TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive substance includes tin-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide, zinc oxide-aluminum oxide, tin oxide-antimony oxide, conductive polymers, graphene, graphene oxide, and/or carbon nanotubes. The metal oxide precursor consist of a metal chloride, a metal acetate, a metal citrate, a metal (meth) acrylate, a metal bromide, a metal cyanide, a metal phosphate, a metal sulfate, and/or a metal sulfide and titanium, zinc, silicon, manganese, strontium, indium, barium, potassium, niobium, iron, tantalum, tungsten, bismuth, nickel, copper, molybdenum, cerium , platinum, silver, and/or rhodium. The metal particles consist of silver, copper, gold, platinum, titanium, aluminum, nickel, zirconium, iron, manganese and/or their precursors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent includes water, ethanol, methanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, pentane, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, methyl butyl ether, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chloroform, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, dioxane, terpineol, and/or methyl ethyl ketone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole acceptor consist of poly-3-hexylthiophene, poly-3 octylthiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylehexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene), poly(2-methyl-5-(3'7'-dimethyloctyloxy))-1,4-phenylenevinylene, and /or their precursors. The electron acceptor includes (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-thienyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester,carbon nanotubes, and/or precursors. The hole transporting substance includes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrene sulfonate), polyaniline, phthalocyanine, pentacene, polydiphenylacetylene, poly(t-butyl)diphenylacetylene, poly(trifluoromethyl)diphenylacetylene, copper phthalocyanine, poly(bistrifluoromethyl)acetylene, polybis(t-butyldiphenyl)acetylene, poly(trimethylsilyl)diphenylacetylene, poly(carbazole)diphenylacetylene, polydiacetylene, polyphenylacetylene, polypyridineacetylene, polymethoxyphenylacetylene, polymethylphenylacetylene, poly(t-butyl)phenylacetylene, polynitrophenylacetylene, poly(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetylene, poly(trimethylsilyl)phenylacetylene, and/or their precursors.