.5-1:1. The organic solvent used for recrystallization is formic acid or acetic acid (preferred). The organic solvent used for purification is methanol or ethanol (preferred). The molar ratio of the nifuratel crude product and acetic acid is 1:5-1: 10, preferably 1:7-1: 8. The molar ratio of the nifuratel crude product and ethanol is 1: 4-1: 10, preferably 1: 5-1: 6. The recrystallizing temperature is 80-100 degrees C, preferably 80-85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The synthesis gas is mixed gas of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, mixed gas of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, or mixed gas of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The anaerobic microorganism fermentation is performed using culture medium which is liquid culture medium containing Bacillus anaerobic microorganism.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Compositions: Volume ratio sulfur/limestone/forest tree waste is 1:0.2:0.5, 1:0.2:1, 1:0.2:2 or 1:0.5:0.5. Forest tree waste is from wood shavings production, and plant residues. Preferred Process: The process involves melting, molding and machining sulfur to small cylinders of 1-1.5 cm diameter and 1-1.5 cm height, and crushing limestone to pellets of same particle size as sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process (P1), in step a), suitable solvent is selected from lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol and water; in step c), organic solvent is selected from lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol; in step e), hydrogenation catalyst is selected from palladium on carbon, Raney nickel, palladium hydroxide, platinum on carbon or platinum oxide; and in step g), nebivolol hydrochloride is isolated at temperature 37-39 degrees C. In the process (P5), reaction mixture of nebivolol free base is obtained after deprotection of 2-(benzyl-(2-(6-fluoro-chroman-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl)-amino)-1-(6-fluoro-chroman-2-yl)-ethanol (III). ACTIVITY - Hypotensive. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Cardio selective beta-1 receptor antagonist.    EXAMPLE - 37 g Technical nebivolol hydrochloride was dissolved in 1110 ml methanol at reflux temperature, filtered and distilled off at atmospheric pressure up to 85%. The reaction mass was cooled to 37-39 degrees C, filtered, washed with methanol and dried at 50-55 degrees C, and 31.2 g, 99.7% chiral purity of nebivolol hydrochloride was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nitro compound and zinc dust is 2-4:1, preferably 4:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The molar ratio of acetic acid or ammonium chloride to nitro compound is 1-2:1, preferably 2:1. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, water, methanol/water, ethanol/water and acetonitrile/water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cold water insoluble urea-formaldehyde resin is mixture of 40-50 wt.% trimethylenetetramine and 50-60 wt.% tetramethylenepentamine. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (ii): the aqueous sulfuric acid solution is 80% (v/v) aqueous sulfuric acid solution; the reaction temperature is 40-80 degrees C, and the reaction time is 4-10 hours; amount of aqueous sulfuric acid solution is 2.5-3 times the amount of (II); and molar ratio between (II) and isopropanol is 1:1-2. The step (ii) comprises adding (II) into 80% (v/v) aqueous sulfuric acid solution, heating gradually to 50-70 degrees C, adding isopropanol while stirring, preserving heat and reacting continuously for 4-7 hours, and then processing to obtain (III), where molar ratio between (II) and isopropanol is 1:1-1.2. The step (iii): molar ratio between (III) and diborane reducing agent is 1:1-6; the reaction temperature is 0-40 degrees C, and the reaction time is 6-20 hours; and the ether solvent is tetrahydrofuran. The step (iii) comprises adding (III) into boron trifluoride diethyl ether solution and reacting with metal borohydride, and then post-processing to obtain (IV), where the reaction temperature is 10-35 degrees C, the reaction time is 6-15 hours, molar ratio between (III), metal borohydride and boron trifluoride is 1:1-6:1-7 (preferably 1:1-2:1-3), and borohydride is potassium borohydride. The step (iv): molar ratio between (IV), dimethylsulfoxide and acetic anhydride is 1:5-15:3-10; the reaction temperature is 0-40 degrees C; and the reaction time is 6-15 hours. The step (iv) comprises reacting (IV) with dimethylsulfoxide and acetic anhydride at 10-35 degrees C for 6-10 hours, and then post-processing to obtain (V), where molar ratio between (IV), dimethylsulfoxide and acetic anhydride is 1: 8-12:4-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chloride anion ionic liquid is of formula ((R2-A(R1)(R3)-R4)+Cl-) (I) or (II). The REC is scandium chloride, yttrium chloride, lanthanum chloride, cerium chloride, praseodymium chloride, neodymium chloride, promethium chloride, samarium chloride, europium chloride, gadolinium chloride or terbium chloride, dysprosium chloride, holmium chloride, erbium chloride, thulium chloride, ytterbium chloride or lutetium chloride. The HBD is acetamide, N-methyl urea, N,N-dimethyl urea, N,N-dimethylamino urea, urea, thiourea, caprolactam, benzamide, trifluoroacetamide, ethylene glycol, glycerol, xylitol, D-sorbitol, sorbitol, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, butane tetracarboxylic acid, phthalic acid or isophthalic acid.A = N or P; eitherR1-R4 = H, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, when A is N; orR1-R4 = alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, when A is P; andR5, R6 = alkyl, aryl or aralkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Organic alkali is fatty amine, alicyclic tert.-amine, and/or aromatic tert.-amine, preferably propylamine, triethylamine, N,N'-dimethyl piperazine, triethyldiamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, and/or piperadine. Solvent is halogenated hydrocarbon, nitrile, ether, aromatic hydrocarbon, alkane, cycloalkane, and/or low grade alkyl ester, preferably methylene chloride, chloroform, or dichloroethane. Dosage of trimethylchlorosilane to compound of formula (I) is 1-6, preferably 2-3 molar equivalents. Dosage of organic alkali to compound of formula (I) is 2-15, preferably 4-6 molar equivalents. Dosage of organic alkali is twice the amount of trimethylchlorosilane. Preferred Conditions: Reaction of compound of formula (I) to trimethylchlorosilane is performed at temperature of - 60-50 degrees C, preferably - 20-25 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    R2=benzyl, benzhydryl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethyl benzyl, piperonyl, or xylyl methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous alkaline solution is 5 wt.% sodium hydroxide solution, 10 wt.% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, 15 wt.% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, 15 wt.% aqueous sodium carbonate solution, 20 wt.% or aqueous sodium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, dichloroethane, or toluene. The oxidizing agent is pyridinium chlorochromate, chromium oxide/pyridine, ammonium cerium nitrate-sulfuric acid, aluminum isopropoxide, peracetic acid, peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide.