TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process-I further comprises: a dopant, an alkali dopant, or a metal compound having a structure of formula (Malk-MB1(E1R1)4) or (Malk(E1R1)); and utilizing one or more components comprising a surfactant, a dispersant, an emulsifier, an anti-foaming agent, a dryer, a filler, a resin binder, a thickener, a viscosity modifier, an anti-oxidant, a flow agent, a plasticizer, a conductivity agent, a crystallization promoter, an extender, a film conditioner, or an adhesion promoter. In the process-I, each heating process is a process comprising converting the layer at a temperature of 100-400 degrees C, annealing the layer at a temperature of 450-650 degrees C, or annealing the layer at a temperature of 450-650 degrees C in the presence of selenium vapor. In the process-I, steps (b) and (c), steps (d) and (e), or steps (b)-(e) are repeated. In the process-I, steps (b) and (d) are interchanged so that the polymeric precursor compound is deposited onto the substrate before the ink. The depositing is done by spraying, spray coating, spray deposition, spray pyrolysis, printing, screen printing, inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, ink printing, jet printing, stamp printing, transfer printing, pad printing, flexographic printing, gravure printing, contact printing, reverse printing, thermal printing, lithography, electrophotographic printing, electrodepositing, electroplating, electroless plating, bath deposition, coating, wet coating, dip coating spin coating, knife coating, roller coating, rod coating, slot die coating, Meyer bar coating, lip direct coating, capillary coating, liquid deposition, solution deposition, layer-by-layer deposition, spin casting, and/or solution casting. In the process-II, steps (b) and (e) are repeated.Malk = Li, Na, or K; andR1 = alkyl or aryl.Preferred Components: (I) is indium(selenium-sec-butyl)3, indium(selenium-tert-butyl)3, indium(selenium-n-butyl)3, gallium(selenium-sec-butyl)3, gallium(selenium-tert-butyl)3, gallium(sulfur-ethyl)3, gallium(sulfur-tert-butyl)3, or gallium(selenium-n-butyl)3. The ink is a solution of (I) dissolved in an organic carrier. The ink contains 0.01-2 atom percent sodium ions. The polymeric precursor compound is: a copper indium selenide (CIS) or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) precursor; enriched or deficient in copper; and a copper/silver/indium/gallium/sulfur/selenium (CAIGS) precursor containing silver atoms or copper/silver/indium/gallium/aluminum/sulfur/selenium (CAIGAS) precursor containing aluminum atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier is aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, decane, cyclohexane, p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethers, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, siloxanes, cyclosiloxanes, silicone fluids, acetonitrile, esters, acetates, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acrylates, isobornyl acrylate, ketones, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, lactams, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidone, cyclic acetals, cyclic ketals, aldehydes, alcohol, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, thiols, butanol, butanediol, glycerols, alkoxy alcohols, glycols, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, acetone, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propylene glycol laurate, ethylene glycol ethers, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and/or 1,2-hexanediol.