TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary electrode comprises tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or indium zinc oxide. The secondary electrode comprises aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, titanium, lithium or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide layer comprises molybdenum oxide layer, and tungsten oxide layer or rhenium oxide layer. The alignment layer is metal halide layer containing copper iodide, copper bromide and silver bromide or silver iodide, preferably copper iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoactive layer contains bulk heterojunction of acceptor material and donor material. The donor material is ( pi )-conjugated compound including copper phthalocyanine, zinc phthalocyanine, lead phthalocyanine, chloroaluminum phthalocyanine, boron chloride subphthalocyanine, titanium oxide phthalocyanine, diindeno parylene or (oligothiophene) derivative. The organic solar cell has donor layer containing zinc phthalocyanine. The organic solar cell further has electron transport layer containing 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bathucuproine, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)-2-methylpyrimidine, tris-(3-(3-pyridyl)mesityl)borane, 1,3-bis(3,5-dipyrid-3-yl-phenyl)benzene, 1,3,5-tri(m-pyrid-3-yl-phenyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoyl)phenylene, 1,3-bis(4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoyl)phenylene, or 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ( pi )-conjugated compound is poly (P-phenylenevinylene) and its derivative, cyano-containing poly (P-phenylenevinylene), cyano and thiophene-containing poly (P-phenylenevinylene), poly (2,7-carbazole)-based polymer, acetylene-containing poly (P-phenylenevinylene), fluorine-based conjugation polymer, indole-(3,2-b) carbazole polymers, poly (3-alkylthiophene) and its derivatives, poly (3-hexylselenophene), (isothianaphthene)-based polymer, cyclopenta (2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene-based polymer, silafluorene and dithieno (3,2-b:2',3'-d) silole-based polymer, thieno (3,4-b) thiophene-based polymer, thieno (3,2-b)thiophene-based polymer, poly (thienylvinylene), poly (arylene ethylene), triarylamine-based polymer, (phenothiazine)-based polymer, porphyrin-based polymer, or (platinum metallopolyyne)-containing polymer. The acceptor material comprises C60 fullerene, C70 fullerene, (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, perylene, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride or 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole. The organic solar cell has substrate having transparent glass substrate containing polyethylene terephthalate, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate or polyarylate.