TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing-material (I) is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide of formula (LiNi0.4Co0.4Mn0.2O2) or (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2), lithium manganese nickel oxide of formula (LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4) or lithium iron phosphate. (II) is lithium sulfide or lithium sulfate. The nanofibers (N2) comprise a lithium sulfide/carbon nanocomposite or a lithium sulfate/carbon nanocomposite. The lithium-containing-material comprises at least 50 wt.%, preferably at least 80 wt.% of the nanofibers, or the nanofiber comprises at least 2.5 wt.% lithium. At least 10%, preferably 25% of the atoms present in the nanofibers are lithium atoms. The nanofibers have: an initial capacity of at least 100 mAh/g as a cathode in a lithium ion battery, at a charge/discharge rate of 0.1C; a diameter of less than 1 mu or less than 500 nm; an aspect ratio of at least 100; a specific surface are of at least 10 m2/g, preferably at least 1000 m2/g, as measured by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller; and a length of at least 1 mu , preferably at least 10 mu . In the nanofibers (N4), the backbone comprises carbon, and the lithium-containing-material is (I). The fluid stock is aqueous. The fluid stock further comprises: a non-lithium metal precursor, where the metal precursor is an iron precursor, cobalt precursor, aluminum precursor, nickel precursor and/or manganese precursor; or a non-metal precursor which is elemental sulfur or a phosphite alkoxide. In the process (P1), if the non-metal precursor is elemental sulfur, then the lithium containing nanofiber comprises lithium sulfide, and if the non-metal precursor is a phosphite alkoxide, then the lithium containing nanofiber comprises lithium metal phosphate. In the process (P1), the combined concentration of lithium salt and metal precursor is present in or provided into the fluid stock at a concentration of at least 200 mM, preferably at least 300 mM. The polymer comprises many repeating monomeric residues, where the combined lithium salt and metal precursor is present in or added in a lithium salt/metal precursor-to-monomeric residue ratio of at least 1:4, preferably at least 1:1. Preferred Method: The electrospinning is gas assisted, preferably coaxially gas assisted. The process (P1) comprises thermally treating the first nanofiber at a temperature of at least 300 degrees C. In the process (P1), the thermally treating step is performed under air, where the process produces nanofibers comprising a continuous matrix of lithium metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyacrylonitrile and/or polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Definitions:    M1 = Ni, Co and/or Mn; and    X = O; and    a, b = 1.    EXAMPLE - 0.5 g of PVA was combined with 4.5 g of water to obtain a first composition. The first composition was heated to 95 degrees C for at least 8 hours, then 1 g of water, 5 g of acetic acid, 3 drops x-100 surfactant, lithium acetate (hydrate) and manganese acetate (hydrate) were combined to obtain a second composition. The second composition was mixed for at least 4 hours. The first and second compositions were combined and mixed for at least 2 hours to form a fluid stock. The fluid stock was electrospun in a coaxial gas assisted manner, using a flow rate of 0.01 ml/minute, a voltage of 20 kV and a tip to collector distance of 15 cm. The fluid stock was also electrospun without coaxial gas assistance, using a flow rate of 0.005 ml/minute, a voltage of 20 kV and a tip to collector distance of 18 cm, to prepare an as-spun precursor nanofiber, which was subsequently thermally heated in air at 700 degrees C (with a heat/cool rate of 2 C/minute) for 5 hours.