TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the polymeric solar cell, the first electrode which is in contact with the second electrode is coated with an ionic liquid layer, in which carbon nanotubes are optionally dissolved in the ionic liquid. The conductive polymer is polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene-vinylene), poly(thiophene), poly(fluorene), polyphenylene, polypyrene, polyazulene, polynaphthalene, polycarbazole, polyindole, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), derivatives, copolymers, or cellulose composites. The conductive polymer comprises an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, where the optional substituents are selected independently or simultaneously from one, two or three of halo, (1-6C)-alkyl, or fluoro-substituted (1-6C)-alkyl. The heteroaromatic polymer is of the formula (III).R'=halo, (1-6C)-alkyl, or fluoro-substituted (C e)-alkyl;q=0, 1 or 2; andm= greater than or equal to 100.The first electrically conductive dopant is iodine (I2), iron trichloride (FeCl3), a metal naphtalide, silver perchlorate (AgClO4), gaseous oxygen (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or benzoquinone (the last three species in aqueous fluoroboric acid (HBF4) and aqueous HClO4), arsenic pentachloride (AsF5), metal powder, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), indigo carmine, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), p-toluenesulfonic acid, and its sodium salt (PTSA and PTSA-Na), benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), para-toluene sulfonate and any combination of the above. The electrically conductive polymer composite further comprises graphite, an ionic liquid, or a conductive metal or metal dispersion. The polystyrene or derivative is of the formula (IV).R'=halo or (1-6C)-alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, (1-2C)-alkyl or fluoro-substituted (1-2C)-alkyl;b=0, 1, 2, 3 4, or 5; andw=100-100000.The polymer includes metal nanoparticles, and where the polyphenylacetylene or polyphenylacetylene derivative is of the formula (V).Ph and the alkene=optionally substituted, the optional substituents are selected from 1-5 of Si, Ge, halo, optionally substituted (1-6C)-alkyl, optionally substituted (1-6C)-alkoxy, optionally substituted (6-14C)-aryl, optionally substituted (5-14C)-heteroaryl, nitro, and -NR1R2;R1 and R2=H, (1-6C)-alkyl or (6-14C)-aryl; andp=100-50000.The semi-conductive polymer composite comprises formula (VI) or (V).Ph=unsubstituted phenyl;w=100-100000; andp=100-50000.The second electrically conductive dopant is I2, FeCl3, metal naphtalide, AgClO4, gaseous O2, H2O2 or benzoquinone (the last three species in aqueous HBF4 and aqueous HClO4), AsF5, metal powder, DBSA, indigo carmine, ABTS, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and its sodium salt (PTSA and PTSA-Na), BSA, para-toluene sulfonate and any combination of the above. The composite polymer semiconductor further comprises a multi-walled carbon nanotube or multi-walled carbon nanotubes derivatives, and an ionic liquid. The polymer solar cell further comprises a substrate, where the substrate comprises polycarbonate or glass. Preferred Parameters: The electrically conductive polymer and the electrically semiconductor polymer composites have an electron conductivity of 0.0001-1.0 S/cm. Preferred Process: In dissolving cellulose or the cellulose derivative in phosphonium ionic liquid, the ionic liquid is further mixed with a co-solvent, such as dimethyl formamide (DMF), where the cellulose composite is also incorporated with the co-solvent. The cellulose or cellulose derivative is mixed with the ionic liquid at a temperature of 50-100 degrees C, preferably 70 degrees C. The cellulose or cellulose derivative is mixed with the ionic liquid for a time between 3-6 hours, preferably 4 hours. The phosphonium ionic liquid has the structure of formula (VII).R'=1-20C-alkyl; andX=any suitable anionic ligand.The phosphonium ionic liquid is tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium(bis-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, etradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dicyanamide, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium methylsulfate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bistriflamide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl(hexadecyl)phosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium chloride, ethyltri(butyl)phosphonium diethylphosphate, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate or tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate. The cellulose composite is further mixed with a monomer of phenylacetylene, styrene, or other monomer to form an electrically conductive polymer, and polymerizing in situ to obtain the electrically conductive polymer composite or composite polymer semiconductor. In the solvent-free preparation of polyphenylacetylene polymer, the polyphenylacetylene or derivative is prepared in greater than 90% yield. The phenylacetylene or a phenylacetylene derivative is a compound of formula (I).R=halo, optionally substituted optionally substituted (1-6C)-alkoxy, optionally substituted (6-14C)-aryl, optionally substituted (5-14C)-heteroaryl, nitro, or -NR1R2; andn=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, preferably 0.The free radical initiator is 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AVBN), or hydrogen peroxide. The process is conducted in the presence of a catalyst, where the catalyst is a transition metal catalyst, preferably tungsten hexachloride (WCl6). The process is conducted in the presence of an electrically conductive dopant, an ionic liquid, a multi- walled carbon nanotube or derivatives. Preferred Semiconductor: In the composite polymer semiconductor, the polyphenylacetylene or polyphenylacetylene derivative is of the formula (II).Ph=optionally substituted phenyl, where the optional substituents are simultaneously or independently selected from 1-5 of halo, optionally substituted (1-6C)-alkyl, optionally substituted (1-6C)-alkoxy, optionally substituted (6-14C)-aryl, optionally substituted (5-14C)-heteroaryl, nitro, and -NR1R2;R1 and R2=H, (1-6C)-alkyl or (6-14C)-aryl; andp=100-50000.The Ph is unsubstituted phenyl. The composite further comprises an electrically conductive dopant, an ionic liquid, a multi-walled carbon nanotube or derivatives. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.