TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal film contains gold, silver, platinum, or palladium. The primary conductive-type inorganic semiconductor layer is a p-type or n-type inorganic semiconductor layer. The conductive-type organic-semiconductor pillar is a p-type or n-type organic-semiconductor pillar. The conductive-type organic-semiconductor pillar is n-type or p-type organic-semiconductor pillar. The p-type inorganic semiconductor layer comprises molybdenum (VI) oxide, nickel (II) oxide, copper (I) oxide, vanadium (V) oxide or tungsten (VI) oxide. The n-type inorganic semiconductor layer comprises zinc oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide or cesium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The p-type organic-semiconductor pillar comprises poly((N-9'heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole))), poly-3(or 3,4)-alkyl thiophene-2,5-diyl, poly(2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)), poly(4,8-bis(octyloxy) benzo(1,2-b;4,5-b')dithiophene2,6-diyl) or 2-(dodecyloxy)(carbonyl)thieno(3,4-b)thiophene diyl. The n-type organic-semiconductor pillar comprises (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid(3-ethyl thiophene)ester, 1-(3-methyl carbonyl)propyl-1-thienyl6,6-methanofullerene, (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric-acid(2,5-dibromo-3-ethyl thiophene)ester, poly ((9,9-dioctyl fluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-(2,1',3)-thiadiazole)), (6,6)-phenyl- C71-butyric-acid methyl ester, (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid methyl ester, fullerene C60, C70, C84, C60-indene bisadduct, diphenyl-C62 bis(butyric-acid methyl ester), diphenyl C72 bis(butyric-acid methyl ester), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)-1,4-(1-cyano-vinylene-1,4-phenylene)) or poly((9,9-dioctyl-2,7-bis(2-cyano-vinylene fluorenylene))-alt-co-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)). The p-type organic-semiconductor pillar comprises poly (((2-ethyl hexyloxy)methoxy-1,4-phenylene)-1,2-ethene diyl) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3'-7'-dimethyl octyloxy)-1,4- phenylene vinylene).