TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is in the form of nanoparticle, nanocrystal, nanocolumn, nanotube, nanosheet, nanoscroll, nanowire, nanotip, nanoflower, nanohorn, nano-onion and dendritic nanowire. The metal oxide is chosen from tin oxide, titanium oxide, niobium pentoxide, strontium titanate, zinc oxide, zinc-tin oxide, zirconium oxide, nickel oxide, tantalum-doped titanium oxide and niobium-doped titanium oxide. The metal oxide comprises core-shell nanostructures comprising zinc oxide-coated tin oxide, magnesium oxide-coated tin oxide, alumina-coated tin oxide, titanium oxide-coated indium-doped tin oxide and tin oxide-coated fluorine-doped tin oxide. The ion is chosen from divalent copper ion, divalent cobalt ion, divalent nickel ion, divalent zinc ion, divalent manganese ion, divalent ferric ion, divalent strontium ion, trivalent aluminum ion, trivalent vanadium ion, trivalent indium ion, trivalent ferric ion, trivalent gadolinium ion, trivalent yttrium ion, trivalent ytterbium ion, trivalent neodymium ion, trivalent cerium ion, trivalent lanthanum ion, trivalent scandium ion, trivalent dysprosium ion, tetravalent zirconium ion, tetravalent titanium ion and tetravalent tin ion. The assembly further contains a tertiary molecule. The tertiary molecule is chosen from chromophores, catalysts and redox mediators. The secondary molecule and tertiary molecule are joined via mutual coordination to an ion. The catalysts are chosen from single site water oxidation catalysts, multisite water oxidation catalysts and proton reduction catalysts. The single site water oxidation catalyst comprises (Ru(2,6-bis(1 -methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine)(4,4'-CH2PO3H2-bpy)(OH2))2+. The multisite water oxidation catalyst comprises oxidation catalyst of formula (VIII). The surface comprises nanocrystalline titanium oxide, nanoparticles of zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface linking group is chosen from carboxyl group (-COOH), dihydrogen phosphite (-PO3H2), sulfonic acid, phosphate group (-OPO3H), sulfuric acid, sulfur (-SiR3), hydroxide (-Ph(OH)2), dicarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid (-CH=C(CO2H)2), sodium hydroxide (-CONHOH), hydroxy(thiocarbonyl) (-CSSH) and cesium hydroxide (-CSOH). The mutual coordination of an ion is accomplished by ion coordination groups chosen from carboxyl group (-COOH), dihydrogen phosphite (-PO3H2), sulfonic acid, phosphate group (-OPO3H), sulfuric acid, sulfur (-SiR3), hydroxide (-Ph(OH)2), dicarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid (-CH=C(CO2H)2), sodium hydroxide (-CONHOH), hydroxy(thiocarbonyl) (-CSSH) and cesium hydroxide (-CSOH). The primary molecule, secondary molecule, and optional tertiary molecule are chosen from ruthenium coordination complexes, osmium coordination complexes, copper coordination complexes, porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and organic dyes. The ruthenium coordination complexes are chosen from (X)2bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium (II) compounds. The osmium coordination complexes are chosen from 8,8-dicarboximidoyl-7,7'-diaza-9,9'-diaza-8-osma-8,8'-spirobi(tricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)tridecane)-1(9),1'(9'),2,2',4,4',6,6',10,10',12,12'-dodecaene-4,4',12,12'-tetracarboxylic acid and 8,8-diisothiocyanato-7,7'-diaza-9,9'-diaza-8-osma-8,8'-spirobi(tricyclo(7.4.0.02,7)tridecane)-1(9),1'(9'),2,2',4,4',6,6',10,10',12,12'-dodecaene-4,4',12,12'-tetracarboxylic acid. The copper coordination complexes are chosen from complexes of formula (I)-(III). The porphyrins are chosen from 4-(12,17,24-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,22,23,25-tetraaza-1-zincaoctacyclo(11.9.1.11,8.13,21.02,6.016,23.018,22.011,25)pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaen-7-yl)benzoic acid. The phthalocyanines are chosen from 5-(29-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-5,8,14,17,23,26,32,35-octamethyl-2-aza-11,20,29,38,39,40,41-heptaaza-1-zincatetradecacyclo(19.17.1.11,12.13,37.01,11.01,29.02,10.04,9.013,18.022,27.028,39.030,38.031,36.019,41)hentetraconta-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22(27),23,25,28(39),29,31(36),32,34,37(40)-nonadecaen-11-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, or of formula (IV) or (V). The organic dyes are chosen from dye of formula (VI). The redox mediator comprises mediator of formula (VII). The primary molecule comprises nitrogen-containing compound of formula (IX) or their deprotonated derivative.X=Cl, Br, I, CN, NC-Ph, or SCN;Ar'=3,5-di-tertbutylphenyl or group of formula (i);andX'=halide, -CN, -CF3, -CH3, -Ph(CF3)2 or Ph, Ph(CH3)2.