TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Substrate is electrode, electrode transfer layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), bulk heterojunction (BHJ), plastic substrate, glasssubstrate, conducting layer, or semiconducting layer, preferably BHJ in organic photovoltaic (OPV) device or metal oxide semiconducting layer, conducting layer, or ETLs in inverted OPV device. Inverted BHJ OPV device contains cathode of aluminum, gold, silver, calcium, magnesium, or barium. Component is semiconductor films, charge injection layers, charge transport layers, interlayers, planarizing layers, antistatic films, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM), laser materials, conducting substrates, and/or conducting patterns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Formulation contains solvents, such as water, alcohol, and/or polar non-alcoholic organic solvents, e.g. isopropanol ethanol, water and isopropanol, or water and ethanol. The 1st entity contains moiety e.g. imidazolium, dialkylimidazolium, trialkylimidazolium, dialkylpyrrolidinium, mono or dialkylpyridinium, trialkylsulfonium, carbazolium, indolium, piperidinium, morpholinium, pyrimidinium, pyridazinium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, pyrrolinium, thiazolium, oxazolium, triazolium, triazinium, guanidinium, uranium, ammonium, sulfonium, and/or phosphonium. The 2nd entity contains halide, borate, imide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfonate, sulfate, succinate, naphthenate, carboxylate, or O-heterocyclic moiety, such as imidazolium, dialkylimidazolium, trialkylimidazolium, dialkylpyrrolidinium, mono or dialkylpyridinium, trialkylsulfonium, carbazolium, indolium, piperidinium, morpholinium, pyrimidinium, pyridazinium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, pyrrolinium, pyrazinium, thiazolium, oxazolium, triazolium, triazinium, guanidinium, uranium, ammonium, sulfonium, phosphonium, and/or cations of hydrogen (H+), sodium (Na+), or potassium (K+). The 1st entity contains organic zwitterionic compound e.g. zwitterionic dye, preferably cyanine dye, merocyanine dye, squarylium dye, or polymethine dye, and 2nd entity contains organic or inorganic counterion. Concentration of salt in solvent is 0.001-30 mg/ml. Organic salt is ionic liquid (IL) or polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL). Concentration of salt in solvent is 0.0001-10 vol.%. Preferred Processes: Formulation is deposited by spin-coating or printing, preferably slot-dye coating, inkjet printing, spraying, or doctor-blading. Preferred Conditions: Formulation is processed under atmosphere of air, nitrogen (N2), or water pressure. Formulation is deposited at 10-120 degrees C, preferably at room temperature. Layer is dried at room temperature to 200 degrees C, preferably from room temperature to 60 degrees C.