TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In forming the LIB component, the LIB component is a LIB anode component. The set of nanostructures comprise at least one LIB anode active material. The nanostructures comprise silicon (Si). The nanostructures comprise one or more intermetallic compounds and/or alloys of Si. The nanostructures comprise a silicon-copper (Si-Cu) and/or silicon-nickel (Si-Ni) intermetallic compound. The nanostructures comprise tin (Sn). The nanostructures comprise one or more intermetallic compounds and/or alloys of Sn. The nanostructures comprise one or more of a Sn-Cu, Sn-Ni, and Sn-manganese (Sn-Mn) intermetallic compound. The nanostructures comprise Si and Sn. The substrate structure comprises at least one current collector structure. The current collector substrate structure comprises at least one copper (Cu) structure and/or at least one graphite structure. The current collector substrate structure comprises one or more of a Cu film, Cu foil, a Cu mesh structure, and a Cu sponge structure; and one or more of a graphite film, carbon paper, a graphite foil structure, graphite powder, and carbon powder. The substrate structure comprises at least one active material structure, where the active material substrate structure comprises graphite. The graphite active material substrate structure comprises graphite powder comprising a set of graphite flakes or particles. The method includes combining the graphite powder substrate with one or more binder materials to adhere the graphite particles or flakes together. The binder materials include one or more of carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), or polyacrylic acid (PAA), where the binder material includes CMC and/or PVDF. The combining is performed prior to electrochemically depositing the set of nanostructures on one or more surfaces of the graphite powder. The set of nanostructures are electrochemically deposited on one or more surfaces of the graphite powder prior to combining the graphite powder with one or more binder materials to adhere the graphite particles or flakes together. Providing at least one substrate structure comprises coating graphite powder onto a graphite foil structure or a porous Cu structure. The coating comprises coating a graphite powder and one or more binder materials onto the graphite foil or porous Cu structure. Providing at least one substrate structure comprises disposing graphite powder comprising a set of graphite particles or graphite flakes between two or more porous Cu structures, and further comprises combining the graphite powder with at least one binder material prior to disposing the graphite powder between the two or more porous Cu structures. The set of nanostructures are electrochemically deposited directly onto the one or more surfaces of the substrate structure, where the nanostructures are in direct physical contact with the one or more surfaces of the substrate structure. The nanostructures are formed as highly crystalline nanostructures comprising at least one active material, where the nanostructures are formed as highly crystalline nanostructures immediately upon formation, where no further processing is required to achieve the crystalline structure of the nanostructure. The nanostructures comprise monocrystalline Si or highly crystalline Si, where the nanostructure are substantially free of amorphous Si or polycrystalline Si upon formation. The nanostructures comprise elongated nanostructures, where the elongated nanostructures comprise nanowires, tapered nanowires, nanospikes, clusters of nanospikes, or clusters of nanowires. The nanostructures comprise Si nanowires, Si nanospikes, clusters of Si nanospikes, or clusters of Si nanowires. Moreover, at least one substrate structure comprises at least one substrate structure comprising set of surface features formed on at least one surface of the substrate structure, where the depositing comprises forming the one or more nanostructures directly on the one or more surface features. The surface features comprise a set of protrusions formed on at least one surface of the one or more substrate structures; and a set of indentations or trenches formed on at least one surface of the one or more substrate structures. The electrochemical deposition is performed at 80 degrees C or less, about 70 degrees C or less, about 60 degrees C or less, about 50 degrees C or less, about room temperature, or room temperature. The method further comprises forming a LIB anode component comprising the substrate structure and the set of nanostructures formed on it. The substrate structure comprises graphite powder and the nanostructures comprise Si nanostructures electrochemically deposited on the graphite powder, where the LIB anode composite comprises a porous active material composite including the graphite powder and Si nanostructures, where the active material composite has a porosity of about 1-50%. The active material composite comprises a binder material, where the active material composite consists of less than 10% of the binder material, less than 5% of the binder material, less than 4% of the binder material, or about 3-4% of the binder material. The binder material comprises CMC. Alternatively, forming the LIB component comprises: providing at least one substrate structure; and electrochemically depositing a set of nanostructures directly onto one or more surfaces of the substrate structure, where the nanostructures are nanocrystals comprising at least one active material, where the nanocrystals are formed as highly crystalline nanocrystals immediately upon formation via electrochemical deposition such that no further processing is required after electrochemical deposition to achieve the crystalline structure of the nanocrystals. The electrochemical deposition of the set of nanostructures is done without a growth template. The active material composite comprises a binder material, where the active material composite consists of less than 10% of the binder material, less than 5% of the binder material, less than 4% of the binder material, or about 1-4% of the binder material. In a second alternative case, forming the LIB component comprises: providing at least one substrate structure comprising graphite; and electrochemically depositing a set of nanostructures directly onto one or more surfaces of the graphite substrate structure. The current collector substrate structure comprises one or more of a graphite film, a graphite foil structure, and graphite powder. The substrate structure comprises at least one active material structure, where the active material substrate structure comprises graphite powder or graphite foil. The graphite active material substrate structure comprises graphite powder comprising a set of graphite flakes or particles. The method includes combining the graphite powder substrate with one or more binder materials to adhere the graphite particles or flakes together. The binder materials include one or more of CMC, PVDF, PAA, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or polyimide (PI). The binder material comprises CMC. In a third alternative case, forming the LIB component comprises: providing an electrolytic cell comprising a working electrode, where the working electrode comprises at least one substrate structure comprising one or more LIB current collector structures and/or one or more LIB active material structures; and electrochemically depositing a set of Si nanostructures directly onto one or more surfaces of the substrate structure. The electrolytic cell comprises a solution comprising a precursor dissolved in at least one solvent. The precursor comprises trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) or silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4). The solvent comprises non-aqueous n-methyl-n-butyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (P1;4TFSI). The precursor comprises SiHCl3 and the solvent comprises P1;4TFSI, where the precursor concentration is about 0.1-1 M or about 0.2-1 M. Preferred LIB: In the LIB, the Si active material includes a set of Si nanostructures. The graphite active material includes graphite foil or graphite powder, where the Si nanostructures are formed on the graphite foil or graphite powder. The electrolyte comprises about 90% of the liquid polymer solvent, where the solvent comprises a mixture comprising equal parts of DEC, EC, and EMC. The electrolyte comprises about 10% of the polymer additive, where the polymer additive comprises about 10% of one or more materials selected from FEC, SA, and DAPC. The electrolyte comprises about 90% of the liquid polymer solvent, where the solvent comprises a mixture comprising equal parts of DEC, EC, and EMC; and about 10% of the polymer additive, where the polymer additive comprises FEC. The polymer additive comprises FEC or DAPC.