TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the electrochemical cell (C1): a ratio of the second surface area to the first surface area is 0.01-20 or a ratio of the second surface area to the sum of the third surface area and fourth surface area is 0.01 to 20; any of the plate electrodes and any of the rod electrodes independently comprise a positive electrode or a negative electrode; the plate electrodes comprise a porous material having a porosity of 10-99%; the porous rod electrodes provide for transport of an active cathode flow or active anode flow from the outside of the electrochemical cell into the cell or from inside of the electrochemical cell to outside of the electrochemical cell; each porous rod electrode comprises a porous material having a porosity of 10-99%; the solid rod electrodes comprise negative electrodes of the electrochemical cell; each aperture of the plate electrodes has a cross sectional dimension of 10 nm to 100 mm, each solid rod electrode has a cross sectional dimension of 100 nm to 100 mm, and each porous rod electrode has a cross sectional dimension of 10 nm to 100mm; each porous rod electrode comprises a hollow cavity surrounded by a porous electrode material, where each hollow cavity within each porous rod electrode has a cross sectional dimension independently selected from the range of 10 nm to 10 mm; the electrolyte comprises a first electrolyte surrounding each solid rod electrode and a second electrolyte surrounding the porous rod electrodes and/or the plate electrodes; the electrode comprises electrode-active material comprising an insoluble flowable semi-solid or condensed liquid ion-storing redox composition or redox compound which is capable of taking up or releasing the ions and remains insoluble during operation of the cell; and each rod electrode is a positive rod electrode or a negative rod electrode, and each plate electrode is a positive plate electrode or a negative plate electrode. The electrochemical cell (C1) further comprises: at least one electronically insulating and ion-permeable separator positioned between the plate electrodes and the solid rod electrodes; an in-line sensor operationally arranged to determine a property of a flowable ion-storing redox composition provided to at least a portion of the plate electrodes and/or the porous rod electrodes; a flowable ion-storing redox composition provided within at least a portion of the porous rod electrodes and/or the plate electrodes, where the flowable ion-storing redox composition undergoes an electrochemical reaction at the porous rod electrodes and/or the plate electrodes, during charge or discharge of the electrochemical cell; at least one semi-permeable layers, where each semi-permeable layer is positioned to surround at least one porous rod electrode, at least one solid rod electrode, at least one porous plate electrode, at least one solid plate electrode, or at least one aperture of the plate electrodes, or is positioned on at least one side of the cell; and many ion conducting layers, where each ion conducting layer surrounds a solid rod electrode or a porous rod electrode or a plate electrode or at least one ion conducting layers surrounding walls of at least one aperture of the plate electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each plate electrode independently comprises: a material comprising of carbon, graphite, graphene, catalyzed carbon, nanocarbon, Ketjenblack (RTM: Electroconductive carbon black, pellets), carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon fiber material, metal foams, metal netting, stainless steel mesh, porous PTFE, porous metal oxide, porous zinc oxide, porous zirconium dioxide, porous metals, porous nickel, porous copper, porous gold, porous platinum, porous aluminum, porous titanium, metal mesh, copper mesh, nickel mesh, aluminum mesh, titanium mesh, porous metal alloy, electronic conductive polymer mesh, electronic conductive porous polymer and/or their alloys; or an electronically and thermally conductive material; or a porous material and at least one coating provided on or within the porous material. Each porous rod electrode independently comprises: a material comprising of: carbon, graphite, graphene, catalyzed carbon, nanocarbon, Ketjenblack (RTM: Electroconductive carbon black, pellets), carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon fiber material, stainless steel mesh, porous metal oxide, porous zinc oxide, metal foams or metal netting, calcium, calcium oxide, porous zirconium dioxide, porous metals, porous nickel, porous copper, porous gold, porous platinum, porous aluminum, porous titanium, metal mesh, copper mesh, nickel mesh, aluminum mesh, titanium mesh, porous metal alloys, electronic conductive polymer mesh, electronic conductive porous polymer and/or electronic and thermal conductor. The solid rod electrodes, or the plate electrodes comprise an active material comprising of: lithium and lithium metal oxide, lithium alloy comprising lithium-aluminum, lithium-tin, lithium-magnesium, lithium-lead, lithium-zinc and lithium-boron, an alkali metal comprising sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium, lithium metal alloyed with at least one calcium, magnesium, tin, silver, zinc, bismuth, aluminum, cadmium, gallium, indium and antimony, an alkaline earth metal comprising beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and their alloys, zinc and alloy of zinc, aluminum and alloy of aluminum, iron and alloy of iron, nickel and alloy of nickel, copper and alloy of copper, silicon and alloy of silicon, tin and alloy of tin, carbon, graphite, nanocarbon, graphene, lead and alloy of lead, lithium metal oxide, lithium metal phosphate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganate, iron monoxide, vanadium pentoxide, bromine, sulfur, an alkaline cathode, an alkaline anode, a lithium ion based anode, a lithium ion based cathode and/or their oxides, solutions, solutions of oxides or solutions containing suspended particles. The flowable ion-storing redox composition comprises: an oxygen containing gas or liquid, water, air, flow of particles of redox couple in an aqueous or aprotic solution, iron cyanide in water, a flow of semisolid active materials or lithium iron phosphate in a fluid electrolyte or polycarbonates or dimethyl carbonate or ethyl cellulose or N,N-dimethylformamide or ethers; or at least one compound comprising ketone, diketone, triether, a compound containing one nitrogen and one oxygen atom, a compound containing one nitrogen and two oxygen atoms, a compound containing two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, a phosphorus containing compound and/or fluorinated nitrile and perfluorinated derivatives. In the electrochemical cell, each of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte is independently a solid electrolyte, a polymer electrolyte, a gel electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte and each of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte independently comprises at least one material comprising of an aqueous solution, an organic solvent, lithium salt, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, ionic liquid, solid electrolyte, polymer, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(styrene), poly(imide), poly(amine), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyacrylonitrile, PVC, poly(vinyl sulfone), poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate), poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(dioxolane), poly(ethylene oxide), polyvinylpyrrolidone, ethyl cellulose, polycarbonates, dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, lithium perchlorate, methoxyethoxyethoxy phosphazine, diiodomethane, 1,3-diiodopropane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethypropylene urea, ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, a block copolymer lithium electrolyte doped with a lithium salt, glass, glass doped with at least one of lithium iodide, lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium oxide-boron oxide-bismuth oxide, lithium oxide-boron oxide- phosphorus pentoxide and lithium oxide-boron oxide, a sol of at least one oxide of silicon, boron, phosphorus, titanium, zirconium, lead and bismuth, a sol of at least one hydroxide of silicon, boron, phosphorus, titanium, zirconium, lead and bismuth, a gel of at least one oxide of silicon, boron, phosphorus, titanium, zirconium, lead and bismuth, a gel of at least one hydroxide of silicon, boron, phosphorus, titanium, zirconium, lead and bismuth, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide salts of magnesium perchlorate anhydrate, zinc perchlorate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, and calcium perchlorate, solids of phosphorus based glass, oxide based glass, oxide sulfide based glass, selenide glass, gallium based glass, germanium based glass, sodium and lithium beta -alumina, glass ceramic alkali metal ion conductors, nasiglass, a polycrystalline ceramic of LISICON (RTM: Lithium superionic conductor), NASICON (RTM: Sodium super ion conductor), lithium lanthanum titanium oxide of formula (Li(0.3)La(0.7)TiO3), sodium and lithium beta alumina; LISICON (RTM: Lithium superionic conductor) polycrystalline ceramics of lithium metal phosphates, lithium titanium phosphate, composite reaction products of alkali metal with copper nitride, lithium nitride, Lithium Phosphide, Lithium iodide, Lithium Fluoride, Lithium Bromide, Lithium chloride and lithium phosphorus oxynitride, amides, amines, nitriles, organophosphorus solvents, and organasulfur solvents, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile alcohols, dials and liquid polyols, diol, ethylene glycol, ethers, glymes, carbonates, gamma -butyrolactone, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and/or Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer).