TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photovoltaic cell further comprising hole-conducting layer disposed between the anode and active layer, substrate disposed on top of the anode, hole-blocking, electron-conducting layer disposed between insulating polymeric layer and the active layer, and buffer enhancement layer disposed between the insulating polymeric layer and the active layer. The active layer is organic layer, heterojunction layer or organic heterojunction layer. The heterojunction layer is a bulk heterojunction system containing donor material and acceptor material. The hole-blocking, electron conducting layer is chosen from zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, and calcium and lithium fluoride. The anode and cathode comprise indium, tin, bismuth, antimony, cadmium and/or lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulating polymeric layer contains polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene and/or polyvinylidene fluoride, and fluorescent dye chosen from benzothiazolium-2-((2-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethenyl)-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)methyl)-3-ethyl perchlorate, 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran and Rhodamine 6G. The acceptor material is chosen from phenyl-60C-butyric acid methyl ester, phenyl-70C-butyric acid methyl ester, indene-60C bisadduct, perylene, perylene derivatives naphthalene, naphthalene derivatives, coronene, coronene derivatives, pyrrole and pyrrole derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate is made of glass or transparent plastic material chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, poly methyl methacrylate and polycarbonate. The anode and cathode are chosen from indium-tin oxide layer, silver nanoparticles ink, gold nanoparticles ink, silver nanowires arranged in a grid pattern, gold nanowires arranged in grid pattern, gallium-doped zinc oxide layer, and highly-conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate) layer. The buffer enhancement layer is made of polyelectrolytic material chosen from poly(ethylene oxide), polyethyleneimine, ethoxylated polyethyleneimine, poly allyl amine and peroxy formyl nitrate electrolyte. The hole-conducting layer contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate), molybdenum oxide and/or nickel oxide. The cathode and anode is optionally in the form of metal-polymer composite containing particulate metal chosen from indium, tin, bismuth, antimony, cadmium and lead, dispersed in polymer matrix chosen from polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate. The donor material is chosen from poly((4,8-bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl-thiophene-5-yl)-benzo(l,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-2,6-diyl)-alt-(2-(2'-ethyl-hexanoyl)-thieno(3,4-b)thiophen-4,6-diyl)), poly((4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-2,6-diyl)(3-fluoro-2-((2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl)thieno(3,4-b)thiophenediyl)), poly(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene-2,6-diyl)), poly((9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl)-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl) and poly(3-hexylthiophene).