TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous metal-ceramic gradient transition layer comprises metal (A) chosen from nickel, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, lanthanum, silicon, cerium and aluminum, and fluorite structure oxide. The amount of fluorite structure oxide is 0-50 wt.%. The fluorite structure oxide is doped zirconia, ceria or rare-earth-doped ceria. The doped zirconia is chosen from yttria-stabilized zirconia, scandia-stabilized zirconia, scandia-yttria-stabilized zirconia and scandium-ceria-stabilized zirconia. The rare-earth element is yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and/or gadolinium. The porous anode layer comprises 30-50 wt.% electrolyte material, 30-70 wt.% transition metal (TM) and 0-20 wt.% conductive metal ceramic oxide. The electrolyte material is yttria-stabilized zirconia, scandia-stabilized zirconia, scandia-yttria-stabilized zirconia, scandia-ceria-stabilized zirconia, gadolinium-doped ceria, samaria-doped ceria, lanthanum-strontium-gallium-magnesium oxide and/or lanthanum-strontium-gallium-magnesium-cobalt oxide. The transition metal (TM) is nickel, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, niobium, molybdenum and/or tantalum. The conductive oxide is ceria, strontium-titanium-niobium oxide of formula: SrTi0.9Nb0.09O3\|~d (I), strontium-yttrium-titanium oxide of formula: SrxY0.07TiO3\|~d (II), strontium-yttrium-titanium oxide of formula: Sr0.895Y0.07TiyO3\|~d (III) and/or strontium-lanthanum-titanium-containing oxide of formula: Sr1-a-bLaaTi1-zN'zO3+~d (IV), where delta is 0-1, x is 0.8-1.02, y is 1-1.2, a is 0.1-0.9, b is 0-0.2, z is 0-0.9, and N' is manganese, cobalt, nickel, iron, chromium and/or niobium. The dense electrolyte layer comprises electrolyte material comprising yttria-stabilized zirconia, scandia-stabilized zirconia, scandia-yttria-stabilized zirconia, scandia-ceria-stabilized zirconia, gadolinium-doped ceria, samaria-doped ceria, lanthanum-strontium-gallium-magnesium oxide and/or lanthanum-strontium-gallium-magnesium-cobalt oxide. The inert atmosphere used during preparation of metal support half-cell comprises nitrogen or argon. The pore-forming agent is ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, graphite, starch and/or poly(methyl methacrylate). Preferred Property: The porous metal-ceramic gradient transition layer has thickness of 20-100 mu m. The porous anode layer thin film has thickness of 10-50 mu m. The dense electrolyte layer thin film has thickness of 5-40 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The porous metal support layer comprises iron-chromium-containing stainless steel alloy of formula: FeCrM (I), where M is nickel, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, cobalt, copper, vanadium, lanthanum, silicon, cerium, aluminum, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. The casting slurry of porous metal support layer thick film comprises 30-60 wt.% stainless steel, 3-10 wt.% pore-forming agent, 30-60 wt.% solvent, 0.5-5 wt.% dispersant, 3-10 wt.% binder and 2-10 wt.% plasticizer. Preferred Property: The porous metal support layer thick film has thickness of 200-1000 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is anhydrous ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, trichloroethylene and/or dimethylbenzene. The dispersant is herring oil, triethanolamine, triethyl phosphate, Span-80 (RTM: nonionic surfactant), tributyl phosphate, terpineol, glyceryl trioleate, polyacrylic acid and/or ethoxy compound. The plasticizer is ethylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diethyl oxalate and/or glycerol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polymethyl acrylate, poly(methylmethacrylate) and ethyl cellulose.