TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: In (I), the many first conductors comprise at least one of conductors in a cured form: a silver conductive ink; a copper conductive ink; a gold conductive ink; an aluminum conductive ink; a tin conductive ink; a carbon conductive ink; a carbon nanotube polymer; or a conductive polymer. In (II), the at least one first conductor comprises a cured conductive ink or a cured conductive polymer. In (III), the first conductor comprises at least one of a cured conductive ink, cured conductive polymer, carbon nanotubes, metal, metal alloy or combination of metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diodes comprise gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, or silicon. The base further comprises many angled ridges. The first conductors in (I) or the first conductor in (II), comprise a sputtered, coated, vapor deposited or electroplated metal, metal alloy, or combination of metals. The metal, metal alloy, or combination of metals comprise at least one of aluminum, copper, silver, nickel, or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In (I) and (III), the diodes are spherical, toroidal, cylindrical, faceted, rectangular, flat, or elliptical. In (I), (II) and (III), 15-55% of surface of each diode of all of the diodes has a penetration layer or region having a first majority carrier or dopant and the remaining diode substrate has a second majority carrier or dopant. In (I), the diodes are spherical and where a ratio of a mean diameter of the spherical lenses to a mean diameter of the diodes is 5:1 or between 10:1 and 2:1. In (I), the comparative size or spacing of the spherical lenses provide a mode coupling to the diodes. In (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V), a mean diameter or length of the diodes is greater than 20 and less than 40 microns. In (I) and (III), the diodes are semiconductor LED, organic LED, encapsulated organic LED, polymer LED, or photovoltaic diodes. (I) further comprises: many third conductors coupled to the second conductors; many conductive vias extending between a first side and a second side of the base and correspondingly coupled at the first side to the many conductors; many insulators correspondingly coupled to each of the diodes and comprising many inorganic dielectric particles suspended with a photoinitiator compound in a second polymer or resin; many insulators correspondingly coupled to each of the diodes and comprising a photoinitiator compound and a second polymer or resin. In (I), the base further comprises: a reflector or a refractor; a Bragg reflector or a reflective plastic or polyester coating; a conductive backplane coupled to the conductive vias and coupled to or integrated with the second side of the base; an interface for insertion into a standardized lighting socket; an interface compatible with an E12, E14, E26, E27, or GU-10 lighting standard; an interface for insertion into a standard Edison-type lighting socket; and an interface for insertion into a standard fluorescent-type lighting socket. In (I), the many conductive vias comprise many randomly distributed, spherical conductors. In (I), (II) and (III), the base has a flat overall form factor with or without surface features and has a thickness of less than 2 millimeters. The many spaced-apart channels are parallel, at least partially hemispherically shaped and are disposed in an array or at least partially parabolic. The many spaced-apart channels further comprise many integrally formed projections or supports. The many first conductors are coupled to the many integrally formed projections or supports within the many spaced-apart channels and the many diodes are alloyed, or annealed, or chemically coupled to the many first conductors. The many first conductors comprise a cured conductive ink or a cured conductive polymer. The many second conductors comprise at least one of compounds suspended in a polymer, resin or other media, carbon nanotubes, antimony tin oxide, indium tin oxide, or polyethylene-dioxithiophene. The many diodes are: coupled to or within the many first conductors by abutment; annealed or alloyed to or within the many first conductors; or chemically coupled to or within the many first conductors. In (II), the many diodes are semiconductor LED, organic LED, polymer LED, or photovoltaic diodes. (II) further comprises: at least one third conductor coupled to the at least one second conductor; at least one conductive via extending between a first side and a second side of the base and correspondingly coupled at the first side to the at least one first conductor; at least one insulator coupled to the many diodes and comprising many inorganic dielectric particles suspended with a photoinitiator compound in a second polymer or resin; an interface for insertion into a standardized lighting socket; an interface compatible with an El2, El4, E26, E27, or GU-10 lighting standard; an interface for insertion into a standard Edison-type lighting socket; and an interface for insertion into a standard fluorescent-type lighting socket. In (II), the base further comprises: a reflector or a refractor; and a conductive backplane coupled to the at least one conductive via and coupled to or integrated with the second side of the base. In (II) and (III), the many diodes are annealed, or alloyed, or chemically coupled to or within the at least one first conductor. In the system (III), the lenses are spherical, hemispherical, faceted, elliptical, oblong, cubic, prismatic, trapezoidal, triangular or pyramidal. In (III), the comparative size or spacing of the lenses provide a mode coupling to the many optically resonant diodes. (III) further comprises at least one conductive via extending between a first side and a second side of the base and correspondingly coupled at the first side to the at least one first conductor. In (III), the base further comprises a conductive backplane coupled to the conductive via and coupled to or integrated with the second side of the base. (III) further comprises at least one insulator to the many diodes and comprising many inorganic dielectric particles suspended with a photoinitiator compound in a second polymer or resin. In (III): the interface is compatible with an E12, E14, D26, E27 or GU-10 lighting standard; and the interface is for insertion into a standard Edison-type lighting socket or a standard fluorescent-type lighting socket. In (IV), where a ratio of mean diameter or length of the many lenses to a mean diameter or length of the many diodes is 10:1 and 2:1. In (IV) and (V), the diodes are spherical, toroidal, cylindrical, faceted, rectangular, flat, elliptical or irregular. (IV) and (V) further comprise: at least one conductive via extending between a first side and a second side of the base and correspondingly coupled at the first side to the first conductor; a conductive backplane coupled to the conductive via and coupled to or integrated with the second side of the base; at least one insulator coupled to the many diodes and comprising many inorganic dielectric particles suspended with photoinitiator compound in a second polymer or resin; and an interface for insertion into a standardized lighting socket. In (V), 15-55% of a surface of each diode of all of many diodes has a layer or region having a first majority carrier or dopant and the remaining diode substrate has a second majority carrier or dopant. (V) is flexible, foldable or creasable.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In (I), the spherical lenses comprise borosilicate glass or polystyrene latex. In (I), (II) and (III), the base comprises at least one of paper, coated paper, plastic coated paper, embossed paper, fiber paper, cardboard, poster paper, poster board, wood, plastic, rubber, fabric, glass, and/or ceramic. In (I) and (III), the many second conductors comprise or at least one second conductor comprises an optically transmissive conductor or conductive compound suspended in a polymer, resin or other media. In (II), the at least one second conductor comprises an optically transmissive polymer. In (III) and (IV), the many lenses comprise borosilicate glass or polystyrene latex.