TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersed gas comprises a gas having a boiling point of less than 20 degrees C; and the dispersed gas comprises air, nitrogen, gaseous hydrocarbons and/or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The blowing agent comprises a liquid having a boiling point of less than 150 degrees C; and the liquid comprises liquid hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon, chlorocarbon and/or chlorofluorocarbon. The epoxy resin or the curing agent comprises a porogen. In (C2), at least one porogen comprises a dispersed gas and/or a blowing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Formulation: The formulation (C1) comprises a solvent-free low viscosity liquid aromatic epoxy resin; and the liquid aromatic epoxy resin liquid formulation comprises at least one divinylarene dioxide. The formulation includes d) at least one curing catalyst. At least one porogen generates pores during curing to form a cured porous carbon precursor composition. At least one porogen generates pores during carbonization to form a foamed carbon composition. Preferred Process: The process (P1) and (P2) involves a step of foaming the formulation of step (I) prior to curing the formulation in step (II); a step of simultaneously foaming and curing the formulation of step (I); and a step of shaping the cured product of step (II) prior to the carbonizing step (III). In the process (P2), at least one porogen generates a foam structure during curing and/or carbonization. Preferred Components: In (C1), the porogen comprises a blowing agent, a dispersed gas, a sacrificial template and/or a hollow material. The sacrificial template comprises a polymer particle having a thermal degradation of less than 600 degrees C. The hollow material comprises any shape such as spheres, tubes, cylindrical, discs, cubes and/or stars. EXAMPLE - A closed cell porous carbon composition was produced by using a porogen which was a 100-200 mesh DOWEX 1X8 (RTM: ion exchange resin). The porogen (35 wt.%) was added to a curable liquid carbon precursor formulation made of a mixture of divinylbenzene dioxide (DVBDO) having a purity of at least 95%, para-cresol and methyl 7-toluenesulfonate (MPTS) at 85/14/1 wt. ratio. The resulting formulation was shaken for 1 minute to give curable formulation.