TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicate comprises montmorillonite and organically modified montmorillonite. The carbon-based material is Ketjen carbon black, acetylene black, active carbon black, single-wall carbon nanotube and multi-wall carbon nanotube, or graphite alkene. (I) is preferably magnesium compound of formula (MgaNibO), magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, cupric oxide, magnesium cupric oxide compound of formula (MgcCudO), lanthanum(III) oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, and manganese oxide compound of formula (Mn2Of). The positive electrode active material comprises metal oxide of formula (A1B1xC1yD1z) (I). The positive active material comprises sulfur material. The sulfur material is elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide, organic sulfide and carbon sulfur compound of formula (C2Sv)m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organically modified montmorillonite comprises organic quaternary ammonium salts. The organic quaternary ammonium salts include bis-hydroxyethyl tallow methyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, octadecyl trimethylammonium chloride, myristyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The solvent is acetone. The non-solvent is tert-butyl methyl ether. The positive electrode comprises anode active material, and positive electrode active material for reversibly removing ion embedding.A1 = polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, or acrylonitrile copolymer;B1 = elemental sulfur;C1 = carbon-based material;x = 20;y = 1;z = 1;a = 0-1;b = 0-1;a+b = 1;c = 0-1;d = 0-1;c+d = 1;f = 2, 3, 4, or 7;n = 1, or 2.5;v = 50; andm = 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is provided with micron or sub-micron and nano-pores of porous structure. The film has porosity of 25-75%. The copolymer is blended with the layered silicate of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene in the solvent. Preferred Method: The mechanically stirring step is carried out for 8-24 hours. The drying step is carried out at temperature of 50-80 degrees C for 12-24 hours.