TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode terminal is made from aluminum or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The power storage device further comprises solvent different from the ionic liquid. The ionic liquid is of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    A-=(FSO2)2N- or (CF3SO2)2N-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat-resistant nano web membrane is made of the anhydride that is selected from biphenyltetracarboxylic di-anhydride, benzene tetracarboxylic di-anhydride, the phthalic anhydride, the pyromellitic dianhydride, biphenyltetracarboxylic di-anhydride, oxydiphthalic anhydride, benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, the trimellitic ethylene glycol and isopropyl biphenoxy biff trouble leak anhydride, hexa fluoro isopropylidene diphthalic anhydride, isopropylidenedi phenoxy bis and trimethyl leak anhydride. The amine monomer is selected from the p- phenyl diamine, the m-phenylenediamine, aminophenoxy-phenyl propane, P-methylenedianiline, profile tetramethyldisiloxane, polyaromatic amine, diamino diphenylsulfone, bis-trifluoromethyl-diamino biphenyl, diamino triazole, bis benzene and bis aminophenoxy phenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membranous polymers resin is made of the polyethylene oxide, the polyvinyl alcohol, the polyacrylamide, the polyacrylic acid, the poly styrene sulfonic acid, the poly silicon dioxide, the poly phosphoric acid, the poly ethylene sulfonic acid, the poly three-vinyl oxy captive board-one-sulfonic acid, the poly four-vinyl phenyl sulfuric acid, the poly ethylene phosphonic acid, the poly maleic acid, the poly two-methacryloyl oxetane-one-sulfonic acid, the poly four-vinyl phenone, the poly three-methacryloyl oxypropane-one-sulfonic acid, the poly four-vinyl benzo wing acid, the polyethyleneimine, the polyamine, the polydi aryl dimethylammonium chloride, the poly four-vinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium salt, the poly dimethyl imino cyclopropane dimethyl imino hexamethylene dibromide, the poly two-vinylpiperidine salt, the poly four-vinylpiperidine salt, the poly vinyl amine salt and poly two-vinylpyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The control box is made of complex resin composition including poly propylene resin, engineering plastics, and rubber system resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aqueous medium is maintained at a temperature of -20 degrees C to 20 degrees C, preferably -5 degrees C to 5 degrees C. The secondary aqueous solution is preferably heated at a temperature of 65-74 degrees C. The seed suspension is preferably heated at a temperature of 75-90 degrees C. The primary aqueous solution is added to the seed suspension at a rate of preferably 1-10 mL/L/minute. The reaction mixture is agitated at a rate capable of providing turbulent flow. The mixture is calcined at temperature of preferably 750-900 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The concentration of titanium oxychloride in the secondary aqueous solution is preferably 0.02-0.05 M. The ratio of lithium with respect to titanium in the mixture is preferably 0.7-0.9. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium phosphate, lithium nitrate, and lithium carboxylate, preferably lithium carbonate. Preferred Properties: The lithium titanate has a purity of more than 92% and a surface area of 2 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Precursor glass contains 10-50 mol.% lithium oxide (L2O), 1-30 mol.% vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and 35-55 mol.% phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Preferred Processes: Precursor glass is pulverized to obtain precursor glass powder which is sintered at glass transition temperature of 900 degrees C to obtain crystallized glass powder. Organic compound and/or conductive carbon are added to glass powder and calcined in inactive or reducing environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar concentration of the vanadium ion is more than 2 mol/L. The molar concentration of the anionic substance is 10 times or less of the molar concentration of the vanadium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution composition comprises acid and/or salt containing mandelic acid, mandelic acid derivative, mandelate, and/or salt of mandelic acid derivative. The electrolyte solution composition further contains anionic substance other than the acid and/or salt. The anionic substance contains sulfate ion. A portion of the acid and/or salt exists in a solid state at 50 degrees C in the electrolyte solution composition. A powder layer is formed using acid and/or salt in solid form. The powder layer is fluidized-bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material particle or negative electrode active material ion is lithium (Li)/Li+, potassium (K)/K+, calcium (Ca)/Ca2+, sodium (Na)/Na+, magnesium (Mg)/Mg2+, aluminum (Al)/Al3+, manganese (Mn)/Mn3+, zinc (Zn)/Zn2+, zinc (Zn)/Zn2+, chromium (Cr)/Cr2+, iron (Fe)/Fe2+, cadmium (Cd)/Cd2+, cobalt (Co)/Co2+, nickel (Ni)/Ni2+, tin (Sn)/Sn2+, or lead (Pb)/Pb2+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbohydrate is pentose, glucose or hexose. The dispersion coefficient of the particle size of the porous carbon structure is satisfied by an equation as given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide material comprises 40-90% tin oxide, 0-45% phosphorus pentoxide, 0-60% silicon dioxide, 0-30% boron trioxide, 0-50% R2O, and 10-60 mol.% oxide conversion of phosphorus pentoxide, silicon dioxide and boron trioxide, where R is lithium, sodium and potassium. The reducing agent comprises substance in which the Gibbs free energy produced by oxidation is smaller than tin metal at the atmospheric temperature of the reduction process. The reducing agent comprises silicon, manganese, zinc, aluminum, titanium, lithium, magnesium, zirconium, calcium, sodium and carbon. The mixture comprises aggregation inhibiting agent comprising conductive carbon,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The all-solid-state lithium secondary battery includes an inorganic solid electrolyte (3) and the positive electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium-zirconium oxide (Li62Zr2O7) is 5 mol% or less with respect to the total content of positive electrode active material. The inorganic solid electrolyte is lithium sulfide-phosphorus sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The composite carbonaceous particles have 2 or more oxidation reaction peaks in differential thermal analysis performed at 500-1000 degrees C. The average aspect-ratio, specific surface area and density of the negative electrode material is 0.3-1, 0.5-15 m2/g and 0.7-1.2 g/cm3, respectively. The adhesion strength of negative electrode material with respect to the electrical power collector is 2-10 m/N. The diffraction intensity ratio of graphite particles (B) along (002) plane with respect to graphite plane (110) of composite carbonaceous particles is 200-1000, based on X-ray diffraction pattern. Preferred Composition: The content of composite carbonaceous particles (A) and graphite particles (B) is 10-70 %mass and 30-90 %mass, respectively. The lithium-ion secondary battery further comprises positive electrode and electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The performance-enhancing supplement is chosen from phospholipid, fatty alcohol ethoxylate, fatty alcohol alkoxylate, and alkyl glycerol phosphate choline, preferably phospholipid having choline as a head group with glycerophosphoric acid, and having at least one saturated fatty acid and at least one unsaturated fatty acid. The performance-enhancing supplement is 8-18C fatty alcohol containing 6-30, preferably 30 ethylene oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The isolated or synthesized performance-enhancing supplement is incorporated in the acidic electrolyte. The isolated or synthesized supplement corresponds to an ingredient of a latex obtained from Hevea brasiliensis tree other than polyisoprene component. The performance-enhancing supplement has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of greater than 2. The cell further comprises a natural c/s-polyisoprene thermoset elastomer obtained from Hevea brasiliensis trees. The container comprises polymeric material chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polystyrene, PVC, and phenolic resin, the performance-enhancing supplement being incorporated in it. The polyolefin comprises an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. The performance-enhancing supplement is combined with a carrier chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polystyrene, PVC, and phenolic resin, compatible with the polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The radical scavenger is selected from a group consisting of cerium-zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, aluminum oxide and vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Bronsted base is methylimidazole, triethylamine, tris(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)amine, 1-ethylimidazole or 1-butylimidazole, preferably methylimidazole or 1-methylimidazole. The acid group is a sulfonic acid group, preferably chosen from 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA), vinylsulfonic acid (VSA), styrenesulfonic acid (SSA), 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate (SOMA) and sodium salt of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylic acid. The other monomer is hydrophobic monomer chosen from methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate and styrene, or hydrophilic monomer chosen from methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, monomethacryloyloxyethyl phthalate and ammonium sulfatoethyl methacrylate (SEM). The polymer is produced using divinylbenzene as crosslinking agent. The other monomer is preferably vinylphosphonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-powder is selected from the group consisting of graphite, carbon black, acetyleneblack, Ketjen black (RTM: Carbon black), channel black, furnace black or lamp black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conducting polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Hydrogen is separated using a separation membrane (22) having a hydrogen permeability coefficient of 4\10-9 (mol.m/(m2.second.Pa)) or more at 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer is made of maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene and maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene. The non-stretched thermoplastic resin film layer is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, olefin copolymer, acid-modified polyethylene, acid-modified polypropylene and acid-modified olefin copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary battery has a positive electrode (1) containing the active material, a negative electrode (3) containing sodium titanium orthophosphate or lithium titanium orthophosphate as active material, and an aqueous electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate contains manganese. The active material further comprises a carbon-containing coating layer provided on portion of surface of crystals of phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of dispersed particle size of carbon material and average particle diameter of active material is 2-100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is obtained by reacting polyvinyl alcohol resin (a) or polyvinyl acetal resin (b), and compound of formula (III) or compound of formula (IV), preferably by reacting polyvinyl alcohol resin (a) and compound (III). The composition further comprises triazine derivative and/or organic dye derivative, both having acidic or basic functional group, a solvent, a binder, and an active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The equivalent weight of polymer electrolyte in cathode catalyst layer is 250-1000. The polymer electrolyte in cathode catalyst layer is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin which is a copolymer having repeating unit of formula: -(CF2-CFZ)- or -(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)m-SO3H))-.Z=H, chloro, fluoro or 1-3C perfluoroalkyl;andm=1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble thickener is chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylic acid and their salts. The functional group of particulate polymer is chosen from carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, glycidyl-ether group and thiol group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: In the X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu-K (~a)-ray, the half-value width of the diffraction peak is 0.3 degrees or more, or diffraction peak does not exist at diffraction angle 2(~h) of 34 \| 1 degrees . Preferred Composition: The raw material contains titanium dioxide, sulfur and carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode is formed of oxygen and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The graphitized carbon black has average primary particle diameter of 17-25 nm and bulk density of 0.11-0.17 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-forming agent contains cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl in ratio of 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anolyte solution is comprised of one or more organic or inorganic ions selected from chloroaluminate, tetrafluoroborate (TFB), triflate (TFO), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anions and alkyl imidazolium (IM), pyrrolidinium (PY) and asymmetric quaternary ammonium (QA) cations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises optionally less than or equal to 5 wt.% of an additive consisting of stabilizers, mold release agents, lubricants, processing aids, drip retardants, dyes, pigments, antioxidants, mineral oil, and/or metal deactivators. Preferred Components: The organophosphate ester comprises triphenyl phosphate (preferred), and/or an alkylated triphenyl phosphate. The content of organophosphate ester is 5-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly(phenylene ether) comprises a poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.4-0.5 deciliter per gram measured at 25 degrees C in chloroform. The rubber-modified polystyrene comprises 85-95 pts. wt. polystyrene and 5-15 pts. wt. polybutadiene. The content of glass fibers is 5-8 wt.%. The content of poly(phenylene ether) and rubber-modified polystyrene is 48-54 wt.% and 30-37 wt.%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: 52.19 wt.% of PPO 646 (RTM: Polyphenylene ether); 33.73 wt.% of Noryl HIPS 3190 (RTM: High impact polystyrene); 6.96 wt.% of chopped glass fiber; 6.46 wt.% of triphenyl phosphate; 0.15 wt.% of Cycolac INP449 (RTM: Poly(styrene-acrylonitrile)-encapsulated PTFE); and 0.50 wt.% of Monarch 800 (RTM: Carbon black).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal sulfide is lithium sulfide. The sulfur compound is diphosphorus pentasulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon-based solvent is an aromatic hydrocarbon-type solvent of formula: A-(R)n (I), preferably toluene. The polar aprotic solvent is an ether solvent, preferably cyclic ether. The volume ratio of hydrocarbon-based solvent with respect to polar aprotic solvent is 95:5-5:95.A=aryl;R=alkyl;andn=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The silicon-based nanowire is formed by growth in presence of platinum, iron, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver, copper, zinc and cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The moisture content of slurry after the heat-processing is 0.2 %mass or less. Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 0.2-2 g/m2 and particle strength of 42 MPa or more. The amount of total carbon and moisture content after exposing the positive electrode active material to atmosphere for five days is less than 0.6 %mass and less than 1.1 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyanion-based positive electrode precursor is olivine-type positive electrode active material precursor. The amount of carbon in the polyanion-based positive electrode precursor-graphite oxide composite granules is 1-10 %mass. The polyanion-based positive electrode precursor contains metal salt chosen from manganese salt, iron salt, vanadium salt, lithium salt and phosphate salt. The lithium salt is lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. Preferred Properties: The polyanion-based positive electrode precursor in composite granules has primary particle diameter of 5-100 nm. The polyanion-based positive electrode precursor-graphite oxide composite granules have particle diameter of 0.5-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is an alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The host molecule is tripod-like urea derivative and/or tripod-like thiourea derivative of formula (1). The host molecule is dissolved in the organic electrolyte. The concentration of dissolved host molecule is 1 mM to 10 M with respect to the organic electrolyte.R=H, halo, linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, naphthalenyl or optionally modified functional groups containing halo and nitro;andX=O or S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon in the positive electrode active material is less than 0.1 %mass. The layer (A) further contains phosphorus. Preferred Properties: The thickness of layer (A) is 0.1-200 nm. The specific surface area of positive electrode active material is 0.01-3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon is 0.1-0.5 %mass. The layer (A) further comprises phosphorus. The lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particles are spinel-type lithium manganese-containing complex oxide particles containing crystalline phases obtained by replacing portion of manganese-site in lithium manganese-containing composite oxide of formula: LiMn2O4-d with lithium, metal element (M1) and other metal element (M2). Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 0.01-3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composite particles further comprise water-soluble polymer. The composite particles comprise 0.2-4 pts. wt. water-insoluble polysaccharide polymer fiber with respect to 100 pts. wt. composite particles. Preferred Property: The fiber diameter of water-insoluble polysaccharide polymer fiber is 5-3000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The onium cation (a) is nitrogen-containing onium cation having pyrrolidine skeleton. The molten salt electrolyte preferably contains 5-500 ppm onium cation (b). The sodium salt is a salt of sodium ion and bis(sulfonyl) imide anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of vinylidene fluoride polymer particles is 10-700 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbonaceous film has network structure. 70% or more Surfaces of particles of electrode active material are coated. The density of carbonaceous film is 0.1-1.4 g/cm3. The film thickness of the carbonaceous film is 0.1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution further comprises a lithium salt. The lithium salt comprises LiPF5, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bisoxalateborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonylimide), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, tris (trifluoromethanesulphonyl)methyl and/or lithium triflate. The non-aqueous organic solvent further comprises a compound selected from lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium oxalyldifluoroborate and ethylene sulfate. The lithium secondary battery comprises cathode active material comprising a manganese spinel-based active material, and/or lithium metal oxide.The lithium metal oxide is selected from lithium-manganese-based oxide, lithium-nickel-manganesebased oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt-based oxide, and lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-based oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous organic solvent further comprises ethyl propionate, methyl propionate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate and/or ethylpropyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material contains non-graphitized carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pyrrolidinium cation is 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium cation. The anion is bis(sulfonyl)imide anion. The sodium salt is salt of sodium ion and bis(sulfonyl)imide anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition is preferably of formula: xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiNiaMnbO2, where x is 0.5-0.8 (excluding 0.8), and a+b is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The sliding sleeve is equipped with a miniaturized fuel cell in its upper region, and is connected to the sliding sleeve and the slider through a capillary.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium nickel complex oxide is of formula (Lix(Ni1-yCoy)1-zMzO2), where x is 0.98-1.10, y is 0.05-0.4, z is 0.01-0.2, and M is metallic element selected from aluminum, magnesium, manganese, titanium, iron, copper, zinc or gallium, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery cells lithium ion battery cells while the fuse component is made from a copper or copper alloy material, and the primary positive battery terminal and primary negative battery terminal are made of copper or copper alloy material with a metal plating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reactive functional group is chosen from carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, glycidyl-ether group, and thiol group. The component (B) is chosen from oxazoline compound, carbodiimide compound, and polyfunctional epoxy compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The component (A) is chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylic acid and their salts. The component (C) contains an aliphatic conjugated diene monomeric unit and an aromatic vinyl monomer unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric device comprises nanowires formed from silicon (Si), indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), indium gallium antimonide (InGaSb), and indium arsenide antimonide (InAsSb) and the embedded nano particles are formed from erbium arsenide (ErAs) and erbium antimonide (ErSb).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises a lithium salt. The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonylimide), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methyl, lithium bis(oxalate)borate, lithium oxalyldifluoroborate and ethylene sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixing weight ratio of the propylene carbonate to the ester-based solvent is 1:0.5 to 1:4. The ester-based solvent comprises methyl propionate, ethyl propionate (both preferred), methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, methyl butylate and/or ethyl butylate. The mixing ratio of the lithium salt to the lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide is 1:1 to 1:9, preferably 1:6 to 1:9 as a molar ratio. The concentration of the lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is 0.1-2 mole/l. The amount of the ester-based solvent is 10-70 pts. wt., preferably 20-50 pts. wt. The non-aqueous organic solvent further comprises butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate and/or ethylpropyl carbonate. EXAMPLE - 0.1 mole/l of Lithium hexafluorophosphate and 0.9 mole/l of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide were added to a non-aqueous organic solvent including propylene carbonate, ethyl propionate and dimethyl carbonate at a ratio of 2:4:4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle size of the alkali metal sulfide is 100 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The alkali metal sulfide is lithium sulfide. The sulfur compound is phosphorus sulfide, preferably phosphorus pentasulfide. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide and sulfur is 50:50-1:99. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide is 60:40-90:10. The halogen compound is bromine compound. The bromine compound is lithium bromide or phosphorus tribromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of sulfide-type solid electrolyte involves carrying out partial dissolution of the mixture to the solvent to obtain a solution, and contacting the sulfur compound with the solution by supplying the mixture and sulfur compound into the solvent simultaneously, and contacting halogen compound with the mixture in addition to the sulfur compound. Preferred Properties: The solvent has solubility parameters of 9 or more. The boiling point of the solvent is 65-200 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The solvent is ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive electrode has an electric potential of 3 V or more, during discharging with discharge voltage of 2 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connection portion is a monolithic piece of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide layer has hydrogen and oxygen atmosphere conductivity. The transition metal layer has titanium, niobium, tantalum, and/or tungsten. The transition metal oxide layer has titanium dioxide, niobium pentoxide, tantalum pentoxide, tungsten trioxide and/or oxide with different oxidation number. The thickness of the transition metal layer is less than or equal to 5 Angstrom . The thickness of the transition metal oxide layer is greater than or equal to 0-10 mu m. The thickness of the catalyst metal layer is greater than or equal to 0-100 nm. Preferred Method: The step (iii) is carried out by using sputter deposition, atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electroless plating and/or electrolytic plating method. The transition metal has single atomic layer, poly-crystal layer, nanorod, nanotube, whisker, nanowire, nano particle, micrometer particle and/or porous metal foam. The step (ii) is carried out by using thermal oxidation method or electrochemical oxidation method on surface of the transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode catalyst is made of platinum. The refractory metal is selected from a group consisting of hafnium, niobium, osmium, rhenium, rhodium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass solder further contains 2-5 mol% zirconium dioxide, hafnium dioxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, boron trioxide and/or aluminum oxide. The glass solder has thermal expansion coefficient of 12x 10-6 K-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystal phase comprises alkaline-earth metal silicate (where alkaline-earth metal is calcium, strontium or barium), alkaline-earth metal-zinc silicate, alkaline-earth metal-cobalt silicate or alkaline-earth metal-nickel silicate, and/or barium-zinc-cobalt-nickel-copper-silicon-based composite oxide of formula: BaZn2-xCoxNiyCuzSi2O7, where x+y+z is 0-2 and x is 0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide-type inorganic solid electrolyte further contains halogen and/or halogen compound. The lithium-ion conductive glass-like solid electrolyte is sulfide-type inorganic solid electrolyte obtained from lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide. The mixing molar ratio of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide is 50:50-80:20. Preferred Properties: The crystalline lithium-ion conductive solid electrolyte sheet has a diffraction peak at 2( theta ) of 17.8 plus minus 0.3 degrees , 18.2 plus minus 0.3 degrees , 19.8 plus minus 0.3 degrees , 21.8 plus minus 0.3 degrees , 23.8 plus minus 0.3 degrees , 25.9 plus minus 0.3 degrees , 29.5 plus minus 0.3 degrees , and 30 plus minus 0.3 degrees , in X-ray diffraction, using radiation containing copper-K-( alpha ) radiation and copper-K-( lambda ) radiation, in ratio of 1.5418 Angstrom . Preferred Process: In the manufacture of crystalline lithium-ion conductive solid electrolyte sheet, the heat processing temperature is 150-360 degrees C, and the pressure of the press molding is 0.01-1000 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thiol is penicillamine and its derivatives. The cyclic carbonate having double bond is vinylene carbonate. The content of thiol and cyclic carbonate having double bond in the electrolyte is 0.01-3 %mass and 0.01-5 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is selected from the water, sodium sulfide, iron chloride, calcium hydride, calcium chloride or potassium or tartaric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid and chloroacetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paraffin hydrocarbon is selected from the N-octacosane, N-heptacosane, N-pentaco acid, N-tetracosane, N-tricosane, N-heneicosane, N-eicosane, N-nonadecane, N-octadecane, N-hexadecane, N-pentadecane, N-tetradecane and n- tridecane or sodium hexametaphosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capsule coating layer is made of the polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, polycaprolactone, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, gelatin, chitosan or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive mix layer contains positive electrode active material of formula LiaNi1-y-zCoyMnzO2, preferably LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2.a=0.5-1.2; andy+z=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: (I) is lithium bis(oxalato) borate, lithium difluoro(oxalato) borate, lithium tris(oxalato) phosphate, lithium difluoro bis(oxalato) phosphate (preferred) or lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato) phosphate. (II) are lithium difluorophosphate. The amount of first and second additive is each 0.1-5 wt.%, preferably 0.5-1.5 wt.%. The ratio between the first and second additive is 1:0.5-1:1.5. The positive active material layer includes lithium intercalation compound. The amount of activated carbon is 0.01-20 wt.%. The negative active material layer comprises soft carbon. The first and the second additives are impregnated at a concentration of 0.005-2 wt.% in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The negative electrode further comprises a solid electrolyte interface film on the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous organic solvent is ethylene carbonate (preferred), ethylmethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate. The amount of non-aqueous organic solvent is greater than or equal to 20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A 1.15 M of lithium hexafluorophosphate solution was prepared by mixing ethylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and dimethylcarbonate in a volume ratio of 2:4:4 and lithium hexafluorophosphate was added to the obtained mixture. Then 1 wt.% of lithium difluoro bis(oxalate)phosphate and 1 wt.% of lithium difluorophosphate were added to the obtained lithium hexafluorophosphate solution to obtain corresponding electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The sulfur-containing electrode is obtained using transition metal alkoxide. Preferred Process: The expansion process performed during improvement of cycling stability of lithium-sulfur or silicon-sulfur battery reduces or prevents egress of polysulfide from the sulfur-containing electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The voltage responsive material is a transition metal compound. The transition metal compound is a transition metal oxide, preferably vanadium oxide. The transition metal compound forms a lithium transition metal compound during battery discharge. The transition metal is chosen from vanadium, molybdenum and/or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of manganese is 1.15 wt.% or less manganese. Preferred Properties: The martensitic alloy component has fracture apparent transition temperature at maximum thickness of the component of less than 30 degrees C, average grain size of less than 62 mu m, yield strength of more than 650 MPa, at a surface of the component, tensile strength of 800-1000 MPa, at the surface of the component and thickness of more than 20 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin liner is made of polyethylene resin, high-density-polyethylene resin and ethylene- vinyl alcohol copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode is made of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode is made of zinc or zinc alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Concentration of ozone used at ozone treatment process is 5-1000 ppm. Specific surface area of lithium-containing complex oxide is 0.2-20 m2/g and of precursor is 10-300 m2/g. Preferred Components: Precursor contains cobalt, nickel, and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thiol compound is penicillamine and its derivative. The cyclic sulfate is 1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide. The cyclic sulfonate ester is 1,3-propane sultone. Preferred Composition: The content of thiol compound is 0.01-3 mass% and cyclic sulfate or cyclic sulfonate ester is 0.1-5 mass% in the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thiol compound is penicillamine and its derivative. Preferred Composition: The content of thiol compound is 0.01-3 mass% in the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises cooling the graphene-based product under the inert atmosphere, and collecting the graphene-based product. The step of forming the physical mixture comprises: mixing the graphite-based precursors with the solid phase reduction-expansion chemical agent as a solid mixture; or forming a chemical agent-containing solution by dissolving the solid phase reduction-expansion chemical agent in a solvent, mixing the chemical agent-containing solution with the graphite-based precursors, and drying the mixture containing the chemical agent and the graphite-based precursors during or prior to the heating step. The heating step is carried out at a temperature of 300-800 degrees C, where the temperature is sufficient to result in a reductive-expansion process of the graphite-based precursors. The step of heating the physical mixture comprises placing the physical mixture in a pre-heated device at a heating temperature of greater than or equal to 600 degrees C, or placing the physical mixture in an oven, where the oven is then heated from room temperature to the heating temperature of greater than or equal to 600 degrees C for less than or equal to 30 minutes. The inert atmosphere is provided by a chemically inert gas comprising nitrogen, argon or helium. Preferred Components: The physical mixture comprises a molar ratio of the graphite-based precursors to the chemical agent of 1:100-100:1. The molar ratio of the graphite oxide to the urea is 1:2-1:10. The reduction-expansion agent is a solid. The graphene-based product has a carbon content of at least 90 wt.%, is formed with more than 0.1 wt.% of nitrogen, and comprises less than or equal to 30 wt.% of impurity atomic species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves adjusting pH of the mixture to 1.9-2. The water-soluble organic fatty acid is chosen from acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, i-valeric acid, n-caproic acid, i-caproic acid, and n-heptanoic acid. The method involves adding (continuously or batchwise manner) acid to adjust the pH in the step (a). The acid is diluted with water in a volume/volume ratio of 1:1. The acid is sulfuric acid and/or phosphoric acid. The distillation in the step (b) is performed using polymeric heat exchangers, where the distillation is performed by continuously or batchwise manner. The liquid organic waste in the form of permeate or digestate is obtained from organic waste chosen from wastewater sludge, food processing waste, commercial waste, agricultural waste, organic municipal solid waste, animal manure, industrial by-products chosen from condemned meat, manure and gut contents, catering waste from households or restaurants, former food, waste blood or feathers or their mixtures, preferably organic waste with high content of carbohydrates, lipids or proteins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode includes a lead oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode includes a naphthalene sulfonate polymer dispersant or naphthalene sulfonate polymer dispersant derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer precursor comprises an oligomer that is selected from a group consisting of a polyurethane, a polyester, a polyolefin, a cellulose derivative, a rubber, a latex, a polysulfide, an acrylic and a silicone. The electrode binder includes crosslinked polymer precursors selected from a group consisting of polyurethanes, polyesters, polyolefins, derivatized cellulose, polysulfides, acrylics, silicones and polyolefin precursors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of light rare-earth element contained in the seed crystals is 26 g/L or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aniline derivative (A) is of formula (I). The aniline derivative (B) is of formula (II).R1-R4=H, 1-24C linear or branched alkyl, 1-24C linear or branched alkoxy, acidic group or its salt, hydroxy, nitro, or halo;A=acidic group or its salt;n=1-20;andR5-R9=H, 1-24C linear or branched alkyl, 1-24C linear or branched alkoxy, acidic group, hydroxy, nitro, or halo, preferably acidic group chosen from sulfone and carboxy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conductive polymer is of formula (III).x=polymerization degree of aniline derivative (I);andy=polymerization degree of aniline derivative (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material before fixing to the positive electrode electrical power collector contains 0.2-1 mol% phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic catalyst is made of the platinum, ruthenium, osmium, the platinum-palladium, the platinum-ruthenium alloy, the platinum-cobalt alloy, the platinum-nickel alloy, the platinum-Iridium alloy and platinum-osmium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The extracting agent is organic solvent containing trioctyl phosphine oxide as functional group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The chelate resin contains iminodiacetic acid as functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal composite hydroxide particles are of formula: NixMnyCozMt(OH)2+a (I). The positive electrode active material is lithium-transition metal composite oxide of formula: Li1+uNixMnyCozMtO2 (II). The ratio of the sum of the number of metal atoms other than lithium contained in lithium mixture and the number of atoms of lithium is 1:0.95-1.5.x+y+z+t=1;x=0.3-0.95;y=0.05-0.55;z=0-0.4;t=0-0.1;a=0-0.5;M=Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta or W;andu=(-0.05)-0.5.Preferred Conditions: The atmosphere control is switched from oxidative atmosphere to non-oxidizing atmosphere twice or more preferably when oxygen concentration is 5 vol.% or less, and the crystallization reaction time in the oxidative atmosphere is 1% or more with respect to total particle growth process time, and all the crystallization reaction time in the oxidative atmosphere is 3-30% or more with respect to total particle growth process time. Preferred Process: After particle growth process, the transition metal composite hydroxide particles are coated using compound containing additional element (M). The transition-metal composite hydroxide particles are heat-processed at 105-750 degrees C before mixing process, during manufacture of the positive electrode active material. Preferred Properties: The average value of ratio of the outer diameter of center portion to the particle size of the secondary particles is preferably 20-70%. The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 0.7-3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid fine particles comprise inorganic fine particles selected from silica, alumina, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium silicate, and carbon black. The metal foil layer comprises an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid fine particles comprise organic fine particles selected from an acrylic acid ester-based compound, a polystyrene-based compound, an epoxy-based resin, a polyamide-based compound and a cross-linked substance. The outer base material comprises a biaxially-polyamide film, and polyethylene terephthalate film. The inner sealant layer comprises thermoplastic resin non-stretched film. Preferred Process: The outer base material and the metal foil layer are joined by a two-liquid curing type urethane-based adhesive agent containing a polyol component and an isocyanate component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Preferably, the sum total of content of carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine is 10 ppm or less. The surface-treated film is organic anti-rust film. The copper foil is electrolytic copper foil, electrolytic-copper alloy foil, rolled copper foil and/or rolling copper alloy foil. Preferred Process: The organic anti-rust film is formed by hydrophilization method, with uniform thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of calcium oxalate is 0.01 mol/L or more. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains oxalate complex compound containing phosphorus and/or boron, and gas forming agent which decomposes when specific battery voltage exceeds, and optionally produces gas. The concentration of oxalate complex compound is 0.02-0.04 mol/L. The oxalate complex compound is lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The calcium salt of carboxymethylcellulose is contained in the negative electrode compound material layer. The content of calcium salt of carboxymethylcellulose contained in the negative electrode compound material layer is 0.5-1.2 %mass, with respect to 100 %mass total solid amount of negative electrode compound material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact pins and joints are formed from aluminum and coppers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material is comprised of complex oxide containing lithium, nickel, and manganese as a structure metallic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material further contains magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon black has bulk density of 0.010-0.030 g/cm3, and dispersion degree measured by regulating grind gauge based on JIS K 5600-2-5 of 20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pillaring agent comprises at least one electrically neutral polymer containing oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine and/or sulfur atoms. At least one electrically neutral polymer comprises at least one polymer consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinylpyrrolidinone), methyl cellulose, poly(methyl acrylate), polyacrylonitrile, polyethyleneimine, poly(aniline), or polypyrrole. The electrically neutral polymer comprises at least one of alkylamines or glymes. The alkylamines comprise of at least one molecule consisting of diethylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, N-isopropylcyclohexylamine, or dicyclohexylamine. The glymes consist of at least one molecule consisting of diglyme, triglyme, or tetraglyme. The non-lithium metal ion is positioned within the lattice spacing of (I). The polymers and non-lithium metal ion in the lattice spacing of (I) induce a lattice expansion of 1-300% in at least one dimension. Preferred Method: The delaminating electrode material comprises at least one method consisting of physical exfoliation, electrochemical reduction/oxidation, or chemical reduction/oxidation. The restacking the delaminated (I) around the insertion species comprises at least one method consisting of filtration, centrifugation and/or drying at -80 degrees C to 150 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    A = Li, Na, K, Mg or Ca; and    M = Ti, Zr, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi or Te.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture further comprises nickel oxide. The molar ratio of lithium carbonate and manganese carbonate is 0.91:1.06-0.95:1.03. The portion with the layered rock-salt crystal structure in the lithium manganese oxide particles is 85-98%. The crystallite (C1) is lithium manganite. The crystallite (C2) is lithium manganate. The content of lithium manganate in the lithium manganese oxide particles is 2-50%, preferably 2-15%. The crystallite (C1) has same crystal structure as crystallite of lithium manganite. Preferred Property: The crystallite (C1) has space group of C2/c.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic particle which contained ceramic layer is made up of lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic particle which contained ceramic layer is olivine type compound e.g. lithium phosphoric-acid manganese and olivine type lithium phosphoric-acid iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal sulfide is lithium sulfide. The sulfur compound is preferably diphosphorus pentasulfide. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide with respect to phosphorus sulfide is 74:26-76:24. The halogen compound is a bromine compound, preferably lithium bromide or phosphorus tribromide. Preferred Property: The alkali metal sulfide has a particle size of 100 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solvent has a boiling point of 65-200 degrees C. Preferred Component: The solvent is cyclic ether, preferably tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution comprises vanadium ion at a concentration of 1-3 mol/l, free sulfuric acid at a concentration 1-4 mol/l, phosphoric acid at a concentration of 1x 10-4-7.1x 10-1 mol/l, ammonium ion at a concentration 20 ppm or less, and silicon at a concentration 40 ppm or less. Preferred Components: The impurity element ion comprises 21 ppm or less nonmetallic element ion, 20 ppm or less molybdenum ion, 1 ppm or less antimony ion, and 195 ppm or less metallic element ion. The metallic element ion is any one of 85 ppm or less heavy metal ion, and 120 ppm or less light metal ion. The heavy metal ion is any one of 10 ppm or less chromium ion, 1 ppm or less manganese ion, 40 ppm or less iron ion, 2 ppm or less cobalt ion, 5 ppm or less nickel ion, 1 ppm or less copper ion, and 1 ppm or less zinc ion. The light metal ion is any one of 30 ppm or less sodium ion, 20 ppm or less magnesium ion, 15 ppm or less aluminum ion, 20 ppm or less potassium ion, and 30 ppm or less calcium ion. The nonmetallic element ion is any one of 20 ppm or less chloride ion, and 1 ppm or less arsenic ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The impurity element ion comprises 195 mass ppm or less metallic-element ion or 21 mass ppm or less non-metallic element ion. The metallic-element ion comprises 85 mass ppm or less heavy metal element ion, and 120 mass ppm or less light metal element ion. The heavy metal ion comprises 10 mass ppm or less chromium ion, 1 mass ppm or less manganese ion, 40 mass ppm or less iron ion, 2 mass ppm or less cobalt ion, 5 mass ppm or less nickel ion, 1 mass ppm or less copper ion, 1 mass ppm or less zinc ion, 20 mass ppm or less molybdenum ion, and 1 mass ppm or less antimony ion. The light metal element ion comprises 30 mass ppm or less sodium ion, 20 mass ppm or less magnesium ion, 15 mass ppm or less aluminum ion, 20 mass ppm or less potassium ion and 30 mass ppm or less calcium ion. The nonmetallic element ion comprises 20 mass ppm or less chloride ion and 1 mass ppm or less arsenic ion. The platinum group element ion comprises 1 mass ppm or less rhodium ion, 1 mass ppm or less palladium ion, 1 mass ppm or less iridium ion and 1 mass ppm or less platinum ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The heater is a ceramic heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The movable contact is plated with silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The air purifier main body is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid concentration of the acidic solution is 1-3 mol with respect to 1 mol nickel in the metal powder. The acidic solution is sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen permeation material contains an element chosen from a group including palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of alkali-metal sulfide is 100 mu m or less. Preferably, the specific surface area of alkali-metal sulfide is 35 m2/g or more, measured by BET method. Preferred Composition: Preferably, the alkali-metal sulfide is lithium sulfide. The sulfur compound is phosphorus pentasulfide. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide and lithium sulfide is 68:32-80:20, preferably 74:26-76:24.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Property: The boiling point of solvent is 65-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The seed metal microparticles have an average particle diameter of 1-8 nm. The pH of reaction solution is 0 or more, during the initial stage of hydrogen bubbling process. Preferred Composition: The seed metal microparticles are supported and dispersed on the electron-conductive carrier. The amount of hydrogen gas contained in the reactive gas is 0.1-100%. The content of noble metal precursor in reaction solution is 10% or less. The seed metal microparticles contain noble metal single unit, non-precious metal single unit, alloy of 2 or more types of noble metals, or alloy of noble metal and non-precious metal, preferably alloy of noble metal and non-precious metal. The non-precious metal is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, chromium, vanadium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, lead, and tungsten. The noble metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and gold. The noble metal skin layer is an atomic layer. Preferred Process: The reaction solution is boiled, before performing the hydrogen bubbling process. The seed metal microparticles are heat-processed under a reducing atmosphere, before adding to the reaction solution. The water-containing solvent is removed from the reaction solution, after performing the hydrogen bubbling process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal precursor is an acid of noble metal, salt, or complex. The noble metal precursor is preferably chloroplatinic acid, chloroplatinate, or platinum ammine complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles comprise nanoparticles of iron sulfide and nanoparticles of elemental germanium and/or elemental silicon, preferably nanoparticles of iron sulfide and nanoparticles of germanium sulfide, and have particle size of less than 200 nm. The admixture further contains capping agent(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Two bonding substrates are comprised with one group of direct copper bonding substrate and direct aluminum bonding substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the structural unit derived from the nitrile group monomer is 5-100 wt.%. Preferred Components: The polymer of the dispersoid contains the structural unit derived from the conjugated diene compound, a structural unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic ester, and a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-metal-polyanionic material comprises materials selected from a group consisting of a lithium-metal-phosphate, lithium-metal-silicate, lithium-nickel-phosphate, lithium-cobalt-phosphate, lithium-magnesium-phosphate, lithium-nickel-silicate, lithium-cobalt-silicate, and lithium-magnesium-silicate. The lithium-metal-silicate is nickel, cobalt, magnesium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The diameter of calender rolls used in manufacture of carbon electrode is 90-1000 mm. The mixing is carried out using twin-screw extruder or continuous mixer with co-rotating screws, in which ratio of screw length and screw diameter is 10:1-40:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The process liquid is distilled or deionized water, and/or organic solvent. The ratio of process liquid to dry components of carbon electrode is 1.5:1-3:1. Preferred Properties: The porous carbon material has particle size of 0.5-10 micron, and specific surface area of 500-3000 m2/g. The particles have size of 1-5 mm. Preferred Composition: The content of porous carbon material is 80-99%. The conductive additive is chosen from carbon black, graphite powder, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. The content of conductive additive is 0-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer binder is polytetrafluoroethylene. The content of polymer binder is 1-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is lithium-cobalt oxide. EXAMPLE - 1 mmol Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphonate was added to 5 ml toluene under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature in a reaction container. The acetylene gas and nickel catalyst (Ni(PMe3)4) were added and reacted for 5 hours to obtain bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethenylphosphonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Heating temperature is 450-800 degrees C. Preferred Components: Ore containing iron oxide is limonite. Carbon material is fibrous carbon material. Gas is obtained from waste material of plastic or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal anode is formed of aluminum, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder group (A) comprises polyacrylic acid. The binder group (B) comprises binder chosen from poly-N-vinylacetamide and poly-N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide. The binder of the heat-resistant layer adhering to the surface of the base material of a separator contains more ratio of the binder group (B) than the ratio of the binder group (B) in the whole heat-resistant layer. The binder adhering to the filler in the heat-resistant layer contains binder group (A) is a higher ratio than the ratio of the binder group (A) in the whole heat-resistant layer. The ratio of the base material containing pores (H) having pore diameter of 0.01-0.1 mu m, is 45-90% with respect to total content of separator. Preferred Property: The thickness of the base material is 14-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode is formed of lithium, magnesium, aluminum, sodium, zinc and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The 1st temperature range is - 10-10 degrees C, and the 1st time period is 1-8 hours. The 2nd temperature range is 30-50 degrees C, and the 2nd time period is 10-60 minutes. Plating is performed in a closed vessel with nitrogen gas passing through solution. The 3rd temperature range is 60-100 degrees C, and the 3rd time period is greater than or equal to 1 hour. Plating time is 0.5-24 hours. Preferred Components: Oxidizing agent is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and/or sodium nitride. Seed particles contain palladium. The 1st reducing agent contains cobalt sulfate, ferrous chloride, formaldehyde, polyvinylpyrrolidone, ammonia water, ethylenediamine, EDTA, or benzotriazole. Aqueous metal source contains palladium, silver, gold, or nickel. Aqueous metal source is a metal ion source e.g. silver nitride, palladium chlorate, gold chloride, nickel chloride, ammonia waler, ammonium sulfate, ethylenediamine, and/or EDTA. Carbon nanomaterial is carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, or graphene. The 2nd reducing agent is potassium hydroxide, sodium borohydride, pyrogallol, L-ascorbic acid, and/or hydrazine monohydrate. Preferred Processes: Nanomaterial is removed from oxidizing solution by filtering nanomaterial and rinsing in deionized water until pH of rinse is approximately 7. Plating is performed by removing dissolved oxygen in solution by ultrasonic wave such that oxidation of reducing agent is avoided.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Sensitizing agent is formaldehyde, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or tin(II) chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-aromatic resin composition is selected from polyamide, polyacetal, perfluoroalkoxy alkane, and polymethyl methacrylate. The outer side resin layer does not contain phenol type thermostabilizer and Cu-I type thermostabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The foil bearing is made of metallic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of manganese and cobalt is 5000 ppm or less and 80 ppm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical conductive coating comprises a material that is selected from a group consisting gold, silver, nickel, tin, zinc, oxides, carbides and electrical conductive carbon compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: Solid electrolytes are glass ceramics. Preferred Parameters: Solid electrolyte has crystallinity degree of greater than or equal to 50% of glass ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Graphite is an expanded graphite. Cell active material contains silicon, tin, aluminum, antimony, and/or indium. Solid electrolyte is lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte containing lithium, phosphorus, and sulfur. Lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte contains composition of formula LiaMbPcSd (I). Solid electrolyte is manufactured using phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5) and lithium sulfide (Li2S).M=B, Zn, Si, Cu, Ga, or Ge; anda:b:c:d=12:0-0.2:1:2-9.Preferred Parameters: Composite active material has tap density of greater than or equal to 0.8 g/cm3 and specific surface area of 5-100 m2/g. Cell active material has average particle diameter of less than or equal to 1 mu m. Preferred Processes: After the spheroidization process, composite active material and solid electrolyte are mixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The reducing bacteria are iron-reducing bacteria having a living organism mineralization function. The iron-reducing bacteria are Shewanella bacteria. The complex consists of a lattice-like structure. Preferred Property: The lattice-like structure has a space of 1-20 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The noble metal nanoparticles have a particle size of 1-20 nm. Preferred Components: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, preferably sulfuric acid. The culture medium component contains electron donor and electron acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton-donating and electron-donating functional groups are carboxy group, primary or secondary amide group, primary or secondary amino group and/or hydroxyl group, preferably carboxy and primary or secondary amide group. The electron-donating and proton-free functional group is nitrile group, ester group, tertiary amide group, tertiary amino group, carbonyl group and/or ether group. The composition further contains a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element is further chosen from sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur. The oxide is further chosen from lithium-iron-phosphate of formula: Li1+xFe1-y'M"y'PO4.M"=metallic elements other than iron;andy'=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode contains lithium-transition metal composite oxide. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains nickel and manganese as transition metal element. The volume ratio of components (A and B) is 99:1-50:50. The volume ratio (C:(A+B)) of component (C) to sum of the components (A and B) is 50:50-30:70. The non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate (A) is ethylene carbonate. The fluorinated-cyclic carbonate (B) is fluoroethylene carbonate. The fluorinated-linear carbonate (C) is methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate. The negative electrode contains carbonaceous material as negative electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Alternately, the sulfide solid electrolyte material contains lithium, germanium, boron and sulfide, and has peak at angle of 29.58 plus minus 0.5 degrees in X-ray-diffraction measurement using copper-K( alpha ) ray, and does not have peak at angle of 27.33 plus minus 0.5 degrees in X-ray-diffraction measurement using copper-K( alpha ) ray. The crystal phase which has peak at angle 29.58 plus minus 0.5 degrees , does not contain phosphorus, but boron is located in the site where phosphorus exists.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating layer contains inorganic powder made of boron nitride, aluminum nitride, and silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coating layer contains an element made of silicon, aluminum, and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating layer contains binder made of phenol resin, polyimide resin, epoxy resin, and melamine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is used with an anode made of lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sequestering matrix is made of poly-difluoroethene. The polymer electrolyte is made of block copolymer selected from a group consisting of polyether, polyamine, polyimides, polyamide, alkyl carbonate, polynitrile, polysiloxane, polyphosphazine, polyolefin, polydiene, ionically-conductive comb polymer, polysiloxane, polyphosphazine, polyether, polydiene, polyolefin, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly methyl methacrylate, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefin, poly-t-butyl vinyl ether, poly-cyclohexyl methacrylate, poly-cyclohexyl vinyl ether, poly-t-butyl vinyl ether, polyethylene, fluorocarbon, polyvinylidene fluoride and copolymer that contains styrene, methacrylate and vinylpyridine. The electronically conductive materials are selected from a group consisting of carbon black, graphite, conductive carbon, conductive polymer, polythiophene, polyphenylene vinylene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene sulfide and cyclized polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate is made of a metallic material such as aluminum and aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first frame is made with resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer has opening portion divided into regions in ratio of 0.5 or less. Preferred Process: The method further involves compressing carbon nanotubes into growth direction after covering each surface with sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is metal foil or metal mesh having opening portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal in the positive electrode active material is manganese, cobalt, copper, aluminum, zinc, magnesium and/or zirconium, preferably manganese and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The lithium ion secondary battery has highest electric potential of 4.5-4.8 V and a minimum electric potential of 3-3.4 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Element (M) is at least one of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, vanadium, copper and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalytic metal has an average particle diameter of 3 nm or more. The catalyst has specific surface area of more than 1500 m2/g of the carrier. Preferred Composition: The ratio of the catalytic metal with respect to the catalyst is 40 wt.% or less. Preferred Metal: The catalytic metal is platinum or metals other than the platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing magnesium compound has diffraction peak corresponding to 2( theta ) at 16.5-17.5 degrees , 20.5-21.5 degrees , 24.5-25.5 degrees , 26.2-27.2 degrees , 29.3-30.3 degrees and 31-32 degrees , measured from X-ray-diffraction pattern using powder X-ray diffraction method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode collector is formed from material selected from a group including copper, copper alloy, aluminum and aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer comprises metal chosen from aluminum, tantalum, chromium, niobium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, zinc, tungsten, bismuth, and antimony, or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hole-portion precursor material is nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acryl, and/or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resin material comprises polyphenylene ether compound of formula (I) as a polymer. The antioxidant is a hindered phenolic antioxidant, N,N'-hexamethylene-bis (3, 5-di-t-butyl- 4-hydroxy hydro cinnamamide), 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, and tris-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-isocyanurate, when the glass transition point of the resin material is 135 degrees C or less, and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, when the transition point of the resin material is 120 degrees C or less. The metallized film capacitor further comprises second electrode provided with the second film (1B) formed in the surface, and the first electrode formed in the surface of the first film, where the second film is the resin material having a syndiotactic polystyrene type polymer as a main component, the fusing point of the antioxidant is higher than the glass transition point of the resin material comprising antioxidant mixed with the resin material.n = not defined.Preferred Composition: The concentration of the antioxidant is 0.25-0.5 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode material is formed of combination of aluminum and magnesium, and cobalt, aluminum and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further contains composite powder in which antimony-based sulfide covered on component (A) surface. The component (A) is a compound containing element which can occlude lithium ion in initial charge stage, and can occlude and discharge lithium ion in subsequent charging/discharging. The content of component (A) and composite powder is 10-80 %mass and 90-20 %mass, respectively with respect to 100 %mass total content of component (A) and composite powder. The mixed solution of tin halide and antimony halide further contains organic acid and conductive agent and/or binder. The content of alkali metal sulfide is 1-4 mol, with respect to 1 mol total amount of tin halide and antimony halide. Preferred Property: The particle size (D5) of the component (A) is 0.1-20 mu m, measured by laser diffraction scattering-type particle size distribution method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of niobium element and sulfur element is 0.5-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Complex mixture contains ?#3 mol manganese and nickel with respect to 1 mol iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phenanthroline type ligand is compound of formula (1).m,n=0 or 1-3;k=0 or 1-2; andR1-R3=alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, carboxyl or sulfo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition comprises fumed silica as gelatinizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition comprises 0.5-2 mole pyrrolidinium derivative cations with respect to the Grignard reagent. The Grignard reagent is methyl magnesium bromide. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl;and    R2=propyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% compound (1). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution further comprises cyano compound other than compound (1), cyclic carbonate containing fluorine atom, cyclic carbonate containing carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, isocyanate compound, cyclic sulfonate ester, monofluorophosphate, and/or difluorophosphate. Cyclic carbonate containing fluorine atom is monofluoroethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, and/or 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate. Cyclic carbonates containing carbon-carbon unsaturated bond are vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and ethynyl ethylene carbonate. Isocyanate compound is compound containing greater than or equal to 2 isocyanate groups. Cyano compounds other than compound (1) are cyano compounds containing greater than or equal to 2 cyano groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Plant is spinach during summer and water celery during winter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: E-MFC cathode electrode is stainless steel perforated plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: E-MFC anode electrode is graphite plate. BER cathode electrode is graphite felt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is low boiling-point organic solvent acetone and N -methyl- 2-pyrrolidone. The electrically conductive material particle is acetylene black particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises phosphorus-containing compound of formula: M'PFa(CmF2m+1)6-a (II). The content of imide-type alkali metal salt (I) in nonaqueous electrolyte is 50-100 mol%. The imide-type alkali metal salt (I) is lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. Phosphorus-containing compound (II) is lithium hexafluorophosphate. Fluorine-containing carbonate ester is fluorinated cyclic carbonate.a=0-6;M'=M;andm=1-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The battery membrane is prepared at 60-80 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanomaterial includes sodium montmorillonite, organically-modified montmorillonite and phosphonium-modified montmorillonite, or nanoclay, graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The vinyl montmorillonite is synthesized by adding 8-10 pts. wt. ionic vinyl monomer with respect to 100 pts. wt. nanomaterial at 70-80 degrees C for 22-26 hours. The synthesizing conducting polymer, sodium styrene sulfonate and vinyl montmorillonite are radiation-polymerized under 20-30 kGy. Preferred Composition: The nanocomposite comprises 5-10 wt.% vinyl montmorillonite, 52-57 wt.% sodium styrene sulfonate and 34-38 wt.% conducting polymer. The conducting polymer comprises acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and styrene. Preferred Process: The molding is laminate, transfer molding, injection molding, extrusion molding, blow molding, calender molding, gas-forming, compression-molding and vacuum-forming processes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The residual hydrogen content in the carbon fiber is 500 ppm or more. The fiber is in the form of filament, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric or blend filament, and has average fiber diameter before calcination of 500 mu m or less. The airtight container comprised with heat resisting material is an airtight container made from graphite. The open-pore rate of the heat resisting material is less than 20%. The airtight container is covered with spacer and sleeve made of glassy carbon, diamond-like carbon and/or amorphous carbon. Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber has aspect-ratio of 2.5 or more and average fiber diameter of 0.1-500 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is starch, cellulose, protein, collagen, alginic acid, dammar, Kovar (RTM: iron-nickel-cobalt alloy), rosin, gutta-percha, natural rubber, cellulose resin, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, casein plastics, soybean plastics, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, epoxy resin, diallyl phthalate resin, unsaturated polyester resin, bisphenol-A epoxy resin, novolak-type epoxy resin, polyfunctional group epoxy resin, alicyclic epoxy resin, alkyd resin, urethane resin, polyester resin, vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyisoprene, butadiene, nylon, vinylon, acrylic fiber, Rayon, polyvinyl acetate, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene resin, acrylonitrile styrene resin, acrylic resin, polyacetal, polyimide, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, polyallylate, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetheretherketone, fluororesin, polyamidoimide, silicone resin, petroleum-based pitch, coal-based pitch, petroleum coke, coal coke, carbon black, activated carbon, waste plastic, waste polyethylene terephthalate bottle, scrap wood, waste plant and/or organic refuse. The solvent further contains a dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive paste contains tin-oxides as an additive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive paste contains tin as an additive. The glass frit contains zinc and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal expansion element is formed of silicon dioxide or cristobalite. The thermal switch is formed of material selected from a group consisting of ceramics, oxide, nitride, or carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermal expansion element is formed of material selected from a group consisting of zirconia, alumina, spinel, magnesia, calcia, titania, yttria, forsterite, and enstatite. The thermal switch is formed of material selected from group consisting of barium and strontium, calcium and strontium, and gold and copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon particles contain boron, aluminum, phosphorus, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, germanium, tin, antimony, indium, tantalum, tungsten and/or gallium. The negative electrode material further contains graphite as an electroconductive agent. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains nonaqueous electrolyte containing lithium ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode material further contains a water-soluble binder as a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The largest diffraction intensity (2( tau )) of titanium phosphate crystal phase is 22.8-23.4 degrees . The compound containing titanium and phosphorus has crystal phase different from titanium phosphate (TiP2O7) crystal phase having pseudo hexagonal crystal structure. The positive electrode and the negative electrode charges/discharges by exchanging sodium ion. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is water-system electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material comprises transition metal oxide containing nickel and lithium. The electroconductive material is chosen from carbon black, acetylene black and graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate and ethyl cellosolve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride and fluororubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of glass powder (a), organic vehicle and glass powder (b) is 0.5-10 pts. wt., 10-30 pts. wt. and 0.5-10 pts. wt., respectively, with respect to 100 pts. wt. aluminum powder. Preferred Property: The glass powder has softening point of 750 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of aluminum particles contained in aluminum powder is 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is comprised of an oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese dioxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium-manganese composite oxide, lithium-nickel composite oxide, lithium-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide, spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide, lithium phosphates having an olivine structure, iron sulfate and vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first second, third, and fourth liquids are aqueous solutions of polyoxometalate electron-ferrying compound selected from hydrogen-silicon-tungsten-oxide (HxSiW12O40), hydrogen-silicon-molybdenum-oxide (HxSiMo12O40), hydrogen-phosphorus-tungsten-oxide (HxPW12O40), hydrogen-vanadium-molybdenum-oxide (HxVMo12O40), hydrogen-phosphorus-molybdenum-oxide (HxPMo12O40) and hydrogen-sulfur-molybdenum-oxide (HxSMo12O40), where x is not defined.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is selected from low-molecular-weight alcohol comprising methanol, ethanol, and propanol, higher-molecular-weight alcohol, biodiesel, diesel and military logistic fuels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal element is provided with positive and negative terminal elements that are made of aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytic metal layer is selected from group consisting of a silver layer, a nickel layer and a copper layer. The dielectric layer is selected from group consisting of a silicon dioxide layer and a silicon nitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Conductive powder includes silver (Ag), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhodium (Rh), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and indium tin oxide (ITO). Glass frit includes leaded glass frit and lead-free glass frit. Preferred Parameters: Glass frit has average particle diameter (D50) of 0.1-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Composition includes 50-90 wt.% conductive powder, 1-15 wt.% glass frit, 5-40 wt.% organic vehicle and 0.01-2 wt.% thixotropic agent. Thixotropic agent includes amine compound, castor oil compound, carbon black compound, fumed silica compound, organo-clay compound and nano-scale organic/inorganic particles. Composition includes additive chosen from dispersant, plasticizer, viscosity stabilizer, anti-foaming agent, UV stabilizer, antioxidant and coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises indium, strontium, cerium, zinc, tellurium, tin, selenium, europium, lanthanum, antimony, lead, sodium, lithium, praseodymium, arsenic and bismuth. The glass frit comprises group of zinc oxide-silicon oxide, zinc oxide-boron oxide- silicon oxide, zinc oxide-boron oxide- silicon oxide-aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, bismuth oxide-silicon oxide, bismuth oxide-boron oxide-silicon oxide, bismuth oxide-boron oxide-silicon oxide-aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide-zinc oxide-boron oxide-silicon oxide, bismuth oxide-zinc oxide-boron oxide- silicon oxide-aluminum oxide, lead oxide, lead oxide-tellurium oxide, lead oxide-tellurium oxide-silicon oxide, lead oxide-tellurium oxide-lithium oxide, bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide, bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide-silicon oxide, bismuth oxide-tellurium oxide- lithium oxide, tellurium oxide and tellurium oxide-zinc oxide glass frits.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises additive selected from dispersant, thixotropic agent, plasticizer, viscosity stabilizer, anti-foaming agent, pigment, UV stabilizer, antioxidant and coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Compound is single phase or multi-phase. Preferred Components: Compound is chosen from silicon-lithium oxide of formulae Si:Li2O, Si:2Li2O, Si:3Li2O, and silicon-tin-lithium oxide (SiSn:3Li2O). Compound is compound of formula Sn1-xSix:a Li2O or compound of formula Sn1-xSix:a Li2O+g Sn1-ySiy:b Li2O.x,y=0-1; anda ,b =1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device defines catalyst particles selected from a group consisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminum oxide and barium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticles are polymer particles such as polyurethane and cross-linked polymethylmethacrylate, or inorganic particles such as colloidal silica, alpha-alumina, gamma-alumina, zirconium oxide, magnesium fluoride, titania, tin oxide, cerium oxide, nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, strontium titanate, barium titanate and magnesium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer binder is provided with a diene-based polymer comprising 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, chloroprene, vinylpyridine, vinyl norbornene, dicyclopentadiene or 1,4-hexadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Li-Na-based compound is formed by replacing Li which has occupied Li sites of Li-based compound with Na. Li-Na-based compound is composited with a carbon material to form a composite material. Preferred Components: Li-Na-based compound contains transition metal element and silicon (Si) and/or phosphorus (P). Li-Na-based compound contains lithium sodium iron silicate of formula Li2+a-b-cNacAbFe1- xMxSiO4+delta and/or lithium sodium iron phosphate. Electrolyte contains sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4), and/or sodium perchlorate (NaClO4).A=K, Rb, and/or Cs;M=Mg, Ca, Al, Ni, Nb, Ti, Cr, Cu, Zn, Zr, V, Mo, and/or W;a=0-1;b=0-0.2;c=0-2;x=0-0.5; anddelta = greater than or equal to 0.Preferred Parameters: Li-Na-based compound has an olivine structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic electrode material comprises organic carbonyl compound. The aqueous metal-ion battery has counter electrode comprising organic or inorganic electrode material.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound is specified as compound (I) i.e. N,N'-methanediylidenebis(1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine) of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal particle and the metal oxide particle include selected elements which are selected from silicon, tin, aluminum, indium, gallium, lead, titanium, nickel, magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal particle and metal oxide particle include one of one or more selected elements which are selected from silicon, stannum, aluminum, gallium, lead, titanium, nickel, magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, and alloy including one or more selected elements, oxide of one or more selected elements, and oxide including one or more selected elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery has thermally-conductive particles with boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode current collector contains aluminum as a constituent element. The anode current collector contains copper as a constituent element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide of the metal comprises copper oxide, cuprous oxide, irin oxide, titanium oxide, lead oxide, cobalt oxide or niclel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal having lithium specific capacity of less than 10 milliampere-hours per gram comprises copper, iron, zinc, titanium, stainless steel, lead, cobalt or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The modifying phase is selected from metal oxide and metal phosphates, where the metal is selected from a group consisting of germanium, aluminum, calcium, yttrium, silicon, magnesium, gallium or metal forming divalent cations, trivalent cations, quadrivalent cations and pentavalent cations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The impeller is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The struts are provided with a solid shell that is made of ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium ion battery is made of lithium cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The graphite oxide-type material is obtained by oxidizing graphite contained in a graphene layer, treating the oxidized graphite material using an alkaline aqueous solution containing alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, performing solid-liquid separation process and forming a hole, and heat-treating. The graphite oxide-type material is coated using amorphous carbon. Preferred Composition: The graphene oxide layer further consists of a hole having size ( mu m) in the surface side of the hole having size (nm). The ratio of oxygen with respect to carbon contained in the graphite oxide-type material is 0.01-1. The graphite is natural graphite or artificial graphite. The graphene oxide layer further contains lithium, metal capable of forming alloy, and/or its oxide. Preferred Properties: The opening size of hole in the negative electrode carbon material is 10 nm to 1 mu m. The hole has a number density of 10-200/ mu m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The hydrogen-permeable membrane has thickness of 1-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The stabilization is carried out at 250-300 degrees C for 1-3 hours at a rate of 1-20 degrees C/minute. The flow rate of air during stabilization is 50-200 ml/minute. The mixing ratio of polymer and potassium hydroxide is 1:0.5-1:5. The carbonization is carried out at 600-1200 degrees C with a rate of 1-10 degrees C/minute under an inert gas atmosphere. The neutralization reaction is carried out using a strong acid including hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid or sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.1-10 M. The capacitance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon material is 150-310 F/g. The potential peak of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material during oxygen reduction reaction is -0.15 to -0.4 V. EXAMPLE - Polyacrylonitrile was heated to 280 degrees C at a rate of 2 degrees C/minute, then air was passed continuously for 2 hours at a rate of 100 ml/minute until the white polyacrylonitrile turn to black or brown. Potassium hydroxide pellets were crushed into powder and mixed with stabilized polyacrylonitrile in a ratio of 3:1. Resultant mixture was heated to 800 degrees C at a rate of 5 degrees C/minute for 1 hour, then placed stationary to cool down. Argon gas was passed for carbonization at a rate of 50 ml/minute. Residual potassium hydroxide was removed using 10 wt.% hydrochloric acid, then washed many times with boiling water to remove potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid to obtain nitrogen-doped porous carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode or the negative electrode is made from aluminum, copper or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode and negative electrode are made of material selected from group comprised with aluminum, copper and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silicone elastomer is made of mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and fluorosilicone. The hydrocarbon elastomer is made of mixture of ethylene propylene diene monomer, ethylene-propylene rubber, isoprene rubber or isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active metal is platinum or alloy of platinum and transition metal chosen from selected from nickel, palladium, rhodium, titanium and zirconium. Preferred Process: The titanium oxide nanoparticles are synthesized under reducing atmosphere chosen from hydrogen, nitrogen and methane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the droplets of the raw material solution dispersed in the flammable liquid is 0.5-10 micro m. The average particle diameter of the droplets of the sprayed raw material emulsion is 5-500 micro m. Preferred Composition: The raw material emulsion further contains surfactant having hydrophilic-lipophilic value of 3-6. The raw material solution further contains hydroxide, nitrate, hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate or carbonate of lithium, metal other than lithium and/or silicon. The microparticles contain lithium silicate of formula: LiyMSi1-zXzO4 (I).M=iron, manganese, titanium, chromium, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, aluminum, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum or tungsten;X=titanium, chromium, vanadium, zirconium, phosphorus, boron, molybdenum or tungsten;z=0 to less than 0.4;andy=1-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flammable liquid further contains oil-based fuel. The silicon source is chosen from hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, tetraethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the droplets of the raw material solution dispersed in the flammable liquid is 0.5-10 micro m. The average particle diameter of the droplets of the sprayed raw material emulsion is 5-500 micro m. Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing microparticles are silicon dioxide microparticles or lithium silicate. The raw material emulsion further contains surfactant having hydrophilic-lipophilic value of 3-6. The raw material solution further contains hydroxide, nitrate, hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate or carbonate of lithium, metal other than lithium and/or silicon. The microparticles contain lithium silicate of formula: LiyMSi1-zXzO4 (I).M=iron, manganese, titanium, chromium, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, aluminum, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum or tungsten;X=titanium, chromium, vanadium, zirconium, phosphorus, boron, molybdenum or tungsten;z=0 to less than 0.4;andy=1-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flammable liquid further contains oil-based fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode sheet contains carbon material comprising at least graphite powder having specific surface area of 0.5-10 m2/g. The negative electrode sheet has content of negative electrode material mixture of the graphite powder is 55-95 %mass. The negative electrode material mixture contains 1-10 %mass fibrous carbon powder. The carbon material contains at least fibrous carbon powder. The negative electrode active material is in powder form having average particle diameter (D50) of secondary particles 1-40 mu m. The negative electrode active material is composed of phase (A) containing silicon-oxygen composite of formula: SiOx (II) having crystal structure similar to crystal structure of elemental silicon, and phase (B) containing silicon-copper-oxygen composite of formula: SiCu3Oy (III) having crystal structure similar to crystal structure of silicon-copper compound of formula: SiCu3 (IV), where oxygen distribution parameter (x/y) is 0.5 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrical storage device consists of nonaqueous electrolyte containing cyclic carbonate having fluorine atom, and carbon-carbon double bond and/or carbon-carbon triple bond, is chosen from 4-ethynyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, trans-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one or cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains 0.001-5 %mass of ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate, 2-propynyl-2-(diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate, 1,5-diisocyanatopentane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,7-diisocyanatoheptane, succinonitrile, 2-ethylsuccinonitrile, glutaronitrile, 3-methylglutaronitrile, adiponitrile, and pimelonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains at least polyimide obtained from aromatic tetracarboxylic acid and/or its derivative(s), and diamine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery further has charge-and-discharge control unit including electric charge control unit for controlling charge in positive electrode electric potential of 4.4 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises 0.03 mol/l or less boric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic sulfonic acid compound is of formula (I) or (II).R1-R4=Halo, alkyl optionally substituted by halo, alkoxy or aryl;n=1 or 2;R1,R2=group of formula (i)-(iv);andR3=1-3C alkyl optionally substituted by halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound preferably comprises rare-earth element and silicic acid, or rare-earth element and boric acid. The rare-earth element is chosen from lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, erbium and ytterbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material comprises carbon powder or metal powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive base material is aluminum, aluminum alloy or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyolefin-type emulsion particles are chosen from polypropylene resin, polyethylene resin, copolymerized polypropylene resin and copolymerized polyethylene resin. The collector further comprises polymer flocculant and/or low-molecular flocculant. The polymer flocculant comprises polymer having number average molecular weight of 100000 or more, and chosen from sodium salt of polyacrylic acid, urethane-modified polyether and sodium salt of sulfonated polyacrylic acid. The low-molecular flocculant comprises polymer having number average molecular weight of 100000 or less and chosen from sodium salt of polyacrylic acid, urethane-modified polyether and sodium salt of sulfonated polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The negative electrode has Young's modulus of 1.0-1.4 GPa. The length of short side of the negative electrode active material layer is 100 mm or more. The ratio of battery area with respect to a rated capacity is 5 cm2/Ah or more. The rated capacity of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is 3 Ah or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous binder contains rubber-type binder(s) chosen from styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber and methyl methacrylate rubber, preferably styrene-butadiene rubber. Preferred Property: The negative electrode active material layer has density of 1.4-1.6 g/cm3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous scaffold is made of the ceramic material. The cathode configuration element is formed of sodium chloride, nickel, iron, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The natural graphite is spherical in shape. The synthetic graphite and non-graphitized carbon have massive structure. The graphitized carbon is in scale-shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of cyclic sulfonate ester (I) in the electrolyte solution is 0.005-10 %mass. The electrolyte solution further comprises compound having sulfonyl group, vinylene carbonate or its derivative, and lithium salt chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluroantimonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate and lithium complex of formula: (LiN(CpF2p+1SO2)(CqF2q+1SO2)). The sulfonyl group-containing compound is sultone compound of formula (II).n=0-2;R1-R6=H, 1-12C alkyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl or 6-12C aryl;andp,q=natural number. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The waste heat stream is in thermal communication with working fluid i.e. organic fluid such as ethanol, n-pentane and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition The inert atmosphere comprises argon or nitrogen. The secondary material comprises 5-80 wt.% dysprosium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive particles include conductive carbon. The wax material is a paraffin wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The amount of silicon in the silicon-based alloy is 60-72 atom%. The silicon-based alloy comprises active silicon and inactive silicon. The silicon-based alloy is 40-80 atom% based on active silicon and inactive silicon. Preferred Components: The silicon-based alloy comprises silicon and at least one metal selected from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and titanium (Ti). The silicon-based alloy is represented by silicon-M-A alloy and M and A are differently selected and M is aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti) or iron (Fe) and A is nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn), where when M is iron (Fe) then A is nickel (Ni) or manganese (Mn) and when A is iron (Fe) then M is aluminum (Al) or titanium (Ti). The silicon-M-A alloy, amount of silicon is 60-75 atom%, M is 5-25 atom% and A is 10-25 atom%. The silicon-based alloy is Si68Al8Ni24, Si60Ti20Ni20, Si70Fe15Mn15, Si70Al15Fe15, Si70Al15Mn15, Si70Ti15Fe15, Si65Ti17.5Ni17.5 or Si68Ti16Ni16.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating film containing polymer includes 1-99 mol% of oxyalkylene repeating unit and 1-99 mol% of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene repeating unit. The amount of the polymer is 0.1-5 pts.wt based on 100 pts.wt of the silicon-based alloy. The polymer is polymer including component represented by formula (I). The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polymer is 3000-200000. The material (M1) is negative active material. The coating film is in the form of discontinuous island-shape coating film. The thickness of the coating film is 0.01-0.1 mu m.x and y=positive integer of 5-10000;R1=single bond or 1-30C alkylene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particles comprise: silica, alumina, titania and zirconia; or metal oxides and metalloid oxides. An average particle diameter of the nano particles is 10-100 nm. The electrode active material comprises active materials consisting of a silicon-based active material, a tin-based active material and/or their oxides and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nano particles are inorganic particles or organic particles. The organic particles are used as a silane coupling agent. The silane coupling agent includes alkoxy, halogen, amino, vinyl, glycydoxy and hydroxyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder composition further comprises nano particles. The binder polymer is a styrene-butadiene rubber based polymer. Preferred Components: The glass transition temperature of the binder polymer is -20 degrees C to 20 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Typical binder composition comprised of: 33 wt.% of butadiene 2-ethylhexylacrylate; 53 wt.% of styrene; 10 wt.% of methylmethacrylate acrylonitrile; 2 wt.% of methacrylic acid; 1 wt.% of acrylic acid; 1 wt.% of itaconic acid; 1.5 wt.% of N-methylolacryl amide; and 30 wt.% of acryl-based organic polymer particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode liquid of chromium microbial fuel cells is potassium dichromate solution. The cathode liquid of chromium microbial fuel cells is copper(II) chloride. The cathode liquid of cadmium microbial electrolysis cells is cadmium chloride solution. The composition of chromium microbial fuel cells, copper microbial fuel cells and cadmium microbial electrolysis cells comprises anolytes, vitamins and mineral elements, where the anolyte comprises (in millimolar): sodium acetate (12.0), ammonium chloride (5.8), potassium chloride (1.7), monosodium phosphate hydrate (17.8) and disodium phosphate (32.3). Mineral element (12.5 milliliter per liter) comprises (in grams per liter): magnesium sulfate (3.0), magnesium sulfate hydrate (0.), sodium chloride (1.0), ferrous sulfate pentahydrate (0.1), calcium chloride dihydrate (0.1), cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (0.1), zinc chloride (0.13), copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (0.01), potassium alum dodecahydrate (0.01), boric acid (0.01), sodium molybdate (0.025), nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (0.024) and sodium tungstate dihydrate (0.024). Vitamin (2.5 milliliter per liter) comprises (in grams per liter): vitamin B1 (5), vitamin B2 (5), vitamin B3 (5), vitamin B5 (5), vitamin B6 (10), vitamin B11 (2), biotin (2), aminobenzoic acid (5), lipoic acid (5) and amino acid (1.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid catalyst is organic compound or inorganic compound that includes oxygen. The organic compound is the crown ether. In the step (a), the amount of the solid catalyst is 10-30 wt.% based on total mixture. The reactor is a continuous reactor. Preferred Method: The step (d) is carried out by maintaining 50-150 degrees C temperature of the reactor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The linear carbonate (B) is dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate. The linear carbonate (A) is diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of lithium-nickel composite oxide (II) is 0.1-0.5 (excluding 0.5) with respect to lithium-nickel composite oxide (I). The negative electrode active material layer contains lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material particles comprise silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material particles comprise silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of binder in negative electrode mixture layer is 5-15 %mass, preferably 7-15 %mass. Preferred Property: The average molecular weight of polyimide resin is preferably 30000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of lithium metal film is 2-26 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound of rare-earth element is hydroxide of rare-earth element, oxyhydroxide of rare-earth element, or oxide of rare-earth element. The rare-earth element is neodymium, samarium and/or erbium. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide has a layer structure including lithium, nickel and manganese. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (Li1+xNiaMnbCocO2+d, where x+a+b+c=1, x is more than 0 and 0.2 or less, a greater than or equal to b, a greater than or equal to c, c/(a+b) is more than 0 and less than 0.65, a/b is 1-3 and d is -0.1 to 0.1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aromatic compound is chosen from cyclohexylbenzene, 3-phenylpropyl acetate, phenylpropionate, biphenyl, 2-methyl-biphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated material of terphenyl, naphthalene, anisole, cyclopentyl benzene, toluene, t-butylbenzene, t-amyl benzene, their halides, fluorobenzene and chlorobenzene, preferably cyclohexylbenzene and 3-phenylpropyl acetate. The content of aromatic compound is 0.5-10 %mass based on total amount of nonaqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon material contains 250 ppm or more vanadium. The graphite carbon material contains 100 ppm or more vanadium. Petroleum-based non-acicular raw coke is carbonized during manufacture of carbon material. The total content of transition metal in the graphite carbon material is 100-2500 ppm. The content of nitrogen in petroleum-based non-acicular raw coke is 1-4 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The electric power-generating element is sealed with an exterior component (29) containing aluminum. Preferred Properties: The ratio of battery area with respect to rated capacity is 5 cm2/Ah or more. The aspect ratio of rectangular-shaped positive electrode active material layer is 1-3. The rated capacity of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is 3 or more Ah. The ratio of total thickness of the positive electrode, negative electrode and separator is 0.95-1 (excluding 1) with respect to total thickness of positive electrode, negative electrode, separator and electrolyte liquid layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous binder contains rubber-type binder(s) chosen from styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, methacrylic acid methyl-butadiene rubber and methacrylic acid methyl rubber, preferably styrene butadiene rubber. Preferred Property: The length of short side of rectangular-shaped negative electrode active material layer is 100 mm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Upper end of the pull rod is provided with handle. The box portion is provided with handle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The height of side wall of the lower housing is 30 mm. The height of the electric vehicle battery is 20 mm. The battery box further comprises wire (4) and protective sleeve (5). The gap between outer surface of the lower housing and sidewall of the upper housing is more than width of electric vehicle battery and diameter of wire. The upper housing and lower housing are made by inflaming retarding material or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium source is lithium acetate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate and/or lithium chloride. The nickel source is nickel acetate, nickel nitrate, nickel sulfate and/or nickel chloride. The manganese source is manganese acetate, manganese nitrate, manganese sulfate and/or manganese chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is made of elastic or non-elastic foam material which is selected from the group of polyurethane foams, silicone foams, integral skin foams, epoxy foams, and reaction injection molding (RIM) foams mixed with self-extinguishing and/or fire-retardant additives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The precursors are combined by mechanically milling the precursors. Preferred Definitions:    x= less than or equal to 0.25; and    M=Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, and/or W, preferably Al, v, Mn, and/or Ti.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder comprises carbonate polyol, polyester polyol having an aromatic ring, and/or the polyether polyol having aromatic ring. The component A comprises alicyclic type and/or aromatic isocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution is phthalic-acid amidine salt system electrolyte solution which uses gamma -butyrolactone as a main solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal ion is transition metal ion, preferably bivalent iron ion. The platinum source is electrode catalyst of fuel cell. The platinum source is used as electrode catalyst of fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode electrolyte solution comprises amine in molar ratio of 1-5 with respect to the zinc redox material. The negative electrode electrolyte solution comprises 0.2-2 mol/l zinc redox material. Preferred Property: The negative electrode electrolyte solution has pH of 3-11.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amine is at least one chosen from diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic filler is 80-99 %mass with respect to the total mass of organic binder and inorganic filler. The inorganic filler is chosen from magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic binder comprises resin chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin, fluorine-type rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The separator further has adhesive porous layer containing polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin in the surface(s) of composite film. Preferred Property: The composite film has membrane resistance of 5 Omega .cm2. The difference of membrane resistance of composite film and membrane resistance of porous base material is less than 2 Omega .cm2. The thermal contraction rate at the time of heat-processing in longitudinal direction and width direction of composite film at 150 degrees C for 30 minute(s) is less than 3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A negative electrode active material contained in a negative electrode of battery consists of material containing metallic element and/or semimetal elements as constitutent element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particles have specific heat of 0.5 or more J/gK.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin material is polyvinylidene fluoride. The resin material contained in the base material contains polyolefin type-resin. The base material is nonwoven fabric or cellulose gas-permeable film. Preferred Properties: The porosity of layer and base material is 95% or more and 25-40%, respectively. The melting point and/or glass transition temperature of resin material is 180 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode mixture layer contains lithium nickel cobalt manganese complex oxide of formula: Li1+sM1O2, where s is -0.3 to 0.3, M1 is 3 or more types of element group containing nickel, cobalt and manganese, a is more than 30 to less than 65, b is more than 5 to less than 35, and c is more than 15 to less than 50. The negative electrode mixture layer contains material having silicon and oxygen as constitutent elements as negative electrode active material. The atomic ratio of oxygen with respect to silicon is 0.5-1.5. Preferred Property: The upper limit voltage of charge in the lithium secondary battery is set to 4.3 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphonoacetate compound, content of compound having nitrile group and content of 1,3-dioxane is 0.5-30 %mass, 0.1-5 %mass and 0.1-5 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic dye solution with concentration of 0.1-3 g/L comprises methylene blue, congo red, acid fuchsin, orange, crystal violet and/or rhodamine B as solute and deionized water as solvent. Preferred Method: Leaching with deionized water and acid is done for 3-7 days while changing deionized water daily. Freezing is done for 20-30 minutes. Freeze-drying is done at - 50 degrees C and 0.04 mbar for 3-5 days. Pyrolysis is done by placing bacterial cellulose hybrid aerogel in ceramic boat, putting ceramic boat into tubular furnace having argon or nitrogen as protective gas, heating to 500 degrees C at rate of 1-3 degrees C/minute, heating for 1-3 hours, heating to 600-1400 degrees C at rate of 4-6 degrees C/minute, heating for 2-4 hours, cooling to 500 degrees C at rate of 1-3 degrees C/minute, naturally cooling to room temperature and maintaining atmospheric pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber felt has electrical resistance of less than 1000 m( Omega )/cm2, fabric weight of 500-5000 g/m2 and volume density of 0.05-0.3 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium silicate-based compound is of formula: Li2+a-bAbM1-xM'xSiO4+d. The hydrogen-containing lithium silicate-based compound is of formula: Li2+a-b-zHzAbM1-xM'xSiO4+d, where A is sodium, potassium, rubidium and/or cesium, M is iron and/or manganese, M' is magnesium, calcium, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, niobium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten, a is 0 to less than 1, b is 0 to less than 0.2, z is more than 0 to less than 1, x is 0-0.5 and d is 0 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth compound is adhered at the vicinity of the interface at which the primary particles contact, or at the interface. Tungsten and zirconium are contained inside the primary particles. The rare-earth compound contains erbium, lanthanum, neodymium and/or samarium. The ratio of gap formed inside the mother particles with respect to the entire area of the mother particles in the cross-sectional scanning-electron-microscope image of the mother particles is 0.1-10%. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is of formula: LixM1-yWyO2.M=Ni, Co, Mn and/or Al;x=greater than 0.9 and less than 1.2;andy=0.001-0.01.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of group 3 metal is 0.1-5 %mass with respect to total mass of aluminum oxide based on oxide conversion of group 3 metal. The mass ratio of group 3 metal with respect to platinum is (10/3)-4 based on oxide conversion of respective elements. The platinum compound contains amine or ammonia. The carrier is prepared by mixing hydroxide of pseudo-boehmite state aluminum, aqueous solution of nitrate of group 3 metal, and nitric acid, preparing kneaded material, producing pellet by extrusion molding of the kneaded material, and baking the pellet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modification catalyst is ruthenium-based modification catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material microparticles are a silicon fine particle, tin microparticles, microparticles of the alloy containing a silicon and microparticles of the alloy containing tin. The electroconductive fine particles are carbon microparticles, and graphite particles. The inorganic solid electrolyte microparticles are sulfide type solid electrolyte microparticles containing lithium, phosphorus and sulfur. The inorganic solid electrolyte particles are lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte particles that satisfies composition (LaMbPcSdXe), where L is an alkali metal, M is elements selected from boron, aluminum, silicon, germanium, arsenic, selenium, tin, antimony, tellurium, lead and bismuth, X is halogen elements selected from iodine, chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, a is 0-2, b is 0-0.2, c is 1, d is 0-9, and e is 0-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Negative electrode active material has an amorphous phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal negative electrode comprises lithium, and sodium. The molten salt electrolyte comprises binary, ternary or quarternary mixtures of lithium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and caesium nitrate. The molten salt electrolyte comprises nitrite anions. The oxygen positive electrode comprises a porous, electronically conducting material or metal oxide such as metal carbide. The positive electrode comprises a transition metal selected from iridium, platinum and gold, and diamond doped with boron, phosphorus or nitrogen. The battery comprises an interlayer comprising a solid ceramic membrane that is positioned to prevent contact between the alkali metal negative electrode and molten salt electrolyte. The solid ceramic membrane is selected from LISICON, garnet-type ceramics, NASICON and sodium beta alumina.The lithium metal negative electrode and electrolyte are separated by an interlayer comprising a fully reduced material selected from nitrides, phosphides, oxides, sulfides and halides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic plate is made from aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base body is made from polyamide or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The melt material is brazing material chosen from copper-phosphorus-tin-nickel based brazing sheet, copper-tin-type brazing material and copper-aluminum-type brazing material. The active metal material is titanium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The content of the aggregates is 35-50 volume%. The conductive support agent is carbon particles having average primary particle diameter of 50 nm or less. The content of iron, oxygen and phosphorus in the conductive support agent is 0.1-10 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: Open-circuit voltage when battery is produced using metallic sodium as counter electrode is 2.5 V or more. Preferred Arrangement: The sodium rechargeable battery is designed, such that charge electric potential of positive electrode in full-charge state becomes 4.35 V (versus sodium/monovalent sodium ion) or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composite metal oxide does not exhibit peak at 18-20 degrees measured using copper-K alpha -ray as X-ray source based on powder X-ray-diffraction. Preferred Composition: Alternatively, composite metal oxide is of formula: NaxM11-aM2aO2, where x is more than 0 to less than 1, M1 is transition metal(s) chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel, preferably manganese, M2 is aluminum, lithium and magnesium, composition ratio (aLi) of lithium is 0 to less than 0.1, composition ratio (aMg) of magnesium is 0 to less than 0.15, composition ratio (aAl) of aluminum of 0 to less than 0.3, and aLi+aMg+aAl is more than 0 to 0.3. The abundance ratio of trivalent manganese is 2 mol% or less with respect to composite metal oxide (NaxM11-aM2aO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is lithium-containing transition metal oxide containing cobalt and/or manganese, preferably lithium cobaltate, lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) or lithium manganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel further contains 3%mass or less molybdenum, 2 %mass or less nickel, 3 %mass or less copper, 0.1-6 %mass niobium and/or 0.1-0.4 %mass titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (L) is lanthanoid. The element (E) is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, copper, silver, zinc, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium and/or tin. The alkali electrolyte solution contains sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The separator includes nonwoven fabric structure, and has sulfonation degree of 1.5x 10-3-4.1x 10-3, fabric weight of 45-55 g/m2 and thickness of 80-150 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution contains sulfate of nickel, cobalt and manganese as transition metal element (X). The concentration of transition metal element is 0.1-3 mol/kg. The concentration of carbonate (B) in aqueous solution is 0.1-2 mol/kg. The total amount of transition metal element (X) contained in carbonate compound with respect to 100 mol% of total molar amount of element (Y) contained in aqueous solution (C) is 0.01-10 mol%. The compound containing element (Y) is basic aluminum lactate salt, ammonium hydrogen fluoride, colloidal silica, ammonium zirconium carbonate, yttrium nitrate, hexaammonium heptamolybdate, cerium nitrate, and calcium nitrate. The ratio of lithium contained in lithium compound to the total molar quantity of transition metal element (X) is 1.1 or more. The positive electrode active material is obtained from lithium-containing compound of formula: Li1+aYbNicCodMneO2+f (I).a=0.1-0.6;b=0.0001-0.105;c=0.1-0.5;d=0-0.3;e=0.2-0.9;c+d+e=0.9-1.05;andf=Li.Preferred Process: The carbonate compound and aqueous solution (C) are mixed by spray-coating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microparticles contain a solid electrolyte. The microparticles contain a sulfide type solid electrolyte. The microparticles are lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolytes containing lithium, phosphorus and sulfur. The positive electrode layer contains a positive electrode active material and a solid electrolyte. The negative electrode layer contains a negative electrode active material and a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte layer contains a sulfide type solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte layer contains lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte containing lithium, phosphorus, and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The platinum/cobalt weight ratio in the mixed solution containing platinum precursor and cobalt precursor is 1-3, preferably 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer having the hydroxy group is polyvinylpyrrolidone. It is added at 25-75 wt.% with respect to the total weight of platinum and cobalt in the mixed solution containing the platinum precursor and cobalt precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The non-metal material is ceramic selected from alumina, zirconia and/or titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of lithium hydroxide and lithium iodide is 0.2-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron and nickel in outermost surface is preferably 3 wt.% less The aqueous iron chloride solution used during manufacture of separator is used as acidic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing phosphate compound is lithium iron phosphate. The carbon-based conductive material is amorphous carbon selected from soft carbon or hard carbon. The electrolyte is lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The phosphate glass comprises 30-70 mol.% phosphorus pentoxide, and zinc oxide and/or cobaltous oxide. The phosphate glass comprises 15 mol.% or less of at least one chosen from magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide. The phosphate glass comprises 5 mol.% or less niobium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble nickel salt is nickel sulfate, nickel chloride and nickel nitrate. The soluble manganese salt is manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate and manganese acetate. The soluble cobalt salt is cobalt sulfate, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate or cobalt acetate. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The material of the walls is polysiloxane material and polydimethylsiloxane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The barrier layer is metal foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardening accelerator is chosen from amidine compound, carbodiimide compound, ketimine compound, hydrazine compound, sulfonium salt, benzothiazolium salt and tertiary amine compound. The light absorption pyrogen is chosen from metal powder, inorganic pigment, carbon and organic pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary contact-bonding layer comprises light absorption pyrogen, and elastomer resin. The thermosetting resin comprises epoxy resin, amino resin, acrylic resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, unsaturated polyester resin and/or alkyd resin. The laminate further comprises tertiary contact bonding layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cationic surfactant is quaternary ammonium salt, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, primary amine salt, secondary amine salt, and/or tertiary amine salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio (Z3) of the average valence (Z1) of the manganese atom in the manganese raw material to the average valence (Z2) of the manganese atom in lithium manganate is 80-100. The manganese raw material contains at least 2 types of manganese oxide chosen from manganese dioxide (MnO2), manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3), manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4) and manganese oxide (MnO). The content of manganese oxide (MnO) is 25-50 %mass with respect to total content of manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4) and manganese oxide (MnO). The lithium manganate is of formula: Li(x+y)Mn(2-y-p-q)M1pM2qO(4- a) (I).M1=element chosen from nickel, cobalt, magnesium, iron, titanium, aluminum and chromium;M2=element chosen from boron, phosphorus, lead, sulfur, antimony, silicon and vanadium;x=1-2;y=0-0.2;p=0-1;q=0-1;a=0-1;and2-y-p-q=more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The core microparticles of coated microparticles are inorganic oxide fine particles or organic particulates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine resin is vinylidene fluoride resin. The porous base material is polyolefin-type porous base material. Preferred Component: The porous layer is preferably laminated on both surfaces of porous base material. Preferred Property: The thickness of porous layer is 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device comprises a plate that is partially made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The complex manganese oxide hydrate is represented by complex of formula AxMnO2-b.yH2O (I).A=Li, Na, Ca, K, Ba, Sr, Mg, Al, Zn, Ag, Pb or Bi;x and b=0-1; andy=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The peak of 367 cm-1 in Raman spectrum appears as shoulder peak of 410 cm-1 in a Raman spectrum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous alkali is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Property: The porous carbon nitride has largest peak by pore volume distribution calculated by Dollimore-Heal method from nitrogen adsorption isothermal line of 2-5 nm of pore diameter, and colors by phenolphthalein. Preferred Process: The manufacture of porous carbon nitride further involves base treatment process of washing carbon nitride with aqueous alkali before solvent-exchange process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is monohydric alcohol. The monohydric alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and 2-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium alloying electrochemical modifier is silicon, tin, germanium, nickel, aluminum, manganese, alumina, titanium, titanium oxide, sulfur, molybdenum, arsenic, gallium, phosphorus, selenium, antimony, bismuth, tellurium and/or indium, preferably silicon. The composite material comprises particles having a core-shell structure. The shell comprises carbon material and the core comprises the electrochemical modifier. The composite material further comprises an efficiency enhancing electrochemical modifier containing phosphorus. The carbon material is hard carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer precursor comprises poly((phenyl glycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde) polymer, and the copolymerization further involves reacting the polymer precursors in the presence of phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of positive electrode charge overvoltage (in mV) and charging current (in ampere) of positive electrode is 13.7 or less. The ratio of negative electrode charge overvoltage (in mV) and charging current (in ampere) of negative electrode is 3.1 or less. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains carbonaceous electroconductive material chosen from organic compound containing bisphenol-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-formaldehyde condensate as a main component, graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotubes. The graphite in the carbonaceous electroconductive material is flaky graphite having average primary particle diameter of 100 mu m or more. The positive electrode active material is in form of paste having density of 3.8-4.4 g/cm3 and moisture content of 11-14 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound containing bisphenol-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-formaldehyde condensate is of formula (I).R1,R2=H, -CH2- or group of formula (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene isophthalate or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The elongated titanium dioxide crystallites have length of 20-50 nm. Preferred Composition: The titanium dioxide seeds comprise slurry containing 0.2 g anatase-phase titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The morphology-controlling agent is mandelic acid, 4-hydroxymandelic acid, benzilic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid, 2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropionic acid, 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, mandelamide, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and/or their ammonium, sodium and potassium salts, preferably mandelic acid or phenylalanine. The soluble titanium compound is titanium oxychloride, titanium oxybromide, titanium oxyiodide, titanium oxynitrate, titanium trichloride, titanium tribromide, titanium oxalate, potassium hexafluorotitanate, ammonium hexafluorotitanate, potassium titanyloxolate, ammonium titanyloxolate and/or titanium bis(ammonium lactate)dihydroxide, preferably titanium oxychloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - The genetically modified microbes comprise Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where the P. aeruginosa has at least one genetic modification that results in the loss of functional expression, or the suppression of expression in an endogenous gene selected from pilT (SEQ ID NO: 1), pilA (SEQ ID NO: 2), nirS (SEQ ID NO: 3), bd1A (SEQ ID NO:4), las1 (SEQ ID NO: 5), lasR (SEQ ID NO: 6), ftsZ (SEQ ID NO: 7), and/or fliC (SEQ ID NO: 8), all above undefined sequences are as available on WIPO website (sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published pct sequences/publication), where the microbes exhibit decreased expression of the gene interest and exhibit an altered electrogenic efficacy. The biofilm further comprises Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas microbes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - At least one of the cathode and anode are fabricated from porous material. The porous material comprises porous stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprises 0.01-3 mg/1 g boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The enclosed titanium dioxide layer comprising anatase has a thickness of 0.5-2 mu m, and the porous titanium dioxide layer comprising rutile has thickness of 7-20 mu m. The porous titanium dioxide layer comprising rutile has pores of 10-1000 nm. Preferred Method: The step (f) comprises applying a layer as electrically conductive layer comprising a material including platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or iridium, where the metal layer is applied in the form of a suspension.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises refrigeration for at least partially cooling the layer arrangement. The anodizing voltage (U1) is 10-70 V, the anodizing voltage (U2) is 71-123 V, the anodizing voltage (U3) is 123-157 V, and the anodizing voltage (U4) is 157-170 V. Preferred Method: The voltage during at least one of the steps (b), (c), (d) or (e) is maintained for a defined period, and successively increased during at least one of the steps (b), (c), (d) or (e).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium storage material includes silicon and germanium-metal alloys. The immiscible material includes tin, aluminum, silver, indium and iron. The lithium storage material precursor includes silicon precursor. The immiscible material precursor includes tin precursor. The acid includes hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorophosphate-based material comprises a metal chosen from lithium, nickel, cobalt, iron, vanadium, copper and manganese. The fluorophosphate-based material is lithium fluorophosphate compound (LixPO4F or LixMyPO4F, where x and y are 0,1,2,3 or 4). The active material is nickel-cobalt manganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemically active material comprises elemental sulfur, or lithium metal and/or lithium metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A fibril-containing layer of the electrode comprises a matrix material with dispersed fibrils. The matrix material comprises polymeric material and ceramic material. The fibrils comprise a polysaccharide, preferably cellulose or cellulose derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is a multilayered structure carbon material coated with graphite particles and amorphous carbon. The graphite particle is natural graphite. Preferred Process: The method for manufacturing carbon material further involves carrying out pulverization process for obtaining carbon powder having 002 plane with plane distance (d002) of 0.3452 nm or less, and microcrystal size (Lc (004)) of 34 nm or more, measured based on X-ray wide-angle diffraction method, after baking-carbonizing the organic compound at 1300 degrees C. Preferred Property: The carbon material has Raman (R) values of 0.15-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound contains 3 %mass or more insoluble toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mesopore pore volume of primary particles in the total pore volume is 50-95 volume%. The crystalline diameter of the crystalline lithium titanate is 40-100 nm. The average primary particle diameter of the crystalline lithium titanate is 100-500 nm. The average particle diameter of the negative electrode material is 5-30 mu m. The intensity of the main peak of rutile-type titanium dioxide at an angle of 27.4 degrees is 0-5, when the intensity of the main peak of crystalline lithium titanate at an angle of 18.4 degrees is 100 in X-ray diffraction method. The viscosity of water dispersion slurry after pulverization is 10-1000 mPa.second. Preferred Composition: The amount of water dispersion slurry used during the manufacture of negative electrode material is 5-40 wt.%. The titanium oxide particles contain crystalline titanium oxide. The crystalline titanium oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide. The crystalline lithium titanate is a spinel-type lithium titanate of formula: Liax Tibx O12 (I).a=3.8-4.2;b=4.8-5.2;anda/b=0.73-0.875.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of largest particle diameter and minimum particle diameter of inorganic fine particles (21) is 1.4 or less. The weight ratio of the inorganic fine particles (22) with respect to inorganic fine particles (21) is 0.05-0.4. The melting point of inorganic fine particles (A) and (B) is 180 degrees C or more. Preferred Composition: The inorganic fine particles (A) and (B) contain three lithium phosphate particles and/or lithium borate particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of binder resin in heat resistant porous layer is 1-20 pts. wt. with respect to total of 100 pts. wt. inorganic fine particles (A) and (B). The porous base film is olefin resin porous film. Preferred Property: The thermal contraction rate of laminated film after heating at 150 degrees C for 1 hour is 10% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide is lithium-titanium sulfide has cubic crystal rock salt-type crystal structure including lithium, titanium, and sulfur as constituent element, lithium-niobium sulfide having diffraction peak in position of at least 35 degrees , 50.3 degrees and 62.7 degrees with tolerance of plus minus 2 degrees of 10-80 degrees at diffraction angle 2( theta ) in X-ray diffraction pattern by copper K alpha ray and including lithium, niobium, and sulfur as constituent element, or lithium-titanium-niobium sulfide having diffraction peak in position of at least 30.5 degrees , 35.3 degrees , 50.6 degrees and 63.2 degrees with tolerance of plus minus 2 degrees of 10-80 degrees at diffraction angle 2( theta ) in X-ray diffraction pattern by copper K alpha ray, and including lithium, titanium, niobium, and sulfur as a constituent element, preferably lithium-titanium sulfide of formula: Lin1TiSm1. The molar ratio of sulfur and niobium in lithium-niobium sulfide is 2-6. The molar ratio of lithium and niobium in lithium-niobium sulfide is 1-5. The sulfide has a cubic system structure. The molar ratio of sulfur, and total content of titanium and niobium in lithium-titanium-niobium sulfide is 2-6. The molar ratio of lithium, and total content of titanium and niobium in lithium-titanium-niobium sulfide is 0.4-6. The lithium battery further comprises nonaqueous electrolyte containing solvent containing 1-100 vol.% carbonate.n1=0.4-6;andm1=2-5.Preferred Property: The lithium-titanium sulfide has diffraction peak in position of at least 30.6 degrees , 35.5 degrees , 51 degrees and 60.6 degrees with tolerance of plus minus 2 degrees of 10-80 degrees at diffraction angle 2( theta ) in X-ray diffraction pattern by copper K alpha ray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal salts (S) are metal salts chosen from palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), gold (Au) and silver (Ag). Preferred Parameters: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of porous structure is greater than or equal to 800 m2.g-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Metal complex containing porous polymer is porous polymer containing metal complex fixed by polymer chain by the covalent bond. Coordinating monomer (L) has phosphino group in molecular structure. Additive (D) is a polystyrene. Preferred Process: Metal complex containing porous polymer is formed by preparing metal complex containing monomer (Lm) by mixing coordinating monomer (L) and metal salt (S), mixing with metal complex containing monomer (Lm) and aromatic containing crosslinking monomer (Am), obtaining polymeric composition (A), dissolving polymeric composition (A), mixing with polymer (PA) of polymeric composition (A), solvent (M) which is not mutually dissolved, and additive (D), and preparing composition (X), removing solvent (M) and additive (D) from polymer (PA) after polymerization of composition (X). Metal carrying porous carbon material performs insolubilization, baking, and activation of metal complex containing porous polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Biaxially-stretched polypropylene film layer is a biaxially-stretched polypropylene film layer which does not contain antistatic agent. Molding packaging material consists of copolymer resin with melting point of 135-155 degrees C formed by thermoplastic resin layer containing propylene and ethylene. Thermoplastic resin layer consists of laminated body on which greater than or equal to 2 thermoplastic resin layers are laminated. Preferred Process: Biaxially-stretched polypropylene film layer and metal foil layer are laminated using the adhesive agent. Thermoplastic resin layer is integrally laminated by the surface of coating resin layer of biaxially-stretched polypropylene film by extrusion laminating process. Chemical conversion treatment is performed to single surface of metal foil layer. Biaxially-stretched polypropylene film is stretched 3-6 times by film flow direction, and 8-12 times in the direction orthogonal to the film flow direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of spherical carbon powder is 8-30 mu m, particle size distribution of 5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aprotic polar solvent of the lithium ion secondary battery is selected from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide, and (gamma)-butyrolactone. The protonic solvent is selected from water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and acetic acid. The binder is selected from polyvinylidenefluoride polymer, and rubber-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen is coupled with carbon of each carbonyl group. The heteroaromatic compound has 1 or more pairs of carbonyl groups. Two carbonyl groups of each pair are located in the ortho-position of the aromatic ring of the heteroaromatic compound. The heteroaromatic compound has 3 or more aromatic rings. The heteroaromatic compound is a high molecular compound, and chosen from group of formulae (I)-(IV), preferably chosen from 5,6-dihydro-4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, 5,7,12,14-tetraazatetracyclo(6.6.2.04,16.011,15)hexadeca-1(15),4(16),5,7,11,13-hexaene-2,3,9,10-tetrone, 5H,10H-pyrazino(2,3-g)quinoxaline-5,10-dione and 5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione.R1-R6,R'1-R'6,R10,R11,R21-R24=H, halo, or phenyl, heterocyclyl or 1-4C hydrocarbyl (all optionally substituted).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Water content in non-aqueous electrolyte containing boron compound, carbonate-type solvent, water, and electrolytic salt is less than or equal to 30 ppm. Positive electrode active material contains complex oxide of formulae LiNiyMn2-y-zM1zO4 (1), LiM2O2 (2), or Li(LixM31-xO2) (3). Non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.1-1 vol.% boron compound.M1=Co, Cr, Fe, Ti, Al, Mg, Zn, and/or Li;M2=Ni, Co, and/or Mn provided that M2 contains greater than or equal to 2 Ni and/or Co;M3=transition metal;a=20-65 mol.% Ni;b=15-55 mol.% Co;c=0-45 mol.% Mn;a+b+c=90-100;x=0.05-0.35;y=0.45-0.55; andz=0-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Secondary ions detected on the surface of positive mix layer shows ratio C3/C2 of less than or equal to 10, where C3 is the detection count strength of C2H4PO4- ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of anode is 20-40 wt.%. The iron sulfide is derived from natural iron sulfide mineral. The content of other active materials than iron sulfide in anode is less than 10 wt.%. The anode further contains binder and conductive particles, and is porous. The cathode comprises nickel hydroxide, manganese dioxide, or cadmium as active material, preferably nickel hydroxide. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution comprising hydroxide of alkali metal preferably lithium, potassium, sodium or cesium hydroxide, more preferably potassium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The iron sulfide has mean particle diameter of 1-1000 nm, preferably 50-600 nm, more preferably 80-400 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler (B) is chosen from alumina, silica, and Boehmite. Preferred Process: During manufacture of electrochemical element, hot-pressing process is carried out at 60-120 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The peeling strength of separator by carrying out peeling test at 180 degrees C between separator and integrated electrode, is 0.2-10 N/20mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The minimum temperature in which the adhesive resin (C) expresses adhesiveness is 60-120 degrees C. The thickness of the heat-resistant porous-layer (II) is 1 mu m or more. The fabric weight of the adhesive resin (C) in the adhesive resin (C)-containing surface is 0.05-1 g/m2. Preferred Composition: The adhesive resin (C) is chosen from poly-( alpha )-olefin, polyacrylic acid ester, polyvinyl acetate, and their copolymers. The resin (A) is polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal lead, intermediate lead and current collecting tabs are made of aluminum material or aluminum alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear-side cross beam is made of light metal i.e. aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric binder is copolymer or polymer of sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer, or polysulfone backbone-bonded lithium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The secondary membrane fluid consists of 1-propanol and/or 2-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary membrane fluid contains solvent chosen from water and water-mixable organic solvent, and polymer electrolyte(s). The polymer electrolyte is chosen from tetrafluorethylene polymer, acid-functional fluoridated monomer, tetrahydroethylene fluorovinylether polymer, perfluorosulfone, perfluorocyclobutane, hydrocarbon polymer, sulfonated polyetherketone, arylketone, acid-doped polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polysulfone and sulfonated polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first lithium ion battery pack is provided with a positive electrode which is selected from the group consisting of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA), lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium manganese spinel oxide (Mn spinel), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and mixed lithium metal phosphate (LFMP), and the second lithium-ion battery pack is provided with a positive electrode selected from the group consisting of NCA, NMC , MN spinel, LFP and LMFP. The first lithium ion battery pack is provided with the negative electrode which is selected from the group consisting of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon and lithium Titanatoxid (LTO), and the second lithium ion battery pack is provided with a negative electrode which is selected from the group consisting of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphite enriched silicon, and tin-enriched graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is made of an aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge transfer particles comprises: a faradaic material or catalytic material (preferably NiO(OH), Fe, transition metals from Period 4 of the Period Table of the Elements (preferably metals selected from Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Rh, and Ru), metals from Group 1 and Group 2 of the Period Table of the Elements, metal hydride, and alkali fluid (preferably KOH, LiOH, NaOH, Co(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, and Ca(OH)). The electrolyte comprises an acid fluid (preferably HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, H2CrO4 and H3BO3). The charge transfer particles comprise catalytic nanoparticles of doped Me'-MnOx (where Me' is a material selected from Ni and Mg, and x is not defined).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises organic fluid (preferably ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ether and ester). The electrolyte comprises a suspension of charge transfer particle that is a thixotropic fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The iron-containing oxide is a mixture of lithium-iron oxides LiFeO2 and LiFe5O8, or is ferrous oxide, ferric oxide, and/or ferrosoferric oxide. Preferred Property: The initial-stage discharge capacity of the negative-electrode active material is greater than 210 Ah/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent comprises cyclic carbonate or linear carbonate. Preferred Property: The molecular weight of alkoxy compound (I) or (II) is 650 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of lithium metal complex oxide is more than 0.3 m2/g to less than 3 m2/g and surface residual alkali value per specific surface area of less than 0.55 (%/(m2/g)), carbon amount per specific surface area of 3000 (ppm/(m2/g)) or less, magnetically attracted material amount of less than 200 ppb and site occupancy rate of lithium of 3a site of the of 0.97 or more. Preferred Composition: The surface layer comprises titanium, aluminum and/or zirconium, and has thickness of 0.01-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas is nitrogen trifluoride, fluorine, fluorocarbons, hydrogen fluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, methane, acetylene, hydrazine, hydrogen, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen bromide and/or bromine. The lithium transition metal oxide is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese orthosilicate and/or LiNi1-x-yCoxMyO2. The raw material gas is active gas.M=Co, Mn, Mg, Fe, Ni or Al;andx+y=0-1.Preferred Process: The plasma treatment is generated by ionization and molecular dissociation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing component includes hydrogenated inorganic hydride, poly(aminoborane) and borazane. The hydrogenated inorganic hydride comprises inorganic borohydrides, preferably alkaline and alkaline-earth borohydrides such as lithium and sodium borohydrides. The inorganic oxidizing component comprises perchlorates, dinitramides, nitrates and metallic oxides, preferably ammonium perchlorate, ammonium dinitramide, strontium nitrate and iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material further comprises amorphous substance substantially.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal mixed aqueous solution has pH of 2.5-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed extractant (m1) contains di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid and neodecanoic acid. The volume ratio of phosphonate-based extractant and carbonic acid-type extractant in mixed extractant (m1) is 1:10-4:1. The mixed extractant (m2) contains di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and oxime-based extractant. The volume ratio of phosphate-type extractant and oxime-based extractant in mixed extractant (m2) is 1:1-1:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains surfactant. Preferred Property: The difference of Hansen solubility parameter of nonaqueous solvent and Hansen solubility parameter of flame retardant is 4 or less, respectively. Preferred Process: A microcapsule is maintained in nonaqueous electrolyte, and is filled with flame retardant. The microcapsule is maintained on surface of separator which faces surface of positive electrode and/or positive electrode in secondary battery. A flame retardant (f2) having different structure from flame retardant (f1) is added to the positive electrode. The flame retardant (f2) is poorly soluble compound with respect to nonaqueous electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    One or two of X1-X3=substituent having phenyl group, with the remaining being 1-3C organic groups having coupling structure of thioether, thiocarbonyl, carbonyl, ether, carboxy and amide in structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluroantimonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, or lithium nitride-containing compound of formula: LiN(CnF2n+1SO2)(CmF2m+1SO2) (V). The positive electrode contains lithium-containing complex oxide as positive electrode active material. The negative electrode contains a material (A) capable of occluding or releasing lithium as negative electrode active material. The material (A) is chosen from carbon material and oxides. The carbon material is graphite or amorphous carbon. The secondary battery further consists of a film-clad component.n,m=natural number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic sulfonate ester is preferably of formula (II) or (III). The electrolyte solution further contains sultone compound of formula (IV) having sulfonyl groups, vinylene carbonate or its derivatives, and lithium salt. The nonaqueous solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, aliphatic carboxylate, ( gamma )-lactone, cyclic ether, chain-shaped ether, and fluorine derivative. The amount of cyclic sulfonate ester contained in the electrolyte solution is 0.005-10 wt.% with respect to total amount of the electrolyte solution.R=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl;n=0-2;andR4-R9=H, 1-12C alkyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl, or 6-12C aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 0.3-1 m2/g. The ratio of battery area (project area of battery including battery exterior component) with respect to rated capacity is 5 cm2/Ah or more and rated capacity of 3 Ah or more. The aspect ratio of electrode defined as aspect ratio of rectangular-shaped positive electrode active material layer is 1-3. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material has the positive electrode active material and spinel-type manganese positive electrode active material. The weight ratio of positive electrode active material and the spinel-type manganese positive electrode active material is 50:50-90:10. The separator is separator with heat-resistant insulating layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide is of formula: LiaNibMncCodMxO2, where a is 0.9-1.2, b is more than 0 to less than 1 (preferably 0.44-0.51), c is more than 0 to 0.5 (preferably 0.27-0.31), d is more than 0 to 0.5 (preferably 0.19-0.26), x is 0-0.3, b+c+d is 1 and M is chosen from titanium, zirconium, niobium, tungsten, phosphorus, aluminum, magnesium, vanadium, calcium, strontium and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group B impurity element comprises carbon, fluorine and/or phosphorus. The group C impurity element comprises iron, chromium and/or aluminum. The metal salt is hydroxide, sulfate, carbonate, or nitrate. The waste battery and/or waste positive electrode material contains carbon, phosphorus, fluorine, iron, chromium, aluminum, and copper as impurity. Preferred Process: The recovery of metal groups A involves carrying out sulfuric acid leaching with respect to waste battery and/or waste positive electrode material, to obtain exudate, adding ferric ion (Fe3+) supply source to the exudate and settling phosphoric-acid iron, adding basic neutralizing agent, adjusting pH of exudates, precipitating neutralized material of the metal component, adding sulphidizing agent to exudates, settling iron sulfide, settling calcium fluoride by adding calcium compound to exudate and adjusting pH, separating impurities from exudate by separating into solid and liquid and recovering the metal groups A from the obtained supernatant as a mixture of a metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal salt is solid. The impurity contains carbon, phosphorus, fluorine, iron, chromium, aluminum and/or copper. Preferred Process: The method further involves leaching of waste battery using sulfuric acid, and extracting impurity using di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid and aldoxime-type extractant by solvent extraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle size of active material layer of electrical power collector layer vicinity is 1/2 or less of particle size of active material layer of solid electrolyte layer vicinity. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material layer includes an olivine compound and a spinel compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-silicate material is of formula: Li2+a-bAbM1-qM'qSi1+rO4+c, where A is sodium, potassium, rubidium and/or cesium, M is iron and/or manganese, M' is magnesium, calcium, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, niobium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum and/or tungsten, r is 0-0.2, q is 0-0.5, a is 0 to less than 1, b is 0 to less than 0.2 and c is more than 0 to less than 0.3. When the mass of positive-electrode active-material composite is 100 %mass, the content of carbon material is 1-50 %mass. The negative-electrode active material contains silicon and/or silicon oxide (SiOx). The negative-electrode active material is synthesized from powder of silicon. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of lithium-silicate material is 10 nm to 10 mu m. The average particle diameter of carbon material is 10 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heat-processing and baking are performed simultaneously. Preferred Properties: The carbonaceous material has average face distance d002 of (002) plane of 0.375-0.4 nm calculated by X-ray diffraction method, true density of 1.4-1.6 g/cm3 and sulfur content of 4000 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: Inorganic solid electrolyte is formed from inorganic solid electrolyte precursor containing lithium-containing glass ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The area ratio of the layer of particles of the battery active material exposed on the surface of the composite active material is less than 5%, by scanning-electron-microscope observation. The battery active material contains element chosen from element of group 13 of periodic table, element of group 14 of periodic table, element of group 15 of periodic table, magnesium, and manganese. The battery active material preferably comprises silicon particles having average particle diameter of 100 nm or less. During manufacture of composite active material, mixture containing silicon dioxide particles is prepared by mixing expanded graphite and silicon dioxide particles, adding reducing agent to obtained mixture and mixing. 0.01-30 %Mass inorganic substance including metal oxide, metal oxide precursor, inorganic solid electrolyte, carbonized material, inorganic solid electrolyte precursor, graphite with specific surface area of 10 m2/g or more, and/or carbon precursor is further added during manufacture of composite active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Carbon precursor includes high-molecular compound, coal-based pitch, petroleum-based pitch, mesophase pitch, coke and/or low-molecular heavy oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate and the heat sink are made of aluminum and steel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive for film formation is lithium compound chosen from lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate (LiPF2(C2O4)2), lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiB(C2O4)2), lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate (LiPF2(C2O4)2) and LiB(C3O4)2, preferably LiPF2(C2O4)2 and LiPO2F2. The gas derived from the additive for film formation is carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Heating and crystallization temperature is 150-400 degrees C, preferably 200-350 degrees C. Heating and crystallization time is 5 minutes to 50 hours. Preferred Compositions: The compound is phosphorus sulfide, preferably diphosphorus pentasulfide. Addition amount of amorphous solid electrolyte with respect to 1 L solvent in the crystallization process is 0.001-1 kg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Solvent is a hydrocarbon, such as hexane, pentane, 2-ethyl hexane, heptane, decane, cyclohexane, hexene, heptene, cyclohexene, toluene, xylene, decalin, ethylbenzene, or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, preferably aromatic hydrocarbon e.g. toluene or xylene. Water content of hydrocarbon is less than or equal to 100 ppm. Solvent is a compound of formulae R1-O-C(=O)-O-R2 (1), R3-O-R4-O-R5 (2), or R6-CN (3), preferably diethyl carbonate.R1, R2= greater than or equal to 2C alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl;R3, R5= greater than or equal to 2C alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl;R4= greater than or equal to 1C alkylene or arylene; andR6= greater than or equal to 2C alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl.Preferred Processes: Raw material sulfide is contacted with hydrocarbon solvent. Mechanical milling process is performed in the state which adds the organic solvent to lithium sulfide and other sulfide. Raw material sulfide is pulverized in hydrocarbon solvent, reacted with amorphous solid electrolyte at 20-80 degrees C, and reacted in reaction tank at 60-300 degrees C in a hydrocarbon solvent in which raw material is circulated between grinder and reaction tanks for the reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal shell is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic body is made of silicon or rubber material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves cooling the fuel cell using either a circulating radiator or evaporative cooling, generating an aerosol of methanol for provision to the anode electrode, providing a diffusion barrier through which the methanol flows to reach the anode electrode, impregnating the anode electrode with ionomer material to provide varying layers of ionomer material, and configuring the membrane thickness to provide sufficient current density in the fuel cell. The membrane is hydrophilic. The membrane is capable of retaining water upto a concentration of 40% of the membrane mass during operation. The fuel cell is operated at a current density of 170 mA/cm2. The membrane is formed from a sulfonated tetrafluorethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aspect ratio is preferably 1:2-1:10. Preferred Components: The particles contain tin, antimony, calcium, silver, barium and/or strontium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material comprises conductive resin, lead (alloy), titanium, and/or conductive ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron-containing oxide and iron-lithium-containing oxide are chosen from iron (III) oxide, lithium iron oxide and lithium ferrite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The lithium ion conductive glass ceramics has a crystal structure of sodium (Na) Super Ionic CONductor (NASICON) mold. The to-be-processed object has 1 mm thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrolyte solution has an ionic conductivity of 1.5-5 mS/cm at -20 degrees C. Preferred Component: The organic solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, methyl formamide, dimethylacetamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the gas stream supplied to the cathode; or hydrogen peroxide is introduced in the form of an aqueous solution of concentration between 1% and 10% by weight. The duct includes a humidification chamber, and the method involves supplying an aqueous liquid containing hydrogen peroxide to the humidification chamber so the gas is humidified by contact with the aqueous liquid. The method involves spraying hydrogen peroxide into the gas stream supplied to the cathode. The cathode comprises a gas-permeable hydrophilic layer at a surface facing the gas stream, and the method involves introducing hydrogen peroxide into the gas-permeable hydrophilic layer. Preferred Device: The duct includes a humidification chamber in which the gas stream supplied to the cathode is subjected to humidification before being supplied to the cathode, and the system also comprises unit to introduce the hydrogen peroxide into the humidification chamber. The fuel cell system comprises unit to spray hydrogen peroxide into the gas stream supplied to the cathode. The cathode comprises a gas-permeable hydrophilic layer at a surface facing the gas stream, and unit for introducing hydrogen peroxide into the gas-permeable hydrophilic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum precursor (A) and precursor (B) are same precursor. The surface of microparticles (M) is covered with a dispersing agent, and the surface of dispersing agent is covered with platinum nanoparticles. The microparticles (M) are silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, electroconductive fine particles or carbon. The normal electrode potential of reducing agent (R1) shows maximum value in the absolute value from normal electrode potential of reducing agent (R2). The reducing agent (R1) is sodium borohydride. The reducing agent (R2) is hydrazine. Preferred Property: The average value of upper limit of microparticles other than platinum and/or palladium is 10-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The core portion has metal having work function higher than another metal in shell portion. The catalyst component further consists of substrate in which some portion of core-shell nanostructure is formed on the surface, before forming nanostructure. The core-shell nanostructure is nanoparticles. The shell portion contains platinum and the core portion contains at least a component chosen from nickel, palladium, silver, copper and aluminum. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further consists of reverse sputtering unit, dielectrophoresis unit and indirect heating unit (27). Preferred Process: The method further involves forming the core portion on surface of substrate of lattice mismatch with respect to metal which comprises the core portion in gaseous phase. The nanoparticles are dispersed before forming the core-shell nanostructure. The nanoparticles are subjected to reverse sputtering, heating and dielectrophoresis before dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte solution is an electrolyte solution which dissolves salt chosen from a group which becomes a solvent from potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, tribasic potassium phosphate, a di-potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, trisodium phosphate, disodium hydrogenphosphate, and sodium dihydrogenphosphate. The said positive electrode catalyst is a positive electrode catalyst containing 1 or more types chosen from the group which consists of a cobalt atom and cobalt ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound contains rare-earth elements chosen from erbium, samarium, neodymium and lanthanum, and fluorine, or zirconium and fluorine. The compound (22) containing zirconium and fluorine contains Zirconium fluoride or dilithium zirconium hexafluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Amount of nitrogen oxide compound is 1-20 wt.% of the amount of organic peroxide. Rubber composition does not contain plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Rubber component is chosen from ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, and fluororubber. Preferred Parameters: Mooney viscosity (ML(1+4) 100 degrees C) is less than or equal to 60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the negative-electrode active material is 0.01-20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrical power collector comprises copper, nickel, alloy containing copper, alloy containing nickel, or stainless steel. The porosity of electrical power collector is 80% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The terminal component is a positive electrode terminal including aluminum-based metal as a main constituent. The external conduction component is a positive electrode external conduction component including aluminum-based metal as a main constituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second metal element is aluminum. The composite of silicon, tin, and the second metal element consists of 20-80 atomic% silicon, 20-60 atomic% tin, and 1-30 atomic% of the second metal element. The composite of silicon, tin, and a second metal element is indicated by nanoscale islands of amorphous silicon phase dispersed in a matrix of a tin phase and a phase of the second metal element. The composite of silicon, tin, and the second metal element is indicated by tin phase crystals and second metal element phase crystals each having a size of twenty nanometers to fifty nanometers. The composite of silicon, tin, and the second metal element was formed as an adherent film by sputtering of silicon, tin, and the second metal element onto a surface of a metal current collector (20) for the negative electrode material, where the sputtered film has a thickness up to about five micrometers; or was formed by rapid solidification of a molten liquid of silicon, tin, and the second metal element into solid particles of the phase separated composite of silicon, tin, and the second metal element, where the solid particles is reduced in size, optionally to about one to five micrometers and bonded to a metal current collector for the negative electrode material. The negative electrode material comprises, prior to initial charging of the cell or battery, a composite of silicon, tin, and a second metal element that contains inserted lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium rich transitional oxide powder is lithium metal compound (xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiMO2), where x is 0-1 and M is nickel, cobalt or manganese. The oxide precursor comprises triisopropoxyvanadium (V) oxide. The phosphate precursor includes aluminum phosphate precursor, cobalt phosphate precursor, and a titanium phosphate precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is Pt, Au, Ru, Pd, Co and/or Cr. The first conductive material and the second conductive material are the same or different and are graphite, denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, a carbon nano fiber, a carbon nano wire, a carbon nano ball, activated carbon and/or graphene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylalcohol, carboxylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, diacetylcellulose, polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, ethylene oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin, nylon, poly(perfluorosulfonic acid), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), fluorinated ethylene-propylene, sodium carboxylmethylcellulose, and/or styrene butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step (a) comprises heating polyaniline contained within a mesoporous template to a temperature greater than 700 degrees C, preferably greater than 800 degrees C until carbonization. The step (b) comprises etching the mesoporous silica. The polyaniline is synthesized insitu by: coating at least the interior pores of the mesoporous template with diamine groups; and contacting the diamine groups with persulfate; and contacting the persulfate with a polyaniline precursor under acidic conditions. The chemical reaction is the oxygen reduction reaction. Preferred Components: The mesoporous template is mesoporous silica. The mesoporous silica is SBA-15 (preferred), MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-1, SBA-16, MSU-X, MSU-F, KSW-2, FSM16, HMM-33 or TUD-1. The mesoporous template is periodic mesoporous organosilica or mesoporous metal oxide. The polyaniline-derived mesoporous carbon contains no metal. EXAMPLE - 100 mg SBA-15/diamine was treated with 10 ml hydrochloric acid containing 600 mg sodium persulfate. After stirring for 2 hours at room temperature, the solid material was recovered from the solution by filtration and washed with distilled water. The resulting solid material (SBA-15/diammonium-persulfate) was stirred in a solution containing 150 mu l aniline and 10 ml hydrochloric acid in an ice bath (0-5 degrees C) for 4 hours. The solid material (polyaniline/SBA-15) was recovered by filtration and washed with acetone and ethanol (1:1), treated with 10 ml ammonia solution, filtered, washed with distilled water and to give polyaniline-derived mesoporous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material comprises 10-80% silicon, 20-90% oxide component, and 0-20% carbon component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The ceramics have mica-type crystal structure and ionic conductivity of 1x 10-7 S/cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Collector: The substrate is shaped to form the composite current collector by a process selected from injection molding, compression molding, blow molding, casting, extruding and rolling. The composite current collector has maximum density of 10 g/cm3. The composite current collector has density of 0.1-6 g/cm3. The polymer and/or ceramic substrate contains 0-75 vol.% and/or wt.% of at least one filler material. The filler material comprises 1-75 vol.% and/or wt.% of the substrate. The composite current collector has the shape of a nail, tube, foil, plate, woven mesh, expanded mesh, spiral, blade, formed or bent foil or tube, expanded grid, punched foil, perforated foil, open cell foam, ribbed current collector, and bipolar plate. The composite current collector is attached to the negative cap of the alkaline MnO2-Zn cell by a rivet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Coating: The metallic coating has a thickness 1-5000 microns. The metallic coating comprises at least one metal selected from Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Ca, Bi, Se, Sr, Ba, Bi, Ag, and Al (preferably Zn, Cu, In, Sn, Pb and Bi). The metallic coating has a tapered thickness profile along its length and/or width with the highest thickness in the vicinity of the current collector post. Preferred Component: The filler material is selected from metal, metal alloy, and a compound of metallic element. The filler material comprises a compound of a metallic element which is subsequently reduced to its metallic form on and near the outer surface of the substrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of first microporous membrane is selected from polyester, polyimide, PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyurethane, polyamide and aramid. The material of second porous membrane is selected from polyolefin polymers including at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene-polypropylene copolymers. A coating with electrically non-conducting oxides of metals such as aluminum, zirconium, silicon, tin, titanium, germanium or yttrium is formed in the separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is of formula: Lia(MxMn2-x-yAy)(O4-wZw) (II).x=0.4-1.2;y=0 or more;x+y=less than 2;a=0-1.2;w=0-1;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr or Cu;A=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K or Ca;andZ=F or Cl. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H;    R2=-CmH2m+1;    R3=-(CH2)n- or -(CF2)n-, preferably -CH2-;    n=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;and    m=1, 2 or 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium manganese complex oxide having spinel structure is of formula: Li(Mn1-aAa)2O4 (II). The lithium transition-metal complex compound having the layered halite structure is of formula: LibMeO2 (III).A=Li, Mg, Al, Co or B;a=0-0.1;Me=Ni, Co, Al, Mn, Mg or Zr;andb=0.98-1.02.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The water-insoluble polysaccharide polymer has fiber diameter of 5-3000 nm. Preferred Composition: The content of water-insoluble polysaccharide polymer fiber is 0.2-4 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. composite particles. The binder resin is particulate form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyolefin base film is polyethylene-containing base film. Preferred Properties: The polyethylene has weight average molecular weight of 500000 g/mol or more, density of 0.9-10 g/cm3, and puncture strength per thickness of separation film of 40 gf/ mu m or more. The separation film has tensile strength of 2000 kgf/cm2 or more, in machinery direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin composition is formed by mixing (in parts mass) carbonaceous powder (20-100) and thermosetting resin binder (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the solid electrolyte is 5-100 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. sulfur or its discharge product. The solid electrolyte is composite material of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide, in ratio of 75:25-85:15, or composite material of lithium sulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide and germanium disulfide, in ratio of 70-80:20-10:10-0. The solid electrolyte further contains lithium salt chosen from lithium phosphate, lithium orthosilicate, lithium oxide, lithium iodide, lithium borohydride and lithium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An amount of the lithium-manganese composite oxide in a total amount of the lithium-cobalt composite oxide and lithium-manganese composite oxide is higher than 50 wt.%, preferably 70-99 wt.%. An amount of the lithium-cobalt composite oxide is 1-30 wt.%. The lithium titanium composite oxide comprises at least one of spinel lithium titanate and ramsdellite lithium titanate. The open circuit voltage of the positive electrode is 3.6-3.9 V (lithium versus lithium(I)). The ratio (Qp/Qn) is greater than 1.1 and less than or equal to 1.7. The lithium-cobalt composite oxide is of formula (LixCoO2), and the lithium-manganese composite oxide is of formula (LixMn2O4) or (LixMnO2).x = greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of phosphorus to carbon in the composite is 1:0.1-1:2.5. The composite further includes graphene. The conductive material is chosen from carbon black, vapor grown carbon fiber or graphite. The sodium metal oxide is chosen from sodium cobalt oxide (NaxCoO2, where x is more than 0 to 1), sodium manganese oxide (NaxCo2/3Mn1/3), sodium-iron-manganese oxide (NaxFe1/2Mn1/2O2), sodium chromium oxide, sodium lithium oxide, and sodium-vanadium oxide. Preferred Properties: The composite has average particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m, surface area of 10-3000 m2/g, reversible capacity of 650 mAh/g or more and primary particle diameter of 5-500 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersing solution is solution of N-methylpyrrolidone, isopropyl alcohol, acetone or water. The electrolyte comprises 0.1-10 wt.% fluoroethylene carbonate and organic solvent. The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, isopropyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxane, diethylether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether or sulfolane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose styrene butadiene rubber, polyimide, polyacrylic acid or its salt, polymethylmethacrylate or polyacrylonitrile. The paste further includes 1-30 pts. wt. conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Temperature of baking the raw materials is greater than or equal to 700 degrees C. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas of lithium-transition metal composite oxide are 0.2-5 m2/g. Preferred Components: Lithium compound contains group which consists of organic acid salt and lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and lithium nitrate. Transition metal compound is chosen from nickel metal and its compound, group which consists of tungsten and iron and transition metal element chosen from manganese, cobalt, titanium and chromium. Reaction raw material is pulverized lithium compound and transition metal compound in liquid medium or particles obtained by spray-drying the slurry to which reaction raw materials are dispersed uniformly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The blowing agent is a physical blowing agent comprising a volatile liquid. The blowing agent is selected from 1-4C aliphatic alcohols, 4-9C aliphatic hydrocarbons and fully and partially halogenated 2-4C aliphatic hydrocarbons (preferably isopropanol). The soluble, solid viscosity modifier is selected from water soluble powdered carbohydrate (preferably powdered sucrose), powdered sodium chloride and powdered sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curing agent is effective to cure the composition when heated. Preferred Component: The foamable liquid polymer is selected from a silicone elastomer and a polyepoxide. The foamable liquid polymer is polyorganosiloxane, preferably polydimethylsiloxane. Preferred Method: In the method (m1), the first mixture is prepared by combining isopropanol with powdered sucrose, the second mixture is formed by mixing the first mixture with a liquid polymer comprising polydimethylsiloxane and a curing agent for the polydimethylsiloxane; the cured, compressible cellular foam is produced by heating the second mixture to 75-85 degrees C; and the cured, compressible cellular foam is treated by washing with water to remove powdered sucrose from the cells of the foam; the cured, compressible foam is simultaneously subjected to compressive force during the washing. In the method (m2), the oil is recovered by subjecting the foam to compressive force; the foam is reused after the recovery of oil from the foam. Preferred Foam: The foam is in the shape of a rectangular, parallelepiped enclosed in a mesh wrapper. The mesh wrapper is a high tensile strength mesh wrapper; a steel wire mesh wrapper; or a polymer fiber mesh wrapper. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode is aluminum anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resilient polymer seal comprises foam rubber. The foam rubber is closed cell or semi-closed cell foam rubber, preferably ethylene propylene diene monomer foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further contains hard carbon or non-reinforcing carbon black. Negative electrode active material layer in the negative electrode contains aqueous binder. Positive electrode active material in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains complex oxide of lithium and nickel. Exterior component (29) in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is laminate film containing aluminum. Preferred Properties: The negative electrode active material has median diameter measured by laser-diffraction-type particle size distribution analyzer of 10-30 mu m, tap density of 0.7 g/cm3 or more and BET specific surface area of 0.5-10 m2/g. The ratio of BET ratio surface multiplication value of all graphite particles chosen from artificial graphite, coated natural graphite and natural graphite contained in the negative electrode active material with respect to the BET ratio surface multiplication value of the coated natural graphite is 1.7 or less. The ratio of battery area (project area of battery including battery exterior component) with respect to rated capacity is 5 cm2/Ah or more, and rated capacity of 3 Ah or more. The aspect ratio of electrode defined as aspect ratio of rectangular-shaped positive electrode active material layer (15) in the battery is 1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous binder is rubber-type binder(s) chosen from styrene butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber and methyl methacrylate rubber, preferably styrene butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The light is irradiated by excimer lamp in presence of oxygen gas and/or ozone gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching aqueous solution comprises fluoride. The metal salt is a noble metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves vaporizing mixed solution heated by the external heating device, and returning the vaporized mixed solution to a gas phase unit of the substitution tank under reduced pressure. Preferred Composition: Slurry has a solid content concentration of 10-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The hydrocyanic acid polymer has weight average molecular weight of 5000 or more. Preferred Composition: In hydrocyanic acid polymer, the molar ratio (N/C) of nitrogen atom with respect to carbon atom is 0.8-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of component (A) is 0.05-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass solvent. The solvent is cyclic carbonate and/or linear carbonate. The electrolyte solution further contains methyl difluoroacetate, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, fluorododecaborate lithium borate of formula: Li2B12FxZ12-x, where x is 8-12 and Z is Br, H or Cl, lithium-bisoxalate borate, lithium difluoro oxalatoborate, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide, lithium bis fluorosulfonylimide, cyclohexyl benzene, tert-pentylbenzene, succinonitrile and/or diponitrile, as additive. The additive further contains carboxyl group-containing compound chosen from 1,1-bis (acryloyloxymethyl) ethyl isocyanate, N,N'-bis (acryloyloxyethyl) urea, 2,2-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)ethyl isocyanate diethylene oxide, 2,2-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)ethyl isocyanate triethylene oxide, tetrakis(acryloyloxymethyl) urea, 2-acryloyloxyethyl isocyanate, methyl crotonate, ethyl crotonate, amino methyl crotonate, amino ethyl crotonate, crotonic acid and vinyl crotonate. Preferred Definitions:    R1=fluoro, H, methyl (optionally substituted by fluoro and alkali metal), ethyl, propyl, vinyl, allyl, propargyl, tert-butyl or phenyl (when n is 1), or alkaline earth metal, zinc, ethylene, vinylene, n-propylene or phenylene (when n is 2);and    R2=2-3C alkenylene, 1-2C alkylene (all optionally substituted by alkyl) or fluoro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material particle comprises elements selected from cobalt, manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, strontium, zirconium, yttrium and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus is 0.1-1.3 %mass. The catalyst further comprises catalyst component (9) chosen from magnesium, lanthanum and barium which are supported by the aluminum oxide. The content of magnesium, lanthanum and barium is 6-25 %mass, respectively based on conversion of magnesium oxide, lanthanum trioxide, and barium oxide. The catalyst component (9) forms aluminate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The exhaust gas is exhaust gas discharged from device chosen from internal combustion engine and combustor which are mounted on motor vehicle, and a fuel cell. The device consists of exhaust circulation system. The exhaust circulation system and air suction device are provided on the upstream of catalytic reactor. Preferred Composition: The concentration of oxygen contained in inlet portion of hydrogen generation catalyst is controlled to 0.4-1.8 vol.%. The air obtained from exhaust gas, fuel, and air suction device is controlled, to set the molar ratio of oxygen and carbon in inlet portion of hydrogen generation catalyst to 0.1-0.27.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode particulate material comprises carbon, metal oxide and/or lithium compound. The additional layers of electrode comprise separator and electrolyte (6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The functionalized polymer comprises isoprene, butadiene, cyclopentadiene, ethylidene norbornene and/or vinyl norbornene monomer units. The functionalized polymer contains carboxy, acrylate, vinyl, vinyl ether and epoxy reactive groups. The content of functionalized polymer in binder coating composition is 20-100 wt.%. The binder coating composition further contains a reactive diluent, wetting agent and photoinitiator. The functionalized polymer is functionalized rubber polymer. Preferred Property: The functionalized rubber polymer has melt viscosity of 2000 Pa.second or less at 38 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has specific surface area of 100 m2/g or more, preferably 500 m2/g or more, and peak value of diameter of pores of 2-50 nm measured based on pore distribution by BET analysis. Preferred Process: The manufacture of carbon material further involves immersing the heat-processed product in an alkaline solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine is cyanomethyl amine, allylamine, vinylimidazole, or phenylenediamine, preferably phenylenediamine. The protonic salt is solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: A halogen is bonded to phosphorus atom of the additive other than the phosphorus atoms to which oxygen-containing functional group is bonded. Functional oxygen group is an alkoxy group. One part or all part of hydrogen of the alkoxy group is substituted by halogen. Addition amount of the additive is 0.1-5 wt.% with respect to the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide further comprises fluorine. The average particle size of over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide is 10 nm-500 mu m. The content of fluorine based on total moles of the transition metal contained in the over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide is 10 mol % or less. Doping of the acid-treated over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide is performed using a doping solution comprising a salt of metal cation (M"). The content of metal cation based on total weight of the doping solution is 0.01-5 wt.%. Acid is chosen from nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, boric acid and phosphoric acid. The composite positive active material further comprises over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide of formula: xLi2-yM"yMnO3-(1-x)LiNiaCobMncO2 (II), xLi2MO3-(1-x)LiM'O2 (IV) or xLi2MO3-(1-x)LiM'O2 (V).a,b,c=more than 0 and less than 1;a+b+c=1;andM"=metal cation chosen from period 2 to period 7 elements (excluding manganese).Preferred Process: The method further involves heat treating doped over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide at 10-100 degrees C under atmospheric conditions. Over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide is dried at 200-500 degrees C, after acid treatment and before doping process. Preferred Definitions:    x=more than 0 and less than 0.6;    y=more than 0 and less than 0.1;    M=metal chosen from Mn, Ti, Zr, Sn, and Mo;    M'=metal chosen from Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Al, Mg, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, and Nb;and    M"=metal cation chosen from Al, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ga, Mg, V, and Zr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is one of alkali series, alkaline earth series transition series, main group series, lanthanide series and/or the actinide series. The redox-active ligands comprise nitrosyl, alpha -diimines, alpha -diketones, alpha -dithiolenes, bipyridines, terpyridines, catechols, phenolates and/or tetrapyrrole macrocycles. In the battery (B1), the metal is complexed by a combination of non-redox-active ligands and redox-active ligands. The flow battery (B1) comprises an anode portion and a cathode portion each including the metal complexed by one or more redox-active ligands. In the flow battery (B2): the metal complexed by the redox-active ligands of each of the anode portion and the cathode portion are a similar material; and the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are each connected to a load. The flow battery (B2) further comprises an anode reservoir coupled to the anode portion of the cell and a cathode reservoir coupled to the cathode portion. The metal complexed by at least one redox-active ligand introduced into the anode portion is similar to the metal complexed by at least one redox-active ligand introduced into the cathode portion. The flow battery (B3) comprises an anode portion and a cathode portion each including a portion of the electrolyte. Preferred Method: The step of introducing comprises bringing the metal complexed by at least one redox active ligand into each of the anode portion and the cathode portion of the electrochemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The residual gas purification unit comprises catalyst unit(s) (24a, 26a) for catalysis of a reaction of oxygen gas and hydrogen gas into water. The catalyst unit has catalyst element(s) (28a, 30a), which consists partly of a platinum metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lattice of negative electrode plate has a layer that consists of antimony in a surface. The concentration of sodium ion contained in the electrolyte solution is 0.03 mole-per-litre.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The connection element is made of resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amount (y) of pre-doped lithium (mAhour/g) and specific surface area (x) is (m2/g) satisfies the relation: y=ax (I). The carbon material has 10% volume cumulative diameter of 0.45-1.7 mu m and 90% volume cumulative diameter of 1.55-8.9 mu m. The ratio of abundance ratio (A%) in particle diameter which shows peak (p1) for the abundance ratio (B%) in particle diameter which shows peak (p2) is 0.1-0.9. The peak (p1) exists in particle diameter of 0.01-1 mu m and peak (p2) exists in particle diameter of 1-10 mu m.a=0-3.4.Preferred Process: The graphite material is pulverized by fluidized bed-type jet mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary carbon film is formed by heat-processing porphyrin compound and/or phthalocyanine compound. The porphyrin compound is porphyrin complex which optionally contains metal. The phthalocyanine compound is phthalocyanine complex which optionally contains metal. The content of carbon is 10 wt.% or less with respect to total mass of lithium manganese-type complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The vanadium solid-salt battery has effective usage rate of 70% or more. Preferred Composition: The carbon electrode material is carbon fiber or activated carbon. The barrier membrane is chosen from porous film, nonwoven fabric and ion-exchange membrane. The vanadium solid-salt battery preferably contains anode (7) having at least a portion of surface of the carbon electrode material covered by precipitate containing vanadium of which the oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent due to redox reactions or vanadium cations of which the oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent, and cathode (4) having at least a portion of surface of the carbon electrode material is covered by precipitate containing vanadium of which the oxidation number changes between tetravalent and pentavalent due to redox reactions or vanadium cations of which the oxidation number changes between tetravalent and pentavalent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The lithium-ion secondary battery has average discharge voltage of 3.7 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte salt comprises lithium-containing compound chosen from lithium hexafluoroarsenate and compounds chosen from group of formulae: LiPFa(CmF2m+1) 6-a (II) and LiBFb(CnF2n+1)4-b (III).a=0-6;m,n=1-4;andb=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal precursor comprises more than 2 types of transition metals chosen from nickel, cobalt, manganese, aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, boron, chromium and double-cycle transition metal, preferably nickel, cobalt and manganese. The transition metal precursor is of formula: M((OH)1-x)2 (I). The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: LiaNixMnyCozM'wO2-tAt (II). The average particle diameter (D50) of transition metal precursor is 1-30 mu m.M=Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, Cr or double-cycle transition metal, preferably Ni, Co or Mn;x=0-0.5;a=0-1.2 (excluding 0);x,y,z,w=0-0.9;or a+x+y+z+w=0-2.3;t=0-0.2;M'=Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, Cr or transition metal;andA=mono or divalent anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion adsorbing material further comprises nickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium, aluminum, copper, aerogel, silver, gold, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, and/or nanoparticles. The ion adsorbing material is coated by over-layer coating. The over-layer coating comprises silicon oxide and carbon. The silicon contained in ion adsorbing material is coated by carbon. Alternatively, the energy storage system comprises support filaments comprising carbon nanofibers and carbon nanowires.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 0.15-1.5 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coupling agent is of formula (I). The content of coupling agent is 0.001-1 mol% with respect to the molar quantity of the positive electrode active material.M=Al;R1,R2=alkoxy;andn=1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide is manganese(II) oxide, cobalt(IV) oxide, nickel oxide or tin(II) oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The porous metallic layer is made of metal alloy containing gold, silver and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of ceramic ball having size of 2, ceramic ball having size of 3 and ceramic ball having size of 10 added during pulverization process is 2.5:2.5 and 5, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfuric acid is 76-82 wt.%. The content of distilled water and manganese sulfate in mixture (A) is 90~95 wt.% and 5-10 wt.%, respectively. The content of distilled water and sodium chlorate in the mixture (B) is 70-80 wt.% and 20-30 wt.%, respectively. A mixture (D) comprising 70-80 wt.% distilled water and material chosen from sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate is used during solid-liquid separation process. The chemical manganese dioxide has rod shape. The separated mixture comprises divalent manganese ion. Preferred Property: The chemical manganese dioxide has particle size of 0.1-0.2 mu m. Preferred Conditions: Magnesium carbonate is heat-treated at 5 degrees C/minutes. The pulverizing process is carried out at 80 degrees C for 12 hours, with rate of 500 rpm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material comprises 85-92 %mass positive electrode active material, 1-8 %mass conductive support agent and 1-10 %mass binder, and further contains 0.2-3 %mass carbon. The crystallized glass contains 20-50 %mass lithium oxide, 5-40 %mass ferric oxide and 20-50 %mass phosphorus pentoxide (all by oxide conversion), and further contains 1-25 mol% contains niobium pentoxide, titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, chromium(III) oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, silicon oxide, boron oxide, germanium oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, tin oxide and/or boron oxide (by oxide conversion). Preferred Property: The conductive carbon black has BET specific surface area of 40-200 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carboxylic anhydride is of formula (II). The compound (II) is preferably maleic anhydride. The compound (I) is preferably methylene methanedisulfonic acid ester.R1,R2=H, alkyl, or alkenyl.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate as a supporting electrolyte. The total content of compound (I) and compound (II) is 0.03-0.2 mol/L. The molar ratio optionally substituted compound (I) and compound (II) is 1:9-9:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The electrically resistive material is ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically resistive material is selected from a group consisting of stainless steel, copper, copper alloy and nickel-chromium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative-electrode active material contains amorphous carbon and aggregate dispersed to the matrix. The carbon layer contains 1-2 %mass metal, 1-20 %mass electroconductive powder and hollow-cylindrical fibrous material having outer diameter of 40 nm or more. The layered polysilane is obtained by reacting acid containing hydrogen chloride, and calcium disilicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon of the carbon layer is carbon derived from phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid compound is lithium phosphate of formula: Li3PO4, Li4P2O7 or LiPO3. The content of phosphoric acid compound is 0.1-5 wt.% with respect to 100 pts. wt. of lithium-transition metal oxide. The content of oxides or fluorides of molybdenum, tungsten and zirconium is 0.2-1.5 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of lithium-transition metal oxide. The thickness of the composite coating layer is 2-80 nm. The lithium-transition metal oxide is compound of formula: LiNiaB'bC'(1-a-b)O2, where a is more than 0.5 to less than 1, b is more than 0 to less than 0.4, B' is cobalt or manganese, and C' is lithium, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of chromium (in %) with respect to total content (in %) of chromium and titanium in the negative electrode material is 0.15-1. The total content of chromium and titanium in the negative electrode material is 12-21 atomic%. The compound phase contains 0.05-5 atomic% element chosen from copper, vanadium, manganese, iron, nickel, niobium, zinc and aluminum, and 0.05-5 atomic% element chosen from magnesium, boron, phosphorus, and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode contains a polyimide-type binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous secondary battery contains electrolytic solution containing fluoroethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer coating layer is formed by alternately depositing the cationic polymer and anionic polymer having negative zeta potential under neutral conditions. The cationic polymer is coated on a side of the negative electrode active material particles. Preferred Properties: The polymer coating layer has thickness of 10 nm or less. The cationic polymer has zeta potential of 20 mV or more. The anionic polymer has zeta potential of (-10) mV or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Redox derivative provides an I-/I3- redox pair produced from iodide salts and/or iodide compounds e.g. lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, magnesium iodide, copper iodide, silicon iodide, manganese iodide, barium iodide, molybdenum iodide, calcium iodide, iron iodide, cesium iodide, zinc iodide, mercury iodide, ammonium iodide, methyl iodide, methylene iodide, ethyl iodide, ethylene iodide, isopropyl iodide, isobutyl iodide, benzyl iodide, benzoyl iodide, allyl iodide, imidazolium iodide, 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide, or 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Solvent mixture contains nitrile-based compound with 3-10 carbon-containing linear carbon chain and sulfoxide-based compound mixed according to volume ratio of 9:1-5:5. Nitrile-based compound is butyronitrile, valeronitrile, hexanenitrile, or heptanenitrile. Sulfoxide-based compound is dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl sulfoxide, or ethyl methyl sulfoxide. Solvent mixture contains less than or equal to 10 volume parts auxiliary solvent having a boiling point of greater than or equal to 95 degrees C with respect to 100 volume parts of electrolyte. Auxiliary solvent contains amide-based compound, nitrile-based compound having unsubstituted 1-3 carbon-containing linear carbon chain, and/or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound having a 6-membered ring structure. Auxiliary solvent is formamide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, diethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl ethanamide, acetonitrile, propionitrile, pyridine, and/or 4-tert.-butylpyridine (4-TBP). Light absorbing layer contains semiconductor particles and dye molecules. Preferred Parameters: Viscosity of solvent mixture at 25 degrees C is 0.8-1.5 cP. Dielectric constant of solvent mixture at 25 degrees C is 15-35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film includes aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide or zinc oxide. In step (c), the thin film is arranged in order to turn toward the lower part. The thickness of thin film is 1-100 nm. The thin film has multiple pores. Preferred Method: The step (c) is carried out at heating rate of either 50-200 degrees C/minute or 200-300 degrees C/minute, prefarably 400-1000 degrees C under atmospheric or oxygen atmosphere. The step (b) is carried out at 50 degrees C. The thin film is formed by chemical vapor deposition process or atomic layer deposition process. The thin film is formed via atomic layer deposition process using either titanium tetrachloride or diethylzinc as a precursor, and water or aqueous hydrogen peroxide as reaction gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ion conductor consists of lithium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery includes biphenyl compound and cycloalkyl benzene compound as gas forming agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one pair of catalyst layers contains 0.24-0.40 mg/cm2 catalyst per unit area. Preferred Property: The diameter of circular-shaped catalyst layer is 16-1000 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte membrane is hydrocarbon ion-exchange membrane or fluorine-containing film, or hydrocarbon-type ion-exchange resin or fluorine-containing ion-exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The trivalent metal (Me) is aluminum, cobalt, chromium, iron, nickel, magnesium and titanium, preferably aluminum or cobalt. The cathode further comprises positive electrode binder resin, binder, conductive agent and nickel-manganese-cobalt ternary-phase cathode active material of formula: LiaNi1-z-wMnzCowOb (II), where a is 0.95-1.1, z is 0.1-0.9, w is 0.1-0.9 and b is 1-2. The weight ratio of nickel-manganese-cobalt ternary-phase cathode active material and lithium-manganese oxide-type cathode active material is 1:9-9:1. Preferred Property: The lithium-manganese oxide-type cathode active material has average particle diameter of 20-25 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The canisters are made from metal hydride for storing hydrogen gas through adsorption and releasing hydrogen gas through desorption.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode active material comprises silicon, tin, lead, germanium, aluminum, silicon oxide (SiOx), tin oxide (SnOy), lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12), titanium dioxide, lithium titanium oxide (LiTiO3) and lithium titanium oxide (Li2Ti3O7), where x is 0-2 and y is 0-2. The anode active material further comprises a carbon-based anode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyurethane particles have an average particle diameter of 10-200 nm, and are present in an amount of 10-60 pts. wt. A weight ratio of the polyurethane particles to the binder polymer is 100:10-100:60. The binder has one or more glass transition temperatures of at least less than or equal to 30 degrees C or greater than 30 degrees C, and includes a first glass transition temperature of -10 degrees C to 20 degrees C and a second glass transition temperature of greater than or equal to 60 degrees C (preferably greater than or equal to 90 degrees C), where the difference between the first glass transition temperature and the second glass transition temperature is greater than or equal to 40 degrees C. The binder further comprises a coupling agent that comprises a functional group reactive with a carboxylic group and is carbodiimide-based compound. The binder polymer particles have an average particle diameter of 50-500 nm. The polyurethane particles are dispersed in the binder. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is 10-50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the anode active material. The amount of olivine-type lithium transition metal phosphate is 10-40 wt.% based on the total weight of the anode active material. The particles of lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide have an average particle diameter of 2-6 mu m, and the alleles of the lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide have the average particle diameter of 8-25 mu m. The particles and alleles are in aggregate shape of the micropowder. The olivine-type lithium transition metal phosphate consists of particles comprising primary particles with an average particle diameter of 100-300 nm, and secondary particles having a mean article size of 10-40 mu m. The primary particles are cohered with the secondary particles by physical coupling. The secondary particles have porosity of 15-40%. The size of the pores present in the secondary particles is 50-300 nm. The secondary particles are of spherical shape. The anode material mixture contains 2-7 wt.% conductive material, and 3-9 wt.% binder. The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is of formula (Li(1+x)Ni(1-(a+b+c))MnaCobM1cO2). The olivine-type lithium transition metal phosphate is of formula (Li(1+d)M2(PO(4-e))X1e), preferably lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).M1 = Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, Al, or Mg;x = -0.l2 to 0.2;a = 0.05-0.6;b = 0.1-0.4;c = 0-0.2, where a+b+c is less than 1;M2 = Fe, Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Ti, Ga, Cu, V, Nb, Zr, Ce, In, Zn or Y, preferably Fe(1-y) or M3y;M3 = Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Ti, Ga, Cu, V, Nb, Zr, Ce, In, Zn or Y;y = 0-0.5;X1 = F, S or N;d = -0.5 to 0.5; ande = 0-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is 10-50 wt.%. The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is of formula: Li1+xNi1-(a+b+c)MnaCobMcO2 (I). The olivine-type lithium-transition metal phosphate is lithium-iron phosphate. The content of conductive material is 2-7 wt.%.M=Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, Al or Mg;x=-0.2-0.2;a=0.05-0.6;b=0.1-less than 0.4;c=0-0.2;andor a+b+c=less than 1.Preferred Properties: The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide has average particle diameter of 2-6 mu m. The olivine-type lithium transition metal phosphate has average particle diameter of 100-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of binder is 3-9 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive unit comprises metal or its metal oxide or alloy chosen from tin, nickel, copper, platinum, ruthenium, iron, cobalt, gold, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, silver, zinc and/or aluminum. The content of conductive unit is 0.1-30 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. negative active material. The crystalline carbonaceous material comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, expandable graphite, graphene, carbon black and/or fullerene soot. The silicon-based nanowire comprises material chosen from silicon, silicon oxide of formula: SiOx and/or silicon-Z' alloy, where x is 0-2 and Z' is alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, group 13 element, group 14 element, transition metal and/or rare-earth metal. The silicon-based nanowire is grown in the presence of metal catalyst chosen from platinum, iron, nickel, cobalt, gold, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, copper, zinc and/or cadmium. The content of carbonaceous base is 60-99 wt.%. The content of silicon-based nanowire is 1-40 wt.% with respect to total content of carbonaceous base and silicon-based nanowire. Preferred Properties: The conductive unit has average diameter of 1-1000 nm, preferably 1-30 mu m, and porosity with respect to total volume of the carbonaceous base of 5-30 vol.%. The silicon-based nanowire has diameter of 10-500 nm, and length of 0.1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first lithium ion conducting and ionically insulating composite solid electrolyte includes a lithium conducting polymer layer, and a fully dense lithium conducting layer. The lithium conducting polymer layer contains polyethylene oxide (PEO), a block copolymer with PEO lithium conducting phase and polystyrene high-shear-modulus phase, lithium-conducting garnets, lithium-conducting sulfides, lithium nitride, lithium phosphide, and lithium phosphorus oxynitride. The fully dense lithium conducting layer contains lithium phosphorus oxynitride, lithium nitride, lithium phosphide, lithium-conducting garnets, lithium-conducting sulfides, and lithium-conducting phosphates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous material is a porous metal oxide, and the lyophobic layer is disposed on at least a portion of the lyophobic nanopores of the porous metal oxide. The metal oxide comprises at least one element of Groups 3 to 14 of the Periodic Table; and comprises at least one of Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, Ti, V, Ga, Ge, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, or W. The lyophobic layer comprises at least one element of F, Cl, Br, or I; and comprises silicon. The reactive compound is a silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive functional group is a hydroxyl group, a thiol group, an alkoxy group, a thioalkyl group, a halogen group, an aldehyde group, a carboxyl group, or a carboxylate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide has a structure of (Li1+xNiaMnbCocMdO2) (I) or (Li1+x1Nia1Mnb1Coc1Md1O2) (II). An average particle diameter of the lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides is 2-6 mu m, and an average particle diameter of the olivine-type lithium iron phosphate is 10-25 mu m. The particles are in the shape of the micropowders. The cathode active material comprises 10-50 wt.% of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides and 10-40 wt.% of olivine-type lithium iron phosphate. The olivine-type lithium iron phosphate has a structure of formula (Li1+tM1(PO4-w)Xw) (III). The olivine-type lithium iron phosphate is lithium iron phosphate. A first set of particles of the olivine-type lithium iron phosphate has an average particle diameter of 100-300 mu m, and a second set of particles of olivine-type lithium iron phosphate has an average particle diameter of 10-40 mu m. The first particles are cohered with the second particles. The second particles have porosity of 15-40%. The second set of particles is in the shape of sphere. The positive electrode mixture comprises 2-7 wt.% of conductive material and 3-9 wt.% of binder.M = Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, Al or Mg;x, x1 = -0.2 to 0.2;a, a1 = 0.2-0.8;b, b1 = 0.05-0.6;c, c1 = 0.1-0.4;d, d1 = 0-0.2;M1 = Fe, Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Ti, Ga, Cu, V, Nb, Zr, Ce, In, Zn or Y;X = F, S or N;t = -0.5 to 0.5; andw = 0-0.1, where the sum of a, b, c and d and the sum of a1, b1, c1 and d1 are less then 1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and olivine-type lithium-transition metal phosphate is 10-50 wt.% and 10-40 wt.%, respectively. The olivine-type lithium-transition metal phosphate is lithium-iron phosphate. The content of conductive material and binder is 2-7 wt.% and 3-9 wt.%, respectively with respect to positive-electrode mixture. The olivine-type lithium-transition metal phosphate contains primary particles having average particle diameter (D50) of 100-300 nm and secondary particles having average particle diameter (D50) of 10-40 mu m. The lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide contains primary particles having average particle diameter (D50) of 2-6 mu m and secondary particles having average particle diameter (D50) of 10-25 mu m. The secondary particles in the olivine-type lithium-transition metal phosphate have porosity of 15-40%. The size of the pore in the secondary particles of olivine-type lithium-transition metal phosphate is 50-300 nm. The lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide is of formula: Li1+xNi1-(a+b+c)MnaCobMcO2.M=Fe, Cr, Ti, Zn, V, Al or Mg;x=(-0.2)-0.2;a=0.05-0.6;b=0.1-0.4;c=0-0.2;anda+b+c=less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass frit contains silver oxide (Ag2O), vanadium oxide (V2O5), molybdenum oxide and zinc oxide. The glass frit further contains glass frit B containing boron oxide, silicon oxide and lead oxide. The glass frit B is borosilicate lead glass frit. The electroconductive powder is silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The radical compound contains silicon, germanium and tin as 14-group element, and is of formula (I). The positive electrode contains graphite as positive electrode active material. The negative electrode contains electroconductive material having carbon material with specific surface area of 1000 m2/g measured by nitrogen adsorption method.E=14-group element;andR1-R9=alkyl or aryl.Preferred Method: At the time of charging operation in electrical storage device, anion is occluded by positive electrode and cation is occluded by negative electrode. At the time of discharge operation in electrical storage device, anion is discharged from positive electrode, and cation is discharged from negative electrode, and salt is formed by coupling anion and cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material is lithium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymeric radical material is nitroxyl high molecular compound having nitroxyl cation structure of formula (I) in an oxidation state, and nitroxyl radical partial structure of formula (II) in reduction state. Preferred Method: The active material, polymeric radical material and electroconductive agent are uniformly dissolved or dispersed in a solvent. The active material is dissolved or dispersed, and radical material and electroconductive agent are precipitated. The electroconductive agent and polymeric radical material are fused and conjugated on the surface of active material, after drying and heating the mixture. The mixture is optionally further heated at temperature more than glass transition temperature of polymeric radical material to raise conjugation of active material, polymeric radical material and electroconductive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manganese redox material is obtained by dissolving manganese sulfate in water. Preferred Composition: The content of manganese contained in the redox material of the positive electrode electrolyte solution is 0.2-1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine is diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and/or N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine. The molar ratio of amine with respect to manganese redox material in the positive electrode electrolyte solution is 1-5. The pH of the positive electrode electrolyte solution is 3-7. Preferred Process: The positive electrode electrolyte solution is prepared by carrying out electrolytic oxidation reaction of manganese redox material in presence of amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The copper redox material is obtained by dissolving copper sulfate in water. Preferred Composition: The content of copper contained in the redox material of the negative electrode electrolyte solution is 0.2-1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine is diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and/or N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine. The molar ratio of amine with respect to copper redox material in the negative electrode electrolyte solution is 1-5. The pH of the negative electrode electrolyte solution is 3-11. Preferred Process: The negative electrode electrolyte solution is prepared by carrying out electrolytic reduction reaction of copper redox material in presence of amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A lithium-containing transition metal oxide other than the lithium-containing transition metal oxide having the smallest average particle size is a lithium-containing transition metal oxide of formula (LiaM4bM5cM6dO2) (II).M4 = at least one transition metal element comprising Co, Ni or Mn;M5 = at least one metal element comprising Mg, Ti, Zr, Ge, Nb, Al or Sn;M6 = an element other than Li, M4 and M5;a = 0.97 to less than 1.02;b = 0.8 to less than 1.02; andc, d = 0-0.02.At least two lithium-containing transition metal oxides having different average particle sizes have different compositions of elements between them. A composition of elements of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide (II) is different from that of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternatively, the electrode material is obtained by introducing conductive carbon powder and reaction liquid comprising water, hydroxide of lithium, compound containing manganese, and conductive carbon powder and having pH of 9-11 to reactor, producing nucleus of hydroxide of manganese by turning in the reactor, applying shearing stress and centrifugal force to the reaction liquid, supporting the conductive carbon powder to hydroxide of manganese such that the nucleus of hydroxide of manganese is dispersed in the conductive carbon powder, mixing compound containing lithium, heat-processing, and forming spinel-type oxide on the conductive carbon powder. Preferred Condition: During manufacture of electrode material, heat-processing is carried out at 200-300 degrees C in oxygen-containing atmosphere. Preferred Definitions:    M=Mg, Al, Co, Cr, Fe, or Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode active material is made of nickel oxyhydroxide and nickel hydroxide. The electrolyte is made of potassium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The linear saturated hydrocarbon group has carbon number of 4-8. Preferred Composition: The lithium manganese nickel complex oxide is of formula: LiaNixCoyMnz (I). The content of lithium manganese nickel complex oxide is 30 %mass or less with respect to total mass of the positive electrode active material.a=0.9-1.1;x=0.3-0.6;z=0.1-0.4;andx+y+z=1.N.B: y is not defined in disclosure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of di(2-propynyl)oxalate is 0.1-10 mass % with respect to total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte. The content of dinitrile compound is 0.1-10 mass % with respect to total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of manganese acetate is 0.05-1 M. The concentration of sodium sulfate is 0.1 M. Preferred Method: The electrodeposition is carried out at 0.5-0.7 V for 5-15 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode further comprises a catalyst (b) e.g. oxygen evolution catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the device, the crosslinked polyazine polymer is disposed on a least a portion of the working electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic substrate comprises: a conjugated moiety; an indole, a pyrrole, a phenol, a thiophene, a furan, a thianaphthene, an acetylene, a catechol, a tyrosyl and/or a catecholamine; at least three aldehydes and/or ketones; and a metal. The aldehydes and/or ketones are each attached to an aromatic moiety. The multiamine is one of hydrazine and/or triaminobenzene. The monocarbonyl compound is of formula (R1-C(O)-R). The organic substrate is of formula (R1-C(O)-R-C(O)-R2) or (R1-C(O)-R(-C(O)-R3)-C(O)-R2).R = conjugated or aromatic moiety; andR1-R3 = H, alkyl or alkenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The oxidizing step is carried out by enzymatic oxidative polymerization, or by chemical oxidative polymerization with an oxidizing agent. The method further comprises: reacting the organic polymer with a second organic substrate comprising at least two aldehydes and/or ketones and a multiamine, prior to the oxidizing step; and reacting a monocarbonyl compound with the organic polymer and a multiamine to form a capped organic polymer, prior to the oxidizing step. Preferred Components: The crosslinked polyazine polymer is a heteropolymer. The polymer is further prepared by: oxidizing the polymer with ammonium persulfate or iron(III) chloride; and reacting the polymer with hydrazine and a substrate comprising indole-5-carboxaldehyde, pyrrole-2carboxaldehyde, or 5-carboxyindole. The polymer comprises a portion having the structure of (-C=N-N=C-). The organic substrate is 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-pyrrole dicarboxaldehyde and the organic substrate is reacted with hydrazine. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: After drying, the plate is submitted to a thermal treatment enabling to obtain the polymer from the precursors. Preferred Components: The metallic plate has a coating at least on its surface in contact with the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The conductive material fillers are made of carbon black, graphite and/or carbon fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The metal cation absorbing compound is an ionomer, preferably a perfluorosulfonic polymer (PFSA). The metal cation absorbing compound is preferably the same ionomer as that forming the membrane and/or as that present in the catalytic layers. The coating comprises no surface-active agent. The coating comprises 35-55 wt.% of conductive material fillers, 45-65 wt.% of polymer, and 1-10 wt.% of metal cation absorbing compound. The polymer used as a binder is polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of boron trioxide is 0.5-10 mol% with respect to the total moles of the garnet oxide. The boron trioxide is present at a grain boundary of the garnet oxide. The solid ion conductor is provided on a surface of the positive active material and/or the negative active material. Preferred Process: The sintering process is performed at 800-1250 degrees C for 2-40 hours. Preferred Properties: The ionic conductivity of the solid ion conductor is 2x 10-4 S/cm or more at 25 degrees C. The overall resistance of the solid ion conductor is 0-200 k( Omega ). Preferred Definitions:    E=La;    M=Zr;    D'=K, Rb or Cs;    Me=Ta, Nb, Y, Sc, W, Mo, Sb, Bi, Hf, V, Ge, Si, Al, Ga, Ti, Co, In, Zn or Cr;and    L=Li, Na, Mg, Ca, K or H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal-containing particle is 60-100 wt.%. The negative electrode active material further comprises 1-5 wt.% carbon fiber having length of 2 times or less with respect to average particle diameter of graphite particles. The negative electrode active material further comprises 1-2 wt.% carbon nanotube and/or carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material of battery is formed of olivine ferromanganese, olivine iron and combination of lithium, nickel, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium and cr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasma of the plasma flame is argon gas plasma.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element (M) is chosen from silver, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, germanium, manganese, nickel, titanium, vanadium, and calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of ferric chloride aqueous solution, aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfate solution is 2-3M, 5-6M and 0.5-1M, respectively. The volume ratio of ferric chloride aqueous solution, sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and sodium sulfate is 10:9:x, where x is more than 0 to less than 1. Preferred Property: The iron oxide nanoparticles have particle size of 500 nm to 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) is carried out using a press-forming, cold isostatic press molding or injection molding methods. The step (c) is carried out at a temperature of 400-500 degrees C for 1-50 hours, preferably 450 degrees C for 24 hours. The step (d) is carried out at a temperature of 600-1000 degrees C for 1-20 hours, preferably 900 degrees C for 8 hours. The step (e) comprises immersing the secondary sintered body in an acid solution or basic solution for 1 hour, preferably in 5 wt.% of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution for 5 hours. Preferred Components: The metal powder comprises silver, aluminum, gold, copper, nickel, titanium and zinc, preferably aluminum powder and copper powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The 1st layer further comprises organometallic complex containing Ru and/or Ir. The 1st layer is covalently or ionically bonded to nanostructured whiskers. Organometallic compound is oxide and/or hydrated oxide. Material further comprises 2nd layer containing metallic Ir, Ir oxide, and/or Ir hydrated oxide on 1st layer, 3rd layer containing metallic platinum (Pt) and/or Pt compound on 2nd layer, 4th layer containing metallic Pt and/or Pt compound on 3rd layer, 5th layer containing metallic Ir, Ir oxide, and/or Ir hydrated oxide on 4th layer, 6th layer containing metallic Ru, Ru oxide, and/or Ru hydrated oxide on 5th layer, and 7th layer containing metallic Ir, Ir oxide, and/or Ir hydrated oxide on 6th layer. Atomic ratio Ir:Ru in layers is 10:1-0.5:1. Preferred Parameters: Collective thickness of 7 layers is 1.5-350 nm. Preferred Processes: At least one of the layers is annealed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating agent composition further comprises inorganic particles chosen from alumina, silicon dioxide, boron trioxide, gallium trioxide, titanium dioxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol-based solvent is ethanol. The alcohol is chosen from ethanol, propanol, butanol, allyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol and cyclohexanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyamide is methoxy-methylated 6-nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The superficial layer material is present in an amount of 0.5-10 wt.%. The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 2-5 m2/g. The lithium metal oxide of the base material is lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li1.17Ni0.17Co0.17Mn0.49O2), (Li1.17Ni0.33Co0.05Mn0.46O2), and (Li1.17Ni0.34Co0.09Mn0.47O2). The lithium metal oxide of the superficial layer material is lithium manganate or lithium nickel manganate. A stoichiometric ratio of the first lithium compound and the transition metal compound is 1.20:1-1.50:1. Preferred Method: The primary heating step is performed at 700-900 degrees C for 15-35 hours. The secondary heating step is performed at 300-700 degrees C for 5-35 hours. Preferred Definitions: M = Co, Ni and Mn.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, in which the potential of positive electrode is charged to 4.6 V(vs.Li/Li+) or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (L1) is of formula: LixNayCoaMbOc (I). The component (L2) is of formula: LixNayCoaM'bOc (II). In positive electrode active material, the content (mol) of component (L1) is higher than the component (L2).x=0.8-1.1;y=0-0.10;a=0.95-1;b=0-0.05 (including 0.05);c=1.9-2.1 (including 2.1);M=metallic elements other than Co;andM'=metallic elements other than Co, preferably Mn or Ti.Preferred Properties: The components (L1) and (L2) have peak intensity of 0-7 (including 7) and 0-3 (including 3), respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated cyclic carbonate contains 4-fluoroethylene carbonate and/or 4,5-difluoro ethylene carbonate. The fluorinated linear ester contains fluorinated linear carboxylate ester and/or fluorinated linear carbonate ester. The fluorinated linear carboxylate ester contains methyl 3,3,3-trifluoro propionate. The fluorinated linear carbonate ester contains methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide and tetrahydrofuran, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and carbonic allyl ester. The electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode active material comprises silicon (Si), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), germanium (Ge), aluminum (Al), SiO0-2, SnO0-2, Li4Ti5O12, TiO2, LiTiO3, and Li2Ti3O7. The anode active material further comprises a carbon-based anode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coupling agent is a silane-based compound or a hydrolysate of a silane coupling agent. The silane coupling agent comprises an alkoxy group, a halogen group, an amino group, a vinyl group, a glycidoxy group, and a hydroxyl group. The silane coupling agent comprises vinylalkylalkoxysilane, epoxyalkylalkoxysilane, mercaptoalkylalkoxysilane, vinylhalosilane, and alkylacyloxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The average particle diameter of the polymethyl methacrylate particles is 10-200 nm. The weight ratio of the polymethyl methacrylate particles to the binder polymer is 100:10 to 100:60. The binder for the battery has at least one glass transition temperature of less than or equal to 60 degrees C. The glass transition temperature of the binder for the battery is -50 degrees C to 60 degrees C. The polymethyl methacrylate particles in the binder for the battery are crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate particles that do not have a glass transition temperature. The binder further comprises a coupling agent. The average particle diameter of the binder polymer particles is 50-500 nm. Preferred Composition: The binder composition comprises 10-60 pts. wt. the polymethyl methacrylate particles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer is disposed adjacent the fuel permeable diffusion film (FPDF) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulators are made of an insulating material e.g. polycarbonate (PC) and phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating sheet is a resin sheet or polyphenylene sulfide sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of water with respect to total content of solvent is 30-99.9 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic amine compound with respect to the carboxyl group contained in the resin is 50-500 mol%. The organic amine compound is chosen from secondary amine compound and tertiary amine compound. Preferred Properties: The boiling point of the organic solvent and organic amine compound is 160 degrees C or less and 60-200 degrees C, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight of the resin is 1000-100000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atomic percentage of platinum in the binary alloy is 50-75 and X is 25-50. The binary alloy is 10-50 wt.% based on the weight of platinum versus the total weight of the binary alloy plus support material. The anode further comprises a second catalyst i.e. an oxygen evolution catalyst. The anode electrode, the catalyst coated membrane, and the membrane electrode assembly comprise the anode catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The constituent includes carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Compound of formula (1) is represented by formula (2). Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate which has carbon-carbon unsaturated bond or cyclic carbonate which has a fluorine atom.m=2 or 3;X=sulfonyl, sulfinyl, or carbonyl when m is 2 or phosphoryl when m is 3; andY''=O or NRa in which when l is 0, benzene ring and X directly bond. Preferred Definitions:    X=carbonyl or sulfonyl when m is 2 and phosphoryl when m is 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Vanadium phosphoric acid complex in active material of negative electrode has oxidation number which increases/decreases between 4-2 valence by oxidation-reduction reaction. Preferred Components: Positive electrode and negative electrode are equipped with an electroconductive raw material. Electrolyte solution is a conductive liquid containing electrolyte, and liquid is water and/or nonaqueous solvent. Electrolyte solution contains phosphoric acid compound and nonaqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ammonia concentration of the reaction aqueous solution is controlled to 5-15 g/L, and pH value of reaction aqueous solution is controlled to 12-14 at liquid temperature of 25 degrees C, during seed particles formation process. The ammonia concentration of the aqueous solution (B) is controlled to 10-20 g/L, and pH value of aqueous solution (B) is controlled to 11.5-13 at liquid temperature of 25 degrees C, during seed particles growth process. The seed particles formation process is performed in reaction tank (HH). The seed particles growing process is performed in reaction tank (B). While seed particles growing process continuously supplies reaction aqueous solution containing the seed particles to reaction tank (B) from reaction tank (A), the mixed aqueous solution and ammonium aqueous solution are supplied to reaction tank (B). The particles containing nickel cobalt composite hydroxide particles are recovered by overflowing the aqueous solution (B). During seed growth process, the aqueous solution (B) is stirred with impeller discharge head (H2) adjusted to 50-100 m2/second2 and less than impeller discharge head (H1). Preferred Property: The particle size (D20) of nickel-cobalt composite hydroxide is 8-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive support layer is formed as metallic support layer, and is formed form aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The energy storage material comprises a carbon material, lead, silicon and/or lithium oxide, preferably carbon material and lithium oxide. The carbon material comprises activated carbon, carbon black or graphite. The composition comprises an electrolyte, and gas. The electrolyte comprises lithium ions. The gas comprises hydrogen and/or methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises aqueous acid, an aqueous base or organic solvent. The organic solvent comprises propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, sulfolane and/or methylsulfolane, acetonitrile. The electrolyte comprises tetralkylammonium salt, tetraethylammonium, triethylammonium salt, tetraethylammonium-tetrafluoroborate, methyltriethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and/or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy further contains nitrogen, and element (Mc) which is strontium and/or barium. The hydrogen storage alloy powder has cerium-nickel-type crystal structure (CeNi3 or Ce2Ni7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is a microstructured or a nanostructured vanadium oxide compound. The nanostructured vanadium oxide compound comprises nanobelts, nanorods, microrods and/or nanofibers. The nanobelts have an average diameter of 50-100 nm. The nanorods have an average length of 1-10 mu m. The anode and the cathode independently further comprise a binder and an electrically conductive agent. The binder comprises polyvinylidene fluoride. The electrically conductive agent is graphite, conductive carbon black, conductive carbon fibers, metal fibers, metal particles and/or particles of intrinsically conductive polymers, and comprises conductive carbon black. The weight ratio of vanadium oxide compound:binder:electrically conductive agent is 75:15:10. The vanadium oxide compound, binder, and electrically conductive agent are dispersed in a solvent to form a slurry. The anode and the cathode have the same composition. The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide, lithium acetate, potassium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide. Preferred Method: The step of heating the mixture comprising vanadium oxide and the alkaline solution, comprises heating the mixture in an autoclave at a temperature of 120-300 degrees C, preferably 180-200 degrees C. The method further comprises drying the vanadium oxide compound at a temperature of 25-120 degrees C, calcining the vanadium oxide compound at a temperature of 200-400 degrees C, preferably 400 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The flat nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has pressure of 9.81x 10-3 MPa or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic compound contains rare-earth elements. The metallic compound is chosen from hydroxide, oxide, oxyhydroxide, carbonic acid compound, phosphoric-acid compound, and fluorine-containing compound, preferably hydroxide or oxyhydroxide of rare earth elements. Preferred Property: The positive electrode mixture layer in the positive electrode plate has packing density of 2.2-3.4 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating layer further comprises metal, or metal oxide of formula: DpJqOr, where metal, D and J are chosen from phosphorus, zirconium, scandium, yttrium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, lanthanum, titanium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, arsenide, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium, p is 0-4 (excluding 0), q is 0-1 r is 0-10 (excluding 0), preferably zirconia, phosphorus oxide, selenium oxide or tin oxide. The content of coating layer raw material during manufacture of cathode active material is 0.1-1 pts. wt. Preferred Property: The particle diameter of cathode active material is 0.1-1 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent used for manufacture of cathode active material is distilled water, methanol and/or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The conductive silver paste comprises 85-95 wt.% silver; and 0.2-3.0 wt.% vanadium-phosphorus-antimony-zinc-based-oxide or tellurium-boron-phosphorus-based-oxide. The conductive silver paste further comprises 0.1-1 wt.% sintering inhibitant selected from titanium resinate and titanium dioxide. Preferred Components: The vanadium-phosphorus-antimony-zinc-based-oxide comprises 48-58 wt.% V2O5, 18-28 wt.% P2O5, 10-16 wt.% Sb2O3 and 6-12 wt.% ZnO. The silver is in the form of spherical silver particles having a d50 of 1.7-1.9 mu m and d10 of greater than or equal to 1 mu m and a d90 of less than or equal to 3.8 mu m, and/or silver in the form of irregular particles having a d50 of 5.4-11.0 mu m and a d90 of 9.6-21.7 mu m. The vanadium-phosphorus-antimony-zinc-based-oxide further comprises 0.1-1 wt.% TiO2 and 0.1-1 wt.% Al2O3. The tellurium-boron-phosphorus-based-oxide comprises 84-93 wt.% TeO2, 2-8 wt.% B2O3 and 2-8 wt.% P2O5; and further comprises 0.1-5 wt.% SnO2. The tellurium-molybdenum-cerium-based-oxide comprises 50-60 wt.% TeO2, 22-32 wt.% MoO3 and 12-20 wt.% CeO2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises solvent, binder and active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte contains lithium hexa-fluoro phosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The exterior unit is formed of metal such as aluminum and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first coating layer contains the metallic compound which uses as a constituent element at least one kind or more which consists of lithium, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel niobium and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the manufacture of positive electrode active material involves producing intermediate compound (A) containing element which is capable of ion-exchanging with magnesium and element (M) which is not capable of ion-exchanging with magnesium, heating intermediate compound (A), producing intermediate compound (B), and mix-heating and ion-exchanging the compound (B) and magnesium compound at 200-500 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material has a layer structure consisting of a layer containing polyhedron in which the anion comprising nitrogen atom is coordinated to the periphery of the element (M) for 6 times or a layer containing polyhedron in which the anion comprising nitrogen atom and oxygen atom is coordinated for 6 times, and an interlayer containing magnesium ion. The element which is capable of ion-exchanging with magnesium is iron, chromium, manganese, copper and nickel. Preferred Definitions:    M=Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous matrix collector is made as grating (3), foam or fabric (8, 10). The porous collector matrix is made of copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc or their alloys. The lithium alloy layer contains alloy of lithium, indium, tin, gallium, or thallium, preferably indium. The electrode further has a metal or metal alloy layer (18) containing alloy of indium, tin, gallium or thallium, preferably indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The lithium-air battery further comprises polyolefin microporous membrane adhered to other side of electrode (B). The microporous membrane comprises sulfonic acid group. The polyolefin microporous membrane includes polyperfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte is hexafluoro phosphate, which is obtained by adding boric acid to the electrolyte solution containing negative anion. The solvent in the nonaqueous electrolyte contains cyclic carbonate and/or linear carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains 0.2-1.5 %mass boric acid, and further contains zeolite and 0.05-2 %mass carbodiimide of formula: R1-N=C=N-R2 (I) or ((R3))3-Si-N=C=N-Si-(R4)3 (II).R1-R4=1-10C hydrocarbyl (optionally substituted by fluoro).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 3 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of sucrose, lysine and nano zinc oxide is 1:0.5:0.5-1:1:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium component is selected from a group comprising lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganese nickel oxide and lithium metal phosphate, and the metal is iron, manganese, cobalt and nickel, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel aluminum oxide and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material contains center portion (101) which can occlude-discharge the electrode reaction substance, and coated portion (102) provided on center portion. The coated portion contains sulfonyl group-containing compound of formula (I)-(IV), preferably compound chosen from 46 compounds e.g. sulfamoylamine, dimethyl(sulfamoyl)amine, lithium N-sulfonylsulfonamide, 1,2-oxathiolane-2,2-dione and 5H-1,2-oxathiole-2,2-dione. The active material contains lithium complex oxide including lithium and transition metal element(s) as a constitutent element. While the lithium complex oxide contains cobalt as said transition metal element, the complex oxide has layered rock-salt type-crystal structure.R1-R16=H, hydrocarbyl, oxygen-containing hydrocarbyl, halo, halogenated hydrocarbyl or halogenated oxygen-containing hydrocarbyl or group with which those two or more groups are bonded, in which two or more of R1-R4, R5 and R6, two or more of R7-R12 and two or more of R13-R16 are optionally coupled;andM=metallic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) is performed using a press molding, cold isostatic press molding or injection molding. The step (c) is carried out at a temperature of 400-500 degrees C, preferably 450 degrees C for 1-50 hours for 24 hours. The step (d) comprises immersing the sintered product in an acidic solution or basic solution for 1 hour; and immersing the sintered product in 5 wt.% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide for 5 hours. The step (e) is carried out at a temperature of 600-1000 degrees C, preferably 650 degrees C for 1-20 hours, preferably 2 hours. Preferred Components: The metal powder comprises aluminum, copper (both preferred), gold, silver, nickel, titanium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The acid adding step is carried out at a temperature of 60-80 degrees C for 1-3 hours, where the density (weight of the positive electrode active material/volume of acid) is 50-150 g/l. The neutralizing step is performed to reach a pH of 4 or 5 and performed using calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and/or calcium oxide. The separating step using the nanofiltration membrane module is performed repeatedly for one or more times. Preferred Components: The manganese-based positive active material is of formula (LinMn2-xO4). The acid is hydrochloric acid and added in an amount of 20-30%. The nanofiltration membrane has pore size of 1 nm or less. The manganese-based positive active material is a spinel type manganese-based positive active material.n = 1-1.33;x = 0-0.33; andn = 1+x.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Mass ratio of potassium tetrachloroplatinate and potassium iodide is 1:4-6:1 and mass ratio of potassium tetrachloroplatinate and imidazole is 1:2-4:1. Amount of compound of formula (PtIm2I2) is 2-100 mg. Concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 2-10% (w/w) and acid is 1-4 mol/L hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and/or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Concentration of polymer solution is 0.25-40% (w/w) in which solvent of polymer solution is polymer forming solvent of homogeneous solution. Preferred Condition: Heating rate is less than or equal to 0.5 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layered lithium complex oxide is of formula: Li(1+x)M1(1-x-p)M2pO(2-a). The spinel type lithium complex oxide, inverse-spinel type lithium complex oxide, silicate type lithium complex oxide and olivine type lithium complex oxide are of formula: Li(y+z)M1(2-z-q)M2qO(4-b).M1=Mn, Ni, Co, Mg, Fe, Al and/or Cr;M2=B, P, Pb, Sb, Si and/or V;x=0-0.5;y=1-2;z=0-0.2;p,q,a,b=0-1;and1-x-p=more than 0.The mass ratio of hybrid type lithium complex oxide and non-hybrid type lithium complex oxide is 9.9:0.1-0.1:9.9. The mass ratio of core and shell is 9.9:0.1-6:4. The lithium complex oxide (A) and (C) are same. Preferred Method: The slurry obtained by pulverize-mixing a lithium source with a solvent is dried and baked to obtain lithium complex oxide (A). Similarly complex oxide (B) is obtained. The resulting hybrid type lithium complex oxide and lithium complex oxide (C) are mixed to produce composite-type lithium complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Potassium halide is removed from the baked product using a protonic polar solvent. Potassium halide is potassium iodide. Preferred Definitions:    M=yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is methane or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of precursor of positive electrode material further involves drying the obtained coprecipitate. Preferred Composition: The metal ion contains manganese ion and copper ion. The molar ratio of the copper ion with respect to the manganese ion is 0.25-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The complex oxide has specific surface area of 4.5-10.5 m2/g. Preferred Components: The complex oxide contains aluminum compound on the surface. Lithium compound on the surface of the complex oxide is lithium sulfate (Li2SO4), lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), and/or lithium fluoride (LiF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The oxidation catalyst is arranged at position such that oxidation catalyst is adjoined to opposing pole of the battery electrode, and contacts reduction catalyst. The reduction catalyst is fixed to a pore internal portion of a base material. The oxidation catalyst fixed at an outer side of the pore of a base material. Preferred Composition: The reduction catalyst has carbon which is doped carbon, nitrogen (N), or boron (B) which has a graphene layer, Cr, Cr2O3, Fe, Co, CoO, nickel, NiO, Zn, Mo, Ru, Pd, PdO, and Pt. The battery electrode has pores. The carbon in the reduction catalyst is doped using nitrogen, and boron in which element doped is arranged by a space of 2-100 nm. The oxidation catalyst comprises silver, vanadium pentoxide, chromium trioxide, manganese, manganese oxide, iron, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel, nickel oxide, molybdenum trioxide, silver, silver dioxide, platinum and gold and/or platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, yttrium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, and copper and their oxides. The base material is obtained using reduction catalyst. The pore arranged for inside oxidation catalyst has husk divided with carbon provided in the graphene layer. Preferred Properties: The reduction catalyst and the oxidation catalyst are arranged at interval of 2-100 nm from opening portion of pores, and 100 nm or less from surface of the base material. The graphene layer has end surface or defect of graphene by a space of 2-100 nm. The pore has a peak pore diameter of 1-30 nm, and ratio of pore volume of peak pore diameter and specific surface area of 1-30 nm measured, and peak pore volume of 0.4 cm3/g by measuring pore distribution. The reduction catalyst has face distance of carbon provided in graphene layer is 0.41 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The active material is capable of forming a complex with a carbon material. Preferred Properties: The diameter (D10%) and diameter (D90) of the active material is less than 4 microns and less than 14 microns, respectively. The intensity (Ia) of the diffraction peak derived from silicon contained in the active material is 28.4 degrees . The ratio of intensity (Ia) with respect to intensity (Ib) of the diffraction peak of silicon dioxide at an angle of 21.2 degrees is 2.7-3.9. The ratio of intensity (I510) of a peak of 510 cm-1 derived from silicon with respect to intensity (I1343) of a peak of 1343 cm-1 derived from carbon is 0.25 or less, when measured by Raman spectroscopic analysis method using a laser having wavelength of 532 nm. Preferred Component: The material containing silicon and oxygen is of formula: SiOx (I).x=0.5-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the step of impurity removing and constant current electrolysis, the cathode electrolyte temperature is controlled at 20-35 degrees C. In the step of impurity removing and constant current electrolysis, the cathode electrolyte circulating speed is 2-3.5 l/hour; and the cathode current density is controlled at 8-9 A/dm2. The step of impurity removing and constant current electrolysis comprises adding ammonium sulfate in the cathode electrolyte, where the ammonium sulfate concentration is controlled at 20-300 g/l. In the step of impurity removing and constant current electrolysis, chromium content in the cathode electrolyte is less than or equal to 4ppm. The anode electrolyte sulfuric acid and cathode electrolyte sulfuric acid molar amount is equal to each other, and the concentration of sulfuric acid solution is 3-5 g/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocomposite further comprises nitrogen, an interlayer between the core and shell, and X-ray diffraction peaks that correspond to the presence of alpha -iron, the (002) planes of graphitic carbon and the crystalline planes of iron carbide (Fe3C). The core comprises a crystalline structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material contains sodium-containing titanium compound or carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer has a group having imide bond and/or amide bond, and is polyimide resin and/or polyamide resin, and component(s) chosen from acrylic resin, rubber-like polymer and cellulose derivative, and/or polyamidoimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex of copper(I) chloride is copper(I) chloride-pyridine complex. The nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises 0.02-0.04 mol/L oxalate complex compound. The concentration of complex of copper(I) chloride is 16 mol/L or more with respect to 1 mol/L oxalate complex compound. The oxalate complex compound is lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material is natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, vapor-growth carbon fiber, mesophase pitch carbon fiber and carbon nanotube. The lithium metal oxide is chosen from 15 compounds e.g. lithium manganese dioxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt manganese oxide and lithium iron phosphate. The electrode is positive electrode (101).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric radical material has nitroxyl cation structure of formula (I) in oxidation state and nitroxyl radical partial structure of formula (II) in reduction state. The polymeric radical material is polymer compound of formulae (III)-(IV).R1-R4=alkyl;andR5=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode further includes zinc intercalating of carbon modification, and organometallic compound of formula C16Zn. The carbon contained in anode is graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon or carbon nanotube. The ratio of zinc and carbon is 1:16. The cathode further includes carbon black, conducting graphite or carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The blending ratio of elastomers (b1) and (b2) is 1/1-1/10. The functional group of thermoplastic elastomer (b1) is chosen from epoxy group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, mercapto group, acid-anhydride group, isocyanate group, ester group and vinyl group. The thermoplastic elastomer (b1) is ethylene-octene copolymer. The thermoplastic elastomer (b2) is ethylene glycidyl (meth)acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The olivine lithium manganese iron phosphate has D50 particle size of 500-5000 nm, and particle size distribution (D90-Dl0)/D50 of 0.75-2.5. The olivine lithium manganese iron phosphate has primary particle size of 50-300 nm. Preferred Composition: The mole ratio of iron to manganese is 0.15:0.85-0.35:0.65. The mole ratio of iron, manganese and dopant metal combined to phosphoric acid is 0.95-1.02:1. The weight ratio of water to co-solvent is 55:45-20:80, and concentration of phosphate ions is 0.1-0.25 moles phosphate ions/liter of water/co-solvent mixture. The lithium manganese iron phosphate material has empirical formula: LiaMnbFecDdPO4, where D is the dopant metal, a is 0.5-1.5, b and c are 0.1-0.9, d is 0-0.03, b+c+d is 0.75-1.25 and a+2(b+c+d) is 2.75-3.15. The iron precursor is iron(II) sulfate and manganese precursor is manganese(II) sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The co-solvent is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, 1,4-butane diol, polyalkylene glycol having molecular weight of 1000 or less, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, 2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol, preferably diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is iron, manganese, cobalt or nickel. The first mixed solution is phosphoric acid or silicon. The particle comprises iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, lithium nickel phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese silicate and lithium iron silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particle comprises barium titanate, lead zirconium titanate (Pb(Zrx, Ti1-x) O3, where x is 0-1), lead lanthanum zirconium titanate (Pb1-xLaxZr1-y1TiyO3, where x and y1 is 0-1), lead magnesium niobium oxide ((1-x) Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) O3-xPbTiO3, where x is 0-1), hafnia, strontium titanate, tin dioxide, cerium dioxide, magnesia, nickel oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, silica, yttria, alumina, aluminum nitride, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide and titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder polymer comprises polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethyleneoxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, carboxylmethyl cellulose, acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer, and polyimide. The porous substrate comprises polyethylenenaphthalene, high-density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polybutytlene terephthalate, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, poly(phenylene oxide), and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precipitated silica containing agglomerate includes primary particles with diameter of 5-200 nm. The precipitated silica has the oil absorption amount less than 500 ml/100 g. The mineral oil comprises naphthenic oil. The mineral oil has specific gravity less than 1 and viscosity less than 300 cp. The composition comprises 3.5-90 wt.% mineral oil, 1-70 wt.% precipitated silica, and 3.5-90 wt.% polyolefin resin. Preferred Method: The manufacturing method comprises pelletizing, melting and mixing the resin composition, extruding pellet, manufacturing separation film sheet, and removing mineral oil from the separation membrane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Inorganic salt is selected from cerium, aluminum, magnesium, tin, tungsten, titanium, copper, zirconium, iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Surface active agent is selected from sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or Span85 (RTM: nonionic surfactant).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Monomer is selected from styrene, methyl methacrylate or vinyl acetate. Polymerization initiator is selected from potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate or 2,2'-azobisisobutylamidine sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The embedded audio interface is an USB interface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The air cleaner main body is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Polar solvent is dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. Polar solvent in dissolved solution is 5-15 mass%. Amount of polar solvent in gel film is 20-80 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Sulfonated polymer is sulfonated polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyphenylene ether, sulfonated polyphosphazene, sulfonated polyimide, and/or sulfonated polyether ether ketone. Amount of sulfonated polymer is 50-90% of the total mass of raw material, amount of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is 5-45% of the total mass of raw material, amount of benzophenone is 3% of the total mass of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Preferred Parameter: Degree of sulfonation of sulfonated polymer is 40-80%. Preferred Process: Preparation of semi-interpenetrating network structure proton exchange film involves subjecting dissolved solution to culture dish, drying in oven at 60-120 degrees C for 3-18 hours to obtain gel film, subjecting gel film to dark box type UV cross-linking at UV cross-linking power of 10-100 W and UV wavelength of 254-365 nm for 10-30 minutes, treating film in 1 mol/L dilute sulfuric acid of for 24 hours, and washing with water to remove residual sulfuric acid. Preparation of semi-interpenetrating network structure proton exchange film involves blending 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid cross-linked network structure and sulfonic acid polymer to form molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating tape is made of polyolefine based high polymer, polyester polymer and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyolefin separation membrane has longitudinal direction melting shrinkability of 10-35%, transverse direction melting shrinkability of 5-35%, longitudinal tensile strength of 1500 kgf/cm, transverse tensile strength of 1500 kgf/cm, gas permeability of 350 seconds/100 cc or less and puncture strength of 700 gf or more. The ratio of transverse tensile strength and longitudinal tensile strength of the polyolefin separation membrane is 0.7-1. The heat shrinkage rate of the polyolefin separation membrane is less than 4%, after maintaining the membrane at 105 degrees C for 1 hour in longitudinal direction and transverse direction, respectively. Preferred Condition: The secondary transverse stretching is performed at 110-140 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical insulation is made of anodized aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical insulation is made of plastic material and ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material particles are silicon-containing particles. Preferred Property: The particle size of negative electrode active material particles is 2-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The guide roller (2) of sheet is provided in pair of upstream and downstream of roll, and wrap angle of sheet with respect to one roll of pair of roll is adjusted to 15-180 degrees C. Preferred Process: The conveyance speed of sheet is 0.1-20 m/minute. The supply of liquid substance is performed when axis line of a roll supplies a liquid substance to boundary of roll located upwards (3a) and upper surface of sheet which can impregnate liquid substance among the rolls which comprise a pair of roll. The axis line of roll is located on the same horizontal surface. The supply of liquid substance is performed in upstream of pair of roll. The sheet is pressed with pair of roll which supplies liquid substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid substance is resin composition. Preferred Property: The viscosity of liquid substance is 500 MPa.second or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has crystalline diameter of 0.05-0.2 mu m, measured by X-ray diffraction. The average particle diameter (D50) corresponding to 50% accumulation of particulates side is 5-9 mu m. The particle diameter corresponding to 10% accumulation of particulates side is taken as (D10). The particle diameter corresponding to cumulative 90% from microparticles side is taken as (D90). The average particles size (D50) satisfies a relationship: (D90-D10)/(D50) greater than or equal to 0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio (d/D) of particle diameter (d) to crystallite diameter (D) of positive electrode active material measured in view of a half-width obtained by X-ray diffraction is 1-1.35. The particle diameter (d) of positive electrode active material is 10-500 nm, preferably 30-200 nm. Preferred Composition: The surface of lithium composite oxide is partially or entirely covered by carbon material. The carbon content in positive electrode active material is 0.5-30 %mass (excluding 30). Preferred Definitions:    a/b=2.2-7 (excluding 2.2);and    b=0.15 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cyclic polyamine compound includes 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-5,7-dione and/or cyclo(p-alanylglycyl-p-alanylglycyl). The cyclic polyamine compound is in an electrolyte solution. The cyclic polyamine compound is included in an amount of 0.01-1 wt.% based on a total weight of the electrolyte solution. The cyclic polyamine compound includes 3 or more nitrogen atoms in a ring of the compound. The cyclic polyamine compound includes 4-8 nitrogen atoms in the ring of the compound. The polyamine compound further includes at least one pendant hydrocarbon group bound to at least one of the nitrogen atoms in the ring of the compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of carbon-type conductive support agent and binder contained in the electrode active material layer is 10 %mass or less and 1-25 %mass, respectively, with respect to total mass of the electrode active material layer. The super extra fine fibrous carbon contains super extra fine fibrous carbon (A) and super extra fine fibrous carbon (B). The mass ratio of super extra fine fibrous carbon with respect to spherical carbon contained in the composite material is 1:9-5:5. The spherical carbon is carbon black. The electrode material is contained in the electrode active material layer. Preferred Properties: The mean fiber length of the super extra fine fibrous carbon is 1-15 mu m. The mean fiber length of the super extra fine fibrous carbon (A) and the super extra fine fibrous carbon (B) is 1-15 mu m and 15-50 mu m, respectively. The super extra fine fibrous carbon has an aspect ratio of 1-1000. The super extra fine fibrous carbon aggregate has primary peak of fiber length of 15 mu m or less, and secondary peak of fiber length of more than 15 mu m. The ratio of volume conversion particle size distribution of primary peak with respect to volume conversion particle size distribution of secondary peak is 3/1 or more. The mean fiber length of super extra fine fibrous carbon contained in the super extra fine fibrous carbon aggregate is 25 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode material further contains water as a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active materials (a,b) comprise crystalline carbon and/or amorphous carbon. The ratio of average particle size of anode active material (a) and average particle size of anode active material is 1:9-5:5.1, preferably 1:1.3-1:4. The ratio of rolling density of anode active material (a) and rolling density of anode active material (b) is 1.1:1-3:1. The ratio of compression strength rate of anode active material (a) and compression strength rate of anode active material (b) is 2:8-5:5.1. The anode active materials (a,b) further comprise conductive material and binder. The ratio of porosity of the primary active material layer and porosity of the secondary active material layer is 5:5.1-4:6, preferably 5:5.1-2:8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese-based complex oxide is of formula: Li1+xMyMn2-yO4, where M is preferably aluminum or magnesium, x is 0-0.33 and y is 0-1. Preferred Property: The lithium-manganese-based complex oxide has utilization factor of 60% or more. The utilization factor is the ratio of discharge capacities during constant current discharge at 10 A/g with respect to 0.1 A/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic polymer comprises a sulfonated aromatic copolymer having a unit chain with sulfonic acid group or sulfonate salt substituent at regular intervals in the aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds connect the sulfonic acid group or sulfonate salt substituent with a recurring unit in which a ketone group is introduced to the aromatic compound. The recurring unit of the sulfonic acid group or the sulfonate salt substituent is present in an amount of 1-70 mole%. The non-aqueous polymer comprises a fluorine-containing polymer including vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and monomers of trifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene. The amphiphilic polymer comprises hydrophilic segment, hydrophobic segment, and hydroxyl groups. The heat stabilizer comprises a metal hydrate. The non-aqueous polymer is present in an amount of 0.01-50 wt.%. The amphiphilic polymer is present in an amount 0.01-20 wt.% based on combined weight of the hydrophilic polymer and the non-water-based polymer. The hydrophilic polymer and the non-aqueous polymer have a number average molecular weight of 1000-1000000 and a weight average molecular weight of 10000-1000000. The membrane has a thickness of 5-200 mu m in a non-humidified state and hydrogen ion conductivity of 1.5x 10-4 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises adding at least one oxidizing agent solution such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium permanganate aqueous solution, potassium persulfate aqueous solution, sodium hypo chlorite aqueous solution and then mechanically stirring for 12-24 hours. Preferred Components: The graphene oxide is present in an amount of 0.01-50 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises (c) passing the desulfurized fuel gas to a reformer (3) having a conversion- and/or gas purification stage. The steps (a) and (b) take place at ambient temperatures. The oxidation catalyst is operated at a temperature of 200-400 degrees C. The added atmospheric oxygen or oxygen is preheated, preferably by a waste heat resulting from an afterburner. The first adsorber adsorbs sulfur trioxide on a basic solid bed, which is composed of elements of the first main group of the periodic table, preferably sodium or potassium. The second adsorber is connected downstream of the first adsorber, and receives sulfur dioxide that is formed from the elements of the first main group of the periodic table, preferably sodium or potassium. Preferred Components: After the addition of the atmospheric oxygen or oxygen, the amount of oxygen is 2-4 vol.%. A gas production device is provided between the oxidation catalyst and the adsorbers, where the gas pressure is adjusted downstream of the gas valve at an ambient pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collector is made of copper or aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - the carbon-based conductive is selected from one of carbon black or acetylene black. The high polymer adhesive is selected from one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regeneration cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), sulfonation-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and fluorine rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound (A) is titanium complex oxide or titanium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, phenyl, or vinyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material-graphene composite particles have functionalization rate of 0.3-0.8, wavenumber of G band peak in Raman spectroscopy measurement of s more than 1600 cm-1, and peak half value width of less than 90 cm-1. The porosity of the matrix is 10-50%. The element ratio of oxygen atom with respect to carbon atom used in manufacture of positive electrode active material-graphene composite particles is 0.3-1. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon in composite particles is 2-20 %mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: An additive used in manufacture of positive electrode active material-graphene composite particles is thermoplastic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Component (C) contains 1-15 carbon-containing fluorocarbon group (d) by which greater than or equal to 1 hydrogen atom is substituted by fluorine atom. Fluorine atom bonded with the carbon skeleton in component (d) is greater than or equal to 50 mol.% on the basis of the whole amount of hydrogen atom and fluorine atom which are bonded with the carbon skeleton in component (d). Component (C) contains alkenyl ether group (j1) to which component (a) is represented by formula -O-C(T1)=C(T2)-T3 (1), alkenyl group (j2) of formula -C(T4)=C(T5)-T6 (2), alkenyl group (j3), and (meth)acryloyloxy group (j4) which are represented by formula -R1-C(Q1)=C(Q2)(Q3) (3). Component (C) is represented by formulae (A1-NHCOO)m-Rf1 (4) or A2O-(CONH-R2-NHCOO-Rf2O)n-CONH-R2-NHCOO-A2 (5).T1-T3=H or 1-3C alkyl;T4-T6=H or 1-3C alkyl provided that greater than or equal to 2 of T4-T6 form a ring;R1=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3=H, 1-4C alkyl, or 6-12C aromatic group provided that greater than or equal to 1 of Q1-Q3 is 6-12C aromatic group;A1=2-20C monovalent organic group in which A1 contains component (a);Rf1=1-15C m valent hydrocarbon groups by which greater than or equal to 1 H atom is substituted by F atom;m=1-4;Rf2=2-20C monovalent organic group in which A2 contains component (a) or 2-15C bivalent fluorocarbon group by which greater than or equal to 1 H atom is substituted with F atom;R1=2-15C bivalent hydrocarbon; andn=1-10.Preferred Parameters: Number average molecular weight of component (C) is less than or equal to 5000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Processes: The electrode is formed by polymerizing the electrode protective film formation agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film formation additive is at least one chosen from cyclic carbonate, halogenated alkylene cyclic carbonate and cyclic sulfonate ester having vinyl group or vinylene group, preferably halogenated alkylene cyclic carbonate having vinyl group or vinylene group. The cyclic carbonate which has vinyl group or vinylene group is vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte (A) contains lithium-germanium-phosphorus sulfide (Li10GeP2S12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The structural units derived from nitrile monomer are acrylonitrile and/or methacrylonitrile. The particulate-form binder contains 70-97 wt.% structural unit derived from nitrile monomer, and 1-20 wt.% carboxyl group-containing structural units. The acidic functional group is chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group and phospho group. Preferred Property: The volume average particle diameter of particulate-form binder is 50-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive adhesive composition comprises 8-38 wt.% conductive carbon, 0.5-10 wt.% particulate-form binder and 60-90 wt.% dispersion medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The composite material has pore volume (M0) of less than 0.1 cm3/g, and after washing the composite material has pore volume (M1) more than pore volume (M0). The composite material has pore volume (J0) of less than 0.3 cm3/g, and after washing the composite material has pore volume (J1) more than pore volume (J0). The pore volume (V1) of less than 100 nm pores of composite material is 0.3 cm3/g measured by BARRETT-JOYNER-HALENDA method. The ratio of pore volume (V1) of composite material and pore volume (V2) of porous carbon material is 20% or less. Preferred Composition: The content of 100 nm or more pores with pore volume measured by BARRETT-JOYNER-HALENDA method contained in the composite material is 30 % or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of porous carbon material is 0.1-75 mu m. The pore volume (V2) of less than 100 nm pores of plant-derived porous carbon material is 0.3 cm3/g or more measured by BARRETT-JOYNER-HALENDA method. The porous carbon material has reverse opal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first metal layer comprises at least one metal selected from Cu, Ni, Au, Ag, Al, Sn, Cr, Zn, Ti, Co, Pt, Mn, Fe, V, Pd, W, Nb, Ta, Ru, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic particles of coating are also selected from lithium aluminum silicon oxide, lithium silicon phosphate, lithium aluminum chloride, lithium aluminum oxide, lithium methane hydroxide, lithium titanium oxide, lithium tantalum oxide-, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate, and lithium phosphate silicon sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder in coating is made of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene-hexafluoropropylene, and polytetra-fluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The far infrared ray radition material is selected from silica, muscovite, terra alba, zeolite, clay, fly ash, bentonite, barley stone, talc, forsterite, gypsum, zircon or red clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler is made of silicone or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material is heated at a temperature of 700-800 degrees C. The processing temperature of the mixed material is increased at speed of 30-300 degrees C/hour. The cooling temperature is reduced at speed of 90-110 degrees C/hour. The lithium oxide complex comprises 1 wt.% of lithium carbonate and 0.5 wt.% of lithium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of silicon chloride mixed is 90 pts. wt. or less with respect to total mixture of silicon chloride and glycol. The silicon chloride comprises silicon tetrachloride and/or dialkyldichlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glycol comprises ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or pinacol. The content of hexane is 2-98 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. liquid-phase composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface functional groups comprise oxygen, sulfur or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode comprises sodium metal, sodium alloy, sodium intercalation compound and/or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic carbonate is chosen from fluoroethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro ethylene carbonate, fluoropropylene carbonate, 4-fluoropropylene carbonate, and 5-fluoropropylene carbonate and their derivatives, preferably fluoroethylene carbonate. The linear carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and their derivatives. The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises 0.05-0.2 mol/L trimethyl acetonitrile with respect to total amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode active material contains graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - First connection portion is formed of copper, and second connection portion is formed of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additives comprise aluminum oxide, aluminum, brass, graphite, magnesium oxide, stainless steel, calcium carbonate, acetylene black, and/or glass. The base polymer comprises polyimide and the additives comprise graphite. The base polymer comprises rubber and the additives comprise aluminum oxide. The base polymer comprises rubber and the additives comprise aluminum flakes. The additives comprise flakes, fibers, powder, and/or microspheres, configured to be blended into the base polymer. The metalized layer is an aluminized layer. The Li-ion battery cell is a cylindrical Li-ion battery cell. The Li-ion battery cell is a prismatic Li-ion battery cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base polymer comprises polypropylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyethylene (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic molding is made of thermoplastic polyester elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium metal phosphate is preferably of formula: Li1+aFe1-xM'(PO4-b)Xb (II), where M' is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, titanium, gallium, copper, vanadium, niobium, zirconium, indium, zinc and/or cerium. The lithium iron phosphate has olivine crystal structure. The amorphous carbon is hard carbon and/or soft carbon. The concentration of electrolyte is 0.5-3M. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium chloride lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium perchlorate, lithium boron chloride, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium phenylboron, lithium methanesulfonate, lithium trifluoro methylsulfate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide and lithium trifluoroacetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises dimethoxyethane solvent, and 1-80 wt.% ethylene carbonate, preferably 20-60 wt.%, with respect to total content of electrolyte. The ether-type solvent is chosen from tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether and dibutyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The positive-electrode has a surface resistance of 900 Omega or les.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dispersant is methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and/or polyvinyl propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode frame is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or glass fiber enhance type polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elastomeric material is comprised of silicone and the tab is plated with metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal contained in the negative electrode current collector is copper and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dielectric material further comprises a lithium compound. The reducing graphene oxide is chosen from silver, copper, zinc oxide and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The nozzle has diameter of 100-400 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The 90% accumulation value of volume-particle-diameter distribution of conductive carbon is 0.1-10 mu m measured by laser diffraction-type particle size distribution analyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of 150-mesh residue of the particulate-form binder is 0.3 weight% or less measured using Merlon-type machine stability test. The total solid concentration of the slurry and total solid concentration of conductive adhesive composition is 15-35 wt.% and 15-35 wt.%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The thickness of the molded cured bodies is 0.5 mm or more, or 20 mm or less. The molded cured bodies are joined together have same shape. The molded cured bodies having irregular shape are meshed. The core member is constructed by joining two cured molded bodies having the irregularities of same shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electro-mechanical valve is controllable through a fieldbus such as CAN bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A support of an oxide, Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) and carbon-type is made to carry the metal nanoparticles colloid or multi-metal nanoparticles colloid. Preferred Composition: The molecular weight of ligand in metal nanoparticle colloid of high-activity solid phase reaction is greater than molecular weight of ligand in metal nanoparticle colloid of low activity of solid phase reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a pure water pump (40) to supply pure water stored in pure water storage tank into secondary ultra-pure water processing unit and supplies ultra-pure water to a humidifier. The ultra-pure water generated from the secondary ultra-pure water processing unit and at the same time supplied to the humidifier. The pure water storage tank stores only pure water processed by the primary pure water processing unit. The primary pure water processing unit utilizes reverse osmosis or distillation method. Preferred Method: The method further comprises supplying ultra-pure water to the humidifier, and supplying pure water stored in the pure water storage tank into the secondary ultra-pure water processing unit using the pump, performed between the step (c) and the step (d).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The housing satisfies sealing requirements such as IP6K9K according to DIN 40 050 Part 9 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing substance contains chemical hardening adhesive based on silicone, polyurethane or acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolytic battery comprises two or more electrode pairs comprising positive electrode and negative electrode, where the positive electrode and negative electrode stacked. The linear carbonate comprises at least one material chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dipropyl carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains 70 vol.% ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolytic battery further comprises polyolefin microporous film between the positive electrode and negative electrode, inorganic compound material layer comprising porous layer having inorganic compound material, where the inorganic compound material is provided on at least one surface of the polyolefin microporous film. The non-aqueous electrolyte is impregnated on the polyolefin microporous film and inorganic compound material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises hydroforming process by pressing the metal plate in upper and lower molds under strong water pressure to form a reverse phase figure pattern. The scratch of the separator is formed by physically removing a part of the surface of the separating plate, where the roughness value is controlled at range of 0.1-1 mu m, forming a passivation layer in the stainless steel plate using mixed acid solution containing 1-10 wt.% of hydrofluoric acid and 10-20 wt.% of nitric acid at 40-60 degrees C, cleaning the layer with 10-20 wt.% of sulfuric acid solution acid at 50~75 degrees C. Preferred Components: The stainless steel plate comprises less than or equal to 0.02% of carbon, less than or equal to 0.02% of nitrogen, less than or equal to 0.4% of silicon, less than or equal to 0.2% of manganese, less than or equal to 0.04% of phosphorus, less than or equal to 0.02% of sulfur, 25-32% of chromium, 0-2% of copper, less than or equal to 0.8% of nickel, less than or equal to 0.5% of titanium, less than or equal to 0.5% of niobium, inevitably contained element and balance amount of iron. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium halogen compound contained in sulfide solid electrolyte material is 13-30 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The single coating layer completely covers the core. The single coating layer includes cobalt as a main component among the transition metals at greater than or equal to 50%. The single coating layer has a surface and a concentration of cobalt has a gradient continuously decreasing from the surface of the single coating layer to a center of the core. A thickness of the single coating layer is greater than or equal to 100 nm, preferably 200-1000 nm. An average particle diameter of the core is 3-30 mu m. The core is a one-body particle. The core is a secondary particle obtained by agglomeration of primary particles. The single coating layer includes cobalt. The single coating layer includes lithium cobalt oxide. The single coating layer comprises a solid solution of nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide of formula (LixCoaNibMcO2+a1) (I) and lithium cobalt oxide.x = greater than 0.9 to less than 1.5, preferably greater than 0.9 to less than 1.1;a = greater than 0 to less than 0.5;b = greater than 0.4 to less than 1;c = greater than 0 to less than 0.5;a1 = -0.1 to 0.1; andM = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Mn (preferred), Cr, Fe, Mg or V.Preferred Method: The forming of the one-body coating layer is performed at 700-800 degrees C in an air atmosphere for 5-10 hours. An amount of the nanoparticles in the coated core is 5-30 wt.% based on a total weight of the core coated with nanoparticles. The preparing of the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide core particles comprises: mixing a nickel-based transition metal oxide precursor and a lithium precursor to prepare a mixture; and heating the mixture at 800-1000 degrees C in an air atmosphere for 10-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The dopant comprises boron, beryllium, carbon, sodium, strontium, phosphorus, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, yttrium, cerium, vanadium, lanthanum, or lanthanides. The content of dopant is 0.01-5 wt.%. Preferred Property: The silicon single phases have average particle diameter of 10-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The silicon-metal alloy phases comprise 20-40 atomic% titanium, nickel, iron, manganese, aluminum, chromium, cobalt and/or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hexahydrofuro(3,2-b)furan derivative is preferably of formula (II), more preferably 6-((vinylsulfonyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro(3,2-b)furan-3-yl ethylenesulfonate.R1,R2=1-10C hydrocarbyl. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2= alkyl, alkynyl or aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium and sulfur element comprises octahedral oxygen. The sulfur and Ma elements comprise tetrahedral T1. The sulfur and Mb element comprises tetrahedral T2. The octahedral O and tetrahedral T1 and tetrahedral T2 comprises the main crystal structure. The molar fraction of oxygen to total content of sulfur and oxygen is 0.25-0.35. The molar fraction of phosphorus with respect to total content of phosphorus and silicon is 0.65-0.75. The raw material composition contains the material having silicon-oxygen bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic composition comprises composite oxide of formula: Lix(Ni0.5-aFepMn1.5-bTiqMr)O4+d.M=element other than Ni, Mn, Fe and Ti;x=9-1.2;a,r=0 or more;b=-0.1 or more;p,q=more than 0 and 0.1 or less;or a+b=p+q+r;andd=-0.2 to 0.2.Preferred Process: The manufacture of positive electrode active material particles further involves modifying the surface of the raw material particles to the low-manganese region by contacting the raw material particles with a process liquid containing manganese complex formation compound, and forming coating layer having lithium ion conductivity as low-manganese region in the outer side of the raw material particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The outer region is a coating layer having lithium ion conductivity. The basic composition is lithium-nickel-manganese oxide of spinel structure, of formula: Lix(Ni0.5-aFepMn1.5-bTiqMr)O4+d, where M is element other than nickel, manganese, iron and titanium, x is 0.9-1.2, a and r are 0 or more, b is 0.1 or more, p and q are greater than 0 and 0.1 or less, a+b is p+q+r, and d is -0.2 to 0.2 (value which neutralizes electric charge).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material composition further contains lithium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery utilizes a connection unit and the first current collector that are made of copper. The first terminal is made of aluminum. The plating is made of tin, nickel and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The active material has a median volume pore diameter of 0.25-0.5 mu m, a porosity of 0.22-0.3 mL/g, and a density of 2-3.2 g/cm3. The content of bisphenol condensate in the active material is preferably 0.3-0.7 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The animal bone is chosen from pig bone, cow bone, fish bone and sheep bone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acid treatment is carried out using 1-5 mol/L of nitric acid for 12-72 hours, and 1-5 mol/L of hydrochloric acid for 12-72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, petroleum coke, mesophase pitch carbon material, carbon fiber, and non-graphitizable carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acetate-based solvent comprises methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, and butylacetate. Preferred Components: The lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium sulfonate, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and lithium hexafluoroantimonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of positive electrode active material is preferably 3-6 m2/g. The coprecipitation compound has specific surface area of 20-50 m2/g. Preferred Composition: An aluminum compound is present in surface of complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material composition further contains halogen and iodine elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The insulation board is made from ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material is porous carbon material or a porous metal material having micropores. The composite is ground by ball-milling using zirconia balls.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The mesoporous conductive material is lithium group (IA group) element, beryllium group (IIA group) element, scandium group (IIIB group) element, titanium group (IVB group) element, vanadium group (VB group) element, chromium group (VIB group) element, manganese group (VIIB group) element, iron group (VIIIB group) element, cobalt group (VIIIB group) element, nickel group (VIIIB group) element, copper group (IB group) element, zinc group (IIB group) element, boron group (IIIA group) element, carbon group (IVA group) element, and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The mesoporous conductive material is linear polymer or copolymer of the linear polymer. The linear polymer is polyacetylene, polypyrrole or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium/nickel-containing composite oxide is of formula: Li1+sM1O2 (I), where s is -0.3 to 0.3, M1 is element containing nickel, cobalt and manganese. When amount (mol%) of nickel, cobalt, and manganese is set to a, b, and c, respectively, then a is 30-95 mol% (excluding 95), b is 0-35 mol% (excluding 35), and c is 0-35 mol% (excluding 35). The lithium/nickel-containing composite oxide preferably contains cobalt and manganese. The positive electrode active material further contains lithium-cobalt-containing complex oxide of formula: Li1+yCozM21-zO2 (II) different from lithium/nickel-containing complex oxide, where y is -0.3 to 0.3, z is 0.95-1 (excluding 1), and M2 is magnesium, zirconium, aluminum and titanium. The heat-resistant fine particle layer contains 30 vol.% or more heat-resistant inorganic fine particles with respect to total volume. Preferred Property: The thickness of heat-resistant fine particle layer is 2 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: When the conductive powder is 100 vol%, then the paste contains more than 0-8 vol%, preferably 0-1 vol% of the resin beads. The average particle diameter of the resin bead is 10 microns or less. The resin bead burns at 600 degrees C or less in oxidizing atmosphere. The resin bead comprises two or more types including phenol resin, alkyd resin, melamine urea resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, silicone resin, chlorinated rubber type-resin, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, fluororesin, and cellulose resin. The paste for electrode formation comprises metal species chosen from nickel, platinum, palladium, silver, and copper. The paste for electrode formation comprises 5 %mass or less glass powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The coating thickness is 5-50 nm. Preferred Composition: The anode material comprises 100 pts. wt. substrate and 0.05-5 pts. wt. coating material. The weight ratio of substrate and coating material is (0.01-8):100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The battery further has current collectors (52, 56) adjacent to the anode and the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The interdigitated stripes of materials comprise material (1) having lower lithium concentration than material (2). The cathode comprises active material of lithium cobalt oxide and/or lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, and further lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium manganese oxide and/or lithium iron phosphate. The method further involves mixing conductive agent e.g. carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: During manufacture process, the active material is mixed with solvent, binder and dispersant. The solvent comprises diethyl sebacate and butyl carbitol, preferably n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The binder comprises ethocel, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride. The dispersant comprises linolenic acid, preferably polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and lithium dodecyl sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell: The cell is provided with water, and lithium metal in the anode in a ratio when the cell is fully charged is 0.68 mole water/mole lithium. The anode, hydroxyl ion exchange membrane, precipitate reservoir and oxygen evolution electrode are portion of a cell sandwich, and the fluid reservoir is spaced apart from the cell sandwich. The oxygen evolution electrode extends partially out of the precipitate reservoir. The electrochemical cell further comprises an oxygen reducing electrode, and an anion-exchange membrane located between the oxygen reducing electrode and the precipitate reservoir. The electrochemical cell further comprises a lithium metal protection layer located between the anode and the precipitate reservoir, a pump operably connected to the fluid reservoir and the precipitate reservoir, where the pump is configured to force water from the fluid reservoir to the precipitate reservoir, and a battery control system configured to control the rate at which the pump forces water from the fluid reservoir to the precipitate reservoir.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alloy layer has an intermetallic compound comprising (copper,nickel)6-tin5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide particles have no glass transition temperature. The content of inorganic oxide particlesin the paste is 0.1-22 wt.%. The paste further comprises vanadium-containing compound. The content of vanadium in the vanadium-containing compound is 0.1-22 wt.%. The ratio of vanadium content in vanadium-containing compound, and content of elements other than oxygen in the inorganic oxide particles, are 7:1-2:1. The paste further comprises phosphorus-containing material chosen from elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus-containing compound. The content of phosphorus in the phosphorus-containing material is 0.1-22 wt.%. The content of phosphorus in the phosphorus-containing material, and the content of elements other than oxygen of the inorganic oxide particles, are in ratio of 1:5-2:1. The inorganic reaction system is present in the paste (305) at a content of 0.1-5 wt.%. The vanadium-containing compound is vanadium pentoxide. The phosphorus-containing material is red phosphorus or phosphorus oxide. The inorganic oxide particles are silicon dioxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles have diameter (D90) of at least about 20 mu m. The inorganic reaction system is a glass frit. At least one hole is channel joining the front face and the back face of the wafer. The silicone surface in at least one hole which comprises at least one p-type doped section and n-type doped section. The metallic particles are silver particles. The paste is in direct contact with the silicone surface of the hole. The electroconductive paste is present on the front face of the wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of elemental phosphorus in the paste is 0.1-22 wt.%, based on the total weight of the paste. The content of inorganic reaction system in the paste is 0.1-5 wt.%. Preferred Components: The elemental phosphorus is red phosphorus. The inorganic reaction system is glass frit. The metallic particles are silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: At least one hole is a channel joining front face and back face of the wafer. The silicon surface in at least one hole comprises at least p-type doped section and n-type doped section. The paste is in direct contact with the silicon surface of the hole. The solar cell precursor further has electro-conductive paste which is present on the front face of the wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The porosity of an electrical power collector is 60-87%. The porous film is an ion-exchange membrane which selectively allows ion to pass through. Preferred Component: The negative electrode has electrolyte containing vanadium compound (A) chosen from complex salt containing vanadium salt containing vanadium ion from which an oxidation number changes between bivalence and trivalence by oxidation-reduction reaction. The electrolyte containing vanadium compound (B) is chosen from complex salt containing vanadium salt containing vanadium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon material is carbon fiber or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The sulfide solid electrolyte material contains sulfur, lithium, and phosphorus, germanium, silicon, aluminum and/or boron elements, and halogen element. The sulfide solid electrolyte material is sulfide glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The content of organic compound in the sulfide solid electrolyte material is 0.2 wt.% or more. The organic compound has a molecular weight of 60-200, and is an aprotic organic compound which is liquid at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has a diameter of 1-25 mu m, and average manganese concentration of 0.4-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode comprises sodium chloride crystals and a positive electrode comprises zinc and nickel chloride. The positive electrode comprises 38 wt.% sodium chloride, 15 wt.% zinc, 16 wt.% copper, 18 wt.% iron, 4 wt.% silver, 5 wt.% nickel, and 4 wt.% sodium aluminum tetrachloride, mica, amorphous silica, and sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The electrode has thickness of 0.5-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the platinum to the platinum-cobalt alloy is 10:90-90:10. The total platinum loading amount in the electrode is 0.05 mg platinum/cm2 or more. During manufacture of electrode, collective carbon content of platinum on carbon and platinum-cobalt on carbon is 25:75-75:25. Preferred Property: The primary limiting current of platinum is 1 A/cm2 or more. The secondary limiting current of platinum-cobalt alloy is 2.5 A/cm2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: A rotational flow is generated in the synthetic container by returning the slurry in a flow path along the wall surface in the synthesis container when returning the mixed slurry to the synthesis container. The slurry flow rate at the inner wall face of synthesis container is 25 cm/second or more. Hydrothermal reaction is carried out at 130-220 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The slurry has dissolved oxygen concentration of 1 mg/l or less. The hydrothermal treatment is performed at 130-220 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum is 0.5 atomic% or more with respect to total amount of manganese and aluminum. The active material contains crystal phase of sodium-manganese oxide (NaMnO2, Na0.7MnO2.05, Na0.7MnO2 and Na2Mn3O7). The active material is free of crystal phase of aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, sodium carbonate and sodium carbonate hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material is natural graphite having amorphous coating. The positive electrode has positive electrode active material with transition-metal complex oxide containing manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The secondary battery comprises less than 1.5 pts. wt. methylphenyl carbonates with respect to 100 pts. wt. solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (3) comprises adding 100 pts. wt. slurry with 0.1-10 pts. wt. additive. The crushing process is carried out in a bead mill having granularity of 3 mu m. The calcining process is carried out at 800-1200 degrees C under oxidizing atmosphere. Preferred Components: The titanium source compound is titanium dioxide, titanium hydride, titanium tetrachloride, titanium nitride and/or titanium isopropoxide. The lithium source compound is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium oxalate, lithium phosphate, lithium hydrogen phosphate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithium acetate and/or lithium vanadium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The medium is water, ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol. The additive is urea, ammonium bicarbonate, paraffin, sucrose and/or starch. EXAMPLE - 100 g of titanium dioxide having an average particle diameter of 100 nm and 36.8 g of lithium carbonate were added with 300 g of water and then stirred using a mixer at rotating speed of 1000 revolutions per minute to obtain a slurry. The slurry was grinded in a zirconia beads mill at shaft speed of 8 m/s to obtain slurry with particle size of 0.65 mm. 1 g of urea was added with 100 g of slurry and then crushed in a bead mill. The slurry was dried in an oven at 120-900 degrees C for 5 hours to obtain lithium-titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Metal mesh is composed of silver material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface layer comprises lead-antimony alloy comprising 1-5 %mass antimony. The electrolyte solution comprises 0.01-0.45 mol/L sodium ion and 0.01-0.3 mol/L aluminum ion. The lead-acid battery further comprises rib which forms fixed clearance gap between the negative electrode plate and separator. The electric pole of lead acid battery comprises tin. Preferred Properties: The density and total pore volume of positive electrode active material is 3.9-4.5 g/ml and 0.09-0.15 ml/g, respectively. The ratio of distance of inner portion in the lamination direction of the electrode group of the cell chamber and total thickness of positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate is 0.5-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass change of positive electrode material after maintaining at 25 degrees C under 60% of humidity for 240 hours is 0.6 %mass or less. Preferred Properties: The density of molded component of positive electrode material under load of 95.5 MPa is 3.2 g/cm3 or more. The average particle diameter of positive electrode material is 0.1 mu m or more, and comprises secondary particles formed from primary particles. The difference of number-based 90% particle diameter (D90) and 10% particle diameter (D10) in particle size distribution of secondary particles of complex oxide is 5 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal nanoparticle is silver, gold, copper, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal substrate is a porous metal substrate. The metal substrate is a mesh or metal foam. The metal is stainless steel, nickel, copper, aluminum or their alloys. The metal oxide nanowires comprise transition metal oxides or mixed transition metal oxides. The metal oxide nanowires comprise cobalt oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, nickel oxide, nickel cobalt oxide or cobalt manganese oxide. The hydroxide comprises ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Method: The method involves chemically growing metal oxide nanowires by forming an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal forming the metal oxide and a hydroxide and treating the metal substrate with said solution, where the metal oxide nanowires are formed and grown on the metal substrate. The method further involves heat treating the metal substrate having metal oxide nanowires.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: R value is 15-40. Amorphous carbon has average particle diameter (d50) of 5-15 mu m, preferably 6-12 mu m. Carbon material has specific surface area of 1000-2500 m2/g, preferably 1200-2000 m2/g. Carbon material has benzene adsorption of 38-85 wt.%, preferably 40-75 wt.%. Preferred Compositions: Positive active material layer comprises carbon material containing activated carbon. Amount of carbon material is 3-12 wt.%, preferably 5-10 wt.% based on total amount of positive active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-containing complex oxide powder contains lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-metal oxide-containing compound of formula: LixNiaCobMncMdO2-(y/2)Fy (I).x=0.95-1.3;y=0-0.05;a,b,c=0-1;d=0-0.05;anda+b+c+d=2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution of cobalt compound is a solution of cobalt-amine complex. The amount of cobalt compound used during the manufacturing process is 0.75-3 mol% with respect to number of moles of the lithium-containing complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The portable collecting device contains lithium hydroxide solution and fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant includes water, ethylene glycol, dimethylformamide, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron is ferrous sulfate (preferred), ferrous titanate, iron carbonate or ferric chloride. The ferric chloride is ferric dichloride. The positive metal ion includes an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, and a divalent metal having an oxidation number of 2. The transition metal is silver having an oxidation number of 1. The alkaline earth metal is barium, calcium or strontium. The divalent metal is lead. The by-product obtained from the melting step is obtained by mixing lithium hydroxide and ferrous sulfate or ferrous carbonate with phosphoric acid to obtain lithium iron phosphate, lithium and water. The waste water solution is present in an amount of 1 wt.%. The heating step is performed at 100-200 degrees C or 40-90 degrees C. The metal hydroxide is present in liquid or solid form, and is silver hydroxide, lead hydroxide, barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or strontium hydroxide. The metal hydroxide has a concentration that is higher than or equal to that of lithium ion. A ratio of the lithium ion and the metal hydroxide is 1:1-3:1. Preferred Method: The precipitating step is performed at greater than or equal to 70 degrees C. The method further comprises performing distillation process on the filtrate for removing greater than or equal to 95% of the sulfate ion. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second component comprises nanocrystalline lithium titanate. A cathode of the first component comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese cobalt, or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum. An anode of the first component comprises graphite, carbon, or a combination of graphite and carbon. A cathode of the second component comprises lithium nickel manganese cobalt, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The detected malodor composition comprises 0.015-2 parts per million (ppm) ammonia, 0.0015-0.1 ppm acetaldehyde, 0.0010-0.1 ppm propionaldehyde, 0.00067-0.03 ppm butyraldehyde, 0.0001-0.006 ppm isovaleraldehyde, 0.00041-0.02 ppm n-valeraldehyde, 0.0041-2.7 ppm m-xylene, 0.02-2.9 ppm o-xylene, 0.009-3 ppm methyl isobutyl ketone, and 0.004-4 ppm isobutyl alcohol. Preferred Components: The air conditioner is vehicle air conditioner. The gas comprises ammonia, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, m-xylene, o-xylene, methyl isobutyl ketone and isobutyl alcohol. Preferred Method: The method involves measuring ammonia, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, m-xylene, o-xylene, methyl isobutyl ketone, and isobutyl alcohol. The analysis of the components is performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gas chromatography with atomic emission detector (GC/AED), gas chromatography/flame ionization detection/olfactometry (GC/FID/olfactometry) or HPLC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The detected fish-like odor composition comprises: 0.150-15.8 parts per million (ppm) ammonia, 0.0004-0.788 ppm acetaldehyde, 0.0001-0.1 ppm propionaldehyde, 0.000032-0.07 ppm triethylamine, 0.330-30 ppm toluene, 0.008-2.7 ppm m-xylene, 0.006-2.9 ppm o-xylene, 0.3-7 ppm methyl ethyl ketone and 0.017-3 ppm methyl isobutyl ketone. Preferred Components: The air conditioner is a vehicle air conditioner. The analysis of the components is performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gas chromatography with atomic emission detector (GC/AED), gas chromatography/flame ionization detection/olfactometry (GC/FID/olfactometry) or HPLC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum precursor is at least one of platinum(II) acetylacetonate, platinum chloride and platinum hexaacetylacetonate. Preferred Method: Th reduction heat treating is performed by heating the mixture in presence of inert gas, preferably at least one of nitrogen, helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and radon, at 210-280 degrees C, preferably 210-250 degrees C with a temperature increase of 3-4 degrees C/minute for 30-60 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anchoring agent has end thiol and amine groups, and is cysteamine. The carbon support is at least one of Ketjen black (RTM: Superconductive carbon black), carbon black, graphite, carbon, carbon nanotubes and carbon fiber. The solvent is at least one of dioctyl ether, ethylene glycol, 1-octadecene and benzyl ether. EXAMPLE - 20 mg Platinum(II) acetylacetonate, 10 ml 1-octadecene, 20 mg Vulcan XC72R (RTM: Carbon black) and 1 mg cysteamine were mixed at 120 degrees C for 20 minutes, raised to 230 degrees C at 3-4 degrees C/minute for 30 minutes, and dried at room temperature to obtain cubic platinum/carbon catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The amorphization process involves amorphizing the raw material by wet mechanical milling method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal foil has chemical film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive agent contains polyester urethane resin containing 2-pack-curing type polyester urethane resin having polyester resin as main ingredient and polyfunctional isocyanate compound as hardening agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixing process involves mixing metallic element (M) source which contains manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) in addition to the iron source, then ground. Preferred Components: The ratio of pyrolytic carbon source is 5-50 wt.% with respect to the total metallic element and iron element in the raw material mixture. Pyrolytic carbon source contains high molecular compound and/or hydroxy acid, where both has a decomposition temperature greater than or equal to 200 degrees C, preferably greater than or equal to 250 degrees C, below the calcination temperature. Preferred Parameters: Specific surface area of olivine type lithium transition metal composite oxide is greater than or equal to 9 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: High molecular compound is a polysaccharide, such as dextrin. Hydroxy acid is gallic acid. Preferred Parameters: Mean molecular weight of dextrin is 4000-100000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode further comprises an anode layer conductivity enhancing additive consisting of carbon blacks, finely divided graphite or metal powder non alloyed with lithium such as titanium and nickel powders.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine-free rubber-like binding agent comprises: saturated polyolefins and polyolefin copolymers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene terpolymers and polybutenes; unsaturated polymers (dienpolymers and diencopolymers) such as natural rubbers, butadiene rubbers, styrol-butadiene rubbers, polyisoprene rubbers and butyl rubbers (polyisobutylenisoprene rubber); and heteroelement-containing copolymers such as saturated copolymer rubbers including ethylene vinylacetate, hydrated nitrile-butadiene rubber, epichlorhydrines rubber, acrylate rubbers and silicon rubbers, and unsaturated copolymers such as nitrile rubbers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: When the negative electrode material is dispersed in pure water at pH of 5.6-6.1, the concentration of negative electrode material is 3.8 %mass. Preferred Property: The microcrystal size of c axial direction of the carbonaceous particles is 3.3-5.5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive material that forms the base material is an aluminum material, and the aluminum material that forms the base material has aluminum content lower than the aluminum content of the aluminum material that forms the surface layer. The current collector is a clad material. The positive electrode includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a spinel structure as a positive electrode active material, and the lithium transition metal composite oxide includes at least nickel and manganese as transition metal elements. Both the positive electrode and the negative electrode have a sheet form, and the electrode body is a wound electrode body obtained by winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface layer is disposed in a region on the surface of the base material to be an active material layer non-formed part, where the active material layer non-formed part does not includes an active material layer. The tensile strength of a material that forms the base material is larger by greater than or equal to 1 MPa than tensile strength of a material that forms the surface layer. The elongation of a material that forms the base material is larger by greater than or equal to 0.1% than elongation of a material that forms the surface layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer contains palladium, nickel, titanium, zirconium, palladium alloy with nickel, titanium, zirconium, silver, copper, cerium, yttrium and/or gold, nickel-niobium-zirconium alloy, vanadiuma-aluminuim alloy, or vanadium-nickel alloy. The carrier layer is made of sinter metal or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst solution comprises heteropoly acid, tungstic acid and acidic solution. The acidic solution is a mixed solution of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reformer fuel is chosen from methanol, formaldehyde and/or formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The apparent density of positive electrode lead paste and negative electrode lead paste is 4.35 plus minus 4.45 g/cm3 and 4.45-4.55 g/cm3, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of cation exchange membrane is 10-200 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A sulfonic acid group-containing compound of formula (II) and aromatic compound of formula: -(Ar2-Y'-Ar3)- are reacted, to obtain tetrasulfonated poly(arylenebiphenylsulfone)copolymer (I). Preferred Process: A solvent and toluene are added, dehydrated at 130-150 degrees C for 3-8 hours, and the reaction is carried out at 180-200 degrees C for 24-28 hours. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of sulfonic acid group-containing compound and aromatic compound is 1:9-9:1. The solvent is chosen from dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bipolar plate is made of an austenitic stainless steel or ferritic stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Dopant metal is magnesium and/or cobalt. Mole ratio of lithium, manganese, iron, and dopant metal ions combined to HxPO4 ions is given by (moles Li+(2x moles Mn)+(2x moles Fe)+(2x moles dopant metal)) is not equal to (3x moles HxPO4). Mole ratio of lithium ions to HxPO4 ions is 0.95-1.1, preferably 1.025-1.075, mole ratio of manganese ions to HxPO4 ions is 0.7-0.95, preferably 0.75-0.85, mole ratio of iron ions to HxPO4 ions is 0.049-0.349, preferably 0.15-0.25, mole ratio of dopant metal ions to HxPO4 ions is 0.005-0.1, preferably 0.02-0.06, and (moles Li+(2x moles Mn)+(2x moles Fe)+(2x moles dopant metal)) is (2.85-2.99x moles HxPO4), preferably (2.95-2.98x moles HxPO4), or (3.01-3.05x moles HxPO4). Preferred Definitions:    D=Mg and/or Co;    a+2b+2c+dv'=2.85-2.99 or 3.01-3.05;    a=0.95-1.1, preferably 1.025-1.075;    b=0.7-0.95, preferably 0.7-0.85;    c=0.049-0.349, preferably 0.1-0.3; and    d=0.005-0.1, preferably 0.02-0.06.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The third electrode comprises activated carbon. The electrolyte comprises a lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant is selected from silver, gold, bismuth, bromine, chlorine, copper, iodine, manganese, sodium, lead, and zinc. The shell is a Group IV-VI semiconductor material, where the Group IV-VI semiconductor is lead selenide (PbSe), antimony telluride (SbTe2), silver antimony telluride (AgSbTe2), PbSnxSe1-x, an alloy of lead telluride (PbTe), an alloy of PbSe, or other third chalcogenide. The third chalcogenide is selected from bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), antimony telluride (Sb2Te3), lead-selenium telluride (PbSeTe), lead telluride (PbTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cesium sulfide (CsS), lead sulfide (PbS), and PbSexS1-x. The Group IV-VI semiconductor is PbTe or PbSe (preferably PbTe). The dopant is silver or sodium. The dopant precursor is silver acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous multi-electron oxidant comprises halogens, halogen oxides, halogen oxoanions, and salts and acids of the halogen oxoanions. The halogen oxoanions comprise hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, hypobromite, bromite, perbromate, hypoiodite, iodite, iodate, and periodate. One of the halogen oxoanions is bromate. The counter cations comprise alkali metal cations, alkali earth metal cations, and organic cations. One of the counter cations is lithium and sodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The extra acid is phosphoric acid, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, 3-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, triflic acid, substituted sulfonic acid, substituted phosphonic acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, molecule comprising sulfonic moieties and phosphonic moieties, and an acid with an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of less than 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The hybrid ion battery consists of positive electrode active material layer (1) containing the positive electrode active material containing sodium-lithium-phosphate-containing crystal phase of formula: Na4xLixM3(PO4)2P2O7 (II), where x is 0-4 (excluding 4), negative electrode active material layer (2) containing lithium titanate as negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte layer (3) containing lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material is a lithium metal oxide compound of formulae (Li1+aA1-xC1xO2-b1Xb1) (I), (Li1+aAxB12-x-y1C1y1O4-b1Xb1) (II), (Li1+aA1-xC1x(Y1O4-b1Xb1)) (III), (Li1+aA2-xC1x(Y1O4-b1Xb1)3) (IV) or LiMPO4 (V).A = six coordinated transition metals;B1 = four coordinated transition metals;C1 = an alkaline earth metal including 3B group elements;X = 5B, 6B and 7B group elements;Y1 = four coordinated semi metals;M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu or Cr;a = -0.5 to 0.5;b1 = 0-0.1;x = 0-0.1, preferably 0-2; andy1 = 0-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The uncoated area is positioned adjacent to a first end of the assembly. The electrode assembly further comprises first, second and third curved portions and first, second and third coated portions. A first length of the first curved portion has a radius of curvature (R1) when pi R1 is less. An inflection point of the first curved portion is included to the first coating portion. A second length of the second curved portion has a radius of curvature (R2), when pi R2 is less. The second curved portion has an inflection point. A third length of the third curved portion has a radius of curvature (R3) when pi R3 is less. The third curved portion has an inflection point. The uncoated area is configured for formation of an electrode tap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A lithium metal is used during formation of film in manufacturing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 1,3-propane sultone and vinylene carbonate is 1-10 wt.% with respect to weight of the whole electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are complex oxide chosen from silicon, aluminum, tin, chromium, manganese, nickel, zinc, titanium, cobalt, indium, cadmium, bismuth, lead and vanadium. The content of inorganic particles in the active material is 0.1-50 wt.%. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the inorganic particles is 50-2000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable functional group comprises carbon-carbon double bond, vinyl group, acrylate group or methacrylate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating of mixture during the preparation of complex oxide is carried out at a temperature of 1050-1100 degrees C for 6-12 hours. Preparation of complex oxide further involves cooling the mixture and grinding the cooled mixture. The heating rate and cooling rate during the preparation of complex oxide are maintained at 2-5 degrees C/minute, respectively. Preferred Components: The complex oxide is ruthenium-tin oxide of formula: A2Ru1-ySnyO3 (III) or lithium-ruthenium-tin oxide of formula: Li2Ru1-y1Sny1O3 (IV). The precursor powders contain lithium precursor, tin precursor, sodium precursor, ruthenium precursor, iridium precursor, platinum precursor, tin precursor, and/or titanium precursor. The lithium precursor is lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, or lithium nitrate. The tin precursor is tin(II) oxalate, tin oxide, tin acetate, or tin diacetate. The sodium precursor is sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, or sodium nitrate. The ruthenium precursor is ruthenium metal powder or ruthenium oxide. The platinum precursor is platinum black or platinum(IV) oxide. The iridium precursor is metallic iridium powder or iridium oxide. The titanium precursor is titanium oxide, titanium powder, or titanyl nitrate.y1=0.1-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of silicon nanoparticles, a carbon source is further injected to the mixture, mixed, and heat-treated at 900-1200 degrees C. The mixing process involves wet grinding or dry grinding. Preferred Composition: The lithium source is lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide. The carbon source is chosen from graphite, pitch, urea and/or sucrose. Preferred Property: The silicon nanoparticles have particle diameter of 5-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The doped emitter layer is formed in or on a monocrystalline substrate. The highly doped diffusion regions in the device (d1) extend to a depth that is shallower than a thickness of the doped emitter portion. The device (d1) further comprises a passivation layer between the epitaxial layer and the conductive contacts. The conductive contacts include metal fingers corresponding to positions of the openings. The epitaxial layer includes single crystalline or polycrystalline material formed using a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process at less than 400 degrees C. The first and second emitters include a same dopant conductivity. The device (d2) further comprises highly doped diffusion regions formed in the first emitter and having a dopant concentration greater than other portions of the first emitter, where the highly doped diffusion regions correspond with locations of the openings in the patterned layer. The highly doped diffusion regions in the device (d2) extend to a depth that is shallower than a thickness of the first emitter. The patterned layer of the devices (d1) and (d2) includes at least one of a passivation layer and an anti-reflection coating. The metal fingers correspond with positions of the openings. The diffusion region has depth as great as 0.5 mu , as measured from an interface between the doped emitter layer and the epitaxial layer. The passivation layer has a thickness of 1-15 nm. The highly doped diffusion regions have a depth of as great as 0.5 mu , as measured from an interface between the first emitter and the second emitter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material is a lithium-excess lithium metal composite compound of formula: LiaNibCocMndM'yO2-xFx (I), where M' is tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, and chromium, a is 1.1-1.3 (excluding 1.3), b is 0-0.5 (excluding 0), c is 0-0.7 (excluding 0.7), d is 0.1-0.7 (excluding 0.1 and 0.7), x is 0-0.15 (excluding 0 and 0.15), and y is 0-0.1 (excluding 0.1). The cathode active material preferably comprises lithium-containing compound of formula: LiM"O2 (II) having rhombohedral phase and a monoclinic lithium-manganese oxide, where M" is nickel, cobalt and manganese. The content of cathode active material which is doped with element having multiple oxidation state, is 0.1 mol or less. The fluoro compound is lithium fluoride or ammonium fluoride. The content of cathode active material which is doped with fluoro compound, is 1-10 mol% per equivalent of lithium. Preferred Properties: The cathode active material has a press density of 2.5 g/cc or more. The synthesized transition metal compound has a pH of 10-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of zinc contained inside the active material is 35-42 %mass of zinc contained in the positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium complex oxide has compositional formula: Li(1+x)Ni0.5-0.25x-0.25p(Mn1.5-yM1y)-0.75x-0.75pM2pO(4-a) (y is 0-0.5). The lithium complex oxide has average primary particle diameter of 0.05-10 mu m. The calcination temperature is preferably 750-950 degrees C. The sintered material is washed after heating at 100-750 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Visible laser radiation is used in Raman scattering spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molten salt is a compound of formula: N(SO2X1)(SO2X2).MX1,X2=F or 1-8C fluoroalkyl;andM=organic cation containing alkali metal or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing atmosphere contains reductive gas or inert gas chosen from hydrogen, ammonia, and carbon monoxide. The reaction chamber consists of a separate container containing activated charcoal, tantalum, or molybdenum. Preferred Properties: The flow rate of reductive gas supplied during the manufacturing process is 1-1000 sccm. The half width of maximum peak obtained in X-ray diffraction pattern of the silicon oxide at an angle of 25-31 degrees is 1.5-2.5 degrees . The silicon oxide has grain size of 0.2-5 nm, and G-value of 2.0015-2.0055, when measured using electron-spin resonance spectral device. Preferred Process: The heat-treatment process is carried out at a temperature of 800-1000 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.9-1.5;and    y=0.7-0.98.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon particles has average particle diameter of 0.1-30 mu m, comprises tin, zirconium, manganese, nickel, iron, calcium, cerium, lanthanum, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, lead, bismuth, arsenic, germanium, lead, zinc, cadmium, indium, titanium, copper, bismuth, molybdenum and silicon alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An etching liquid used during manufacture of separation film is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separation film comprises fluoropolymer, polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, linear-low-density polyethylene, ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide, polyethylene naphthalate, polysulfone, cellulose acetate and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic-oxide powder has a specific surface area of less than 30 m2/g, preferably less than 15 m2/g, a moisture content, measured after drying at 100 degrees C for 4 hours, of less than 3%, preferably less than 0.1%, and a sphericity index of more than 0.8. The ceramic oxide powder comprises: greater than 90 wt.%, preferably greater than 95 wt.%, of a content of SiO2+Al2O3+ZrO2; greater than 87 wt.%, preferably greater than 89 wt.% of a SiO2 content; 0.2-8 wt.%, preferably 2-6 wt.% of a Al2O3 content; 1-8 wt.%, preferably 3-6 wt.% of ZrO2 content; and/or less than 4 wt.%, preferably less than 2 wt.% of a content of other ceramic oxides, where less than 10 wt.% of the silica oxide powder is crystallized. The ceramic oxide powder has a particle size distribution of less than 10 mu m, preferably less than 5 mu m (D(99.5)), less than 8 mu m, preferably less than 2 mu m (D90), and/or less than 2 mu m, preferably less than 0.5 mu m (D50), where (D90-D10)/D50 is less than 10, preferably 5. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: less than 0.05 wt.% of aluminum oxide; greater than 99.8 wt.% of silicon dioxide; greater than 99.8 wt.% of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and zirconium dioxide; and less than 0.15 wt.% of other ceramic oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode active substance is at least one kind selected from LiMn2O4, MnO2, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and Li2MnO3-LiRO2 solid solution, where R represents nickel or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte of the fuel cell is made from Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The collector has elastic elongation of 1.5% or more, preferably. Preferred Definitions:    x=27-100;    y=0-73;and    z=0-58.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfate radical is 0.08-1.5 wt.% with respect to total weight of active material and sulfate radical. The positive electrode active material has operating potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium, and is lithium-transition metal composite oxide having spinel structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfone compound is sulfolane, dimethyl sulfone and/or ethylmethyl sulfone. The non-aqueous electrolysis solvent contains fluorinated ether of formula: R5-O-R4.R4,R5=alkyl or fluorinated alkyl, and at least one is fluorinated alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium metal phosphate is preferably of formula: Li1+aFe1-xM'(PO4-b)Xb (II), where M' is aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, titanium, gallium, copper, vanadium, niobium, zirconium, indium, zinc and/or cerium. The lithium iron phosphate has olivine crystal structure. The lithium-containing phosphorus oxide comprises particles (P1) containing flocculated particles (P2). The content of amorphous carbon with respect to total content of negative active material is 2-5 wt.%. The amorphous carbon is hard carbon and/or soft carbon. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter particles (P1) and (P2) is 1-300 nm and 4-30 nm, respectively. The thickness of amorphous carbon coated on the particles (P1) and (P2) is 0.1-10 nm and 0.1-20 nm, respectively. The average particle diameter of the amorphous carbon is 5-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic slurry comprises inorganic material chosen from cobalt oxide, ferric oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese oxide, MOx', MOOH, LizMebM"cPO4, and AaM'mXxOoSsNnFf, where M is iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese or aluminum, x is 1 or more, A is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium, M' is transition metal chosen from boron, aluminum, gallium and indium, X is phosphorus, arsenic, silicon, germanium, selenium, tellurium or carbon, a, m, x, o, s, n, and f are 0 or more, M" is iron, nickel, cobalt or manganese, Me is calcium, titanium, sulfur, magnesium or carbon, and z, b and c is 0 or more. The weight ratio of precursor liquid or slurry stream and supercritical liquid is 1:02-1:50.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material causing blockage is ( gamma )-ferric oxide. The material (A) is urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemically active anode material contains electrochemically inactive phase. The electrochemically active anode material is free of crystalline grains of size of 10 nm or more. The electrochemically inactive phase is free of crystalline grains of size of 40 nm or more. The electrochemically active anode material comprises transition metal, alloy and tin or carbon. The electrochemically active phase does not contain oxygen, sulfur, and halogen. Preferred Property: The electrochemically active phase and the electrochemically inactive phase are amorphous and share one common phase boundary. The electrochemically active anode material is amorphous and has form of powder and thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electricity is stored in the lithium ion storage battery of the hybrid vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:The electrolyte futher comprises 0.01-10 wt.% of an organic additive, 0.01-10 wt.% of an inorganic additive, and 0.01-10 wt.% of an anionic additive. The alkaline salts include aluminum chloride, potassium chloride and sodium chloride, and are present in an amount of 0.01-10 wt.%. The organic additive comprises tetramethyl-ammonium chloride. The inorganic additive comprises barium chloride, ammonium chloride, lead chloride, tin (II) chloride, manganese (II) chloride, lithium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, and hydrogen chloride. The anionic additive comprises heptachlorodialuminate. The lithium-based metal oxide includes a lithium compound of formula (LixMy1O2), (LiMn2-x1Mex1O) or (Lix2My2PO4).M = NiaMnbCoc;a, b = 0-0.9;c = 0-0.5;a + b + c = 0.85-1.05;x + y1 = 2;x = 0.95-1.15;x1 = 0-0.5;Me = cobalt, nickel, iron, aluminum, vanadium, chromium, copper, titanium, magnesium, molybdenum and tungsten;M = iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, magnesium, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, niobium, boron or gallium; andx2 = 0.05-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is lithium chloride, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate or ithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adsorption amount of ion conductive phase on the support phase is 0.015-0.060 g/cm3, preferably 0.035-0.050 g/cm3. The electrospun fiber film is polystyrene electrospun fiber film, polyphenylene oxide electrospun fiber film, polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun fiber film, poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) electrospun fiber film, poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) electrospun fiber film or mixture of polystyrene and polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun fiber film. The polymer is polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or polyphosphazine. The molar ratio of lithium ions complexed with polymer and ethylene oxide structural unit in polyethylene oxide is 1:8-20, preferably 1:8-12. An organic solvent chosen from acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and methylene dichloride is added during preparation of polymer electrolyte. The content of polymer electrolyte in the battery is 1-5 G/Ah.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layered lithium complex oxide is of formula: Li(1+x)M1(1-x-p)M2pO(2-a) (I). The spinel-type lithium complex oxide is of formula: Li(y+z)M1(2-z-q)M2qO(4-b) (II). The mass ratio of core and shell is (9.9:0.1)-(6:4).M1=Mn, Ni, Co, Mg, Fe, Al or Cr;M2=B, P, Pb, Sb, Pi, Si or V;x=0-0.5;y=1-2;z=0-0.2;anda,b,p,q=0-1.Preferred Process: The lithium complex oxides (A) and (B) are obtained by drying and baking a slurry, which is obtained by pulverize-mixing a solvent containing lithium source. After applying compressive force and shear force, the lithium complex oxide (B) is further added to the mixture and compressive force and shear force are applied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The equivalence ratio of the isocyanate group of the polyfunctional isocyanate compound with respect to the hydroxyl group of the polyolefin resin is 1.8-9.0. Preferred Process: The polyolefin resin is modified polyolefin resin obtained by graft-polymerizing an ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid or its acid anhydride to homopolymer of propylene, or copolymer of propylene and ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acrylic copolymer has a functional group including hydroxylgroup, carboxyl group, cyanide group and amine group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous base material comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyaryletherketone, polyetherimide, polyamide-imide, polybenzimidazole, polyethersulfone, poly(phenylene oxide), cyclic olefin copolymer, and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive metal oxide comprises one of titania suboxide (TiO2-x), tungsten dioxide, strontium ruthenate, chromium dioxide, molybdenum dioxide, rhodium dioxide, technetium dioxide, rhenium dioxide, and iridium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The compression pressure applied with respect to surface direction of the laminated cell is preferably 200-400 N/cm2. The carbonaceous material is obtained by electrochemically-reacting negative electrode and lithium metal (6). Preferred Component: The electrical storage device has a positive electrode (1) containing the carbonaceous material, a negative electrode (4) containing the carbonaceous material capable of occluding and desorbing lithium ions, and an organic electrolyte containing lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base part and the cover includes metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base part and the cover includes composite plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average particle size of the inorganic filler is 0-1 mu m. The average particle size of the inorganic filler is not less than 0.01 mu m. The average particle size of the inorganic filler is 0.2-0.7 mu m. The average thickness of the separator is 0-30 mu m. The average thickness of the separator 15-30 mu m. The average thickness of the porous heat resistance layer is 3-15 mu m. The average thickness of the porous heat resistance layer is not less than 5 mu m. Air permeability of the separator is 50-1000 seconds/100 ml. Preferred Components: The porous heat resistance layer is formed on a surface of the separator. The inorganic filler includes at least one of alumina and alumina hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The separator is formed of at least one of polyethylene resin and polypropylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises a material comprising lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoxNi1-xO2), lithium cobalt nickel manganate (LiCoxNiyMn(1-x-y)), and/or lithium manganate. The nitrogen-containing compound comprises inorganic nitrates, organic nitrates, nitro compounds, and amine compounds. The anode comprises lithium metal, lithium foil, lithium deposited onto a substrate and/or lithium alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing material comprises: a functional group comprising nitro and amine, and the functional group attached to a carbon chain having 8-25 carbon atoms; and a nitrogen group attached to an insoluble material comprising a cation, a monomer, an oligomer and a polymer. The electrolyte comprises the nitro additive, and 4-20% of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic porous particles are made of zeolite, anodic oxidation alumina, porous alumina, porous titania, porous zirconia, porous carbon, and porous silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic membrane is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene resin or polyurethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing gas comprises ammonia and hydrogen. The ammonia containing material includes liquid anhydrous ammonia, ammonia-related compound consisting of ammonium carbamate, ammonium carbonate, urea and guanidine, a metal ammine salt complex having an alkali earth or transition metal. The compound comprises calcium chloride, strontium chloride, and magnesium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cutter blade comprises tungsten carbide and/or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particles contained in slurry have average granularity of 10-200 mu m. The slurry composition has viscosity of 10000 cps. Preferred Composition: The carbon compound powder contains graphite, pitch-type carbon fiber, activated charcoal and/or amorphous carbon, and has maximum diameter of 5-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic organic solvent is toluene, xylene, N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and/or dimethyl acetate. The dispersing agent comprises non-ionic surfactant, silicone antifoaming agent and/or silicone-based surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder resin comprises perfluoro polymer, benzimidazole group polymer, polyimide group polymer, polyetherimide group polymer, polyphenylenesulfide group polymer, polysulfone group polymer, polyether sulfone group polymer, polyether ketone group polymer, polyether-ether ketone polymer and/or polyquinoxaline polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The manganese oxide layer is formed by secondary particles, where the secondary particle comprises aggregated manganese oxide, and the layer is provided with continuous recesses and projections formed by the secondary particles. The secondary particles forms 4 or more projections on surface of the manganese oxide layer per 10 mu m length. The aggregated manganese oxide is in form acicular. The ratio of manganese oxide particle and acicular is 1:3-1:100. The substrate is aluminum, aluminum alloy, carbon coated aluminum or carbon. The manganese oxide is manganese dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium sulfide. The weight of the lithium compound is 1-20% with respect to weight of positive electrode active material. The weight of the electroconductive material is 1-200 pts. wt., when the weight of nitroxyl compound is 100 pts. wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the artificial graphite (A) and the carbon material (B) is 8:2-2:8. The content of coating layer is 0.05-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass artificial graphite as a core material. Preferred Properties: The intensity-ratio (Id/Ig) of the peak intensity (Id) which is 1300-1400 cm-1 and peak intensity (Ig), which is 1580-1620 cm-1, measured with Raman spectroscopy, is 0.1 or more. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of the artificial graphite (A) is 0.5-5 m2/g. The density of negative electrode portion other than current collector foil is 1.1-1.6 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode material comprises organic compound chosen from petroleum-based pitch, coal-based pitch, phenol resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, furan resin, cellulosic resin, polystyrene resin, polyimide resin, and epoxy resin. The carbon material (B) is hard carbon and/or non reinforcing carbon black. The propylene carbonate is contained in the non-aqueous solvent used for the non-aqueous electrolyte solution and/or non-aqueous polymer electrolyte using non-aqueous electrolyte solution and/or non-aqueous polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first filter body is made of tungsten oxide and zirconium oxide. The second filter body comprises aluminum hexaaluminate. The fixed base is made of or coated with barium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic salt comprises lithium salt chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(fluorosulfuryl) imide, bis(oxalate-O,O')lithium borate and difluoro bis(oxalate-O,O')lithium phosphate. The concentration of lithium salt is 0.3-2.5 M with respect to content of nonaqueous solvent. The electrical storage device comprises active material of positive electrode which is a lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate containing manganese, cobalt, nickel, iron, or complex metal oxides of lithium containing cobalt, manganese and nickel, and active material of negative electrode containing carbon material which can discharge lithium metal, lithium alloy and lithium, tin, a tin compound, silicon, a silicon compound and a lithium-titanate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, cyclic carbonate containing fluorine atom, and cyclic carbonate containing unsaturated bond. The cyclic carbonate containing fluorine atom is chosen from 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one and trans or cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. The cyclic carbonate having unsaturated bond is chosen from vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and 4-ethynyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. The asymmetrical linear carbonate is chosen from methylethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methylbutyl carbonate and ethylpropyl carbonate. The symmetrical linear carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate and dibutyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The underframe material is chosen from carbon, boron nitride, silicon, titanium oxide, copper, transition metal, transition metal oxides, 3d transition metal oxides, nitrides, silicides, carbides, silicon oxides, silica, p-doped silica, n-doped silica, p-doped silica, titanium nitride, silicon carbide and titanium carbide. The active analyzer is chosen from gold, platinum, manganese oxide, cupric iron, beta - manganese oxide, platinum, rhodium, lithium iron oxide, iron oxide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide and titanium oxide. Preferred Process: The underframe includes nanofiber, stacked cup structure and aerogel, and the underframe is doped with boron, nitrogen or phosphor. The cathode includes an oxygen absorber. Preferred Property: The diameter of the active catalyzer particles is 1-250 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biocide includes chlorine, bromine, biguanide salts, peroxy compounds, ozone, quaternary ammonium compounds, silver ions, and/or silver nanoparticles. The salt comprises a cation including sodium, potassium, lithium, cesium, rubidium and/or ammonium, and an anion including azide, bromide, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, fluoride, iodide, hydrogen carbonate, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, selenide, thiocyanate, thiosulphate, acetate and/or formate, sodium bromide, sodium chlorate, sodium iodide, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium formate, sodium perchlorate, potassium carbonate, potassium formate, potassium acetate, potassium fluoride, potassium iodide, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrate, potassium thiosulfate, potassium thiocyanate, lithium nitrate, lithium nitrite, lithium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, ammonium iodide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium thiosulfate and/or ammonium thiocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The curable composition comprises 2.5-70 wt.% of cross linker comprising acrylamide groups, 20-65 wt.% of curable ionic compound comprising ethylenically unsaturated group and anionic group, 5-45 wt.% of solvent, and 0-10 wt.% of free radical initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode includes titanium, platinum, platinum plated titanium, cladded titanium and platinum, nickel and/or stainless steel. The ammonium nitrate has concentration of 0.1-5 mol/l. The ammonium halide has concentration of 1 mol/l or less. The ammonium halide is ammonium chloride. Preferred Properties: The electrolytic cell has pH of 6-9. The nickel hydroxide has average particle diameter of 3-200 mu m, and specific surface area of 10-200 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorine resin is a resin containing perfluoro sulfonyl fluoride groups. The resin containing perfluoro sulfonyl fluoride groups is prepared by subjecting perfluoro sulfonyl vinyl ether, tetrafluoroethylene ethylene hexafluoropropylene and perfluoro sulfonyl monomer or vinyl ethers, alkyl vinyl ethers and tetrafluoroethylene to radical polymerization in presence of dispersant, solvent and initiator. The fluorine resin has ion exchange capacity of 0.10-0.45 mmol/g and melt flow index of 5-50 g/10 minutes at 372 degrees C. In the step (c), heat melting temperature is 200-400 degrees C. The biaxial stretching is performed at 180-350 degrees C and at a rate of 20 m/minute for multiples of 1-500, where time interval during each biaxially oriented stretching process is 1-60 seconds. In the step (c), the heating is performed at 260-380 degrees C for 20-80 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution of lead-acid battery contains 0.03-0.28 mol/L sodium ions. The amount of tin contained in the coating layer is 0.2-10 %mass, preferably 3-7 %mass. The coating layer further contains 0.2-10 %mass antimony. The amount of antimony contained in the coating layer is preferably 3-7 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoropolymer is vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer or vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer. In the electrolyte membrane, a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) is formed in the backbone of the molecular chain of the fluoropolymer. The low molecular weight basic compound is a heterocyclic compound having a nitrogen atom in the ring of the heterocyclic compound. The acidic group bound to the low molecular weight polymerizable proton conductor is a phosphonic acidic group or a sulfonic acidic group. The low molecular weight polymerizable proton conductor is vinyl phosphonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, or 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid. The crosslinking agent has at least one radical-polymerizable functional group consisting of an acrylic group, a methacrylic group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, a methallyl group, a phenylvinyl group, a vinylether group, an acrylate group, and a methacrylate group. Preferred Method: The second crosslinking is performed by applying an electron beam, UV light, gamma rays, and heat to the precipitate. The polymerization and the second crosslinking are performed simultaneously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The CNSs consist of 1 or 2 layers. The CNSs are formed on a transparent conducting substrate. Preferred Parameters: The hybrid nanomembrane is free-standing in liquid. The sheet shape of the hybrid nanomembrane is maintained at the liquid/air interface. The free-standing hybrid nanomembrane has an electrochemical capacitance of 60-200 F/g at 10 mV/s at potential of - 0.2-0.8 V, a mechanical strength of 120-150 MPa, a modulus of 8-18 GPa, and a thickness of 60-120 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The concentration of Fe(III)PTS in the oxidant solution is 6-20 wt.% based on the weight of butanol. Preferred Conditions: The alcohol is evaporated at 40-60 degrees C. The polymerization is carried out at 60 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The hybrid nanomembrane contains 30-90 wt.% conducting polymer. The conducting polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyethylene, or polythiophene, preferably ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT). Preferred Processes: The hybrid nanomembrane is rinsed to remove unreacted oxidants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt comprises: a cation including sodium, potassium, lithium, cesium, rubidium and/or ammonium; an anion including azide, bromide, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, fluoride, iodide, hydrogen carbonate, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, acetate and/or formate; and sodium bromide, sodium chlorate, sodium iodide, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium formate, sodium perchlorate, potassium carbonate, potassium formate, potassium acetate, potassium fluoride, potassium iodide, potassium nitrite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium thiocyanate, lithium nitrate, lithium nitrite, lithium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, ammonium iodide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium thiosulfate and/or ammonium thiocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode further comprises positive electrode active material containing lithium manganate of formula: LiMn2-xM2xO4, where M2 is element chosen from magnesium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, iron and boron, x is 0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles having manganese(II,III) oxide surface, are nanoparticles having diameter of 10-50 nm, preferably manganese(II,III) oxide nanoparticles, nanoparticles having manganese(II) oxide core and manganese(II,III) oxide shell, or nanoparticles with hollow core and manganese(II,III) oxide shell. The metal salt is platinum salt, palladium salt, iridium salt, ruthenium salt or rhodium salt, and the metal salt solution is tetrachloroplatinate, tetrachloropalladate, platinum(II), palladium (II), iridium(III) chloride, ruthenium(III) chloride or rhodium(III) chloride solution. The metal nanocrystals have diameter of 1-3 nm. The metal complex is nanoparticles having diameter of 10-100 nm. Preferred Method: The galvanic substitution reaction is performed at 50-100 degrees C for 0.5-12 hours. The metal complex reduces electrochemical surface area of less than 10% by repeatedly varying electrode voltage of 0.6-1.1 V at rate of 50 mV/second in oxygen saturated 0.1 M perchloric acid solution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal ultra-thin layer is made of iron, carbon, chrome, manganese nickel, aluminum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner resin layer is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene-propylene copolymer and polypropylene-butylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The formulation includes an enteric coated shell which dissolves at the pH of the small intestine. ACTIVITY - Immunosuppressive.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of the formulation is by nebulized inhalant, topical in the form of powder or parenteral route (claimed). No dosage details given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding a metal-containing compound to the manganese compound. The hest treating step is carried out at a temperature of 920-940 degrees C under an oxygen atmosphere for 5-10 hours. The crushing step is carried out at a speed of 3000-4000 revolution per minute. Preferred Components: The solvent is water. The manganese compound comprises manganese(II) sulfate, manganese(II) nitrate, manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate and manganese(II) chloride. The metal comprises aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten, and bismuth. The lithium manganese oxide has a press density of more than 3.2 g/cm3 in a compression pressure of 200 MPa, and particle destructive strength of greater than or equal to 40 N/m2. An air gap aspect ratio in the particle cross section of the lithium manganese oxide is less than or equal to 5%. The lithium compound comprises lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium sulfate (Li2SO4), dilithium dioxido(oxo)manganese (Li2MnO3), lithium zirconate (LiScO2), lithium yttrium oxide (LiYO2), lithium zirconate (Li2ZrO3), lithium hafnate (Li2HfO3), lithium aluminate (LiAlO2), lithium aluminate (LiAl5O8), lithium gallium oxide (LiGaO2), lithium lanthanum oxide (LiLaO2), lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3), lithium silicon oxide (Li4SiO4), lithium germanium oxide (Li2GeO3) and lithium acetate anhydrous (LiCH3CO2). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactant sample includes 0.01-0.5 M sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The derivatized reagent comprises phenylhydrazine and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite coating layer further contains a halogen-metal element having coupling structures (Li-M-X, Li-M-m, or Li-M-X-m, where X is halogen chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, and m is metal oxide or metal carbonate). The inorganic compound contained in the cathode active material is lithium salt or ammonium salt. The secondary coating precursor is an organic compound, or an oxide or carbonate of aluminum, barium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zirconium, zinc, or strontium, preferably aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, or aluminum dimethoxy anisole. The amount of halogen (X) and metal (m) contained in the composite coating layer is 0.01-1 wt.% and 0.01-0.5 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material further contains primary coating precursor and secondary coating precursor. The primary coating precursor is polyvinylidene difluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene), polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, preferably polyvinylidene difluoride. The amount of composite coating layer contained in the cathode active material is 60-100% with respect to the surface area of the lithium transition-metal oxide. The weight ratio of primary coating precursor with respect to secondary coating precursor used during the manufacture of cathode active material is 2:3-5:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains lithium salt and non-aqueous solvent. The lithium salt is chosen from lithium methanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium trifluoroacetate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium chloro borane, and 4-phenyl-lithium borate. The non-aqueous solvent contains 1-80 wt.% cyclic carbonate and 20-99 wt.% chain carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate. The chain carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and methyl propionate. The amount of electrolyte used during the manufacturing process is 120-140%. Preferred Property: The viscosity of the electrolyte is 0.1-5 cps, preferably 0.1-4 cps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The volume of the chamber is 2 times or more than the volume of the electrode assembly. The viscosity of the electrolyte is 1-4 cps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The solid electrolyte glass-ceramic of ionic conductivity of 1x 10-3 S/cm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte glass comprises composition of formula: LaMbPcSdXe, where L is an alkali metal, M is element(s) chosen from boron, aluminum, silicon, germanium, arsenic, selenium, tin, antimony, tellurium, lead and bismuth, X is halogen elements chosen from iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine, a is 0-12 (excluding 0), b is 0-0.2, c is 1, d and e are 0-9 (excluding 0). The solid electrolyte glass is manufactured using alkali-metal sulfide, 1-5 mol% lithium sulfite, sulfur-containing compound of formula: M'mSn and halo-containing compound of formula: M"wXy, where M' is boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus or germanium, M" is lithium, sodium, boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, arsenic, selenium, tin, antimony, tellurium, lead and bismuth, w is 1-2, m, n, and y are 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material has a polyanion structure containing lithium complex oxide (LiaMmXObFc, where M is 1 or more types of transition metals, X is boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten, a is 0-3, m is 0-2, b is 2-4, and c is 0-1). The lithium complex oxide is a phosphoric acid compound. The phosphoric acid compound is lithium-iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material has a polyanion structure containing lithium complex oxide (LiaMmXObFc, where M is 1 or more types of transition metals, X is boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten, a is 0-3, m is 0-2, b is 2-4, and c is 0-1). The lithium complex oxide is a phosphoric acid compound. The phosphoric acid compound is lithium-iron phosphate. The solid electrolyte contained in the secondary battery is a sulfide solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is chosen from polymer containing hydroxyl group in a molecular structure such as cellulose derivative, chitin, chitosan, alginate and polyvinyl alcohol having polymerization degree of less than 1000, polysulfone, poly ether imide, polyvinyl alcohol having polymerization degree of more than 1000, poly imide, poly vinylidene fluoride, poly acrylo nitrile, poly ethylene oxide, poly ethylene, poly propylene and poly ethylene terephthalate. The functional material is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol-type having polymerization degree of more than 1000, water-soluble poly ethylene oxide-type, poly vinylidene fluoride-type, water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester polyol-type, poly acrylo nitrile-type and poly methyl methacrylate-type, preferably fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol having saponification degree of 98-99% or partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol having saponification degree of 85-89%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support material and the coating material are made of aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor is group III nitride, preferably gallium nitride. The material is metal oxide, preferably titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first material is made of a thermoplastic plastic material i.e. polypropylene. The second material is made of the thermoplastic plastic material e.g. polyamide or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group I alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The group II metal hydroxide is magnesium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The airtight casing is formed from transition metal(s) and serves as hydride holding component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metallic-element supply component is stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrical storage apparatus comprises a positive electrode active material containing composite metal oxide of formula: LiCopNiqMnrO2, where p+q+r is 1, p is more than 0 and less than 1, q and r are 0-1 (excluding 1), as a positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The population of nanoparticles is monodisperse. The molar ratio of platinum and copper in the nanoparticles is 0.5:1-3:1, as determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The electrode further comprises a carbonaceous support. Preferred Method: The platinum is galvanically deposited at 25-90 degrees C. The porous copper support is disposed on a surface in contact with a solution comprising a platinum-containing species during the step (a). The surface comprising the porous copper support is: rotated during the step (a) to induce a laminar flow of the solution towards and across the surface during the step (a); and maintained in contact with the solution comprising the platinum-containing species for a period of time to form the platinum-copper precursor catalyst, where a molar ratio of platinum and copper in the platinum-copper precursor catalyst is 0.5:1-3:1, as determined by ICP-MS. The method further comprises etching a copper-aluminum alloy to form the porous copper support. The copper-aluminum alloy comprises 10-50 atomic% of copper and 50-90 atomic% of aluminum. The porous copper support has a specific surface area of 8-40 m2/g, as measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The helmet also has heat absorbent sheet made from aluminum or copper or other phase change material capable of easily absorbing and dissipating heat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal ion salt is aluminum, magnesium, calcium, cerium, tin, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt, and/or zinc ion salt mixture. The salt is nitrate, sulfate, chloride, or oxalate. The alkali is 10-30% sodium hydroxide solution or 10-30% sodium carbonate solution, preferably 20% sodium carbonate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains non-graphite-type carbon material and graphite-type carbon material, and has volume-based average particle diameter of 1-50 mu m measured by laser diffraction method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thickener solution contains solvent which is water. The method further involves adding binder liquid to mixture of thickener solution and dispersoid. The dispersoid further contains conductive support agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder liquid contains styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile- butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-acrylate copolymer, polyacrylonitrile and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The compound-material layer is made from a compound-material ink containing amphoteric resin-type dispersing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of graphite particles and carbon black contained in the electroconductive primer composition is 1-40 wt.% and 60-99 wt.%, respectively, with respect to 100 wt.% of sum of total amount of graphite particles and carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microporous carbon material has Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of 2000 m2/g or more. The microporous carbon material comprises nanographene sheet of size of 0.34-2 nm. The microporous carbon material has regular pore structure. The microporous carbon material is zeolite casting molded carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal contains silicon oxide of formula: SiOx (I), where x is 0-2. The inorganic oxide contained in the layer (A) is chosen from alumina, titanium oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, potassium oxide, and lead oxide. The alkali metal is lithium or sodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the layer (A) is 0.1 mu m or more. Preferred Component: The layer (A) contains binder of inorganic oxide, and polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyethylene, glass, polypropylene, tetrafluoroethylene polymer, perfluoroalkoxy alkane, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, or ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semimetal is chosen from silicon, tin, aluminum, lead, bismuth, arsenic, germanium, lead, zinc, cadmium, indium, titanium, and gallium, and their alloy, and comprises oxide of tin oxide, tin dioxide and silicon dioxide. The carbon material comprises crystalline carbon and/or amorphous carbon. The content of carbon material is 0.05-30 wt.%. Preferred Property: The core has diameter of 0.05-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder is made of the polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-chloro trifluoro ethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, poly acrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinylalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, carboxylmethylcellulose, acrylonitrile styrene butadiene copolymer and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gases: are separated from natural gas and comprise at least one of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and helium; and comprises volatile organic compounds, mixture of carbon dioxide and at least one of hydrogen, flue gas and natural gas, mixture of olefins and paraffins or iso and normal paraffins; mixture of gases comprising nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane, hydrogen and methane or carbon monoxide, or helium and methane or a mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen, methane or argon in ammonia purge gas streams. The volatile organic compounds are toluene, xylene or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane comprises many repeating units of fluoro-carbon compounds of formula ((-C(F)(CF3)-CH2-)n-(CF2-CH2-)m-) (I).n, m = 100-20000.The copolymer comprises 70-90 mol.% or 30-70 mol.% 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene-based structural units and 10-30 mol.% or 30-70 mol.% vinylidene fluoride-based structural units. The membrane further comprises structural units derived from hexafluoropropene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The trough filter or substrate comprises portion selected from the group consisting of cordierite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, aluminum titanate, eucryptite, mullite, calcium aluminate, zirconium phosphate, and spodumene. The after treatment system comprises ammonia slip catalyst substrate or lean nitrogen oxide trap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is of formula: Lia(MxMn2-x-yAy)(O4-wZw).x=0.4-1.2;y= 0 or more;x+y=less than 2;a=0-1.2;w=0-1;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr or Cu;A=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K or Ca;andZ=F or Cl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The FSI anion is derived from lithium bis(fluorosulfuryl) imide. The electrolyte further contains cyclic sulfonate ester, preferably cyclic disulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phenyl group-containing compound (I) is 1,1-diphenylethylene. The 0.05-5 wt.% phenyl group-containing compound (I) is mixed in organic electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The proportion of activated carbon to metal oxide is 20:1. The metal oxide is chosen from ruthenium oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide and stannic oxide. Preferred Properties: The activated carbon has surface area of 250 square meters per gram or more. The sheet of separator material has 60% or more porosity and has maximum pore size of 20 mu m. The electrolyte has strength of 0.65 molar or more. The material of separator sheet has capacity to withstand attack of acid of 5% or more strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive carbon powder is partially covered using nanoparticles and/or thin film of metal oxide chosen from tin oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide and zirconium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    M=Mn, Ni, Co or Fe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium manganese complex oxide particle further comprises lithium-manganese-oxide (xLi2MnO3-((1-x)LiNiaMnbCocM1-a-b-c)O2), where x is 0-1, a is 0-0.7, b is 0-0.7, c is 0-0.5, a+b+c is equals to 1, M is iron, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, tungsten and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Positive electrode active material contains lithium-transition metal composite oxide which (1+( alpha ))/(1-( alpha )) is 0-1.5, preferably 1.25-1.45. Gross mass of nonaqueous electrolyte contains less than or equal to 5 mass%, preferably greater than or equal to 0.01 mass% cyclic sulfone acid compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardly-graphitized carbon material contains carbonized material of azulminic acid. Preferred Process: The manufacture of carbon material further involves immersing graphite in a liquid mixture containing azulminic acid and organic acid, removing a liquid from the liquid mixture and obtaining the composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid contains formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkali metal salt is represented by formula MX.M=alkali metal;X=Cl, Br, I, BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, ClO4, CF3CO2, AsF6, SbF6, AlCl4, N(CF3SO2)2, N(CF3CF2SO2)2, PF3(C2F5)3, N(FSO2)2, N(FSO2)(CF3SO2), N(CF3CF2SO2)2, N(C2F4S2O4), N(C3F6S2O4), N(CN)2, N(CF3SO2)(CF3CO), C(CF3SO2)3, R1FBF3, or R2BF3;R1F=n-CmF2m+1;m=1-4;R2=n-CpH2p+1; andp=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crystallized glass is formed of combination of niobium pentoxide, magnesium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, vanadium oxide, chromia, cupric oxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic material of negative electrode active material is formed of silicon, stannum or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass powder contains 98 atomic% or more lithium, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen. The atomic ratio of lithium, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen is 2-4:1:1-2.95:0.05-3. The raw material used during the manufacture of solid electrolyte glass powder contains lithium sulfide, phosphorus sulfide, and phosphorus pentoxide in the molar ratio of 60-90:0-30:0.1-40. Preferred Properties: The area ratio of peak having a center in the separated 420 cm-1, 406 cm-1, and 385 cm-1 vicinity is 50-100%, 0-25%, and 0-30%, respectively. The standard deviation of area ratio of peak having a center in the separated 420 cm-1, 406 cm-1, and 385 cm-1 vicinity is less than 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thioether nitrile compound has ether bond(s) and cyano group bonded with an aliphatic group, and does not contain an aromatic group. The thioether nitrile compound is contained in an electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cumulative volume diameter ratio is preferably 0.29-0.47. Preferred Composition: The powder further contains particles of another material. The content of graphite particles with respect to the total amount of graphite particles and particles of other material is 50 vol.% or more. The graphite particles contain graphite nucleus, and a coating layer provided on the surface of nucleus and containing carbon as main component. The coating layer contains nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, or transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium of lithium carbonate, and transition metal element is 1.1 mol times or more. Preferred Process: The manufacture of positive electrode active material includes the process of washing the co-precipitation compound. Preferred Properties: The pH of liquid mixture is 7-12, when mixing sulfate salt and potassium carbonate. The positive electrode active material has specific surface area of 2-15 m2/g, and amount of free alkali of 2 mol% or less, with respect to 1 mol lithium of positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The lower limit of oxidation-reduction potential of redox shuttle agent is more than the upper limit of the charge voltage of a prescribed non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery. Oxidation-reduction potential of redox shuttle agent is 4.2-4.4 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Addition amount of redox shuttle agent is carried out less than or equal to 2.5 A/96500 (mol). Redox shuttle agent is biphenyl or biphenyl derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conduction material is lithium metal. The electrode is negative electrode. The solid electrolyte contains lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-containing compound of formula: LiaMbPcSd (I), where M is boron, zinc, silicon, copper, gallium or germanium, and a:b:c:d is 12:0-0.2:1:2-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Particle of solid electrolyte is crystal of formula Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3, crystal of formula Li0.5-3yLa0.5+yTiO3, and/or crystal of formula Li7La3Zr2O12. The 1st solid electrolyte layer and 2nd solid electrolyte layer comprise glass-type solid electrolyte containing lithium. Glass-type solid electrolyte containing lithium is lithium phosphate oxynitride glass. Active material of sintered oxide that forms positive electrode is lithium nickel manganese complex oxide. Active material of sintered oxide that forms negative electrode is lithium titanium complex oxide.x=0-2; andy=0-1.6.Preferred Processes: The 1st solid electrolyte layer and 2nd solid electrolyte layer are formed on positive electrode and negative electrode by gaseous-phase synthesis method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode: The battery has an electrode, which is a positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The desalting device comprises a shell. The heat exchanger, a gas-liquid separator, a connecting pipeline and a control system are respectively disposed in the shell. The control system comprise orderly connected with a conductivity meter, an electromagnetic valve, a relay, a contactor and an air switch. The heat exchanger comprises a condensation section. The condensation section is set in the upper part and lower part of the shell. The jar set is provided with hot water tubes of the cooling water tube and flue-gas heat exchanger. The seawater desalting device is connected to the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger adopts a cantilevered plate detachable design, which is titanium plate. The upper cooling water tube of the diesel generator jar set is provided with a cooling water circulation pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Processes: Wastewater organic matter MFC anodic oxidation produces proton with water, and electron and oxygen combines to generate water when flown to anoxic unit and reaches MBR aerobic unit which eliminates easy oxidation of MFC anode and power-generating microorganism activity feedback inhibition. MFC anodic oxidation residual organic matter with flowing water passes through anoxic unit and reaches MBR aerobic unit for aerobic demineralization. Anoxic unit performs nitrification and denitrification reaction and MBR membrane module effectively intercepts nitrification and denitrification bacteria resulting to good system degassing effect. Membrane module of oxygen unit in MFC anode which is also called electrically conductive microfiltration membrane provides electrostatic repulsion between MBR membrane surface and membrane surface pollutant which effectively relieves membrane pollution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell holder is made of material selected from group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas used during the pyrolysis of precursor is hydrogen-containing gas. The carrier gas used during the preparation of pyrolytic-hard charcoal material is inert gas, nitrogen gas, or carbon dioxide. The hydrogen-containing gas contains hydrogen, ammonia, alkane, olefin, or alkyne gas. The amount of active gas used during the preparation of pyrolytic-hard charcoal material is 1-10%. Preferred Properties: The minimum radius size of the sheet material maintained in the form of two-dimensional plane with respect to thickness is more than 100:1. The pore size of micropores and mesopores contained in the pyrolytic-hard charcoal material is less than 1 nm and 2-20 nm, respectively. The sheet material preferably has an average thickness of 2-50 nm and a geometric surface area of 10-1000 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid vapor of hydrogen-containing gas contains water vapor, acetone vapor, or ethanol vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The precursor of hard charcoal is synthesized-resin containing carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen, or carbohydrate. The carbohydrate is monosaccharide or polysaccharide. The carbohydrate is preferably glucose, sucrose, fructose, cellulose, or starch. The synthesized-resin is thermosetting-resin, or crosslinked product of thermoplastic-resin containing oxygen-containing crosslinking agent. The synthesized-resin contains phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester, polyurethane, or products obtained after crosslinking of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride using oxygen-containing crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The nickel-hydride storage battery contains hydrogen storage alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition:    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy comprises magnesium, nickel, aluminum and lanthanide chosen from element of group 3 and group 4 of periodic table. The molar ratio of magnesium is 0.01-0.5 with respect to total of magnesium and lanthanide. The molar ratio of nickel is 1.6-4 with respect to the total of lanthanide and magnesium. The molar ratio of aluminum is 0.01-0.3 with respect to the total of lanthanide and magnesium. The hydrogen storage alloy contains the element (M) chosen from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, copper, gallium, zinc, tin, indium, copper, silicon, phosphorus and boron. The molar ratio of element (M) is 0.01-0.8 with respect to the total of lanthanide and magnesium. The element Method enables manufacture of further contains cobalt. The molar ratio of cobalt is 0.25-0.75 with respect to the total of lanthanide and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fiber contains a polyolefin resin. Preferred Property: The thickness of composite layer and water-repellent layer is each 1-25 mu m. Each polymer (A and B) contains particles having average particle diameter of 0.1-15 mu m, BET specific surface area of 2.5-20 m2/g, and maximum particle size of 25 mu m or less. The separator has sulfonation degree of 1.9-3.6x 10-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is a metal-type oxidizing agent. The content of particles (A) is 1-100 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass carbon particles (B). The element which releases lithium ion is chosen from silicon, tin, germanium, aluminum and indium. The carbon particles (B) are graphite particles or carbonaceous particles. The content of carbonaceous layer is 0.05-10 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass graphite particles. Preferred Properties: The ratio of intensity of the peak in the range of 1300-1400cm-1 measured with Raman spectroscopy, and the intensity of the peak in the range of 1580-1620cm-1, is 0.1 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material comprises organic substance chosen from glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, cellulose, and glycogen. The content of the organic substance adhered is 0.05-50 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass particles (A) and carbon particle (B). The particles (A) and carbon particles (B) are connected using chemical bond chosen from a urethane bond, a urea-bond, a siloxane bond, and an ester bond. Preferred Process: The oxidizing agent is removed from carbon particles using inorganic acid or base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The negative electrode active material is obtained by mixing a carbonaceous material and composition (I). Preferred Properties: The electrode layer preferably has elongation ( delta ) of 1.53-1.57%. The elastic elongation of electrical power collector is 1.30% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains resin having elasticity modulus of 1-7.40 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode comprises an electrical power collector and an electrode layer comprising the negative electrode active material arranged on surface of electrical power collector, a conductive support agent and a binder. The content of alloy in the negative electrode active material is preferably 50-70%. The alloy is of formula: SixSny'MzAa (I), where M is vanadium, aluminum, carbon and/or tin, A is unavoidable impurities, x is 30-50 %mass (excluding 30 %mass and 50 %mass), y' is 0-45 %mass (excluding 0 %mass and 45 %mass), and z is 0-43 %mass (excluding 0 %mass and 43 %mass), a is 0-0.5 %mass (excluding 0 %mass and 0.5 %mass), and x+y+z+a is 100. The weight ratio of silicon, tin and aluminum is 60:35:5. The negative electrode active material is obtained by mixing a carbonaceous material and alloy. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the alloy is smaller than the average particle diameter of carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The elastic elongation of electrical power collector is preferably 1.5% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of the alloy composition in the negative electrode active material is 3-70%, preferably 50-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide, and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the secondary battery positive electrode active material is 48-80 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surfactant is chosen from sulfonate-type, sulfuric ester salt-type, ether carboxylate-type, amino acid-type, phosphate ester salt-type, betaine-type and sulfobetaine-type. The addition amount of surfactant with respect to water quantity is 0.5-3 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The inner layer of reactor is made of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, quartz, alumina, silicon carbide, Nucerite 7040 (Pfaudler) (RTM: ceramic metal composite), Nitraglass 6510 (Pfaudler) (RTM: glass), and silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material is activated using base chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide, and has surface area of more than 1000 m2/g. The carbonaceous material is purified using acid chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The carbonaceous material is sintered in a gas environment chosen from nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. The reactor component of the reactor is made of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten and/or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises thermally-stable ionic liquid, lithium salt and aprotic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material is chosen from coal, polyacrylonitrile, resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, Ketjen (RTM: carbon black), aerogel, coconut, bamboo, plant-derived carbon, carbon nanotube, graphene, acetylene black and Super P (RTM: conductive carbon black).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: Silver dense layer (32) having porosity of less than 20%, is formed between silver sintering layer and semiconductor element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The components are dispersed in a solvent chosen from water and hydrophilic solvent. Preferred Components: The conductive material is chosen from carbon black (4) and fibrous carbon material (5). The carbon black is conductive carbon black, and the fibrous carbon material is chosen from carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber. The electrode material is cathode material or anode material. The cathode material is lithium-containing metal compound, which is olivine-type lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound (2). The anode material contains graphite or titanium, preferably titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface layer-forming material is organic substance, preferably saccharides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Plasma source is hydrogen argon plasma source, nitrogen plasma source, oxygen plasma source, helium plasma source, hydrogen plasma source, water vapor plasma source, and/or air plasma source. Plasma is low pressure low temperature plasma, high pressure low temperature one plasma, and atmospheric pressure low temperature plasma.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Concentration of vinylbenzyl ammonium chloride powder aqueous solution is 10-80 wt.%. Solvent is tetrahydrofuran, toluene, dimethylbenzene, thiophene, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfoxide, and/or methylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Polymer powder is polyether sulfone, polyarylsulfone, polyether ketone, polyether-ether-ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and/or polyimide. Preferred Parameter: Particle diameter of polymer particle is less than or equal to 200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The separator comprises glass fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material comprises lithium. The elongated conducting particles comprise carbon. The elongated particles of the cathode comprise at least one of carbon fibers, or carbon nanotubes. The active material of the cathode comprises one of: (a) LiM1M'O2 (where M1 is one of Co, Ni, or Mn and M' is one of Co, Ni, Mn, Al, Fe, or other metal); (b) LiM''Ox (where M'' is one of V, Mn, Ti, or W and x is one of 1, 2, or 3); or (c) LiM2Sx (where M2 is one of Ti, or Mo and x is one of 2 or 3). The active material of the cathode comprises LiCoO2. The anode comprises one of: a carbon comprising material or lithium alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moieties comprise ethylene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid polymer matrix comprises one of: a thermoplastic, or a thermoset. The rigid polymer matrix comprises a high molecular weight polyvinylidene fluoride. The moieties comprise an ion conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The collector has elastic elongation of 1.5% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The current collector has elastic elongation of 1.3% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrode layer has elongation of 1.4-1.7%, preferably 1.53-1.57%. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further contains carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains resin having Young's modulus of more than 1 GPa to less than 7.40 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is silicon-zinc-containing alloy of formula: SixZnyMzAa, where M is vanadium, A is unavoidable impurity, x is 33-50, y is 0-46 (excluding 0), z is 21-67, a is 0-0.5 (excluding 0.5), and x+y+z+a is 100. The binder contains resin having elasticity modulus (E) of 1-7.4 GPa (excluding 1 and 7.4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is chosen from polyimide, polyamidoimide, and polyamide. Preferred Property: The elasticity modulus (E) of resin is preferably 3.3-3.73. Preferred Component: The negative electrode consists of electrical power collector, and electrode layer containing negative electrode active material, conductive support agent, and binder, which are arranged on surface of electrical power collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrode layer has elongation of 1.53-1.57%. The elastic elongation of electrical power collector is 1.3% or more. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains mixture of carbonaceous material and active material having compositional formula: SixZnyMzAn, where M is vanadium, tin, aluminum or carbon, preferably vanadium, A is unavoidable impurity, x-z are more than 0 and less than 100 and x+y+z+a is 100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The electrode layer contains a binder containing resin having elasticity modulus of more than 1 GPa and less than 7.4 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active substance further contains carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder contains resin having elasticity modulus of less more than 1-more than 7.40 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery includes lithium, and the block of the reception module includes aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first and second metal tubes comprise stainless steel or nickel chromium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises grinding the mixture after the calcination step. The heating step is carried out at 200-600 degrees C for 1-15 hours. The calcination step is carried out at 700-1000 degrees C for 5-30 hours. Preferred Components: The cathode active material has a press density of 2.3-2.7 g/cc. The cathode active material has a structure of formulae (Li1+xM1-xO2) and (Li(Liy(NiaCobMnc)z)O2). A stoichiometric ratio of the lithium-containing compound and the transition-metal compound 1.3-1.7:1.M = Co, Ni, Mn, Zr, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, or Cu;a-c = 0-1; andx, y, z = 0-1, where the sum of y and z is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas-tight, oxygen ion-conductive material of the electrolyte layer includes doped zirconium oxide comprising 6.5 wt.% of more doped zirconia, lanthanum strontium gallates and/or manganates, and samarium, gadolinium and/or terbium doped cerium oxides or their mixtures. The material of the intermediate portion and the end portions includes less than 3 wt.% of doped zirconium dioxides, forsterite, alumina, alumina-zirconia mixtures, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide and glass mixtures, zinc oxide, and their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal material comprises ethylene propylene diene (monomer) rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During supplying predetermined amount of consumer with hydrogen, the mixture is contacted with metallic catalyst. The metallic catalyst contains palladium, nickel, platinum, iridium, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, copper, gold, rhenium and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymeric film or the polymeric fibers or the fibrous nonwoven of polymeric fibers are coated on one or both sides with an ion-conducting inorganic material comprising alumina and zirconium oxide. The material used for the coating is a compound selected from the group consisting of oxides, phosphates, sulfates, titanates, silicates and aluminosilicates of one of the elements zircon, aluminum, silicon or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film or fibers are comprised of polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacrylonitrile polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyamide and polyether. The separator consists of a transmissive carrier substance with organic material comprising polymer preferably selected from polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microparticles contain titanium dioxide, alumina, or boehmite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-soluble resin or water-dispersible resin contains carboxymethylcellulose or acrylic resin. The polyethylene-type resin contains a copolymer of ethylene and ( alpha )-olefins. Preferred Properties: The temperature of the polyethylene-type resin is 135 degrees C or less, when the heat-absorption amount of the resin reaches 50% of the crystal melting heat amount. The mass mean molecular weight of the copolymer of ethylene and ( alpha )-olefins is 1x 104-7x 106.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent resin is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the mass (S) of the sulfuric acid of the electrolyte solution with respect to the mass (P) of the active material of the positive electrode plate is 0.67 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The redox flow secondary battery further has an electrolyte solution containing vanadium as positive electrode electrolyte solution and negative electrode electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ion exchange resin layer comprises an ion exchange resin composition mainly comprising a fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer having a structure of formula: -(CF2CX1X2)a-(CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4))g- (I). The ion exchange resin layer contains perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin having a structure of formula: -(CF2CF2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)m-X'4))g- (II) as a fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer.X1-X3=halo or 1-3C perfluoroalkyl;X4=COOZ, SO3Z, PO3Z2, or PO3HZ;Z=H, alkali-metal atom, alkaline-earth metal atom, NH4, NH3R'1, NH2R'1R'2, NHR'1R'2R'3, or NR'1R'2R'3R'4;R'1-R'4=alkyl or arene;R1,R2=halo, 1-10C perfluoroalkyl, or fluorochloro alkyl;a=0-1 (excluding 1);g=0-1 (excluding 0);a+g=1;b=0-8;c=0 or 1;d,e,f=0-6, where d, e, and f are not 0 simultaneously;m=1-6;andX'4=SO3H.Preferred Properties: The microporous film has tensile elasticity modulus of 200 N/cm or less. The ion exchange resin layer has equilibrium moisture content of 5-80 %mass. The fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer has equivalent mass of 300-1300 g/eq which is number of dry-mass grams per 1 equivalent of ion exchange groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The separating film contains phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The laminate is a rubber material chosen from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), butyl rubber (IIR), ethylene propylene rubber (EPM, EPDM), chloro-sulfonated polyethylene rubber (CSM), acrylic rubber (ACM, ANM), fluoro rubber (FPM), silicone rubber (MQ, MVQ, MPVQ, MFQ), ethylene-acrylonitrile rubber (NEM), epichlorohydrin rubber (CO, ECO) and urethane rubber (AU, EU).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium metal composite compound is of formula (Li1+aNixCoyMnzO2) (I). (I) has a mixed structure of a rhombohedral lithium metal oxide compound of formula (LiMO2), and a monoclinic Li2MnO3, and comprises greater than 20% of Li2MnO3. The length of the c-axis in the cathode active material is 14.241-14.2429 Angstrom . The fluoro compound is lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, copper(II) fluoride, cadmium fluoride, iron(II) fluoride, manganese(II) fluoride, magnesium fluoride, nickel(II) fluoride, lead fluoride, tin(II) fluoride, strontium fluoride, xenon difluoride, zinc fluoride, aluminum fluoride, boron trifluoride, bismuth trifluoride, cerium fluoride, chromium(III) fluoride, iron(III) fluoride, indium(III) fluoride, lanthanum fluoride, manganese(III) fluoride, neodymium fluoride, vanadium(V) oxytrifluoride, yttrium fluoride, cerium(IV) fluoride, germanium tetrafluoride, hafnium fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, tin(IV) fluoride, titanium(IV) fluoride, vanadium(IV) fluoride, zirconium fluoride, vanadium(V) fluoride, niobium fluoride, antimony pentafluoride, tantalum fluoride, bismuth pentafluoride, molybdenum hexafluoride, rhenium hexafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, tungsten hexafluoride and/or ammonium fluoride. The cathode active material is doped with the fluoro compound at 0.02-0.06 mole. The transition metal compound precursor is synthesized at a pH of 10-12.M = Ni, Co and/or Mn;a = 0.1-1; andx+y+z = 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nanofiber is chosen from poly-aramid, meta-aramid, cellulosic fiber, and/or polyacrylate. Preferred Properties: The nanofiber and microfiber have an average maximum width of less than 1000 nm and more than 3000 nm, respectively. The battery separator has mean flow pore size of less than 800 nm, and thickness of less than 250 microns, preferably less than 100 microns. The microfiber has length of more then than 0.5 mm. The single layer of separator has thermal shrinkage of less than 10% at 160 degrees C for 1 hour along both machine direction and cross direction. The separator has a thermal shrinkage of less than 6% at 240 degrees C for 1 hour along both machine direction and cross direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The conductor storage material: has a conductivity of greater than or equal to 0.1 Siemens/cm, where an average pore diameter of the pores of the conductor storage material is 10-200 nm, and the average pore diameter of the pores of the conductor storage material is greater than an average pore diameter of pores between primary particles of the catalyst; has a spherical or a tubular form; and is at least one of carbon fiber or ordered mesoporous carbon having a diameter of 300-5000 nm, or a tubular carbon fiber having a diameter of 300-5000 nm and a length of 500-15000 nm. In the catalyst layer, the conductor storage material is present at 5-50 pts. wt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode further comprises a conductor disposed in the catalyst layer, where the conductor is at least one of phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, phosphorous acid, pyrophosphoric acid, tripolyphosphoric acid, tetrapolyphosphoric acid, trimetaphosphoric acid or phosphoric anhydride, or their derivatives. The catalyst comprises at least one element comprising platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, a platinum-palladium alloy, a platinum-ruthenium alloy, a platinum-iridium alloy, a platinum-osmium alloy, or a platinum-M1 alloy, where M1 is at least one of gallium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, zinc, tin, molybdenum, tungsten or rhodium. The electrode is a positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer: has a thickness of 10-100 mu m; further includes a binder comprising at least one of a fluorinated polymer, a benzimidazole polymer, polyimide, polyether imide, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyether-ether ketone, or polyphenylquinoxaline; and further comprises a carbonaceous support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises exposing the compound (C1) to fluoride or carbon to fluorinate or carbonate at least a portion of the lithium oxide. Preferred Components: The compound (C1): comprises lithium oxide containing silicon-tin compounds of formula ((Sn1-xSix):aLi2O+cSn1-ySiy):bLi2O) or ((Sn1-xSix):aLi2O), preferably lithium oxide containing tin compounds (Sn:Li2O, Sn:2Li2O or Sn:3Li2O), or lithium oxide containing silicon-tin compounds (SiSn:3Li2O); and is single phase or multi-phase. The formed compound is passivated.x, y = 0-1;a, b = 1-3; andc = greater than 0 and less than 1.. EXAMPLE - 1 g Of tin(II) fluoride was combined with 0.093 g stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP), where the materials were weighed and premixed in an argon filled glove box, and the premixing was done with a soft brush to avoid initiating any reaction on contact. After premixing, the materials were loaded into a 50 ml stainless steel ball mill jar along with 10 mm stainless steel balls (4 g each). The jars were sealed inside the glove box and transferred to planetary ball mill. The materials were ball milled at 400 rpm for 10 minutes, where there was a one-minute pause for every two minutes to allow heat to dissipate. After ball milling, the jar was returned to the glove box and unsealed. The resulting dark gray powder was sieved through a 200-mesh screen to obtain a reacted material, which was used as a diluter material. Then 2 g of tin(II) fluoride was combined with 0.21 g SLMP and the reacted composite material. The obtained mixture was then ball milled, returned to the glove box and sieved through a 200-mesh screen to obtain the compound containing tin nano-dispersed in a lithium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The densities of linear-polyethylene layers (11, 12) are 918-940 kg/m3 and 865-917 kg/m3, respectively. The density difference between linear-polyethylene layers (11, 12) is 10 kg/m3 or more. The linear-polyethylene layer (11) is high fluidity low-density linear-polyethylene layer, and linear-polyethylene layer (12) is low fluidity low-density linear-polyethylene layer. The melt flow rates of linear-polyethylene layers (11, 12) are 5-30 g/10 minutes, and 0.7-6 g/10 minutes, respectively. The melt flow rate difference between linear-polyethylene layers (11, 12) is 1 g/10 minutes or more. Preferred Composition: The linear-polyethylene layer (12) contains crosslinked resin, crosslinked by the electron beam irradiated from linear-polyethylene layer (11) side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive auxiliary is carbon-type powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent other than water" is methanol, ethanol, a propanol, isopropanol, acetone, a dimethylformamide and/or dimethylacetamide. The binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene system, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer type, styrene-butadiene copolymer type, a polyacrylic acid ester system, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose and polyimide type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyaromatic hydrocarbon resin and resin (R) are polyarylether, polyarylsulfone, polyaromatic ketone, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybenzimidazole, polyvinyl pyridine and/or polyphenyl quinoxaline. Preferred Properties: The porous membrane has thickness of 20-500 micro m, aperture size of 0.05-10 micro m and porosity of 10-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A mixture of the main component, the additional elements and the unavoidable impurities is heated at temperature of less than 200 degrees C, preferably 100-200 degrees C for 1 minutes to 20 hours. The rolled foil has a thickness of less than 20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode or cathode chamber comprises carbon felt, carbon cloth, carbon paper, a carbon brush, activated carbon, graphite, stainless steel plate, a stainless steel net, titanium plate or titanium net. The polluted soil is soil polluted by heavy metal pollution contaminants, organic pollution or acid contamination. The method utilizes membrane comprising a proton exchange membrane, cation exchange membrane, ultra-filtration membrane, micro-filter membrane, perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin film, glass fiber film or polycarbonate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Electrode mixture layer contains 0.1-20 mass% vinylidene fluoride polymer. Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 0.001-10 mass% isocyanate compound of formula (1). Preferred Definitions:    n=0 or 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of transition metal element (X) in the aqueous solution of sulfate (A) is 0.1-3 mol/kg. The concentration of carbonate (B) in the aqueous solution of carbonate (B) is 0.1-2 mol/kg. The phosphate aqueous solution is chosen from phosphoric acid, dihydrogen ammonium phosphate, and diammonium hydrogenphosphate. The ratio of total number-of-moles of phosphate with respect to total number-of-moles of transition metal element in the co-precipitation compound is 0.01-10 mol%. The ratio of total number-of-moles of lithium in lithium carbonate with respect to total number-of-moles of transition metal element in precursor compound is 1.1 times or more. The transition metal element further contains phosphorus. The positive electrode active material is a compound of formula: Li1+aPbNicCodMneO2+f (I), where a is 0.1-0.6, b is 0.001-0.1, c is 0.1-0.5, d is 0-0.3, e is 0.2-0.9, c+d+e is 0.9-1.05, and f is valence of lithium, phosphorus, nickel, cobalt and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxidation is carried out at 40-60 degrees C by preferably adjusting pH of slurry of cobalt hydroxide-coated nickel hydroxide powder to 2.5-13.5 at 25 degrees C. The amount of cobalt is maintained to coating 0.2-0.45 l/minute. mol, and oxygen supply time is 2.5-4 hours per unit time. Preferred Property: The ratio (D'/(( rho )/(dx v))) of distance (D' cm) between supply position of aqueous alkali solution and supply position of aqueous cobalt salt solution, and ratio (( rho )/(dx v)) of supply rate ( rho ) of cobalt salt aqueous solution, to the product of the flow rate (v) of the suspension solution and supply width (d) of cobalt salt aqueous solution, is 0.5x 105 cm3/mol or more. Preferred Composition: The peeling quantity of coating when 20 g coated nickel-hydroxide powder is shaken in airtight container for 1 hour is 20 %mass or less with respect to total coating volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metalloid alkoxide is alkoxyborane. The stoichiometric silicon:boron ratio of the siloxy resin is 500:1-1:100. The metalloid oxide is of formula (B(OR1)3) (I), (B(R2)(OR1)2) (II), (B(R2)2(OR1)) (II), or (IV)-(VI). The silane is of formula (SiH4) (VII), (SiH3(R2)) (VIII), (SiH2(R2)2) (IX), (SiH(R2)3) (X), (Si(R2)2(R2a)-O-SiH(R2)2) (XI), (HSi(R2)2-O-SiH(R2)2) (XII), or (XIII)-(XVIII).R1 = alkyl or aryl, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl;R2, R2a, R2b = 1-20C-aliphatic group, cycloaliphatic, arylaliphatic group (all optionally substituted with heteroatoms such as O or S, or methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, allyl, methallyl, benzyl, morpholyl or methylthioethyl), aryl, allylic group, hydrocarbyl aliphatic, where 1-20C-aliphatic group, cycloaliphatic group, aryl, allylic group in R2a and R2b are linear or branched;a = 1-8;b = 1-10000; andc = 0-15000, where the sum of b and c is 2-20000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process comprises reacting: the silane with the alkaline in the presence of the Lewis acid; the silane and the transition metal in the presence of the Lewis acid; or the silane and the metalloid alkoxide in the presence of the Lewis acid. The siloxy resin is ternary crosslinked or crosslinked in a network. The reaction is conducted at room temperature. In the method, no product purification steps are required, and the products are directly applied to fabrication processes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly(amidoamine)-crosslinked polyimide is of formulae (I) and (II). The polymer membrane comprises a N'-methyl-4-methylsulfonyl-phthalamide compound of formula (III). The membrane has a higher selectivity than the polyimide membrane before being crosslinked with the poly(amidoamine) dendrimer.PAMAM = 3-((3-amino-3-oxo-propyl)amino)propanamide group of formula (S1);A = divalent group of formulae (S2)-(S5); andn = 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte is solid electrolyte containing alkali metal-containing composition (LaMbPcSdXeOf, where L is alkali metal, M is boron, aluminum, silicon, germanium, arsenide, selenium, antimony, tellurium, lead and/or bismuth, X is iodine, chlorine, bromine and/or iron, a is more than 0 and 12 or less, b is more than 0 and 0.2 or less, c is 1, d, e and f are more than 0 and 9 or less). The solid electrolyte is solid electrolyte obtained using alkali-metal sulfide (A), tin compound (M'mSn, where M' is lithium, sodium, boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus and/or germanium, and m and n are 1-10) (B), fluorine-containing compound (M''wXx, where M" is lithium, sodium, boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, germanium, sulfur, arsenide, selenium, tin, antimony, tellurium, lead and/or bismuth, w is 1 or 2, and x is 1-10) (C). The alkali-metal sulfide (A) is lithium sulfide. The tin compound (B) is phosphorus pentasulfide. The fluorine-containing compound (C) is lithium bromide or phosphorus tribromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal porous layer is made of nickel, chromium, tin, titanium, cobalt, and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The compound which has a sulfonic acid group is polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shielding and contact element is made of aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fire extinguisher is 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-methylpentan-3-one.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is polypropylene resin, polyethylene resin, polyamide resin or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin. The resin is coated with an aluminum film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The pressing process is carried out under pressure of 1-1000 kgf/cm2. Preferred Composition: The carbon-precursor binder is chosen from coal-based pitch, petroleum-based pitch, ethylene heavy-ends tar, anthracene oil, creosote oil, and fluid catalytic cracking decanting oil. Preferred Properties: The graphite powder has sphericity of 1-2 and the integrating particle diameter in a volume-based 50% integrating particle size distribution of particle size of 5-50 mu m, ratio of volume-based 10% integrating particle size distribution of particle size, and volume-based 90% integrating particle size distribution of particle size of 2-16, and nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 1-4 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery cell is made of lithium ion secondary battery or the lithium-ion polymer secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphoric acid system comprises 8-12 mol/l phosphoric acid, ethanol mixed solution, where the film is soaked in the phosphoric acid system at 60-130 degrees C for 20-40 hours. The aprotic polar solvent is metacresol, N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) or N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). The dianhydride monomer is pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) or 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA). The sulfonated diamine monomer is 4,4'-oxydianiline-2,2'-disulfonic acid (ODADS), 2,2'-benzidinedisulfonic acid (BDSA), 2,4-diamino-phenoxy ethyl sulfonic acid (DAPPS), 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl-3,3'-disulfonic acid (BAPBDS) or 2,5-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-benzenesulfonic acid (BAPBS). The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring diamine monomer is 2-(3-amino-phenyl)-5-amino-pyrimidine (APPA), 2-(3-amino-phenyl)-5-(5-aminophenyl) pyrimidine (APPRA), 2-(3-amino-phenyl)-5-(3-amino-pyridin-yl) pyridine (APBPA), 3-(3-amino-phenyl)-5-(4-aminomethyl-phenyl)-1,2,3-triazole (ABTA) or 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-bis(3-aminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazole (MPTDA). The high temperature polyimide proton exchange film has a stretching strength of 50-106 MPa and proton conductivity at 120 degrees C of 10-6 to 10-3 S/cm. Preferred Method: The polyimide material is soaked in phosphoric acid (2-3 times) and cured at 60-130 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active material comprises molybdenum selenide (Mo9Se11). The negative electrode contains magnesium metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Nanofiber contains a continuous matrix of ceramic material. Separator has ceramic material and polymer material. Nanofiber is a nanocomposite nanofiber consisting of greater than or equal to 2 materials. Nanocomposite nanofiber contains greater than or equal to 2 ceramic materials, or a polymer material and a ceramic material. Nanocomposite nanofiber contains 1st ceramic material as core material and 2nd ceramic material as sheath material. The sheath material is at least partially surrounding the core material. Nanofiber has a mesoporous ceramic matrix. Preferred Parameters: Ceramic materials and/or polymer materials are coaxially layered. Ceramic material(s) and polymer material(s) form an integrated nanofiber matrix. Nanofiber is mesoporous. Porosity of nanofiber mat is greater than or equal to 10%. The nanofiber mat is greater than or equal to 50% by weight ceramic material. Nanofiber has an average diameter of less than or equal to 1 mu m, preferably 100 nm-1 mu m, or 200 nm-1 mu m. Nanofiber has an average aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 100, preferably greater than or equal to 10000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Ceramic materials are silica, alumina, zirconia, beryllia, ceria, titania, barium titanate, and/or strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Polymer material is polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyalkeneoxide such as polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide, polyalkylene such as polyethylene or polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), or polyacrylate such as polyacrylic acid or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum, magnesium, zinc, titanium, zirconium, bismuth, lanthanum or cerium. The carbon material is carbon black, carbon nano tube, nano carbon fiber and/or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The power supply unit is direct current power supply, unipolar pulsed power or bipolar pulsed power.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or sodium nitrate. The catalyst has average particle size of 1-50 nm. The platinum-silver alloy catalyst has core-shell structure or particle-on-particle structure. The catalyst comprises 3-30 wt.% platinum and 70-97 wt.% silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The distance between the platinum electrode and the silver electrode is 0.5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate or polyethyleneimine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Movable contact and static contact are made of silver-copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrode active material layer is formed at film-forming rate of 10-100 nm/hour, by high frequency magnetron sputtering process. Preferred Composition: The inert gas consists of argon having pressure of 1-3 Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises 0.10-80 ppb of hexanal, 0.10-11 ppb of ethyl-2-methylbutyrate, 0.05-70 ppb of heptanal, 0.10-13 ppb of octanal, 0.10-14 ppb of decanal, 0.40-42 ppb of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 0.30-30 ppb of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 0.28-32 ppb of decane, 1-103 ppb of 2-butoxyethanol, 0.23-27 ppb of ethylbenzene, 0.03-5 ppb of heptane, 0.07-9 ppb of 2-methylpentane and 0.42-46 ppb of n-undecane. Preferred Components: The gas comprises the compound. The concentration of the compound is measured. Preferred Method: The analysis of the components is performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with atomic emission detector, gas chromatography/flame ionization detection/olfactometry or HPLC. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: 61.129 ppm of hexanal; 49.900 ppm of ethyl-2-methylbutyrate; 53.618 ppm of heptanal; 47.755 ppm of octanal; 39.154 ppm of decanal; 53.671 ppm of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene; 76.224 ppm of 1-methoxy-2-propanol; 38.309 ppm of decane; 57.052 ppm of 2-butoxyethanol; 61.185 ppm of ethylbenzene; 50.965 ppm of heptane; 56.576 ppm of 2-methylpentane; and 35.349 ppm of n-undecane.
Preferred Definitions:    M=Nb or Ru;    c=0.02-0.03;    b=0.9-0.98;and    a=1.9-2.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode contains lithium transition-metal-type compound of formulae Li(LiaMxMn2-x-a)O4+delta (i), Lix'M1yM2zO2-delta' (ii), and/or alpha Li2MO3.(1- alpha )LiM'O2 (iii). Negative electrode contains negative electrode active material which consists of greater than or equal to 1 graphite particles.a, z=0-0.3;x=0.4-1.1;delta =- 0.5-0.5;M=Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, and/or Cu;x'=1-1.3;y=0-1;delta '=- 0.1-0.1;M1=Ni, Co, and/or Mn;M2=Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, Ga, Bi, Sn, B, P, Zn, Mg, Ge, Nb, W, Ta, Be, Al, Ca, Sc and/or Zr;alpha =0-1; andM'=metallic element with average oxidation number of +3 in which greater than or equal to 1 metallic element M has average oxidation number of +4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Fluorinated cyclic carbonate of formula (1) is 4-fluoroethylene carbonate or 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate. Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains fluorinated linear carbonate of formula R2-O-C(=O)-O-R3 (2), preferably trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate. Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate of formula (3), preferably ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate. Total amount of compounds of formulae (1)-(3) in non-aqueous solvent is greater than or equal to 50 vol.%. Amount of fluorinated linear carbonate of formula (2) in non-aqueous solvent is greater than or equal to 40 vol.%.R2=hydrocarbon containing greater than or equal to 1 F and may have a substituent;R3=hydrocarbon which may have a substituent; andR4=hydrocarbon which may have H or substituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal foil is comprised of alloys of two or more of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium, aluminum, gold, and combinations thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material comprises lithium and a metal chosen from nickel, manganese and cobalt, preferably chosen from lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nitrogen dioxide, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium manganese trioxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide of formula: LiNixCo1-xO2, where x is between 0 and 1, lithium nickel manganese oxide of formula: LiNixMn1-xO2, and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide of formula: LiNix'MnyCo1-x'-yO2, where x' and y are more than 0 and sum of x' and y is less than 1. The content of graphene with respect to the active material layer is less than 5.3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The olivine structure is a layered-olivine structure. A particle size of the lithium-rich anode material is 1-15 mu m. The soluble M1 salt is at least one of a nitrate (preferred), sulfate, acetate and chloride. The soluble lithium salt is at least one of lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate and lithium chloride. The solvent is at least one of glycolic acid and formic acid when constructing the mixed solution. The soluble lithium salt is a lithium nitrate. The lithium compound is at least one of a lithium hydroxide and a lithium salt. Preferred Method: The annealing treatment is carried out at temperature of 500-800 degrees C for 12-48 hours. A temperature of the water bath agitation is 50-100 degrees C. The oxygen-free environment is an environment filled with an inert gas or a vacuum environment. The step of obtaining the precursor of the lithium-rich anode material comprises: weighing metal-nitrate compounds of formulae (M(NO3)2) and (Me(NO3)2) and a lithium compound according to molar ratios of corresponding elements in xLi2MO3.(1-x)LiMeO2; dissolving the metal-nitrate compounds to construct a second mixed solution; adding the second mixed solution into an oxyhydroxide solution; stirring the solution to make the solution react; separating solid from liquid of a generated precipitate; washing the solid; drying the solid in an oxygen-free environment to obtain a dry precipitate; mixing the precipitate with the lithium compound into a mixture; performing a first sintering process for the mixture in an oxygen-free environment; pulverizing the mixture; and subsequently performing a second sintering process in an oxygen-free environment to obtain the precursor. The first sintering process is performed at a temperature of 350-600 degrees C for 3-12 hours. The second sintering process is performed at a temperature of 700-1000 degrees C for 3-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive glass contains vanadium, phosphorus, and iron, manganese, molybdenum and/or barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume of holes occupied with respect to volume of electrical power collector is 85-95 volume%. The ratio of the film with respect to the aluminum portion of the electrical power collector is 0.1-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium cobalt complex oxide is of formula: LixCoyM1-yO2, where x is 0-1.5, y is 0.5-1 (excluding 0.5 and 1), and M is nickel, manganese, calcium, copper, zinc, strontium, germanium, tin, silicon, phosphorus, niobium, molybdenum, sulfur and tungsten. The lithium cobalt complex oxide preferably comprises nickel and manganese. The rare-earth compound comprises erbium oxyhydroxide and erbium hydroxide. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains fluorinated solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorinated solvent is fluoroethylene carbonate, fluorinated methyl propionate and fluorinated methyl ethyl carbonate. The amount of fluorinated solvent is 50 vol.% or more with respect to the total amount of nonaqueous solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lactone is gamma -butyrolactone. The content of gamma -butyrolactone with respect to entire amount of nonaqueous solvent is 0.1-15 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average primary particle diameter of the complex oxide is preferably 1.5-3 mu m. Preferred Composition: The positive-electrode active material contains 5-40 %mass complex oxide. The negative-electrode active material contains 0.5-10 %mass silicon and/or silicon oxide, by silicon conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The rare earth element in the rare earth element compound is yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and/or scandium, preferably neodymium and erbium. The rare earth element compound is hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, oxide, phosphoric acid compound, or carbonic acid compound. The inorganic particle layer contains compound of titanium, aluminum, silicon, magnesium, zirconium, molybdenum, or tungsten. The negative electrode active material contains silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery further consists of a metallic portion containing metal complex capable of desorbing chlorine and halogen. The metal contained in the metal complex is chosen from vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The dielectric constant of the solvent is preferably 10 or less. Preferred Composition: The solvent is an aromatic hydrocarbon chosen from benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, and 1-methyl naphthalene. The metal complex is metalloporphyrin or metal phthalocyanine. The sulfone is an alkyl sulfone of formula: R1R2SO2 (I) or alkyl sulfone derivative. The amount of solvent in the electrolyte solution is 30-88 mol%, preferably 30-84 mol%. The molar ratio of aluminum salt with respect to sulfone is 4/5-7/3, preferably 4/5-5/3. The alkyl sulfone derivative is ethyl phenyl sulfone. The alkyl sulfone is chosen from 23 compounds e.g. dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone, methyl-n-propyl sulfone, methyl-i-propyl sulfone, and methyl-n-butyl sulfone.R1,R2=alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anion receptor is a conductive polymer chosen from polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polythiophene, and polyacene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon layer consists of carbon nano-chips layer which is inclined and grew from the surface of substrate in the direction where graphene sheet is various. The coverage of the substrate surface by the carbon nano-chips layer is 100%. Preferred Properties: The graphite comprising carbon nano-chips layer has g/d ratio (peak intensity of g band of 1600 cm-1 vicinity resulting from vibration in hexagonal lattice of carbon atom/peak intensity of d band showing graphite defect of 1360 cm-1 vicinity) of 0.3-0.8, measured using argon laser at wavelength of 532 nm or more by Raman spectrum method. Preferred Process: Before performing plasma crystal deposition method, plasma is generated in presence of oxygen presence in chamber, and oxygen cleaning of inside of chamber is also included, after setting the substrate for cleaning.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The iron-type metal is enameling iron, carbon steel, stainless steel or iron alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shock absorbing element is made of rubber materials, urethane materials, or flexible plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery cell is a lithium secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material is carbonaceous material chosen from crystalline carbon, hard carbon and amorphous carbon, or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorinated boroxine (I) contained with respect to total content of the electrolyte is 0.1-5 wt.%, preferably 0.1-2 wt.% and most preferably 0.25-2 wt.%. The nonaqueous organic solvent further includes nonfluorinated carbonate. The weight ratio of fluorinated carbonate and nonfluorinated carbonate is 1:200-1:1, preferably 1:100-1:2 and more preferably 1:9-1:3. The electrolyte further comprises organic compound of formula (II). The content of compound (II) contained with respect to total content of the electrolyte is 0.01-5 wt.%, preferably 0.1-2 wt.% and most preferably 0.1-0.5 wt.%. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, or mixture of lithium hexafluorophosphate with lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate and/or lithium composite oxide of formula: LiC4F9SO3. The electrolyte does not contain vinylene carbonate.R4=cyclohexyl, or aryl optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I or (1-6C)alkyl, in which 1-6C alkyl is optionally substituted by F, CI, Br or I;andR5-R9=H, F, CI, Br, I, or (1-6C)alkyl optionally substituted by F, CI, Br or I.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material is obtained by thermally-decomposing carbohydrate. The carbohydrate is chosen from monosaccharide and disaccharide, preferably sucrose and glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid metal includes tin, gallium, indium, antimony, thallium, lead, bismuth, silver, gold, copper, and/or polonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer includes polypropylene carbonate dissolved in acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The electrolyte comprises a liquid complex composed of at least one of 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide or 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide combined with at least one bromine molecule; or comprises liquid complex composed of at least one of 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide or 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide, combined with at least one bromine molecule; or comprises a mixture of 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The electrolyte storage tank and/or conduit(s) used for electrolyte circulation comprise HDPE.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The 1-alkyl-2-alkyl-pyridinium halide is 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide. The 1-alkyl-3-alkyl pyridinium halide is 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide. A mixture of 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide is used. The method involves adding 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide, and/or 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide to the HBr-containing electrolyte in hydrogen/bromine cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ferrite sintered compact further contains 2 wt.% or less silica, calcium, zirconium, niobium, cobalt, titanium, tantalum, vanadium, bismuth, molybdenum, tin, lithium, magnesium, or aluminum as subsidiary component with respect to conversion of silica oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cobalt oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, vanadium oxide, bismuth oxide, molybdenum oxide, tin oxide, lithium oxide, magnesium oxide, or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Lattice parameters of lithium hydroxysulfate are 9.516(2) Angstrom , 5.4951(9) Angstrom , 7.377(1) Angstrom , 109.209(5) Angstrom and 109.209(5) Angstrom . The molar ratio of lithium hydroxide and ferrous sulfate is 1-1.5. The ball mill contains mass beads (Mb), where: a ratio of Mb/Mp is 30-60; and the Mp is the mass of the powder to be ground. A volume occupied by the mixture of powder to be ground is less than or equal to 1/3. The ball mill is operated by vibratory movement of beads or by centrifugal movement of beads. The amount of lithium hydroxysulfate in the electrode is greater than or equal to 80 wt.%. The electrode material further contains a polymer binder and an electronic conductive agent. The electrochemical cell comprises: a foil made of lithium, lithium alloy or intermetallic compound of lithium; or an anode material provided on the current collector. The anode material contains a compound in which lithium ions are reversibly inserted at a potential lower than a redox potential of active material of cathode, and optionally the polymer binder. The electrolyte comprises a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent consisting of polar aprotic liquid solvents, polymer solvents plasticized by a liquid solvent or ionic liquid, and gels constituted of liquid gel solvent by the addition of solvent or non-solvent polymer. The lithium salt consists of salts including perchlorate anion, borofluoride anion, hexafluorophosphate anion, perfluoroalkane sulfonate anion, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)methane or tris-perfluoroalkylsulfonyl methane. Preferred Method: The method comprises subjecting the electrochemical cell to a load. EXAMPLE - 1.2988 g of Ferrous sulfate and 0.2211 g of lithium hydroxide were introduced in a reactor at a mole ratio of 1.08 under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was subjected to grinding in a mill to obtain monoclinic lithium hydroxysulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron salt is chosen from ferrous sulfate, hydrated ferrous nitrate (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O), ferric acetate, ferrous chloride or hydrated ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O). The lithium salt is chosen from lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, hydrated lithium hydroxide (LiOH.H2O), lithium nitrate, lithium oxide or lithium acetate. The phosphate is chosen from ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ferric phosphate or lithium phosphate. The molar ratio of lithium salt and phosphate salt is 2:1-5:1. The organic acid is phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Reacting is done with 1:25-30 mass ratio of repeating unit (I) and concentrated sulfuric acid at 80-82 degrees C with degree of sulfonation of 45-55% for 7-9 hours. Drying is done at 55-65 degrees C for 6-10 hours and 75-85 degrees C for 2-5 hours. Vanadium redox flow battery blend film is prepared by mixing 10-13 wt.% sulfonated polyarylene ether sulfone and 4-6.5 wt.% polyvinylidene fluoride, adding organic solvent, stirring at 60-110 degrees C for 3-6 hours, filtering, defoaming, coating, incubating at 50-80 degrees C for 10-24 hours, heating at 95-105 degrees C for 11-13 hours, and cooling. Preferred Component: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylsulfoxide or N-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal catalyst or alloy catalyst is made of platinum, palladium, copper, gold and silver material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of aluminum contained in the co-precipitation compound is 0.01-5 mol% with respect to sum of number-of-moles of element (X) and aluminum. The concentration of element (X) in the aqueous solution of sulfate (A) is 0.1-3 mol/kg. The concentration of aluminum in the aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate is 0.001-0.15 mol/kg. The concentration of carbonate (B) in the aqueous solution of carbonate (B) is 0.1-2 mol/kg. The number-of-moles of lithium contained in the lithium carbonate is 1.1 times or more with respect to sum of total number-of-moles of element (X). The positive electrode active material contains a lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-aluminum oxide-containing compound (Li1+aNibCocMndAleO2+f, where a is 0.1-0.6, b is 0.095-0.5, c is 0-0.3, d is 0.28-0.85, b+c+d is 0.9-1.05, e is 0.0001-0.05, and f is valency of lithium, aluminum, cobalt, manganese and nickel). Preferred Properties: The pH of the co-precipitation compound is 7-12. The co-precipitation compound has a particle diameter of 4-20 mu m and a specific surface area of 50-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solution of silicon (Si) source is mixed with aqueous solution containing manganese (Mn) salt and lithium (Li) salt, aqueous solution containing aluminum salt and aqueous solution containing iron (Fe) salt in molar ratio (Li:Mn:Si:Al or Li:Mn:Fe:Si:Al) of 2:y:1:1-y or 2:xy:y-xy:1:1-y. Lithium silicate compound has complex oxide obtained by baking by inert atmosphere or reducing environment after drying as main component. Si source is silicon compound or water-soluble silicon compound which produces dehydration more dry.x=0.75-1; andy=0.9-1.Preferred Process: Carbon coat process is performed to lithium silicate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymerizable unsaturated bond comprises alkenyl ether group, ketone compound of formula (I), alkenyl group, (meth)acryloyloxy group and ketone compound of formula (II). The compound is formamide compound of formula (III) or (IV). The active material is a silicon type compound. The lithium ion battery or lithium ion capacitor comprises electrode active material covered with a film formed of the electrode protective film formation agent.T1-T6 = H or 1-3C alkyl;R1, R3 = 2-42C bivalent hydrocarbon having O or S;R2 = 1-20C hydrocarbon; andA = polymerizable unsaturated bond having amide moiety of formula (i), or amide moiety of formula (ii), when A does not have a polymerizable unsaturated bond.R4 = 2-20C organic group having a polymerizable unsaturated bond;X = O, NH or S; andR5 = 1-12C hydrocarbon.Preferred Composition: The concentration of the coupling agent in compound is 0.2-2.5 mmol/g. The concentration of the polymerizable unsaturated bond is 0.2-7.5 mmol/g. The number average molecular weight of a compound is 5000 or less. Preferred Process: The electrode protective film formation agent is obtained by a compound produced by reacting the active hydrogen compound having polyisocyanate comprising a polyol and an allophanate bond, and a polymerizable unsaturated bond. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Quat.-ammonium hydroxide is tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of lithium-containing compound is 0.01-15 (preferably 0.1-10) wt.%. The carbon compound comprises natural or synthetic graphite, coke, anthracite, graphitic carbon obtained from petroleum pitch, carbon fibers, whiskers of carbon, reticulated vitreous carbon, pyrolytic carbon, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and/or any other form of crystalline or amorphous carbon. The amount of carbon compound is 70-98 wt.%. The electrochemical energy storage cell comprises a positive electrode made of a composite material comprising a lithium component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The soft rubber insulating material is selected from butadiene polymerization water, butadiene styrene copolymer, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) copolymer, isoprene polymeric composition, chloroprene polymeric composition, isobutylene diene copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene propylene terpolymerization water, chlorosulphonated polyethylene, alkylene theory poid polymeric composition, alkylsiloxane condensate, fluorovinylidene, and fluorination propylene copolymerization water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amination process is performed using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride. The membrane has an electrical resistance of 0.5-5 Omega , and an ion exchange capacity of 1-3 meq/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copolymer comprises 20-60 mole% of amide group monomer, 10-50 mole% of 1-20C hydroxy alkyl (meth) acrylate and 20-60 mole% of styrene based monomer, where the amide group monomer is acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-methyl methacrylamide, N-ethyl acrylamide, N-ethyl methacrylamide or N-propyl acrylamide, the 1-20C hydroxy alkyl(meth)acrylate-based monomer is hydroxy ethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate or 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and the styrene based monomer is alphamethylstyrene or trifluoromethylstyrene. The copolymer is heat treated at 60-130 degrees C for one hour and cooled to 10 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum-based coating layer includes aluminum trihydroxide. The silicon-based core includes a silicon alloy that includes: silicon and one of 0.1-40 pts. wt. of a transition metal, tin and calcium; and a composite material of silicon or silicon oxide with graphite. The transition metal includes one of nickel, titanium and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder layer includes one of polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, PVC, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polymer including ethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber, polysulfide rubber, chloroprene rubber, silicon rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, fluoroelastomer, acethylated SBR, acrylated SBR, epoxy resin and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating film further comprises carbon and fluorine. The coating film has carrier ion having insulating property and conductivity. The gas used during manufacture of electrode is ammonium and hydrogen. Preferred Property: The pores of coating film has diameter of 2-20 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder comprises 1-10 wt.% (excluding 10) carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cobalt compound comprises a mixture of a cobalt oxyhydroxide or a cobalt oxyhydroxide, and cobalt hydroxide as main component. The content of cobalt is 90 %mass or more with respect to total content of metallic element. The content of cobalt is 1-10 %mass with respect to total content of coated nickel-hydroxide powder. The composition of the nickel-hydroxide particle of the core material covered with the cobalt compound is of formula: Ni1-x-yCoxMy(OH)2, where x is 0.005-0.05, y is 0.005-0.05, and M is element chosen from calcium, magnesium and zinc. The transparent cell comprises quartz or hard glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nitrogen with respect to carbon is 1.95x 10-2-2.25x 10-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material further contains pyrrole and pyridine. The molar ratio of the pyrrole with respect to carbon is 1.44x 10-2-1.52x 10-2. The molar ratio of pyridine with respect to carbon is 0.47x 10-2-0.50x 10-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium oxide nanotubes are microparticles (20) comprising a cluster of titanium oxide nanotubes. The titanium oxide nanotube comprises titanium oxide of formula: Ti1+xO2+y (I). The alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide. The negative electrode comprises a composite of the negative electrode material disposed on a current collector, and a binder.x,y=-0.2 to 0.2.Preferred Properties: The Raman spectrum of the negative active material further consists of characteristic peak of anatase titanium dioxide and characteristic peak of bronze titanium dioxide. The titanium oxide nanotube (A) has a specific surface area of 30-100 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.1-0.6 cm3/g per gram, and an average pore size of 9-15 nm. The Raman spectrum of the titanium oxide nanotube (B) and Raman spectrum of the titanium oxide nanotube (A) are different. The negative active material has a specific surface area of 230-300 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.4-0.9 cm3/g, and average pore size of 5-9 nm. The microparticles are skein-shaped particles, and have volume average particle diameter of 1-20 mu m. The titanium oxide nanotubes have average aspect ratio of 100000000-10. Preferred Process: The titanium oxide nanotube (A) is obtained by anodizing and heating titanium thin film at 350-500 degrees C. The annealing process is carried out at 300-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyano borate compound is represented by formula (2).X=O or S; andp=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The switching terminal is a data bus connection i.e. control area network (CAN) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coolant tube is made of a metallic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The power storage device comprises a power information control device configured to transmit and receive a signal to and from another device via a network, where charge/discharge of the battery is controlled based on information received by the power information control device. Preferred Method: In the method, a baking temperature at the baking is 400-600 degrees C, and a mixed amount of the reducing agent is 0.1-20 parts with respect to 95 parts of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The deoxidized lithium transition metal composite oxide is obtained through a reduction. The positive electrode active material layer further includes at least one of the reducing agent and an oxide of the reducing agent as at least a part of a conductive material, in combination with or separately from the deoxidized lithium transition metal composite oxide. The reducing agent is one of a carbon material (preferred), a metal material, an organic material or an inorganic material. The deoxidized lithium transition metal composite oxide is obtained from at least one of the deoxidized lithium transition metal composite oxide having the layered rock salt structure and the deoxidized lithium transition metal composite oxide having the spinel structure. A transition metal in the deoxidized lithium transition metal composite oxide having the layered rock salt structure contains at least nickel, where a ratio of nickel in the transition metal is greater than or equal to 50 mol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material contained in the positive electrode layer is capable of occluding lithium, and contains manganese dioxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium-manganese complex oxide, lithium-nickel complex oxide, lithium-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt complex oxide, spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel complex oxide, lithium-phosphorus oxide, iron sulfate, and/or vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is active carbon of Vlucan XC-72R (RTM: carbon material), BP2000 (RTM: carbon material), carbon nano tube, nano carbon fiber, carbon nano-sized cage, graphene or graphene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A method of preparation of the carbon supported tetrasulphonated tetrasodium copper phthalocyanine catalyst, involves: (1) dissolving 30-90 wt.% of carbon material and 10-70 wt.% of copper phthalocyanine sulfonic acid tetrasodium salt in the solvent, and grinding till the solvent is volatilized completely, and drying to obtain the catalyst precursor; and (2) reduction treatment of the catalyst precursor under the protection of inert gas atmosphere at 600-1100 degrees C for 2-4 hours. Preferred Components: The catalyst precursor further comprises a second active component comprising active metal source or active nitrogen source, where the active metal source is copper acetate, acetate, cobalt acetate, nickel acetate, manganese acetate, acetylacetone vanadium, acetylacetone with vanadium, vanadyl acetylacetonate, molybdenum acetylacetonate and acetylacetone palladium; where the active nitrogen source is pyridine, methyl pyridine, formic acid, pyrrole, ethylene diamine, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, 3,3'-diphenylamine or N-methyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary layers comprise silicon oxide. The current collector comprises titanium. The aspect ratio of protrusion portions is 0.2-2000. The shape of protrusion portions is columnar shape, conical shape, pyramidal shape, or plate shape. The base portion and top surfaces of the protrusion portions have a region which is not in contact with the active material. The negative electrode further contains conductive additive, and negative electrode active material layer over the current collector. The negative electrode active material layer comprises active material, and resin material having elasticity. The active material is formed using deposition gas and oxidizing gas. The oxidizing gas comprises oxygen, ozone, dinitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, or dry air. Preferred Process: After forming the active material, photoresist pattern is formed on current collector material, and etched the current collector material using photoresist pattern as mask to form a current collector including protrusion portions and base portion connected. The active material covers top surfaces and side surfaces of the protrusion portions and the top surface of the base portion. The active material is partly removed by anisotropic etching, such that base portion and/or top surfaces of the protrusion portions are exposed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The secondary layers comprise a silicon alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particle comprises magnesium oxide, aluminum-nitride, zinc oxide, beryllium oxide, and boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous base material comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polypentene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyethylene naphthalene. The binder polymer includes polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoro propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polyethylene-covinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoethylsucrose, carboxyl methyl cellulose, and acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer comprises zero positive and negative power supply, having a positive electrode and the negative electrode between gamma layer containing aluminum salt.The aluminum salt is aluminum sulfate and/or aluminum ammonium sulfate. The power supply monomer comprises silver, silver-nickel alloy or nickel-chromium alloy, and negative power supply monomer comprises magnesium or magnesium-containing alloy. The negative electrode surface is provided with through hole with two layers of coating, where the first coating is made of azelaic acid with the thickness of 0.01-0.05 mm, the second coating material is aluminum sulfate, the first coating layer located on the surface of the negative electrode, and second coating on the first coating. The positive electrode active material is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gamma layer further comprises 5-15 pts. wt. tourmaline, 10-50 pts. wt. carbon-containing material, such as graphite and/or graphene. The gamma layer further comprises 10-150 pts. wt. alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether, 50-500 pts. wt. polyol, 1-100 pts. wt. silicon oil and 1-60 pts. wt. alkali metal halide, where the alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether is nonyl phenol polyoxyethylene (40) ether, polyol is glycerol and/or mannitol, and alkali metal halide is sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acid treatment is carried out using hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride in volume ratio of 1:1. Preferred Composition: The carbon nanofiber is activated porous carbon nanofiber having porosity of 15-50%, mesopore volume distribution of 0.15-0.9 cm3/g and specific surface area of 200-2000 m2/g. The concentration of carbon nanofiber dispersion solution is 0.01-05 mM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material includes a complex oxide that contains nickel, cobalt, and manganese as transition metal elements, where a molar ratio between the nickel and manganese is less than or equal to 1.5. The carbon particles are acetylene black. The gas generator includes cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl at a mass ratio of 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution has: electrochemical stability in a high voltage battery at voltages of above 4.2 V; electrochemical stability, when the battery is operated in an environment at a temperature at or above 45 degrees C; and/or electrochemical stability, when the battery is at a temperature at or above 45 degrees C. Preferred Components: (I) comprises trivinylmethylsilane, tetravinylsilane (both preferred), 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one, and 1,3-bis((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)benzene. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4 = vinyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber (all preferred), an amorphous carbon, and/or a carbon black. The BET surface area of the composition is 150-1500 m2/g or 200-1500 m2/g. The particle size value of the composition is 5-2000 mu m (preferably 5-50 mu m). The amount of carbon material is 0.1-1.2 wt.% (preferably 0.2-1 wt.%). EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: 85.09 wt.% of sulfated lead oxide; 0.43 wt.% of barium sulfate; 0.09 wt.% of polymeric fiber; 0.18 wt.% of oxylignin; 0.18 wt.% of carbon black; 0.43 wt.% of activated carbon; and 13.61 wt.% of deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The supporter consists of ceria-alumina or ceria-zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The phase-separated glass comprises boron-containing glass composition. The boron-containing glass composition comprises soda-lime glass, phosphate glass, alkali-free glass, lead glass, fluoride glass, chalcogenide glass, aluminosilicate, and/or borosilicate composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous support substrate comprises porous ceramics, porous metals, porous steels, and/or their nitrides, oxynitrides and carbides. The inorganic nanotubes comprise a ceramic consisting of titania, alumina, silica, zirconia, hafnia and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer ligand material comprises long chain hydrocarbon molecules or polymers containing hydrophobic functional groups consisting of tri-methyl-terminal groups and/or perfluoro-terminal groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The belt-shaped metal foil is a copper foil or aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The exterior body is formed of synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least one part of tungsten exists as subphase of the lithium-transition metal composite oxide. The subphase contains complex oxide of lithium and tungsten. Preferred Parameters: Tap density of positive electrode active material is greater than or equal to 1.7 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises a set containing nickel oxide hydroxide, nickel, manganese dioxide and a metal containing group 10 elements. The electrically-conducting material includes carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mathematical model is an indicative of a rate of dissolution reaction of platinum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A cooling device is arranged in the longitudinal to cool the opposite outside walls. A fluid-carrying cooling duct is arranged in the interior of the longitudinal support on the two outside walls. At least one cross member is fixedly connected to the longitudinal support, where the cross member is fixed to two opposite storage cells. A width of the cross member, and a width of the storage cell are defined in parallel to the longitudinal support, where the width of the cross member is maximum of 80%, preferably maximum of 50% of the width of the storage cell. The storage cells are formed in cuboid-shaped, where the largest surface of the rectangular shape is perpendicular to the front and back side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The battery housing comprises a second discharge opening (10) adjacent to the base. The second discharge opening is connected with the first discharge opening through a dewatering line. The second discharge opening is arranged in the base. The second discharge opening opens parallel to the base into the interior volume. A liquid barrier, which is at least partially arranged and formed in the dewatering line, prevents the flow of the liquid from the first discharge opening to the second discharge opening. The liquid barrier is provided with a sealing element, encircling a sealing lip. The sealing lip lies sealingly against an inner side of the dewatering line. A free end of the sealing lip is present along the dewatering line to the discharge opening. The first discharge opening is opened against a forward direction of the motor vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The platinum surface area of the cathode electrode is estimated based on the detected gas pressure sensitivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium-nickel complex oxide particles powder has average particle diameter of 1-20 mu m, and BET specific surface area of 0.1-1.6 m2/g. The preferable microcrystal size of lithium-nickel complex oxide is 500 nm or less. The metal site occupancy rate of lithium site of lithium-nickel complex oxide is 2-7%, which is obtained using Rietveld analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium-nickel complex oxide particle powder has average particle diameter of 1-20 mu m, and BET specific surface area of 0.1-1.6 m2/g. The microcrystal size of lithium-nickel complex oxide is 500 nm or less. The metal site occupancy rate of lithium site of lithium-nickel complex oxide is 2-7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solvent is organic group electrolyte solvent or aqueous electrolyte solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode lead comprises electroconductive material chosen from copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, chrome and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material has specific capacity of at least 10, preferably at least 100 mAh/g active material upon discharge at current of 0.01 C over a voltage of 4.9-4.2 V. The cathode active material comprises nickel, manganese or cobalt, a spinel structure lithium metal oxide, a layered structure lithium metal oxide, or a lithium-rich layered structured lithium metal oxide or lithium metal phosphate. The solution further has electrochemical stability when the battery is operated in an environment at 50 degrees C. The solution has electrochemical stability in a high voltage battery at voltages above 4.5 V, preferably 5 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrochemical cell having at least one electrode comprising the material, comprises: an electrolyte; an electronically insulating but ionically conductive separator film; a pair of electrodes or in the case of a device using electrodeposition and dissolution processes as anode functionality, an electrode and an anode deposition substrate (ADS) separated by the separator and electrolyte, where each electrode or electrode/ADS combination is physically attached and electronically connected to a current collector (2), the electrolyte comprises at least one cation species, at least one anion species, and comprises at least one composition including ionic liquid, salt and polymer, salt and ceramic, salt and liquid solvent and polymer as a gel, salt and liquid solvent and fumed silica as a gel, and salt and liquid solvent, and the liquid solvent comprises at least one of water and aprotic liquid, the second electrode, if not an functionalized carbon electrode material then it is at least one of electrode-posited metal, metal oxide, metal phosphates, metal carbides, metal nitrides, a composite carbonaceous paste comprising powder of at least one of activated carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, graphite or any combination thereof, with binder and conductivity enhancing carbon; and a composite carbonaceous paste comprising graphitic carbon powder, hard carbon powder, metal oxide/carbon composites, silicon/carbon composites or with binder and conductivity enhancing carbon, or a porous carbon structure, and the current collector is metal foil, graphite foil, metal mesh, electrically conductive polymer composites and/or expanded metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of silicon and aluminum contained in aluminum silicate is 0.3-1. The aluminum silicate is imogolite or allophone. The content of aluminum silicate provided on negative mixture layer is 0.3-2.5 mg/cm2. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrical storage device material contains lithium-vanadium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor is obtained using ammonium phosphate, vanadium pentaoxide and alcohol chosen from propanol and 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyalkylene imine-type resin (A) is polyethylenimine type resin (A1), and has groups of formulae (I)-(III). The total content of polymerizable unsaturated bond and aromatic ring in polyalkylene imine type-resin (A) is 0.1-20 mmol/g. The number average molecular weight of resin (A) is 300-100000. The content of additive in negative electrode is 0.01-5 wt.%.R1,R2=1-3C alkylene;Q1-Q3=H, 1-4C alkyl or 6-12C aromatic group, and at least 1 is 6-12C aromatic group;Q4-Q8=H, 1-4C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, halo or fluoroalkyl, and at least 1 is 2-6C alkenyl;R3=1-3C alkylene or alkyleneoxy carbonyl;andQ9-Q11=H, group (t1) chosen from 1-4C alkyl and phenyl or group (t2) chosen from alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, nitro, cyano and halo, and at least 1 is group (t2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The occluded hydrogen and the hydrogen storage alloy are accommodated in the fuel storage portions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas capable of creating a reducing atmosphere is chosen from hydrogen, ammonia and carbon monoxide, or a mixed gas of an inert gas and hydrogen, ammonia or carbon monoxide. A material creating a reducing atmosphere is chosen from active carbon, magnesium, aluminum, tantalum, molybdenum, calcium and zinc. The gas capable of creating the reducing atmosphere is a hydrogen-containing gas including 2-5 vol.% hydrogen. The silicon oxide is of formula: SiOx.x=0-1.Preferred Process: The pressure of the manufacturing process is maintained until the reaction of silicon and silicon dioxide is completed, and the gas capable of creating the reducing atmosphere is continuously injected into one side of a reaction chamber and continuously removed from another side of the reaction chamber. Preferred Properties: The ratio of a maximum height (h2) of a peak at 2( theta ) of 40-60 degrees to a maximum height (h1) of a peak at 2( theta ) of 15-40 degrees of the silicon oxide in X-ray diffraction pattern, is 0.4-1.5, preferably 0.45-0.8. The silicon oxide is amorphous. The full width at half maximum of maximum peak at 2( theta ) of 15-40 degrees of the silicon oxide in the X-ray diffraction pattern is 7-15 degrees , preferably 5-13 degrees . Silicon in the silicon oxide is crystalline or amorphous. The crystal size of silicon is 300 nm or less when the silicon is crystalline. The initial efficiency of the secondary battery is 67-85%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The value of volume-based average particle diameter (D50) is 1-50 mu m. The carbon material is an artificial graphite, and has BET specific surface area of 0.4-5 m2/g. The value of SOP is 10-5000 ~ mu m2. The value of AROP is 1.5-6. The aspect-ratio of natural graphite or artificial graphite is 2-100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion secondary battery comprises nonaqueous electrolyte solution and/or nonaqueous polymer electrolyte containing a nonaqueous solvent chosen from ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ( rho )-butyrolactone and vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has three diffraction peaks at 35-40 degrees (101), and one diffraction peak at 42-45 degrees (104). The positive electrode active material has a diffraction peak at 20-23 degrees , 35.5-36.5 degrees (101), 43.5-44.5 degrees (104) and 64-65 (108)/65-66 (110).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An organic acid salt of an alkali metal is further mixed during manufacture of positive electrode active material. Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery further comprises electrolyte solution chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, fluorine-containing linear carbonate, fluorine-containing chain-shaped ether and fluorine-containing chain-shaped ester, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and electrolyte additive chosen from organic sulfone-type compound, organic disulfone compound, vinylene carbonate derivative, ethylene carbonate derivative, ester derivative, dihydric-phenol derivative, terphenyl derivative, phosphate derivative and fluorophosphoric acid lithium derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material mixture layer comprises layer (I) formed on the surface of electroconductive metal foil, and layer (II) formed on the surface of the layer (I). The negative electrode active material mixture layer contains electroconductive carbon material. The lithium titanic acid complex oxide is spinel-type lithium titanic acid complex oxide. The positive electrode active material is a lithium transition metal oxide. Preferred Process: The manufacture of negative electrode further involves heat-processing and baking the negative electrode active material mixture layer in non-oxidizing atmosphere, and forming another negative electrode active material mixture slurry by dispersing lithium titanic acid complex oxide particles, coating negative electrode active material mixture slurry on surface of electroconductive metal foil, and drying the coated material by removing solvent and covering the surface of the foil, and baking the obtained product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (I) contains silicon and/or silicon based-alloy, and polyimide resin and/or polyamic-acid resin. The layer (II) contains polyimide resin and/or the polyamic-acid resin, and the lithium titanium complex oxide. The polyimide resin has structure of formula (I) or formula (II). The polyamic-acid resin contains structure chosen from formula (III)-(X). The mass mean molecular weight of polyimide resin and/or polyamic-acid resin are 10000-50000. The polyimide resin in layer (II) has structure of formula (XI) or (XII), and the polyamic-acid resin in layer (II) contains structure chosen from formula (XIII)-(XX).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of: lithium source compound and ferric iron according to total iron is 3-12:1; molybdenum element in molybdenum source compound and total iron in ferric iron source compound is 2-4:1. The concentration of ferric iron source compound containing aqueous solution is 0.08-0.95 mol/l. The lithium source compound is lithium acetate, lithium nitrate and/or lithium hydroxide. The molybdenum source compound is ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate and/or ammonium molybdate heptahydrate. The ferric iron source compound is ferric nitrate and/or ferric chloride. The aqueous solution further contains further comprises water-soluble alcohol compounds. The volume ratio of water in aqueous solution and water-soluble alcohol compound is 0.01-0.5:1. Water soluble alcohol compound is diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycol. The aqueous solution further comprises a reducing agent. The mol ratio of reducing agent and ferric iron source compound is 0.1-1: 1. The reducing agent is ascorbic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid and/or citric acid. Preferred Method: The hydrothermal reaction condition is: reaction process is carried out in a sealed condition, the temperature is 120-200 degrees C, the time is 3-50 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallosilicate is ZSM-5-type zeolite or MCM-22-type zeolite. The concentration of the molybdenum after baking is 2-12 wt.% with respect to the carrier. The silver is supported such that the molar ratio of silver and molybdenum is 0.01-0.3:1. Preferred Condition: The calcination temperature is 400-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate. The content of electrolyte salt is 0.2 mol/l or more. The negative electrode contains active material chosen from carbonaceous material and metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonwoven fabric separation film is chosen from polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyester, polyamide, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide, polyethylenenaphthalete, polytetra fluoroethylene, polyfluovinylidene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, nylon, polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole, polyaramid, polyethylene and polypropylene. Preferred Property: The porosity of nonwoven fabric separation film is 45-90%, preferably 50-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon additive comprises graphite, carbon black, and/or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The larger species comprises titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The electrode material comprises copper-antimony. The electrolyte salt comprises lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The probe species comprises viologen group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal fuel is an alkali, alkaline rare earth, transition or post-transition metal or metalloid (preferably zinc, lithium, manganese, magnesium, iron, aluminum, cadmium, lead, sodium, germanium; especially zinc; and particularly aluminum); and forms a passive oxide. The ionically conductive medium is a liquid, a gel, a solid ionomer, an aqueous solution, a non-aqueous solvent, or an ionic liquid. The dopant is selected from alkali metals, alkaline rare earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, lanthanoids, and/or actinoids (preferably aluminum, lanthanum and/or strontium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode and negative electrode are laminated through a separator containing a high molecular compound, the separator contains greater than or equal to 2 types of multilayered structure which laminates greater than or equal to 2 types of layers containing the high molecular compound in thickness direction, and the secondary battery has a single layer structure from which a composition of the high molecular compound changes. Electrical storage apparatus is equipped with electric power information-control apparatus which transmits/receives a signal through another apparatus and network and performs charging/discharging control of the secondary battery based on the information which the electric power information-control apparatus receives. Preferred Parameters: The secondary battery has open-circuit voltage of 4.25-6 V in the full charge condition per pair of positive electrode and negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Electrolyte solution contains 0.001-80 mass% lactone compounds. Electrolyte solution contains nonaqueous solvent which consists of 0.01-30 mass% cyclic carbonate having unsaturated bond and electron-withdrawing functional group in a molecule. Cyclic carbonate is 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-cyano-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, and/or 4,5- difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: High molecular compound is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, aramid, polyamidoimide, polyamide, polyimide, polyether imide, and/or polyacrylonitrile. Preferred Definitions:    m=1 or 2; and    Rn=NO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Component (A) is foil containing aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: Thermal contraction rate of polyester film in longitudinal direction and width direction after heat treatment at 190 degrees C for 10 minute is greater than or equal to 5%, preferably greater than or equal to 6%. Thickness of polyester film is 9-40 mu m. Thickness ratio ((HB)/(HC)) of small polyester film (B) and large polyester film (C) is 0.5-1. Preferred Components: Component (A) and polyester film are laminated through contact bonding layer with thickness of less than or equal to 4 mu m. Preferred Processes: Laminated body is formed by laminating thermoplastic resin layer (D) containing thermoplastic resin in which melting point of thermoplastic resin is lower than melting point of resin in component (B) or component (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cationic polymer and/or anionic polymer are hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol having cationic and/or anionic ion group, or contains polymer component and polyvinyl alcohol component obtained by polymerizing greater than or equal to 0.1 mol% cationic and/or anionic ionic monomer with respect to the total monomeric units. Ion-exchangeable sheet is a porous sheet coated with cationic and/or anionic polymer. Porous sheet is polyvinyl alcohol nonwoven fabric or polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric. Support sheet is non-porous plastic film. Non-porous plastic film is laminated film of polyethylene terephthalate and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Heat-processing temperature is beyond the melting point of lithium compound. Preferred Processes: Lithium compound on SiOx surface is dried and deposited after dispersing lithium compound and SiOx in solvent. Dispersing agent and/or surfactant are added to solvent during dispersion of lithium compound and SiOx to solvent. Carbon coating is performed on surface of SiOx. Lithium silicate phase is formed on surface of SiOx after carbon coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine in the lithium metal fluorination phosphate compound is 60% or more with respect to stoichiometric composition. The lithium metal fluorination phosphate compound is lithium metal fluorination phosphate (LiMPO4Fx, where M is transition metal chosen from vanadium, iron, manganese, chromium and titanium, and x is 0.6-1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is fluoroethylene carbonate. The fluoroethylene carbonate is fluoro ethylene carbonate having one fluorine atom in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion secondary battery has non-aqueous electrolyte solution and/or non-aqueous polymer electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution and/or non-aqueous polymer electrolyte contain at least one chosen from ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate and group which consists of vinylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is chosen from petroleum-based pitch, coal-based pitch, phenol resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, furan resin, cellulosic resin, polystyrene resin, polyimide resin, and epoxy resin. The quantity of coating layer with respect to core grains is 0.05-10 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Molar ratio ammonium tetrafluoroborate:triethylmethyl ammonium bromide is 1:1-1.5:1. Liquid solvent is propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, acetonitrile, propionitrile, or methoxyacetonitrile. Concentration of triethylmethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate in the solvent is 0.1-2 molar. Concentration of chloride ions in the electrolyte solution is less than or equal to 1 ppm, concentration of bromide ions in the electrolyte solution is less than or equal to 100 ppm, and concentration of ammonium ions in the electrolyte solution is greater than or equal to 1 ppm. Preferred Processes: The combining process is performed under constant agitation and by step-wise addition of ammonium tetrafluoroborate and triethylmethyl ammonium bromide to the liquid solvent. Preferred Parameters: Conductivity of electrolyte solution at 25 degrees C is greater than or equal to 45 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy particles have a relative standard deviation of 26-35%. The hydrogen storage alloy particles further contain lanthanum, cobalt, aluminum and element (M). The molar ratio magnesium with respect to total of lanthanum and magnesium is 0.01-0.5, preferably 0.25-0.35. The molar ratio of nickel with respect to total lanthanum and magnesium is 2-4. The molar ratio of cobalt with respect to total lanthanum and magnesium is 0.25-0.75. The molar ratio of aluminum with respect to total lanthanum and magnesium is 0.01-0.06. The element (M) is yttrium and/or tin. The hydrogen storage alloy particles has hydrogen storage alloy having crystal structure of cerium nickel (CeNi3 or Ce2Ni). The hydrogen storage alloy particles contain 0.07-5.3 vol.% voids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter (d50) of the metal microparticles (B) is 0.01-10 mu m. The average particle diameter (d50) of the carbon material (A) is 1-60 mu m. The porosity of particles contained in the pressure-processed carbon material (a) is 5-30%. Preferred Composition: The carbon material further contains carbon material (C). The carbon material (C) is chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, amorphous carbon, and covering graphite, which covers the pressure-unprocessed raw material with carbonaceous substance or graphite substance. The pressure-processed carbon material (a) is spheroidized natural graphite, in which an isotropic pressurizing process is carried out. The amount of metal microparticles (B) mixed in the carbon material is 1-30 %mass with respect to the total amount of composite carbon material (A) and metal microparticles (B). The metal microparticles (B) contain silicon or silicon oxide composite of formula: SiOx (I).x=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pressure-processed carbon materials (a,b) are spheroidized natural graphite. Preferred Properties: The composite-carbon material (B) has average particle diameter (d50) of 3-60 mu m, and specific surface area of 0.1-15 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quinoline insoluble of organic compound (c) is 0.6-30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Basic dissociation constant (pKb) of the anion contained in the basic compound is less than or equal to 10.83. Average particle diameter of basic compound is 0.1-100 mu m, preferably 10-50 mu m. Specific surface area of positive electrode active material is greater than or equal to 0.6 m2/g. Electric potential of the positive electrode active material is greater than or equal to 4.5 V on a lithium reference. Exterior bodies are square-shaped and/or laminated-type. Preferred Compositions: The anion contained in the basic compound is phosphate ion (PO43-), hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-), carbonate ion (CO32-), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and/or silicate ion (SiO32-), preferably PO43- and HPO42-. The cation contained in the basic compound is sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), beryllium ion (Be2+), magnesium ion (Mg2+), calcium ion (Ca2+), and/or aluminum ion (Al3+). The basic compound is sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), potassium phosphate (K3PO4), calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), and/or aluminum phosphate (AlPO4). Positive electrode active material is a manganese-containing lithium transition metal oxide. The battery contains 0.1-10 mass% basic compound with respect to the positive electrode active substance mass. The positive electrode active material contains oxide of formula LixMn2-yMyOz (1). Nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate. The battery contains 0.001-10 mol.% basic compounds with respect to lithium hexafluorophosphate contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte. Nonaqueous solvent contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte does not contain fluorine element.M=transition metal elements;x=0-1.3;y=0.2-0.8; andz=3.5-4.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The halogen containing compound comprises Cl, Br, or I atom or its ion (preferably Cl atom). The halogen containing compound comprises a chloride containing salt. The halogen containing compound comprises PbCl2, AgCl, InCl3 or ZnCl2. The chloride salt comprises AgCl. The metallic particles comprise Ag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process involves coprecipitating transition metal element compound in a solution to obtain coprecipitation precursor of transition metal carbonate, drying, mixing with lithium compound so that the molar ratio of Li with respect to the transition metal element Me of the lithium-transition metal composite oxide ((1+ alpha )/(1- alpha )) is 1-1.5, and baking at 800-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is represented by formula: LixNiyZrzM(1-y-z) or LixNiyZrzCoaMnbAl(1-y-z-a-b)O2, where M is element chosen from cobalt, manganese and aluminum, x is 0.9-1.2, y is 0.3-0.9, y-b is 0.03 or more, b is 0-0.5 and z is 0.001-0.01. The rare earth compound is chosen from rare earth hydroxide, rare earth oxyhydroxide and rare earth oxide. The rare earth elements are chosen from neodymium, samarium and erbium. Preferred Property: The particle size of primary particles of lithium containing transition metal oxide is 0.2-2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, n-methyl acetate, n-ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, phosphoric acid triester, dibutyl ether, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane and its derivatives, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, trimethoxy methane, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, methyl propionate and ethyl propionate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, polyacrylate, poly methyl methacrylate, poly ethyl methacrylate and poly butyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium titanium oxide has a compound of formula (LixTiy1O4) (I)x = 0.5-3; andy1 = 1-2.5.The lithium titanium oxide is Li1.33Ti1.67O4. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is expressed as a formula (Li1+zNiaMnbCo1-(a+b)O2) (II).z = 0-0.1;a = 0.2-0.8, preferably 0.3-0.6; andb = 0.2-0.7, where the sum of a and b is less than 1.The compound of formula (II) is (Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3O2) or (Li1+zNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2)z = 0-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonwoven fabric separator is made of polyester, PTFE (both preferred), polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylenesulfide, polyethylenenaphthalete, PVC, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, nylon or polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole, where the porosity of the separator is 45-90%, preferably 50-70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves disentangling and dispersing modified cellulose and obtaining cellulose nanofiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare earth element-containing compound contains oxide of rare earth element. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula: Li1+x(NiaMnbCoc)O2. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is lithium nickel cobalt lithium manganate. The content of rare earth element-containing compound with respect to lithium-transition metal composite oxide is 0.005-0.8 %mass.x+a+b+c=1;x=0-0.1 (excluding 0);c=0-0.4 (excluding 0);a-b=0.035 or more;a=0.035-0.85 (excluding 0.035);andb=0-0.5(excluding 0).Preferred Property: The preferable average particle diameter of compound of rare earth element is 120-300 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of copolymer of vinyl alcohol and ethylenically unsaturated-carboxylic-acid alkali-metal neutralized material is 20 %mass or more. The molar ratio of vinyl alcohol and ethylenically unsaturated-carboxylic-acid alkali-metal neutralized material is 8/2-2/8. The ethylenically unsaturated-carboxylic-acid alkali-metal neutralized material is an acrylic acid alkali-metal neutralized material or methacrylic-acid alkali-metal neutralized material. The copolymer has average particle diameter of 10-100 mu m and viscosity of 100-3500 mPa.second. Preferred Property: The conductive support agent is carbon nanotube. The content of carbon nanotube in the conductive support agent is 30 %mass or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The working, counter electrode and reference electrodes comprise platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the cathode active material, the amount of manganese is 20-80 mole%, based on a total number of moles of (LixMeyM1z) in the lithium metal oxide (I). The lithium metal oxide is (Li(Lix1NiaCobMncM1z1)O(2+d)).x+a+b+c+z = 1;x1 = greater than 0 to less than 0.33;z1 = 0-0.1, preferably 0.005-0.05;a = 0-0.5;b = 0-0.5;c = 0.2-0.8; andd = 0-0.1.The lithium metal oxide is (Li(Lix2Nia1Cob1Mnc1Scz2)O(2+d1)) or (Li(Lix2Nia1Cob1Mnc1Yz2)O(2+d1)).x2+a1+b1+c1+z2 = 1;x2 = greater than 0.1 to less than 0.2;z2 = 0.005-0.1;a1 = 0-0.3;b1 = 0-0.3;c1 = 0.4-0.6; andd1 = 0-0.1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cationic group is primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, and/or quaternary ammonium group. The carbon material further comprises organic compound containing ion-conductive group chosen from oxyalkylene group, sulfonyl group, boron, fluorine, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, carbonate group and cyano group. The organic compound having ion-conductive group is of formula: R1O-(AO)n-R2.R1,R2=H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, glycidyl or epoxy;AO=2-5C oxyalkylene;andn=1-50.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The basal adsorptivity group is chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hetero aromatic compound and unsaturated hydrocarbon. The organic compound having basal adsorptivity group is a polymer compound having weight average molecular weight of 600-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode is positive electrode having 30-60 mg/cm2 active material average application amount with respect to surfaces of current collector, or negative electrode having 20-40 mg/cm2 active material average application amount with respect to surfaces of current collector. The positive electrode is lithium iron phosphate. The sum of low-density region and high-density region is 10% or more with respect to area of surface(s) of current collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode further contains other active material (B) containing carbon as constitutent element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fibrous carbon substance contains carbon nanotube or carbon nanofiber. The content of fibrous carbon substance having fiber length of 4 mu m or less is 85% or more in total content of fibrous carbon substance. The fibrous carbon substance has carboxyl group. The active material (A) further contains intermediate portion containing carbon as constitutent element. Preferred Property: The fibrous carbon substance has average fiber diameter of 102 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material of the positive electrode is comprised of nickel, manganese, and cobalt, and the active material of the negative electrode is comprised of lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound is a compound of formula (I)-(III).R1 = alkyl or aryl;R2, R3 = fluorine atom or an organic group;R7 = alkyl, carbonyl containing group, aryl or heteroaryl;R8-R11 = H, alkyl or aryl;R1 = benzene ring A1;R7 = benzene ring A2, where R8, R9 are mutually be bonded through a coupling group;M = substituent which has a polymerizable part, preferably a1-L1-CH=CH2, vinyl-benzene moiety of formula (a), or CH2=C(Rb1)-C(=O)-O-L1-a1;L1 = single bond, alkylene, ester, ether, and/or thioether;a1 = active type generation site and the site to couple bond;Ra1, Rb1= H or a substituent;n1 = 0-5; andn1, n4 = 0-4, where polymerizable part is a substituent which has a vinyl group, styrene structure group, acryloyl group, or a methacryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Each end plate (2) of the first energy storage module is fixed with at least two first screws (13), and each end plate of the second energy storage module is attached with at least two second screws (14) which are screwed in the screw heads (15) of the first screw. An inner polygon which is coaxial to the internal thread is formed in the screw head of the first screw for rotating the first screw. The first screw comprises a shoulder, where the shoulder rests on an end plate of the first energy storage module, and end plate of the second energy storage module rests on the screw head of the first screw. An intermediate base is arranged between the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module. The intermediate base is clamped between the screw head of the first screw and an end plate of the second energy storage module. A cooling device is arranged on the intermediate base. The first screw has a lower portion with an external thread and comprises an intermediate area without threads between the screw head and the lower portion. An outer diameter of the screw head is greater than an additional outer diameter of the intermediate portion and the lower portion. The first screw is screwed in a housing of the energy storage device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The joint elastomer includes butyl rubber, which is isoprene and isobutylene copolymer, and rubber nitrile, which is acrylonitrile and butadiene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The sulfate- compound (I) comprises primary particles having average particle diameter less than 1 mu m. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer comprises sulfate compound (I), and binder. Preferred Definitions:    Q=Fe, Co, Ni, V, Mg, Ca, Sr, Cu or Zn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium organic acid salt one or combination of formic-acid lithium, lithium acetate, propionic acid lithium, butyric-acid lithium, isobutyric acid lithium, valeric acid lithium, isovaleric acid lithium, a lithium oxalate, lactic acid lithium, lithium tartrate, maleic acid lithium, Fumaric-acid lithium, malonic acid lithium, lithium succinate, malic acid lithium, lithium citrate, glutaric acid lithium, adipic acid lithium, phthalicacid lithium and lithium benzoate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive support agent is one or combination of carbon black, graphite, a graphene, a carbon nanotube and fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of complex oxide (A) and complex oxide (B) is 7:3-5:5. The positive electrode active material has average composition of LipNi1-q-r-sCoqMnrMsO2 (III), lithium-transition metal composite oxide (L1) of formula: LiaNi1-b-c-dCobMncMdO2 (IV) having center particle size of 6-14 mu m and lithium-transition metal composite oxide (L2) of formula: Lia'Ni1-b'-c'-d'Cob'Mnc'Md'O2 (V) having center particle size of 2-10 mu m. The particles of lithium-transition metal composite oxide (L2) are smaller than the center particle size of lithium-transition metal composite oxide (L1). The lithium-transition metal composite oxide (L2) has disorder of nickel element of 1.5-5%, calculated by X-ray diffraction method.p=1-1.2;q=0.15-0.35;r=0.3-0.4;s=0-0.02;or q+r+s=more than 1;a,a'=1-1.2;b=more than 0.2 to 0.4 or less;c=0-0.4 (excluding 0);d,d'=0-0.02;or b+c+d=more than 1;b'=more than 0 to 0.3 or less;andc'=more than 0 to 0.4 or less.Preferred Process: The baking process is carried out at 900-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The sintered compact has porosity of 4.5% or less. The ratio of the peak intensity ( beta ) of a heterogenous-phase component which appears at 2( theta ) angle of 36.6-37.2 degrees with respect to peak intensity ( alpha ) of spinel-type lithium complex oxide which appears in 2( theta ) angle of 18-19 degrees is 0.3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic salt is hexafluoro lithium phosphate. The content of electrolytic salt is 0.2 mol/l or more. The positive electrode contains positive electrode active material containing lithium transition metal oxide of formula: Li1+wMnxNiyCozO2 (II). The negative electrode consists of carbonaceous material and/or metal material.w=more than 0 and less than 0.4;x=more than 0.3 and less than 1;y,z=0 to less than 0.4;y+z=more than 0;andw+x+y+z=1.Preferred Property: The electric potential of positive electrode is 4.3 V or more on a metallic lithium reference.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic thin film contains aluminum oxide as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution of lithium ion secondary battery contains a compound chosen from cyclic carbonate, sulfone containing carbonate ester having carbon atoms with carbon-carbon double bond. The carbonate ester further contains vinylene carbonate, cyclic carbonate with fluorine atoms chosen from fluoroethylene carbonate, and sulfone contains sulfolane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The nonwoven fabric film formed by melt-blowing method is a separator containing laminated nonwoven fabric layers of 4 mu m or less fiber diameter and thermoplastic resin fiber of 30 mu m or less with nonwoven fabric layer as the outermost layer. The polyester based resin contains polyethylene terephthalate and thermoplastic resin fiber contains thermoplastic synthetic long-fiber. The nonwoven fabric layers are mutually integrated by chemical bonding and/or physical bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The interface layer is made of polymer using in-situ polymerization. The polymer layer forming the interface layer is connected to a stable covalent bond. A length of the interface layer is 5-10 nm. The interface layer forming polymer has a structure of formula (I). The SEI layer forming polymer is contained in the electrolyte of the lithium secondary battery.R = H, halo, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy or aryl; andn = 2-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode medical mixture comprises 0.01-20 wt.% of additive. The additive avoids the side reactions in the operation voltage of more than 3.5V. The electrode material mixture further includes a conductive material, a binder and a filler. The solid electrolyte is an inorganic base solid electrolyte or a macromolecule system solid electrolyte, where the inorganic base solid electrolyte is zirconium oxide (preferred), lithium super ionic conductor group compound, lithiated lithium oxynitride phosphor group compound, lithium nitride, lithium iodide, lithium orthosilicate, lithium silicon oxide, calcium difluoride or silver iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membranous polymers solid electrolyte is PTFE, polyethylene oxide derivative (both preferred), polyethylene derivative, polypropylene oxide derivative, phosphoric ester polymer, poly agitation lysine, polyester sulfide, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylidene fluoride having a sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon slurry is selected from graphite, carbon black, acetyleneblack, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, carbon fiber, polymer, carbon-based conductive and fluoridecarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membranous polymer material of the battery is selected in the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regeneration cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonation EPDM, styrene-butylene rubber and fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode mixture comprises negative electrode active material including carbonaceous material, and nongraphitizing carbon, and graphitizing carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyvinyl alcohol has average degree of polymerization of 100-4000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas diffusion layer is made of hydrophilic carbon paper and poly tetrafluorine biolefinic hydrophobic carbon paper. The poly tetrafluorine biolefinic hydrophobic carbon paper is processed into poly tetrafluorine alkene bi-agent. The porous polymer nanometer fiber is made of high molecule polymer such as polypropylene nitrile, polymethyl acrylic acid methyl ester, poly-bi-or poly-ammonia ester, polyvinylidene fluoride/bi-poly tetra-fluorine, bi-polyvinylidene fluoride/polyurethane, bi-fluoride/hexafluoropropylene, polyaniline/polyethylene oxide bi-alkyl, polyaniline/poly (methyl methacrylate), methyl Nafion/ polyvinylidene fluoride, bi-Nafion/ poly tetra-fluorine, bi-Nafion/poly-epoxy layer and Nafion/bialcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid medium is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer particles contain polymer consisting of a repeating unit derived from conjugated diene compound, a repeating unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound, a repeating unit derived from alpha , beta -unsaturated nitrile compound and/or unsaturated carboxylic acid (ester), and a repeating unit derived from a monomer containing fluorine atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery electrode comprises 1000 ppm or less ionic components other than an amino acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of composite-carbon material with respect to total content of composite-carbon material and natural graphite is more than 0.1 and 0.9 or less. The orientation ratio (110/004) of composite-carbon material (a) is 0.29-0.7. Preferred Process: The carbon material of composite-carbon material (a) is natural graphite, and is spheroidized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The controller is further configured to, in response to the trigger condition, activate the engine to satisfy driver torque demands. The vehicle (I) further comprises: a duct fluidly connecting the battery housing and cabin, where the barrier system includes a door arranged such that the door is at least partially disposed outside of the duct when the barrier system is open; and a sensor disposed within the traction battery housing and configured to detect a composition of gas in it, where the trigger condition is based on the composition of the gas. The vehicle (II) further comprises the controller configured to, in response to a trigger condition, disable the traction battery and close the door system to isolate the battery housing from the cabin. The door system is operable to close in response to the trigger condition. Preferred Method: The method further comprises, in response to disabling the traction battery, increasing a torque output by an engine proportional to a decrease in power output by the traction battery associated with disabling the traction battery to satisfy driver torque demands.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of the catalyst material and the support is 1:1-200. The complex oxide catalyst further includes a first oxide and a second oxide with the weight ratio of 1:0.1-200. The weight ratio of the conductive material and the catalyst is 1:0-2, and the conductive material is carbon nanotubes, graphite based system, a carbon black-based or carbon-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment is cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4 or CoO.Al2O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: the composition further contains organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The elastomer is butyl rubber, isobutylene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber or ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step 1), 5-12 wt.% of organic material, 1-10 wt.% of lithium precursor and 5-40 wt.% of titanium precursor, based on weight of the solvent is used. The electrospinning is performed using nozzle having size of 15-30 gauge and by applying a voltage of 1-3 kV/cm. The heat-treating in step 3) is performed at 700-900 degrees C under oxidizing atmosphere (preferably air or oxygen atmosphere). Preferred Components: The lithium precursor is selected from lithium acetate dihydrate, lithium hydroxide or lithium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium precursor is selected from titanium isopropoxide or titanium(IV) butoxide. The solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or glycol. EXAMPLE - Spinel lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) nanofibers was prepared as follows: 0.134 g of lithium acetate dihydrate and 0.466 g of titanium isopropoxide were mixed with 0.3 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone and the resulting mixture was stirred, thus obtaining a homogeneous mixture solution. 4 ml of ethanol was used as the solvent. To prevent deposition of the titanium precursor, acetic acid was added in an amount of 25 vol.% based on the volume of ethanol. Subsequently, the mixture solution was electrospun, thus preparing nanofibers. The electrospinning was performed under conditions including a rate of extrusion of the mixture solution of 0.5 ml/h, voltage of 1-3 kV/cm, distance between needle and aluminum foil of 13 cm, and thickness of needle of 27 gauge. The electrospun composite nanofibers were calcined at 750 degrees C for 3 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere to remove the organic material, to form (Li4Ti5O12) nano-fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reducing atmosphere contains a flowing reducing gas comprising hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia (preferred), and/or carbon dioxide. The method further comprises doping the base electrode composition with a metal oxide prior to the annealing step to form a doped electrode composition comprising (I). Preferred Composition: The base composition of the anode comprises at least 90 wt.% of lithium as the primary electrochemically active material of the anode. Preferred Components: The active material in the base composition of the cathode comprises lithium manganese oxide (LiMn(1.5)Ni(0.5)O4), or lithium manganese nickel metal oxide of formula (LiaMn(1.5-b)Ni(0.5-c)MdO4) (I). The electrode has a capacity of at least 125% greater at 3C, 5C or 10C when compared with the electrode having the same base composition without the annealed composition. The electrode and battery have a capacity of at least 120 m-ampere-hour/g at a rate of C/10, 1C, 3C, 5C or 10C. The battery has: a capacity of at least 125% greater at 3C, 5C, or 10C when compared with the battery having the same anode, electrolyte, and base composition of the cathode without the annealed composition; an ability to charge from 0-50% (preferably 0-33%) of the full range capacity in 6 minutes (preferably 1 minute); and a functional discharge capacity of at least 90% of the initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles. The anode comprises mesoporous metal oxide microspheres, having (a) microspheres with an average diameter of 200 nm to 10 mu m, and (b) mesopores on the surface and interior of the microspheres, where the mesopores have an average diameter of 1-50 nm and the microspheres have a surface area of 50-500 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: (I): as synthesized, shows a random or partially random distribution of lithium cations and M-cations in the oxygen arrangement of the rock-salt structure, as measurable by XRD; in the absence of oxygen oxidation, is represented by a first charge capacity of at least 150 mAhour/g when charging at room temperature at C/20 rate which is the rate to potentially utilize the full theoretical capacity maximum concentration (Cmax) in 20 hours; and has substoichiometric amount of lithium. The coated electrode material has a coating comprising a member of carbon, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, tin dioxide, zirconium dioxide, lithium oxide-diboron trioxide (2B2O3) glass, and/or phosphates. The phosphate is aluminum phosphate, lithium pyrophosphate, lithium phosphate. (II) is of formula (Li(1.233-w)Mo(0.467)Cr(0.3)O2). EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, molybdenum oxide, and chromium hydroxide acetate (Cr3(OH)2(OOCCH3)7) were used as precursors and dispersed into acetone and ball-milled for 24 hours and dried overnight to prepare the precursor mixture. The mixture was heated at 1050 degrees C for 15 hours under argon gas, and manually ground to obtain metal compound of formula (Li1+xMo2xCr1-3xO2).    x = 0.15-0.333.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first flow structure comprises steel wool; metallic foam; and at least one of cloth, paper, and wool made of carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotubes are carbon nanotubes with different lengths. Preferred Process: The tin plating particles are formed in tin plating membrane surface, and the tin plating particles are connected with the tin plating membrane surface by carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline tin plating bath is pyrophosphoric acid bath.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1st layer contains (La,Mn)Sr-titanate-based perovskite, and the 2nd layer contains (Nb,Y)Sr-titanate-based perovskite or (La)Sr-titanate-based perovskite. (La,Mn)Sr-titanate-based perovskite is represented by formula LaySr(1-y)Ti(1-x)MnxOb or La0.4Sr0.6Ti(1-x)MnxOb. (Nb,Y)Sr-titanate-based perovskite is represented by formula Sr(1-1.5z-0.5k+/-delta)YzNbkTi(1-k)Od. (La)Sr-titanate-based perovskite is represented by formula Sr(1-a+/-delta)LazTiOd.delta =0-0.05;a=0-0.4;k, z=0-0.2;x=0-0.6;y=0.2-0.8; andb, d=2.5-3.5.Preferred Parameters: The interconnect is planar defined by uniform thickness along its length. Thickness of the interconnect is 0.005-2 mm, preferably 10-1000 mu m. The interconnect has a density of greater than or equal to 90%, preferably greater than or equal to 94%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chloride is chosen from alkali metal salt, alkaline-earth metal salt and aluminum chloride. The molar ratio of difluoro-lithium phosphate and water is 1:1-1:4. The molar ratio of difluoro-lithium phosphate and chloride is 1:3-1:4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The bus system is designed as a controller area network (CAN) bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material is selected from a group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene film, polyethylene film including polyethylene oxide, macromolecular film for polyelectrolyte of poly acrylonitrile or polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second barrier layers are made of aluminum, stainless steel, iron, carbon, alloy of chrome and manganese, copper, alloy of chrome, nickel and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first polymer resin layer and the second polymer resin layer are made of nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, urethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, casting polypropylene and fluorine-based resin. The surface processing layer is made of silane compound or siloxane-based compound consisting of hexamethyldisilazane, trimethyl chlorosilane, silicone oil, amino silane, alkyl silane, polydimethylsiloxane and dimethyl dichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective component includes aluminum. The exterior body includes iron or nickel. The current collector includes aluminum. The ionic liquid includes a heterocyclic cation, an aromatic cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, a quaternary sulfonium cation, a quaternary phosphonium cation, a tertiary sulfonium cation, an acyclic quaternary ammonium cation, and an acyclic quaternary phosphonium cation. The ionic liquid includes a monovalent amide anion, a monovalent methide anion, a fluorosulfonic acid anion, a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anion, tetrafluoroborate, perfluoroalkylborate, hexafluorophosphate, and perfluoroalkylphosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode material comprises lithium-vanadium metal oxide (Li3-xMaxV1-yMbyO4), where x is greater than 0 but less than 3, y is greater than 0 but less than 0.5, Ma is sodium or potassium, and Mb is boron, silicon, germanium, gallium, tin, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, iron, titanium, manganese, copper, scandium or chromium. The method utilizes vanadium containing compound that is vanadium pentoxide and lithium containing compound that is lithium carbonate (Li2CO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermally conductive layer is made of thermally conductive particles selected from metal or metal alloys of silver, copper, nickel, steel or carbon dispersed within thermally activated adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive includes a component selected from polyester, thermoplastic, poly-alcohol polymers, polyamine polymers, ethylene copolymers, epoxies, urethanes, polyimides, ethylene-acrylic copolymers or ethylene-vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame retardant comprises 0.4-25 pts. wt. brominated flame retardant and 0.2-12.5 pts. wt. antimony oxide compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polypropylene resin comprises non-modified polypropylene resin and modified polypropylene resin in a weight ratio of 75/25-95/5. The resin composition further contains 0.05-2 pts. wt. amino ether type hindered amine light stabilizer and 0.05-2 pts. wt. UV absorber. Preferred Component: The battery case consists of a tray and a cover, and is molded by injection molding and/or compression molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of inter-atomic distance between site (16d) and site (32e) of spinel-type lithium manganese-containing complex oxide contained in recovered supernatant with respect to inter-atomic distance between (16d) and site (32e) of the spinel-type lithium-manganese composite oxide contained in the recovered sediment is preferably more than 97.4%. The operation electric potential of the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing complex oxide is 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium metal reference electric potential. The specific surface area of the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing complex oxide is 0.01-3 m2/g. The volume-based particle size distribution (D50) of the spinel-type lithium-manganese composite oxide is 5-40 mu m, when measured using laser diffraction scattering-type particle size distribution measuring method. The volume-based particle size distribution (D10) of the spinel-type lithium-manganese composite oxide is 2-15 mu m. The volume-based particle size distribution (Dmin) of the spinel-type lithium-manganese composite oxide is 5 mu m or less. Preferred Components: The spinel-type lithium manganese-containing complex oxide further consists of a crystal phase containing boron, and a complex oxide phase containing nickel, manganese and boron. The crystal phase further contains manganese-nickel-borate oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains 0.001-0.5 mol/l lithium hexafluorophosphate. The compound of the rare earths is hydroxide of rare earth, oxyhydroxide of rare earth, or oxide of rare earth. The rare earth element is neodymium, samarium or erbium. The lithium containing transition metal oxide has composition of formula: LiMe'O2, where Me' is nickel, cobalt or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon, bisphenol-type condensate, alginic acid or its alkali metal salt, and polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, or their salts are 0.5-2.5 %mass, 0.1-0.9 %mass, 0.05-0.3 mass%, and 0.01-0.3 %mass, respectively, with respect to 100 %mass of spongy lead. Carbon is carbon black in a concentration of 4 mass ppm or less in the electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material further contains an olefin type polycarboxylic acid or its salt, which is polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, or their salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The negative electrode has charging capacity and discharge capacity of 200 mAh/g or more, and plateaux electric potential of 1.5 V or less during initial stage charging/discharging in counter lithium evaluation. Preferred Composition: The silicate is chosen from aegirine, esseneite, and augite. Preferred Process: The negative electrode is obtained by preparing active material by pulverizing silicate, obtaining electroconductive material, which is carbon material, coating prepared slurry-type negative electrode compound material mixed with active material, N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone and polyvinylidene fluoride at mass ratio of 64:30:6, on a copper foil, and drying 2 layers having the copper foil and negative electrode compound material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material capable of carrying cation in reversible manner is chosen from titanic acid metallic compound which dissociates the carbon material, silicon, tin and silicon compound, tin compound, and metal nitride which dissociates the metal cation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The halogen anion and anion of compound having halogen atom are chosen from amide anion having alkyl group, sulfonyl amide anion having alkyl group, and sulfonate anion having halogen atom. The halogen anion is of formula: X- (I). The sulfonyl amide anion is of formula (II). The sulfonate anion is of formula (III). The cation is chosen from metal cation and organic onium cation, preferably alkali-metal cation, alkaline-earth metal cation, aluminum cation, silver cation, cation of formula (IV), cation of formula (V), cation of formula (VI), imidazolium cation of formula (VII), imidazolinium cation of formula (VIII) and pyridinium cation of formula (IX).X=fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo;R1-R3=1-8C alkyl having halogen atom, or halo;R4-R6,R11-R18=1-8C alkyl;A=sulfur;R7-R10=1-8C alkyl or 1-8C alkyloxy alkyl;B'=nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom;andY'=direct bond, oxygen atom, methylene or group of formula: -N(-R18)-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the low-molecular-weight compound in the porous film is 1000 ppm or less per unit weight of the porous film. The low-molecular-weight compound is ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The water soluble high molecular compound has an acidic group, preferably carboxyl group, and is chosen from carboxymethylcellulose, and maleimide-maleic acid copolymer having a structural unit of formula (I).R1=H, 1-6C alkyl, 3-12C cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted by 1-6C alkyl, phenyl substituted by 1-6C alkyloxy, phenyl substituted by halo, or hydroxyphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the maleimide-maleic acid copolymer is 0.1-30 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. non-electroconductive particles. The particulate polymer contains 0.01-5 wt.% crosslinked monomer unit. The maleimide-maleic acid copolymer contains 5-75 mol% structural unit (a) and 5-75 mol% structural unit (b). The maleimide-maleic acid copolymer further contains a structural unit (c) of formula: -(Y')- (III).Y'=2-12C hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Each side wall is pivotable relative to the bottom. Each of the side walls is arranged to be folded from a first orientation in which it is disposed in a plane parallel to the bottom or a second orientation in which they are in a plane transverse to the bottom. A cantilever end is fixed on each side wall in each case at one of the current collectors. An inner contour of the insulation frame is adjusted to an outer contour of the wrapping element arranged on it including the current collectors. Passage recesses are formed in the bottom. The insulating frame comprises reinforcing ribs to increase the mechanical stability. The insulation frame is made of plastic and is an injection-molded part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyridine compound is pyridine. The carbonate compound is vinylenecarbonate or fluorinated ethylene carbonate. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.1-10 wt.% of additive, 1 mole of carbonate compound, 0.4-0.6 mole of pyridine compound. The non-aqueous solvents are propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, and/or diethyl carbonate, and lithium salts including lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali electrolyte solution comprises preferably 0.5-10 %mass potassium hydroxide, 10-30 %mass sodium hydroxide, and 0.1-0.5 %mass or less lithium hydroxide. The total content of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide is 10.5 %mass or more. The content of M is preferably 0.2-0.4 %mass. The molar ratio of magnesium, nickel, cobalt and aluminum is 0.25-0.35, 2.5-3.5, 0.25-0.75 and 0.03-0.055, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy has cerium-nickel (CeNi3)-type structure or cerium-nickel (Ce2Ni)-type structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of (I) comprises dissolving brominated polyphenylene ether compounds of formula (II) in organic solvent, configuring 5-25 wt.% polymer solution, adding N-substituted imidazole compounds of formula (III) accounting for 0.1-5 times of molar amount of bromomethyl containing brominated polyphenylene ether, stirring and reacting for 4-50 hours at 20-80 degrees C to obtain imidazole functionalized brominated polyphenylene ether coating film solution, degassing the coating film solution, and coating directly on substrate or coating the coating film solution on reinforcing fabric and drying the film at 40-80 degrees C. Preferred Components: (I) is self-supportive and reinforcing fabric support. The substrate is a glass plate or polyfluortetraethylene plate. The reinforcing fabric is glass fiber cloth, polypropylene fabric, polyvinyl chloride fabric, polytetrafluoroethylene fabric, nylon fabric or polyester fabric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, chlorobenzene, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nickel cobalt composite hydroxide has tap density of 2 g/cm3 or more, and average particle diameter of 10-30 mu m. The positive electrode active material has tap density of 2 g/cm3 or more, and average particle diameter of 10-30 mu m. Preferred Process: The separation process is carried out using wet separation apparatus using a centrifugal force. The manufacture of nickel cobalt composite hydroxide further involves coating the surface of separated large particle size material with additional element chosen from aluminum, magnesium, manganese, titanium, iron, copper, zinc and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (Ma) is niobium, zirconium, or titanium. The element (Mb') is tungsten or molybdenum. The lithium containing transition metal oxide particles further contain manganese and/or cobalt other than nickel. The transition metal oxide particles have composition of formula: Li1+xNiaMnbCocO2+d, where x+a+b+c is 1, x is 0-0.2 (excluding 0), a greater than or equal to b, a greater than or equal to c, c/(a+b) is 0-0.65, a/b is 1.0-3.0 and d is -0.1 to 0.1. The compounds (Ma, MB') are oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel oxide contains metallic element (A) which is integrated in the crystal structure of the nickel oxide. The metallic element (A) is chosen from magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, and zinc. The positive electrode active material contains particles containing nickel oxide, and a conductive layer formed in the surface of the particles. The conductive layer contains cobalt oxide. The positive electrode contains an electroconductive support material, and the positive electrode active material which is adhered to the support material. A mixture of positive electrode active material and metallic compound is adhered to the support material, in the positive electrode. The metallic compound includes metallic element (B) chosen from alkaline earth metal, and group III metal, group IV metal, group V metal, group XII metal, group XIII metal and group XV metal in periodic table, preferably beryllium, calcium, barium, scandium, yttrium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, zinc, indium or antimony, more preferably calcium, ytterbium, titanium or zinc. The metallic compound is oxide, hydroxide or fluoride of metallic element (B). The alkaline storage battery contains aqueous alkali solution containing sodium hydroxide with concentration of 4-10 mol/dm3, as alkali electrolyte solution. Preferred Properties: The ratio of peak intensity (I001) along (001) plane and peak intensity (I101) along (101) plane is 2-2.2. The ratio of full width at half maximum (FWHM001) along (001) plane and full width at half maximum (FWHM101) along (101) plane is 0.55-0.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound of rare earths is hydroxide of rare earths, oxyhydroxide of rare earths, or oxide of rare earth. The lithium containing transition metal oxide has composition of formula: LiMe'O2, where Me' is nickel, cobalt, manganese or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is an oxalate compound of boron or phosphorus, preferably lithium bis oxalatoborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon-material particles (C) are carbon. The primary particles of carbon material particles (C) and carbon material particles (D) have average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m, and 350-500 nm, respectively. The content of carbon material particles (D) is 0-40 wt.%. The electrode layer has surface roughness of 5 mu m or more. Preferred Composition: The electrode layer further comprises the dispersing agent (A), which is cellulose or its derivative(s), and dispersing agent (B), which is cellulose having molecular weight less than molecular weight of dispersing agent (A). The content of the dispersing agent (B) is less than content of the dispersing agent (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of number-of-moles of lithium silicate phase with respect to total molar amount of particles containing silicon oxide is 0.5-25 mol%. The surface of particles containing silicon oxide is coated by 100% carbon. The negative electrode active material further contains graphite. The positive electrode active material contains lithium and oxide containing metallic element (M) chosen from at least one of cobalt and nickel. The ratio of total amount (x) of lithium contained in the positive electrode and negative electrode, with respect to content (M) of metallic element contained in oxide, is more than 1.01. Preferred Property: The average primary particle diameter of particles containing silicon oxide, is 1-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic particles in surface layer of the side facing the negative-electrode pole plate of the separator is 2.5-40 %mass. The inorganic particles are oxide or nitride of silicon, aluminum and titanium. The content of the silicon or silicon compound is 1-20 %mass. The silicon or silicon compound is silicon oxide (SiOx, where x is 0.5=1.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of borate contained in the positive electrode is 0.1-5 %mass with respect to total mass of the lithium-transition metal composite oxide particles and the borate. The borate is chosen from lithium borate, sodium borate, potassium borate, calcium borate, barium borate, manganese (II) tetraboric acid, cobalt-boric acid, nickel-boric acid, and aluminum borate. The borate is preferably chosen from lithium metaborate, lithium tetraborate, lithium triborate, and lithium octaborate. The rare earth compound contains neodymium, samarium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and/or lutetium. The amount of rare earth elements contained in the positive electrode is 0.01-0.3 mol% with respect to the lithium-transition metal composite oxide. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide particles contain lithium-metal oxide complex (Lia(M1-bM'b)O2), where M is cobalt, nickel, or manganese, M' is boron, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, iron, manganese, chromium, or zinc, a is 0.9-1.2 (including 0.9 and 1.2), and b is 0-0.1 (including 0 and 0.1), or lithium-metal oxide complex (LiaMn2-xM3xO4, where M3 is aluminum, boron, nickel, iron, titanium, chromium, or vanadium), or lithium-metal oxide complex (LiaFePO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorinated non-aqueous solvent is chosen from fluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoro propylene carbonate, ethyl fluoromethyl carbonate, and ethyl fluoroethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic coating layer comprises alumina, titanium, zirconium, silicon dioxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, and yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The melting point of the insulating crystalline polymer is 80-180 degrees C. The shell layer contains electroconductive particles (118). The electroconductive particles are conductive carbon. The metal foil contains aluminum foil or copper foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The shell layer contains conductive polymer. The insulating crystalline polymer contains polyethylene or polypropylene. The conductive layer further contains insulating organic binder containing polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of glass frit is 1-10 wt.%. The electroconductive powder is silver powder. The glass frit further comprises predetermined molar amount of elements chosen from 8 mol% or less magnesium, 5 mol% or less calcium, and 3 mol% or less strontium, and barium in conversion of oxide, 20 mol% or less manganese and copper, 10 mol% or less silver, 8 mol% or less vanadium, and 3 mol% or less boron and phosphorus, 10 mol% or less titanium, 9 mol% or less cobalt, and 3 mol% or less niobium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zirconium, tantalum, silicon, tin and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar content of main component in the glass frit converted into oxide is 95 mol% or more. The glass frit further contains component (a) chosen from magnesium, calcium and strontium, component (b) chosen from aluminum, titanium, and zirconium. The content of glass frit is 1-10 wt.%. The electroconductive powder is silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of carbonaceous material is 30-50 nm, and the particle size of metallic compound is 60-80 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The M is preferably manganese or cobalt. Preferred Property: The crystallite size of positive-electrode active material is preferably930-1100 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonate ester having carbon-carbon double bond is vinylene carbonate. The cyclic carbonate having fluorine atom is monofluoro ethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator further comprises laminated nonwoven fabric comprising 2 or more nonwoven fabric layer. The nonwoven fabric layer (f2) in separator comprises thermoplastic resin fiber having fiber diameter of more than 4 mu m to 30 mu m. The thermoplastic resin fiber is thermoplastic synthetic long-fiber. The separator comprises nonwoven fabric layer containing nonwoven fabric containing polyester-based resin. The polyester-based resin is polyethylene terephthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The total fabric weight of separator is 30 g/m2 or less. The fabric weight of nonwoven fabric layer (f1) is 15 g/m2 or less. Preferred Properties: The separator has thickness of 10-60 mu m. The fiber diameter of nonwoven fabric layer (f1) is preferably 0.1-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains lithium titanium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyester-based resin is polyethylene terephthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The nonwoven fabric film comprises fiber having diameter of 30 mu m or less. The nonwoven fabric film contains a laminated nonwoven fabric which has nonwoven fabric layer (a) containing fiber having diameter of 4 mu m or less, and a nonwoven fabric layer (b) having thermoplastic resin fiber with diameter of 4-30 mu m. The nonwoven fabric layer (a) is interposed into nonwoven fabric layers. The thermoplastic resin fiber is thermoplastic synthetic long-fiber. The nonwoven fabric film further contains a nonwoven fabric layer containing polyester-based resin. Preferred Properties: The nonwoven fabric film has thickness of 10-60 mu m, porosity of 45 % or more and average stream flow hole diameter of 30 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive porous hydrophilic membrane has a portion of pores plugged with a conductive material chosen from platinum, gold, titanium, nickel, carbon, niobium, stainless steel alloys and other electroconductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base comprises crystalline silicon which is amorphous silicon or polysilicon, and further contains at least one additional element chosen from periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The anode active material is a lithium manganese oxide with layered structure and potential plateau within 4.45-4.8 V area when charged at a voltage higher than 4.45 V based on anode potential. The first cathode active material is graphite. The second cathode active material includes semi-metal and/or semi-metal oxide having capacity twice higher than the first cathode active material per g and initial charge-discharge efficiency of 60-85%. The second cathode active material includes silicon, tin and their oxides, preferably silicon oxide, tin oxide and/or silicon. The weight ratio of the first cathode active material and the second cathode active material is 90-99.9:0.1-10. The second cathode active material participates only in the reaction involving the initial formation step of the battery and then degenerated under the lithium-free state. The second cathode active material is degenerated through normal discharge when the carbon-based conductive material is uncoated; or degenerated through over discharge when the carbon-based conductive material is coated or not. The over discharge is performed under the voltage of less than 2 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material contains lithium nickel complex oxide of formula: LixNiyM1-yO2, where x is 0.95-1.15, y is 0.6-1, and M is cobalt, manganese, chromium, iron, tungsten, magnesium, zirconium, titanium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous secondary battery consists of a positive electrode active material comprising compound containing nickel, cobalt, or manganese. The positive electrode active material preferably contains nickel or manganese. The negative electrode active material contains carbon material or lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonate compound (A) is chosen from compounds having carbon double bonds and fluorine-substituted compounds. The carbonate compound (A) is preferably chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate. The amount of solvent contained in the electrolyte solution is 20 volume% or more. The amount of carbonate compound (A) contained in the solvent is 0.1-20 volume%. The solvent further contains a carbonate compound (B). The carbonate compound (B) contains 20-50 volume% cyclic carbonates, 30-80 volume% linear carbonate and/or cyclic ester, and 0-10 volume% carbonates having carbon-carbon double bonds and/or fluorine-substituted carbonates. Preferred Definitions:    E=unsaturated heterocyclic ring having saturated heterocyclic ring containing -C(=O)-, carbon-carbon multiple bond, or carbon-nitrogen multiple bond;and    L=methylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The active material is obtained by heating a mixture containing lithium sulfide and copper sulfide-containing compound of formula: CuS1-x, where x is 0-0.5. Preferred Composition: The content of the lithium with respect to copper is 2.1-6 mol%. The content of the sulfur with respect to copper is 1.5-3.5 mol%. The positive electrode active material has average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m, based on the particle size distribution measured by laser diffraction scattering-type particle size distribution measuring method. The molar ratio of lithium sulfide with respect to copper sulfide-containing compound is 0.33-0.96 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw material is melted at 1000-1400 degrees C, and cooled at cooling rate of 103-1010 degrees C/second using an inert gas or reducing gas. The ground material is heated at 300-900 degrees C using an inert gas or reducing gas. Preferred Composition: The ground material contains solidified material, and 0.1-20 %mass carbon source with respect to total mass of solidified material. The phosphoric acid compound comprises composition of formula: Lid(Mn1-sFes)eXyPO4+f (II).d=0.95-1.10;s=0.03-0.3;e=0.95-1.05;y=0.001-0.2;andf=value dependent on d, s, e, y.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source is organic compound and/or carbon-type electroconductive substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Cathode material used during electrolysis process, is carbon or gold. The concentration of palladium chloride is more than 0 M to 0.01 M
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quinquevalent vanadium acid sodium solution is national standard qualified pentavalent vanadium solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive active material (A) is covered with carbon in amount of 1-5 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass active material. The content of active material (A) is 82-87 %mass with respect to total content of materials (A,B). Preferred Definitions:    M=Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3, Ni1/4Mn1/4Co1/2, Ni1/5Mn1/5Co3/5, Ni2/5Mn2/5Co1/5 or Ni1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytically active element comprises at least one of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb and Bi. The catalytically active element comprises at least one of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Ru and Rh (preferably Ag). The Helper Catalyst comprises at least one of an organic cation and an organic anion. The Helper catalyst comprises at least one of phosphine, imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, prolinate, methioninate and choline. The choline comprises one of choline salt and choline ester salt. The Helper catalyst comprises at least one of choline and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation. The Helper catalyst comprises tetrafluoroborate anion. The reaction product comprises one of a carbonate and an organic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive lug materials is formed from metals, e.g., lead or lead alloy, zinc or zinc alloy, cadmium or cadmium alloy. The electrode is impregnated with active material comprising lead-based particles so that the active material electrically connects direct to the lug.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thickener is carboxymethylcellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thickener is water-soluble polymer and styrene butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic electrolytic solution comprises a lithium sulfonimide-based compound. The metal/metalloid nanostructure comprises silicon, germanium, and tin. The carbonaceous substrate comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, carbon black, fullerene soot carbon nanotube, and carbon fiber. The lithium sulfonimide-based compound comprises lithiumfluoroalkylsulfoneimide, lithiumfluoroarylsulfoneimide, and lithiumfluoroalkylarylsulfoneimide, and lithium nitride ((CpF2p+1SO2)(CqF2q+1SO2)), where p and q are different from each other, and are 1-20. The lithium salt comprises lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate,lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and lithium hexafluoroantimonate. The organic electrolytic solution comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate and a lithium sulfonimide- based compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of iron fluoride and carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate is 86:14-57:43. The concentration of the iron fluoride is 40-60mass%. The concentration of the carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate is 10-30 mass%. The concentration of the conductive auxiliary is 20-30 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode material further comprises a conductive auxiliary.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first material of the layer consists of aluminum, boron and silicon. The second surface layer containing the fluorine compound consists of aluminum, boron and silicon, and is an aluminum fluoride layer or silicon tetrafluoride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfide solid electrolyte comprises lithium, aluminum, tin, phosphorus, and sulfur. The crystal structure of solid electrolyte has octahedron (O) formed by lithium and sulfur, tetrahedron (T1) formed by sulfur and element (Y1), and tetrahedron (T2) formed by sulfur and element (Y2), (where Y1 and Y2 are elements chosen from phosphorus, tin and aluminum).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mole ratio (Ni/Ni+Mn) in transition metal of nickel is less than 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon-carbon composite includes carbon nanofibers and 3-40 volume% silicon particles coated with amorphous silica. The weight ratio of the amorphous silica and silicon particles is 1:0.2-20. The lithium salt used in the manufacture of lithium secondary battery is lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium hexaborophosphate. Preferred Process: The additives are added in organic solvent chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separation film contains polymer material chosen from polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quinquevalent vanadium acid sodium solution is national standard qualified pentavalent vanadium solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chain-shaped ether having tertiary carbon is tert-butyl methyl ether. The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material further contains 0.02 %mass or less calcium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plant-derived organic substance is an organic substance derived from coffee bean. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery consists of an electrolyte solution containing an additive. The additive is chosen from vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, trimethylsilyl phosphoric acid, lithium tetrafluoroborate, chloroethylene carbonate, propane sultone, ethylene sulfite, vinylene carbonate, dioxathiolane dioxide, and lithium bis(oxalate) borate. Preferred Properties: The ratio of true density of carbonaceous material measured by butanol method with respect to true density measured using helium by dry-type density measurement method is 1.18-1.38. The additive has lowest unoccupied molecular orbital value of -1.1 to 1.11 eV, when measured using a quantum-chemical-calculation method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode contains a water-soluble polymer containing conjugated diene or acrylic ester as structural unit. The water-soluble polymer is carboxymethylcellulose derivative, polyvinyl alcohol derivative, or polyacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cabonyl carbon super P, Ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon nano tube, carbon sphere and carbon ribbon. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite material comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized meso-carbon microbeads and/or modified graphite. The compound is chosen from oxide, hydroxide, halide, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, metallic acid salt and/or organic acid salt. The reaction gas is chosen from carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and/or nitrogen dioxide. Preferred Properties: The diameter of each of the channels is 0.2 nm to 1.5 mu m. The loading quantity of catalyst is 0.010-40%. The grain diameter of particles of the catalyst is 0.2 nm to 1.5 mu m. Preferred Conditions: The reaction between graphite material loaded with catalyst and reaction gas is carried out at 500-1500 degrees C, for 0.5-50 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is hydrogen. The oxidizer is oxygen. The catalyst is nickel, iron or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Producing biofuel involves a pre-treatment prior to the aqueous slurry of carbonized biomass, where pre-treatment involves: (A) first grinding of the aqueous mixture of carbonized biomass to obtain an average particle size below 5 mm; (B) a first separation of inorganic; and (C) a first step of drying to obtain a water content below 50 wt.%. It involves additional step of mixture and dosing f at least one chemical dispersant in less than 3 wt.%. The process involves a subsequent step of physical separation of inorganic material, involving a chemical washing by adding at least one base and/or adding at least one acid for the separation of inorganic material. It involves adding an additional percentage of water or of at least one liquid fuel. Preferred Parameter: The biofuel comprises a calorific value greater than 24 MJ/kg, with reference to a dry basis. Preferred Composition: The biofuel comprises 25-55 wt.% water, preferably up to 90 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The content of tellurium, content of bismuth and content of zinc in glass frit is 35-89 mol.%, 1-20 mol.% and 5-50 mol.%, respectively based on conversion of oxide. The glass frit further contains less than 5 mol% additive including silicon, boron, aluminum, zirconium, barium, molybdenum and/or lanthanum. The content of the glass frit is 1-10 wt.%    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive powder is silver powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particles comprise silicon and/or silicon dioxide (SiOx, where x is 0-2). The content of metal particles is 1-30 %mass. Preferred Property: The composite graphite particles has tap density of 0.7 g/cm3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid composition is manufactured in presence of inert gas or reducing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The net is made of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of positive electrode and precipitate ion zone is less than 30 mu m and 50-500 mu m, respectively. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains iron, zinc, magnesium, aluminum and/or and silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains solvent which includes N-methyl-formamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbon nanofiber in the carbon material is 5-35 %mass. The supporting process is carried out after wet-dispersion of catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium-ion ion conductor is formed from ( beta ")-alumina or ( beta )-alumina and sodium super ion conductor of formula: (Na1+xSixZr2P3-xO12, where x is 0-3). The negative electrode does not contain mercury. The water-soluble electrolyte solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The negative electrode and the organic electrolyte do not contain potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic electrolyte is propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound having polymerizable unsaturated groups is chosen from polyfunctional(meth)acrylic acid ester and aromatic polyfunctional vinyl compound. The polymer particles (A1) are solid particles which have voids. The polymer particles (A1) further contain a repeating unit derived from monomer having fluorine atom, and a repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid. The polymer particles (A1) are polymer alloy particles containing polymer having repeating unit derived from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, or hexafluoropropylene, and polymer having repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid. The polymer particles (A2) further contain repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic ester and repeating unit derived from the aromatic vinyl compound other than compound (A), or repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid, repeating unit derived from unsaturated carboxylic ester, repeating unit derived from aromatic vinyl compound and repeating unit derived from conjugated diene compound. The content of polymer particles (A1) is 0.1-15 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass polymer particles (A2). The toluene insoluble content of the polymer particles (A2) at 50 degrees C is 90% or more. Preferred Properties: The number average particle diameter of polymer particles (A1) and polymer particles (A2) is 20-450 nm and 100-3000 nm, respectively. The ratio of number average particle diameter of the polymer particles (A1) and number average particle diameter of polymer particles (A2) is 1-30. The temperature at which 10% weight loss of composition when heated at 20 degrees C/minute in thermogravimetric analysis in air atmosphere, is 320 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The current-collection substrate contains copper, aluminum, nickel, gold, silver and/or their alloys, and has thickness of 1-100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The highly branched polymer has acidic group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group or their salts, preferably sulfo group or its salt in at least one aromatic ring of nitrogen-containing repeating unit (I) or (II). The highly branched polymer has triphenyl-containing repeating unit of formula (XII) and nitrogen-containing repeating unit of formula (XIII) or (XIV). The electroconductive conclusion layer further contains polymer as matrix.R50-R80=H, carboxy, sulfo, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group or their salts, preferably H.Preferred Property: The electroconductive conclusion layer has thickness of 0.05-10 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    Z2=H;and    Z1=H, thienyl, or monovalent organic group of formula (viii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluoroelastomer is selected from a group consisting of binary copolymer, vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and/or hexafluoropropene (HFP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium silicate-based compound is of formula: Li1+2yM1+zSiO4+w. The content of carbon material is 5-20 %mass with respect to 100 %mass composite material. The compound raw material consists of a metal raw material containing transition metal source chosen from iron, manganese and cobalt, lithium raw material containing lithium source, and silicon raw material containing silicon source. The compound raw material containing slightly-soluble component is hard to dissolve in the solvent. The silicon raw material is silica.M=iron, manganese or cobalt;y=0.25-0.6 (excluding 0.25 and 0.6);z=0-0.2 (excluding 0 and 0.2);andw=0-1.2 (excluding 1 and 1.2).Preferred Process: The heating process is performed at 650-1000 degrees C for 0.3-15 hours. The manufacturing process involves performing milling by providing mechanical energy to the compound raw material and carbon raw material. Preferred Properties: The average diameter of the silicate core portion is 48-198 nm. The average thickness of the carbon coating portion is 2-20 nm. The primary particle diameter of the primary particles is 50-200 nm. The secondary particle diameter of the secondary particles is 100-10000 nm. The composite material has a pore formed in the inside of the secondary particles. The average diameter of the pore is 20 nm or less. The particle size of the silicon raw material is 50-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon raw material is dextrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crystal structure of single-crystal particles is one-dimensional tunnel structure. The crystal system of single-crystal particles is monoclinic system. Preferred Properties: The single-crystal particles have space group of C2/m, lattice constant a of 12.3-12.5 Angstrom , lattice constant b of 3.7-3.8 Angstrom and lattice constant c of 19.8-20.1 Angstrom , and ( beta ) value of 94-96 degrees . The single-crystal particles have longest one area length of 10-500 mu m. Preferred Process: Alternatively, the single-crystal particles are obtained by heat-processing hydrogen titanium oxide (H2Ti6O13) as starting material at 150-600 degrees C. Manufacture of single-crystal particles of hydrogen titanium oxide (H2Ti3O7) involves processing mixture containing sodium metal or sodium compound, and titanium metal and titanium compound at 1200-1500 degrees C, and performing proton exchange reaction of obtained single-crystal particles of sodium titanium oxide (Na2Ti3O7) using acidic solution. Manufacture of single-crystal of hydrogen titanium oxide (H2Ti6O13) involves processing mixture containing sodium metal or sodium compound, and titanium metal and titanium compound at 1200-1500 degrees C, performing ion exchange reaction of obtained single-crystal particles of sodium titanium oxide (Na2Ti3O7), and performing proton exchange reaction of obtained lithium titanium oxide (Li2Ti6O13) using acidic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second expanded PTFE supports have a density of 0.15-0.4 g/cm3, preferably 0.18-0.22 g/cm3. The ion conducting polymer: includes protogenic groups including sulfur dioxide compound of formula (SO2Y1) (I), phosphonic acid, carbonyl compound of formula (COY1) (II), and perfluorocyclobutyl groups having a structure of formula (IV) or (V); is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, and a perfluorocyclobutyl polymer; and has a structure of formula (CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX1)m-Or-(CF2)q-SO3H) (III).Y1 = -OH, halo, or ester;X1 = F or trifluoromethyl and polymerization unit based on tetrafluoroethylene;m = 0-3;q = 1-12; andr = 0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material layer is formed of biaxially stretched polyglycolic acid resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the carbon adhered to lithium phosphate compound is 20-70 %mass when whole electroconductive material is 100 %mass. The adhesion amount of the electroconductive carbon is 40-80 parts mass when the lithium phosphate compound is 100 parts mass. The lithium phosphate compound contains lithium iron phosphate. The positive electrode active material contains layered-structure lithium nickel cobalt manganese complex oxide. Preferred Properties: Primary particles of the lithium phosphate compound have average particle diameter of 50-200 nm based on electron-microscope observation. Primary particles of the electroconductive carbon have average particle diameter of 30-50 nm based on electron-microscope observation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing phosphoric acid compound is difluoro lithium phosphate. The concentration of difluoro lithium phosphate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.01-0.15 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ether solvent is chain-shaped ether and/or cyclic ether. The chain-shaped ether is dimethoxyethane and/or 1,2-dimethoxy propane. The concentration of lithium bis(oxalate)borate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.005-0.05 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery is made of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, silver, barium and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sodium anode is a molten sodium anode. The solid electrolyte is a beta alumina solid electrolyte. The air cathode includes carbon, a catalyst, and a catholyte. The catalyst is a metal or a metal oxide. The metal is at least one of Pt, Pd, Ag, or Au. The metal oxide is MnO2. The catholyte is an organic solvent plus a sodium salt or an ionic liquid plus a sodium salt. The sodium salt is at least one of NaBr, NaI, NaPF6, and NaSO3CF3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is at least one of organic carbonates, ethers, esters, and glymes. The organic carbonates comprise at least one ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate. The ethers comprise at least one of etrahydrofuran and dioxolane. The ionic liquid is at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Primary particles are spinel-type lithium composite oxide, layered lithium composite oxide, inverse spinel-type lithium composite oxide, silicate lithium composite oxide and olivine-type lithium composite oxide. The secondary particles contain primary particles of lithium complex oxide of formula: Li(x+y)M1(2-y-p)M2pO(4-a) (I) and primary particles of lithium complex oxide of formula: Li(1+z)M1(1-z-q)M2qO(2-b) (II). The mass ratio of primary particle of lithium complex oxide (I) with respect to primary particles of lithium complex oxide (II) is 1:9-9:1.M1=Mn, Ni, Co, Mg, Fe, Al and/or Cr;M2=B, P, Pb, Sb, Si and/or V;x=1-2;y=0-0.2;z=0-0.34;p,q=0-1;1-z-q=1 or more;anda,b=0-1.Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of primary particles is 0.1-5 mu m. The average particle diameter of secondary particles is 2-30 mu m. Preferred Process: Raw material containing element (M1), raw material containing element (M2), and lithium source are added to solvent, pulverize-mixed, and the obtained slurry is dried, baked and adjustment processes are carried out to obtain lithium complex oxide (I) and (II). The obtained lithium complex oxide (I) and (II), and solvent are mixed, pulverized, and obtained slurry is dried to obtain hybrid-type lithium complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The synthetic rubber is selected from a group consisting of chloro sulfonation polyethylene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber and chloroprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises less than 5 wt.%, preferably less than 1 wt.%, especially 0.01-0.1 wt.% boron nitride-based material; and additionally less than 5 wt.% dispersing agent. The fluid composition is substantially free of any dispersing agents. Preferred Components: The boron nitride-based materials are selected from boron nitride, exfoliated boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, cubic boron nitride, crystalline boron nitride, boron nitride sheets, boron nitride fibers, boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanomesh, and/or boron nitride nanoparticles (preferably hexagonal boron nitride). The hexagonal boron nitride is in the form of sheets. The hexagonal boron nitride sheets comprise 2-10, preferably 2-6, especially 4-5 atomic layers. The hexagonal boron nitride sheets are anisotropic or isotropic; and have dimensions of 10 nm to 10 mu m, preferably 100-500 nm on each side. The hexagonal boron nitride sheets have an aspect ratio of 1:1 to 100:1. Preferred Method: The dispersing involves mixing the boron nitride-based materials with the base fluid. The method additionally involves exfoliating the boron nitride-based materials; and sonicating the boron nitride-based materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base fluid is selected from mineral oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, bio-based oils, natural and synthetic esters, crude oils, silicon fluids, silicate fluids, petroleum grease, silicone grease, water, brine, seawater, kerosene, ethylene glycols, aqueous fluids, non-aqueous fluids, oil-water emulsions, ionic liquids, clay-based fluids, thixotropic clay-based fluids, bentonite-based fluids, molten salt-based fluids, lubricants and/or metal-cutting fluids. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transfer membrane further comprises primary microporous layer and secondary microporous layer, in which the ionomer layer is arranged between the primary microporous layer and the secondary microporous layer. The ionomer layer comprises perfluoro sulfonic acid polymer containing polymerization unit based on perfluoro vinyl compound (CF2=CF(OCF2CFX1)m-Or(CF2)q-SO3H, where m is 0-3, q is 1-12, r is 0 or 1, and X1 is fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group), and perfluorocyclobutyl. The polymerization unit comprises tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous solvent comprises linear carbonate and cyclic carbonate. The electrolyte comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate. The negative electrode has carbon material as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate. The negative electrode contains a carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic ether is 1,4-dioxane. The cyclic carbonate is vinylene carbonate. The non-aqueous solvent contains ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains 4 %mass or less ethylene glycol sulfate derivative of formula (I).R1,R2=H or 1-5C hydrocarbyl. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate. The negative electrode contains a carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chain-shaped ether is t-butyl methyl ether. The non-aqueous solvent contains ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains 4 %mass or less ethylene glycol sulfate derivative of formula (I).R1,R2=H or 1-5C hydrocarbyl. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbonaceous material has average particle diameter of 2-8 mu m, specific surface area of 13 m2/g or less, and true density of 1.15 g/cm3 or more calculated by pycnometer method using butanol where ratio of the true density measured using butanol and true density measured using helium is 1.18-1.38. The electrolytic solution has lowest unoccupied molecular orbital value of 1.1-1.11 eV calculated using Austin Model 1 semi-empirical molecular orbital method. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode comprises water-soluble polymer having conjugated diene or acrylic ester as a structural unit and mass mean molecular weight of 10000-6000000, and is chosen from carboxymethylcellulose derivative, polyvinyl alcohol derivative, and polyacrylate. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery has additive chosen from fluoroethylene carbonate, trimethylsilyl phosphoric acid, lithium tetrafluoroborate, chloroethylene carbonate, propane sultone, ethylene sulfite, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, dioxathiolane dioxide, and lithium bis(oxalate)borate. The carbonaceous material further comprises 0.01 %mass or less magnesium, and 0.02 %mass or less silicon. The plant-derived organic substance is organic substance derived from coffee bean. Preferred Process: The demineralization process is carried out at 0-80 degrees C. The detarring process is carried out at 300-800 degrees C in combustion gas atmosphere. The plant-derived organic substance is heat processed at 500 degrees C or more. The manufacturing intermediate component further involves pulverizing demineralized organic substance. The baking process is carried out at 1000-1500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plant-derived organic substance contains organic substance derived from coffee bean. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the carbonaceous-material is preferably 2-8 mu m. Preferred Process: The de-ashing process is carried out in the presence of an acidic solution having pH of 3 or less. The manufacture of intermediate component of carbonaceous-material further involves carrying out pulverizing process of the organic substance during the de-ashing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode further contains a water-soluble polymer. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery further consists of an electrolyte solution containing additive. Preferred Property: The additive has lowest unoccupied molecular orbital value of -1.1 to 1.11 eV, when measured using a semi-empirical molecular orbital method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte of lithium secondary battery comprises 0.01-20 %mass cyclic siloxane. The cyclic siloxane is of formula (I).R1,R2=H or 1-12C organic group;andn=3-10.R1 and/or R2 contains dimethylsiloxy group. Preferred Process: The manufacture of lithium secondary battery further involves supplying cyclic siloxane for preparing nonaqueous electrolyte, and supplying nonaqueous electrolyte to negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The battery has thickness of 8 mm or less and capacity of 5 Ah or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The addition amount of lithium difluorophosphate is 0.01-0.1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chain carbonate includes 25-40 vol.% dimethyl carbonate with respect to total amount of solvent. The solvent is mixed solvent and chain carbonate other than dimethyl carbonate. The chain carbonate other than dimethyl carbonate is ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, a carbonization of the carbon containing matrix is carried out before the reaction step. The reaction step is carried out at a temperature of 200-1200 degrees C, preferably 600-1000 degrees C. Preferred Components: The inorganic nanoparticle comprises metal oxide or metalloid oxide nanoparticles of metals or semi-metals of group 4-14 of the periodic table, preferably titanium, boron, silicon, aluminum, zirconium and tin. The nanoparticles have diameter of 5-1000 nm, preferably 10-200 nm. The halogen gas consists of chlorine and bromine. The absorbed halogen gas is subsequently removed with hydrogen or carbon dioxide. The porous carbon material comprises at least 90% of carbon, where 10-40% of pore volumes are formed by micropores and 60-90% of pore volumes are formed by mesopores having a pore diameter of 12-26 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic materials comprise carbohydrates, synthetic polymers, resins, bituminous materials and pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Soluble salt comprising nitrate, zirconium nitrate and aluminum nitrate are used in manufacturing process of double layer structure of lithium ion battery cathode material. The inert gas used in vacuum furnace for manufacturing double-layer structure is comprised of argon gas and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Organic polymer comprising cane sugar, glucose, and polyethylene are used in manufacturing process of double layer structure of lithium ion battery cathode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Group-IV material is chosen from germanium (Ge), silicon (Si), silicon germanide (SiGe), carbon germanide (CGe), germanium stannide (GeSn), silicon germanium stannide (SiGeSn), carbon silicon germanium stannide (CSiGeSn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The battery has charge-discharge efficiency of 89-100% for 50 cycles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery further comprises protective layer comprising additive chosen from organic surfactant additive and inorganic additive, on anode. The additive is fluoro surfactant. The content of fluoro surfactant is 0.0005-5 wt.% with respect to weight of the electrolyte. The electrolyte further comprises 0.02-0.5M combination of salts which act as an oxidant and a catalyst. The lithium material is chosen from lithium metal, lithium alloy, lithium-carbon based material, lithium-tin (III) oxide based material, lithium-tin based material, and lithium foil. The cathode comprises electronic conductive additive comprising carbon black and/or graphite, substrate and binder. The electrolyte is solvent-based electrolyte solution. The electrolyte comprises non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing solvent system and salt partially dissolved in solvent system. The salt is chosen from lithium nitrate, lithium iodide, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), monolithium monocarbon trifluorosulfite (Li(CF3SO3)), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (LiN(CF3SO2)2) and lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiB(C2O4)2), preferably salt is lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), and solvent is aprotic solvent mixture. The electrolyte is partially encased in a separator or in barrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride binder. The fluoro surfactant comprises acrylate polymers having pendant glycol groups and/or perfluoroalkyl sulfonate groups, and is of formula (I).R1=H or 1-18C alkyl;R2=H, 1-18C alkyl or connection point to acrylate polymer backbone;x=1-10;a=1-50;b=1-100;andc=1-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The binder (A) has glass transition temperature of 30-50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite core shell material comprises 50-70 wt.% lithium sulfide, 10-30 wt.% compound (I), and 10-30 wt.% carbon. The shell (10) of composite core shell material is free of carbon. The shell(s) (15) of composite core shell material comprises 80-95 wt.% compound (I) and 5-20 wt.% carbon. The negative electrode comprises lithium, silicon and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ether-based electrolyte comprises a solvent chosen from dimethylethane, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran and/or tioxane, or an inorganic and/or organic lithium compounds chosen from lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium perchlorate, lithium bromide and/or lithium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel compound is nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride or nickel fluoride. The manganese compound is manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride or manganese fluoride. The cobalt compound is cobalt sulfate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride or cobalt fluoride. The hydroxide ions include alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide. The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide, lithium fluoride, lithium nitrate or lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass is a Nasicon-type phosphoric acid compound, and is of formula: Li1+xM1xM22-x(PO4)3 (I) or of formula: Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3 (II).M1=aluminum, yttrium, gallium, or indium;M2=titanium, germanium, or zirconium;andx=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The compound contains rare-earth element containing zirconium, tungsten, aluminum, neodymium, samarium and erbium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises cyclic carbonate ester. The fluorinated carboxylate ester contains 3,3,3-trifluoro methyl propionate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersing agent coverage (Rsio) of SiOx is 0.01-0.15. The dispersing agent coverage (Rc) of graphite is 0.005-0.02. The dispersing agent ratio R(sio+c) is the ratio of content of dispersing agent covered on graphite and SiOx, and total content of graphite and SiOx, which is 0.008-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substituted element further contains tantalum or niobium. The amount of partial substitution of zirconium by the substituted element is 5-30 mol% with respect to total number of moles of element which comprises zirconium site. The oxide sinter contains aluminum as additional element. The molar ratio of aluminum and lanthanum in the oxide sinter is 0.008-0.12. The oxide sinter further contains magnesium as additional element. The crystal structure comprises lithium-containing composition of formula: Li7-x-yLa3(Zr2-x-y,Mx,Biy)O12-( delta ) (I).x=0-0.6 (excluding 0.6);y=0.03-0.06;x+y=0.1-0.6;M=tantalum or niobium;and( delta )=0 (amount of oxygen deficiency).Preferred Process: The substituted element partially substitutes zirconium of the crystal structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode consists of lithium metal or lithium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The subgasket coating material is selected from the group consisting of chromium, stainless steel, diamond like carbon and titanium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The subgasket coating material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyolefins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel hydroxide contains cation chosen from tungsten, niobium and zirconium. The content of cation in the nickel hydroxide is 0.1 %mass or less. The hydrogen storage alloy contains magnesium-nickel-aluminum-Mb complex (Ln1-xMgxNiy-a-bAlaMb, where Ln is chosen from rare earth elements containing yttrium, and zirconium and titanium, M is chosen from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, iron, gallium, zinc, tin, indium, copper, silicon, phosphorus and boron, x is 0.05-0.3, a is 0.05-0.3, b is 0-0.5 and y is 2.8-3.9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method and in the lithium ion secondary battery, a solvent in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains 20-40 vol.% ethylene carbonate and at least one of dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material is a lithium transition metal complex oxide of formula (LiNilMnmConO2). The prescribed concentration is set based on the prescribed specific surface area so as to correspond to a value within the inner region.l+m+n = 1; andl, m and n = greater than 0. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material composition contains organic material derived from roasted coffee beans having an L value of 19.0 or less, and extracted residue of mixture of two or more roast plants which show different roast degree, or two or more extracted residue of roast plant which shows different roast degree. The roast plants are roasted coffee beans. Preferred Properties: The mixture of roast plants has L value of 16-19. Preferred Process: The lime removal is carried out using an acidic solution, and involves grinding the raw material composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The modulus of difference of melting point of binder and gelling temperature of thickener is 30 or less. The melting point of binder is more than or equal to gelling temperature of thickener. The melting point of thermomeltable binder is 70-90 degrees C. The average particle diameter and density of binder is less than 0.1 mu m and 1.2 g/cm3 or less, respectively. Preferred Composition: The thermosensitive thickener is polysaccharide or curdlan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tetrafluoro(oxalate)lithium phosphate is 0.05-0.3 times than the content of difluoro(bis oxalate)lithium phosphate. The cyclic sulfone compound is an unsaturated cyclic sultone compound of formula (III).R1-R4=H, fluoro, or 1-4C hydrocarbyl optionally having fluoro;andn=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The lithium-ion secondary battery negative electrode has compound material layer having volume density of 1.2-1.45 g/cm3 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Active material is coal-based and /or raw petroleum coke, coal-based and/or calcined petroleum coke, or mixture of coal-based and/or raw petroleum coke and coal-based and /or calcined petroleum coke.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon is hardly graphitized carbon. The shapes of hardly graphitized carbon are particle. The content of water in the fused salt electrolyte is 0.01 %mass or less, preferably 0.005 %mass or less. The content rate of metal cations other than the sodium cation in all the cations of fused salt electrolyte is 5 mol% or less. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter (d50) of particle is 5-15 mu m, preferably 7-12 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion is bis(trifluoro methylsulfonyl)amide anion, fluoro sulfonyl(trifluoro methylsulfonyl)amide anion, and bis(fluoro sulfonyl)amide anion. The cation is chosen from N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium cation and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation. The fused salt electrolyte is mixture of sodium bis(fluoro sulfonyl)amide and N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluoro sulfonyl)amide, mixture of sodium bis(fluoro sulfonyl)amide and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium. The content of sodium bis(fluoro sulfonyl)amide is 0.1-0.55 mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture process, the solution (S1) is dripped and mixed with respect to solution (S2). Before baking process, the ammonium ferrifluoride is separated from the solution and washed with an organic solvent. The compounds which inhibit the reaction of iron ions with ammonium hydrogen fluoride are removed. Baking process is performed at 350-600 degrees C for 0.5-10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent of solutions (S1) and (S2) is water or ethanol. The ethanol and water are contained in the reaction solution at equal volume ratio or excess. The volume ratio of ethanol and water in the reaction solution is 1:3-1:7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The solution (S2) is prepared by dissolving polyethylene glycol or ethylene glycol of malic acid in solvent containing water or lower alcohol with polymerization degree of 400.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion-conduction medium contains compound which has trithiocarbonate group of formula: -S-C(=S)-S, and non-aqueous solvent which has sulfur-oxygen double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coverage of shell with respect to the core is 15% or more. The mass ratio of core and shell is 9.9:0.1-6:4. The olivine-type lithium complex oxide is of formula: Li(x+y)M1(2-y-p)(M2)pO(4-a). The layered lithium composite oxide is of formula: Li(1+z)M1(1-z-q)(M2)qO(2-b).M1=Mn, Ni, Co, Mg, Fe, Al and/or Cr;M2=B, P, Pb, Sb, Si and/or V;x=1-2;y=0-0.2;z=0-0.34;p=0-1;q,a,b=0-1;and1-z-q=0 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pipe line is made of a non-weldable material e.g. synthetic rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell frames are made of plastic, polypropylene, resin or silicone with or without fillers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first polymer comprises 0.01-5 wt.% cyclic polyether groups. The cyclic polyether groups are cryptands or crown ethers. The first polymer is of formula (-(CH2-CH(R1-CPG))n-) (I). The first polymer is a cyclic oligomer of formula (III) or (IV). The cyclic oligomer is prepared by polymerizing 2,11-divinyl-6,7,14,15-tetrahydro-5,8,13,16-tetraoxa-dibenzo(a,g)cyclododecene derivatives of formula (V). The anode- and the cathode catalyst layer respectively comprise a second polymer having sulfonic acid groups, preferably perfluorosulfonic acid polymers and/or polymers having perfluoro-cyclobutyl groups.R1 = 1-20C alkyl, 1-18C polyether, 6-20C alkylaryl or 6-20C aryl, where R1 is optionally present;CPG = cyclic polyether group comprising 24 cyclic polyether groups, preferably e.g. 1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-cyclopentadecan-2-yl, 6,7,9,10,17,18-hexahydro-5,8,11,16,19-pentaoxa-dibenzo(a,g)cyclopentadecene moieties of formula (IIa), 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxa-cyclooctadecan-2-yl, 1,4,7,10-tetraoxa-13-aza-cyclopentadecan-13-yl, 6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19-decahydro-5,8,11,14,17,20-hexaoxa-benzocyclooctadecene moieties of formula (IIb), 6,7,9,10,17,18,20,21-octahydro-5,8,11,16,19,22-hexaoxa-dibenzo(a,j)cyclooctadecene moieties of formula (IIc), 4,11,17,20,25,28-hexaoxa-1,14-diazatricyclo(12.8.8.0(5,10))triaconta-5(10),6,8-trien-7-yl, 4,11,17,20,25-pentaoxa-1,14-diazatricyclo(12.8.5.0(5,10))heptacosa-5(10),6,8-trien-7-yl, 6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19-decahydro-5,8,11,14,17,20-hexaoxa-benzo-cyclooctadecen-2-yl and 6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16-octahydro-5,8,11,14,17-pentaoxa-benzocyclopentadecene-2-yl;G1 = 6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19-decahydro-5,8,11,14,17,20-hexaoxa-benzo-cyclooctadecen-2-yl;G2 = 6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16-octahydro-5,8,11,14,17-pentaoxa-benzocyclopentadecene-2-yl; andn, m = 1-8. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The granules have particle size of 0.1-150 mu m and porosity of 30-80%. Preferred Composition: The raw material comprises siliceous sand, sodium carbonate, diphosphorus pentaoxide, zirconium oxide, sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, sodium metasilicate, sodium silicate, n-hydrate, sodium diphosphate decahydrate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate and zirconium hydroxide, preferably sodium hexametaphosphate and zirconium oxide sol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The LBO glass is present in an amount of 0.5-15 wt.%. A mole ratio of Li2O and B2O3 in the LBO glass is 1:3-3:1. The anode further comprises a conductive carbon and binder. The boric acid comprises boric acid (H3BO3), metaboric acid (HBO2) and tetraboric acid (H2B4O7). Preferred Method: The coating step comprises heat-treating at a temperature of 250-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of lithium metaborate is 0.5-15 wt.%, based on total weight of the anode active material. The anodes further comprise conductive carbon and binder. The mixture of step (a) is in liquid state. Preferred Components: The chemically surface coating step (b) is performed by heat treating at 250-1000 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Lithium metaborate was mixed with lithium manganese oxide of formula (0.5Li2MnO3.0.5Li(Mn0.32Ni0.44Co0.24)O2), and heat treated to 600 degrees C for 2 hours to obtain anode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The frame structure is made of a ceramic material of zirconium oxide, aluminum titanate, alumina and alkali metal aluminum silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material (B) is metal oxide. The electrode material further contains electroconductive agent. Preferred Properties: The particle size of particles of active material (A) is 100 nm and 100 mu m. The particle size of particles of the conductive carbon in the composite component is 10-300 nm. The particle size of particles of active material (B) is 1-40 nm. The electrical conductivity of the mixture of the composite component and electroconductive agent is 10-3 S/cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrochemical device comprises ion transport interruption units for interrupting transport of ions between the electrodes disposed in the liquid electrolyte between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, where the ion transport interruption units comprises the membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose is crosslinked using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The membrane additionally comprises polyvinyl alcohol copolymer. The membrane permits transport of ions between the electrodes at a temperature of 150 degrees C. The membrane shuts down heat producing reactions at a selected temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic substance is water-soluble organic substance chosen from polyhydric alcohol, saccharides and organic acid containing hydroxyl group or carboxyl group. Preferred Condition: The drying temperature is 40-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material comprises 0.1 wt.% or less potassium element and 0.02 wt.% or less iron element. Preferred Properties: The carbon material has average layer surface space of (002) plane measured by X-ray diffraction method and true density is 0.36-0.4 nm and 1.4-1.7 g/cm3, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound is carbon precursor comprising non-graphitizable carbon precursor and/or graphitizable carbon precursor. The hydrocarbon compound is chosen from methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, benzene and toluene. The ratio of non-graphitizable carbon precursor and graphitizable carbon precursor is 95:5-42.5:57.5. Preferred Process: The plant-derived char is further heat-processed at 600-1000 degrees C in non-oxidizing gas atmosphere containing 1-20C hydrocarbon compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The volatile organic compound is chosen from polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(meth)acrylic acid, poly(meth)acrylic acid ester, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbonaceous material has specific surface area of less than 175 m2/g, preferably 20-150 m2/g, d potassium elemental content of 0.1 weight% or less, and iron elemental content of 0.02 weight% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises sulfonating the copolymer comprising (II) and (III), sulfonating the copolymer comprising (V), and incorporating the ion-conducting membrane in a fuel cell. Preferred Definitions:    Z = -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n-, -(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2)n-, -(CH2-CH(CH=CH2)-CH2)m-, -(CH2-CH(CH2-CH3)-CH2)m-, -(O-CF2-CF2)o-, -(O-CF2)p-, -(O-CF(CF3)-CF2)o-(O-CF2)p-, -(O-CF2-CF2)o-(O-CF2)p-, -(O-CH2-CH2)o-, -(O-CH2)p-, -(O-CH(CH3)-CH2)o-(O-CH2)p- or -(O-CH2-CH2)o-(O-CH2)p-; and    m, n, o, p = 5-50.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The inner pane is made of insulating glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The transition metal hydroxide particles have average particle diameter of 1-5 mu m and coefficient of variation of 0.2-0.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has charge voltage of 4.6 V(vs. Li/Li+) or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare-earth compound is hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, and/or oxide of rare-earth element. Rare-earth elements in rare-earth compound are neodymium, samarium and/or erbium. The content of rare-earth compound is 0.005-0.8 %mass with respect to lithium-containing transition metal oxide in conversion of rare earth elements. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is of formula: Lia(LixMnyMe(1-x-y))O2.a=0.99-1.05;x=0.1-0.4;y=more than 0 to less than 1;andMe=Ni and/or Co.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon-based material includes graphite, graphitizable carbon, nongraphitizable carbon, carbon black, graphene and graphene oxide. The cross-linked polymer is acrylate based macromolecule. The porous coating layer further includes 50-70 wt.% of inorganic particle. The inorganic particle has lithium ion transfer capability and permittivity constant of greater than 5. The separation film further comprises a cross-linking agent that consists of isocyanate-based compound, epoxy-based compound, aziridine-based compound and metal chelates based compound. The surface passivating agent includes surfactant and coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous base material includes polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalatem, polyester, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, poly aryl ether ketone, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polybenzimidazole, polyethersulfone, polyphenyleneoxide, cyclic olefin copolymer, polyphenylenesulfide, polyethylene naphthalene. The separation film further includes a woven fabric or nonwoven fabric. The cross-linked polymer includes polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloro ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoro ethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, carboxylmethylcellulose, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, and poly acrylonitrile and styrene butadiene rubber. The monomer or oligomer is acrylate monomer, acrylate oligomer or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel-containing hydroxide is of formula: Ni1-a'-b'Coa'Mb'(OH)2 (II).a'=0.05-0.35;andb'=0-0.1.Preferred Process: The pH of the slurry is controlled to 7-10 at reference temperature of 25 degrees C. The manufacture of positive electrode active material further involves mixing aqueous solution containing nickel and/or cobalt and crystallize aqueous alkali solution before the niobium coating process, performing crystallization process, obtaining nickel-containing hydroxide, heat-processing the nickel-containing hydroxide coated with niobium compound at 105-800 degrees C, mixing the lithium-transition metal composite oxide obtained by baking process with water in ratio of 100-2000 g/L, and washing with water. Preferred Property: The crystalline diameter of lithium-transition metal composite oxide is 10-150 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymerization initiator is an oxidizing agent such as ammonium peroxydisulfate. The carbonaceous nanoparticles comprise carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, carbon black and carbon nanofibers. The CNT consists of single-walled CNT, double-walled CNT, and/or multi-walled CNT. The substrate is made of silica, silicone, germanium, polyethylene terphthalate, glass, polyamides and paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant consists of ( plus minus )-camphor-10-sulfonic acid ( beta ) (CSA), para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA), dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), and linear-DBSA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Anode current collector is made of copper and anode active material layer is made of silicon, tin and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The L phase is interspersed among grains of the composite alloy composed of silicon single phase and Si-Al-M alloy phase. Preferred Method: The negative electrode material is prepared by the gas atomizing, disk atomizing or roll quenching method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active substance material comprises 10-20 atomic% or 21-27 atomic%, preferably 10-35 atomic% tin, and remainder of copper and impurity. The negative electrode active substance material further comprises 9 atomic% or less titanium, 49 atomic% or less vanadium, 49 atomic% or less chromium, 9 atomic% or less manganese, 49 atomic% or less iron, 49 atomic% or less cobalt, 9 atomic% or less nickel, 29 atomic% or less zinc, 49 atomic% or less aluminum, 49 atomic% or less silicon, 5 atomic% or less boron and 5 atomic% or less carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The undercoating layer contains 1-60 %mass carbon material. The undercoating layer further contains 20-300 parts mass binder with respect to 100 parts mass carbon materials. The metal tab lead is chosen from aluminum, copper and nickel. The metal foil is aluminum or copper foil. The carbon material is chosen from graphite, electroconductive carbon black, carbon nanotube, and carbon nanofiber. Preferred Properties: The total thickness of metal foil in the plurality of electrode plates is 0.2-2 mu m. The area of active material layer is 80-99 area% with respect to area of and portion in which the undercoat layer is formed. The thickness of a metal foil sheet is 5-70 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is chitosan or it derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrode catalyst has a carbon monoxide adsorption amount of 22 ml/g or more. The content of noble metal supported on boron carbide is 24 wt.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum, platinum alloy, or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The solution supply apparatus sent the battery element to solution storage portion, immerse the battery element in the solution in the solution storage portion, receives the supply of solution from the solution storage portion, and coats the solution on the surface of the battery element. The removal apparatus contains heater for heating pump which pressure-reduces the inside of accommodating portion and the battery element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electrolyte in solution is 40-70 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass solvent. The electrolyte comprises salt (S1) containing bis sulfonylimide anion of formula (I) and sodium ion, salt (S2) containing bis sulfonylimide anion of formula (I), and cation of alkali metal other than sodium or alkaline-earth metal.X1,X2=fluoro or 1-8C perfluoroalkyl.Preferred Process: The manufacture of molten salt battery further involves coating solution on surface of the battery element or immersing the battery element in the solution, and heating the battery element holding the solution under reduced pressure. Preferred Properties: The discharge capacity of the molten salt battery of 20th cycle with respect to discharge capacity of 1st cycle is 90% or more, when charging/discharging cycle is repeated after finishing charging/discharging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent of the molten salt battery is chosen from ketone, alcohol and nitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator of the molten salt battery is formed of polyolefin resin, fluororesin, glass fiber, polyamide resin and/or polyphenylene sulfide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-silicate particles are chosen from lithium silicate (LiSiO1.5, Li4SiO4, Li4Si3O8, Li6Si4O11), lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) and lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5). The negative electrode material contains silicon oxide (SiOx) (where x is 0-2 (excluding 0 and 2)) or silica. Preferred Process: Alternately, the mixing process involves mixing particle mixture of lithium-silicate particles and silicon oxide (SiOx) or silica, and carbon-containing compound solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon-containing compound is chosen from polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate and polyamidoimide. Preferred Properties: The carbon-type substance has amorphous structure which shows a peak of 1360 cm-1 near D band, and peak of 1580 cm-1 near G band.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of film with respect to silicon oxide (SiOx) is 6-18 mol.%. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains negative electrode, positive electrode by which positive mix layer is formed in the surface of the positive electrode electrical power collector, and nonaqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound containing isocyanate group has two or more isocyanate groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Preferred Composition: The perovskite structure is of formula: LixLa(1-x)/3NbO3, when x is 0-0.23, and has melting point of 1291-1386 degrees C and freezing point of 1291-1386 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material has specific surface area of 1-50 m2/g, elemental potassium content of 0.1 wt.% or less, and elemental iron content of 0.02 wt.% or less. Preferred Process: The manufacture of carbonaceous material further involves removing 3 volume% or less particles having particle diameter of 1 mu m or less, after the pulverizing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hydrogenated polymer is formed by hydrogenating block copolymer of styrene and diene-type monomer. Preferred Composition: The sealing composition comprises sealing material and organic liquid substance. The content of sealing material in the sealing composition is 1-30 wt.% with respect to organic liquid substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The green sheet of positive electrode material comprises lithium-manganese-cobalt-nickel oxide-containing material, binding polymer and electroconductive additive. The green sheet of separator comprises pure ion conductor material and polymer binder. The pure ion conductor material comprises lithium-lanthanum-zirconium-tantalum oxide-containing compound of formula: Li7-xLa3Zr2-xTaxO12, where x is 0-1. The negative electrode material comprises lithium-titanium oxide-containing compound of formula: Li4Ti5O12, polymer binder and graphite material. Preferred Process: The method further involves using negative electrode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound containing 1 or more intramolecular thiol groups is aliphatic thiol chosen from methane thiol and ethane thiol, or aromatic thiol chosen from thiophenol, 4-fluorothiophenol, 2-chlorothiophenol, 4-t-butylthiophenol, 4-t-butyl-1,2-benzenethiol, 2-(butylamino) ethanethiol, 3-(methylthio)propylamine, and (2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl)-2-(mercaptoethyl)sulfide. The content of compound containing 1 or more intramolecular thiol groups is 0.01-10 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of electrode adhesive layer. The lithium-ion battery comprises electrolyte containing solvent, lithium salt and compound containing intramolecular thiol groups, and separator. Preferred Process: The compound containing 1 or more intramolecular thiol groups react with copper ions generated from the anode surface by reduction of copper during operation of battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rare earth compound is hydroxide, oxyhydroxide or oxide of rare-earth. The rare-earth is neodymium, samarium or erbium. The lithium salt having phosphorus-oxygen bond and phosphorus-fluorine bond and/or boron-oxygen bond and boron-fluorine bond is of formula: LixMyOzFaCb, where M is boron or phosphorus, x is 1-4, y is 1 or 2, z is 1-8, a is 1-4 and b is 0-4. The molar ratio of phosphorus-oxygen bond and phosphorus-fluorine bond and/or boron-oxygen bond and boron-fluorine bond with respect to total molar quantity of lithium salt is 0.01-5%, preferably 0.03-2%. The phosphorus-oxygen bond and phosphorus-fluorine bond is monofluoro lithium phosphate or difluoro lithium phosphate. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide has layer structure which is of formula: LiMeO2, where M is nickel, cobalt, manganese or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer housing is made from aluminum composite sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation layer is made from polyurethane or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal bead channel is integrated into the polymeric foam made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The magnesium salt is magnesium sulfate. The aluminum salt is aluminum sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The metal recovery apparatus further contains cell separation unit for obtaining exudate which separates the iron reduction bacteria after iron reduction process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The iron reduction process is carried out under anaerobic condition. Preferred Composition: The exudate does not contain iron reduction bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinel lithium-manganese-nickel-containing composite oxide contains a crystalline phase which is obtained by substituting a portion of manganese site in lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2O4-d) with lithium, metal element (M1), and other metal element (M2). The crystal phase of nickel-manganese oxide-boron trioxide (Ni5MnO4(BO3)2) is contained as complex oxide phase containing nickel, manganese and boron. The content of boron element with respect to metal element (M2) is 0.01-0.4 mol. The content of boron element in spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel-containing complex oxide is 0.02-0.6 %mass. The ratio of volume-based particle size distribution (D50) obtained by measuring particle size distribution method with laser diffraction scattering to the mean diameter of primary particles observed by scanning electron microscope is 1-6.M1=metal element chosen from nickel, cobalt and iron;M2=metal element chosen from titanium, aluminum, barium, chromium and niobium;andd=not defined.N.B. d is not defined. Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel-containing complex oxide is 1 m2/g or less. The volume-based particle size distribution (D50) of spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel-containing complex oxide is 5-40 mu m, preferably 10-40 mu m, measured by laser diffraction-scattering-type method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The maximum value of change rate of the copper foil is preferably 5% or less. The copper foil has a maximum absolute value of the change rate of 5% or less. The diffraction intensity ratio of the plane (200) with respect to the plane (111) of the copper foil is 0.25-5, after heating at 200 degrees C for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic salt containing lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium triflate, lithium bis(fluorosulfuryl) imide, lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide, lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(oxalate-O,O')borate, difluoro-bis(oxalate-O,O')lithium phosphate and/or tetrafluoro (oxalate-O,O')lithium phosphate. The positive electrode of electrical storage device contains cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt, nickel, lithium containing olivine-type phosphate and/or manganese, as active material. The negative electrode of electrical storage device contains lithium metal, lithium alloy, lithium, tin, tin compound, silicon, silicon compound and/or lithium-titanate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diisocyanato compound (I) is 1,6-diisocyanato hexane. The nonaqueous solvent further contains cyclic carbonate, and linear carbonate including symmetrical linear carbonate and asymmetrical linear carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, trans or cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and/or 4-ethynyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The asymmetrical linear carbonate is methyl ethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methylbutyl carbonate and/or ethylpropyl carbonate. The symmetrical linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate and/or dibutyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material used in the secondary battery is aluminum, aluminum chloride, or aluminum compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of niobium is large in the active material surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer is made of an aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outside covering layer is made of the polyethylene naphthalate and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is a crystallized glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fibrous oxide solid electrolyte comprises a complex oxide (La(2/3-x)Li3xTiO3, where x is 0.05-0.15). A precursor sol used during manufacture of electrolyte is prepared (S11) by mixing lithium acetate, lanthanum acetate hydrate (La(CH3COO)3.1.5H2O), a thickener, and titanium lactate (Ti(OH)2(OCH(CH3)COOH)2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The process of Hummer method in the step (a) comprises mixing colloidal graphite and sodium nitrate in a mass ratio of 2:1, adding concentrated sulfuric acid in an ice bath, stirring and adding potassium permanganate (3 times of graphite), mixing uniformly, controlling the temperature to be less than 20 degrees C, raising the temperature to 32-38 degrees C, reacting for 2 hours, slowly adding deionized water in a dropwise manner, uniformly stirring, adding hydrogen peroxide solution to stop the reaction when the temperature is reduced, washing, and drying to obtain graphene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The secondary battery is formed of lithium manganese oxide, lithium molybdenum or other active materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Negative electrode active material used for negative electrode capable of occluding/releasing lithium ion contains carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.001-10 mass% compound (1). Compound (1) is 2,2,4-trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate and/or 2,4,4-trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate. Cyclic carbonate which does not have fluorine atom is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and/or butylene carbonate. Non-aqueous solvent contains 1-95 vol.% cyclic carbonate which does not have fluorine atom. Non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprises cyclic carbonate having fluorine atom, cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate, isocyanate compound other than compound (1), cyclic sulfonate ester, and/or cyano compound. Cyclic carbonate with fluorine atom is monofluoroethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, and/or 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate. Cyclic carbonate with carbon-carbon unsaturated bond is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and/or ethynyl ethylene carbonate. Isocyanate compound other than compound (1) is compound containing greater than or equal to 2 isocyanate groups. Cyano compound is compound containing greater than or equal to 2 cyano groups. Preferred Definitions:    A=2-15C hydrocarbon group with principal chain and 1-5C hydrocarbon branched chains.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte preferably comprises sodium. The solid electrolyte is a glass-type solid electrolyte having crystal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The battery further has a casing made from CNT composite material (10). The battery is a prismatic battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor material is silicon or germanium and includes particles welded on the CNTs. Preferred Sheet: The sheets are made from single wall or multi wall CNTs. The CNT sheet comprises substantially aligned CNTs and further has lithium as an intercalation compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composite material is chosen from polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polypropylene, bispolyamide, bismaleimide and/or epoxies. The separator is chosen from porous polyethylene membrane and/or polyethylene membrane, and is soaked in an electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precursor of the silicon oxide is reduced using reducing agent (A) and reducing agent (B). Preferred Composition: The precursor of silicon oxide is chosen from silicon tetrachloride, tetraethyl orthosilicate and tetraacetyl orthosilicate. The reducing agent (B) is chosen from butyllithium, methyllithium, ethyllithium, triisobutylaluminum, triethylaluminum and trimethylaluminum. The reducing agent (A) is chosen from aluminum chloride of formula: AlClx (where x is not defined), sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, sodium-aluminum hydride, hydrazine hydrate, magnesium and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from tetrahydrofuran, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethylformamide, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, toluene and polyglyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer material is membrane polymer material chosen from polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The batteries are connected to each other through a communication link, particularly through a communication bus, such as a Controlled area network bus or a Local interconnect network bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrocatalytic material comprises nickel, cobalt, platinum, iridium, molybdenum, chromium, iron, vanadium, manganese, ruthenium, palladium, carbon, titanium, tungsten, silicon, bismuth, phosphorus, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, osmium, their mixtures, their alloys and their simple or complex oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal foil is formed of ferritic stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hole-transport material is copper iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal fibers include at least one of copper, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, tin, magnesium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, and bismuth. The metallic material of the glue layer includes at least one of titanium, copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The titanium nitride layer has thickness of 1-20 nm. The titanium nitride particles have average diameter of 20-250 nm. The lithium-titanium oxide particles have a spinel structure. The secondary particles of lithium-titanium oxide particles have an average diameter of 1-30 mu m. Preferred Composition: The titanium nitride layer comprises rectangular titanium nitride particles. The titanium nitride particles comprise hexahedral or octahedral particles. The lithium-titanium oxide particles are of formula: Li4+xTi5-yMzO12-n, where x is -0.2 to 0.2, y is -0.3 to 0.3, z is 0-0.3, n is -0.3 to 0.3, and M is chosen from lithium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, strontium, chromium, vanadium, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, zinc, silicon, yttrium, niobium, gallium, tin, molybdenum, tungsten, barium, lanthanum, cerium, silver, tantalum, hafnium, ruthenium, bismuth, antimony, and arsenic. The lithium-titanium oxide particles comprise secondary particles agglomerated from primary particles. The lithium source is chosen from lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, lithium oxalate, lithium phosphate, lithium hydroxide, lithium sulfate and lithium acetate. The titanium source is chosen from rutile titanium dioxide, anatase titanium dioxide, titanium oxide hydrate, and titanium hydroxide. Preferred Process: The formation of lithium-titanium oxide particles involves mixing and milling lithium source and titanium source to obtain a precursor mixture, and thermal-treating the precursor mixture at 800-900 degrees C, preferably 600-900 degrees C and 0.1-5 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The urea-based compound comprises urea and/or thiourea, and the content of urea-based compound is 5-60 pts. wt. and, is preferably 10-50 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. lithium titanium oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bipolar plates are made of metal or stainless steel foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1st cathode material is lithium metal oxide of formula LivM1wM2xM3yOz (1). Cathode active material contains 2nd cathode material consisting of spinel-type lithium metal oxide containing lithium and manganese of formula LiaM4bMncO4 (2). Mass ratio of 1st cathode material is 0-40, and mass ratio of 2nd cathode material is 60-100 in which total mass ratio of 1st cathode material and mass ratio of 2nd cathode material is 100.v=0.8-1.2;w+x+y= less than or equal to 1;w=0.45-1;x, y=0-1;z=0-3;M1=Ni;M2, M3=Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, and/or Zr;M4=Al, Co, Ni, Mg, Zr, and/or Ti;a=0.8-1.2;b+c= greater than or equal to 2;b= less than or equal to 0; andc= less than or equal to 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reverse buckling disk and the outlet ring are formed of metal, particularly stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    x = greater than 0.5 to 0.875;    M3, M4 = Mn;    M1 = Ni;    M2 = Co;    r = 0.5 to less than 1;    z = greater than 0.2 to less than 1;    r1 = 0.5 to less than 1; and    z1 = greater than 0.2 to 0.5.    EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, nickel acetate, cobalt acetate and manganese acetate were dissolved in 50 ml of a diluted nitric acid solution, followed by an addition of 50 ml of citric acid solution and 30 ml of ethylene glycol. The resulting solution was heated on a hot plate while being stirred to evaporate water. The resulting gel was subjected to a combustion reaction on the hot plate to be completely decomposed, followed by an additional heat treatment. The heat treatment (or calcination) was performed at 800 degrees C for 10 hours in a furnace while supplying dry air. The reaction product was naturally cooled in the furnace to obtain 0.04 mol of the composite cathode active material powder comprised of lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide and lithium manganate composite (0.45LiNi0.2Co0.5Mn0.3O2-0.55Li2Li2MnO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the polyethylene imine with respect to redox-system substance of copper is 1-5. The negative electrode electrolyte solution has pH of 2-8. Preferred Composition: The content of copper redox system is 0.2-1 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The load length rate of active material layer is preferably 50-97.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is preferably (aLi2MnO3-bLiNi1/2Mn1/2O2-cLiNi1/3Mn1/3O2). The all-solid-state lithium ion battery consists of positive electrode layer containing solid solution positive electrode active material, and electrolyte layer containing solid electrolyte having lithium and sulfur. Preferred Process: The surface of the positive electrode active material is modified by ion-conductive oxide-type solid electrolyte. Preferred Property: The positive electrode active material has particles size of 20 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation board is made of glass phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mean pore diameter of pore which arose between electrode active material particles coated with carbonaceous material is 50-500 nm. The average particle diameter of agglomerates is 0.5-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite particle further contains an amorphous carbon. Preferred Properties: The Raman (R) values of composite particle are preferably 0.35-1. The BET specific surface area of composite particle is 4.5 m2/g or more. The sum total pore volume of pore is 200 nm or less calculated from Hg Porosimetry analysis to 0.04 ml/g or more. The oil absorption amount of carbon fine particle is 330 ml/100 g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound phase further has a phase (B) containing element (c) chosen from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, tin, indium, gallium, lead, bismuth, zinc, aluminum, and silver, and a phase (C) containing element (a) and element (c). Preferred Property: The average short-axis width of the primary phase is 4 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bipolar plate is made of metal and stainless steel foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The emission control system comprises at least one thermal post-combustion chamber. At least one thermal post-combustion chamber is provided internally with the fireproof insulating lining, which is resistant against hydrofluoric acid. The incineration plant comprises an exhaust gas line (6) for discharging the exhaust gases from the heat treatment chamber and a control system. The exhaust gas line is provided internally with fireproof insulating lining, which is resistant against hydrofluoric acid. The fireproof insulating lining comprises greater than or equal to 85 wt.%, preferably greater than or equal to 88 wt.% aluminum oxide. The heat-treatment chamber, post-combustion chamber and exhaust pipe exhibit same or different insulating linings and outer insulation. The outer insulation comprises a mineral fiber. The emission control system comprises at least one double walled scrubber made of graphite and at least one single walled scrubber made of graphite. The double-walled scrubber has a water cooling system. The basic scrubber comprises a coating made of plastic, preferably polypropylene in the interior. The materials, which are subjected to heat treatment, comprises up to 5 wt.% fluoro-content. The fluoro-organic materials, poly(tetrafluoroethene) films, fuel cells, catalysts or paste are used as the materials, which are subjected to heat treatment. Preferred Method: The cleaning comprises (b1) washing and simultaneously cooling the exhaust gases in the double-walled graphite scrubber, and (b2) washing the exhaust gases in the single-walled graphite scrubber. The salted washing water from the step (b) is periodically or continuously supplied as a side-stream to a waste water treatment plant. The exhaust gases in the step (c) are washed with alkaline solution with a pH of at least greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed conductor is gadolinium-doped ceria. Powder containing platinum particles and cerium oxide (CeOx) particles, and chloroplatinic-acid solution are used during manufacture of electrode catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: In X-ray diffraction, ratio of area of 110 diffraction peak with respect to the area of 004 diffraction peak of mixture layer is 0.05-0.17. Graphite (A) has 50% particle diameter of 10-30 mu m and BET specific surface area of 0.5-5.0 m2/g in volume-based cumulative particle size distribution. Graphite (B) has 50% particle diameter of 12-25 mu m and BET specific surface area of 1.5-7 m2/g in volume-based cumulative particle size distribution. Graphite (A) has coefficient of thermal expansion of 4x 10-6/ degrees C to 5x 10-6/ degrees C at 30-100 degrees C and R value of 0.01-0.2 measured by laser Raman, and contains primary particles having aspect ratio of 1.00-1.32. Preferred Composition: Graphite (A) is synthesized using petroleum-based pitch coke of non-needle shape as raw material, and having isotropic crystal structure and does not have a coating layer substantially on the particle surface. The content of graphite (A) in mixed graphite material is 30-70 %mass. The negative electrode material further contains 0.1-15 parts mass fibrous carbon with respect to 100 parts mass mixed graphite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anodal active material comprises 5-20 wt.% of carbon aerogel and 80-95 wt.% of lithium titanium oxide particle. The lithium titanium oxide particle is Li4Ti5O12 having an average particle diameter of 60-400 nm. The carbon aerogel has an average particle diameter of 10-100 nm. The method further comprises heat-treating the intermediate agglomerates at 300-600 degrees C under an atmospheric environment, preparing a cohesion precursor using the lithium carbonate powder, preparing a lithium titanium oxide mesophase particle from a lithium carbonate powder and a titanium oxide powder using a nano set mill or a ball mill, where the average particle diameter of the titanium oxide powder and the lithium carbonate powder is 20-300 nm. The intermediate agglomerate is Li2TiO3 having an average particle diameter of 20-100 nm. The intermediate agglomerate is plasticized in the nitrogen atmosphere at 600-800 degrees C for 2-20 hours. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hollow fiber membrane is made of Nafion, sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated polyimide and sulfonated polyarylene ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains compound containing sulfur and lithium, preferably lithium iron sulfide. The solid electrolyte contains sulfide. The weight ratio of the positive electrode active material with respect to the solid electrolyte is 60:40-80:20. The positive electrode layer further contains an electroconductive agent. Preferred Property: The resistivity accompanying the ion transfer and the resistivity accompanying electron transfer in the positive electrode layer is 2 K Omega cm or less and 1 K Omega cm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite anode active material further comprises phosphate particles between adjacent lithium titanium oxide particles. The composite anode active material comprises 0.1-10 pts. wt. of a phosphorus. The phosphate layer comprises lithium phosphate. The lithium titanium oxide particles have a spinel structure. The lithium titanium oxide is of formula (Li(4+x)Ti(5-y)MzO(12-n)) (I). The lithium titanium oxide particles are primary particles having an average particle diameter of 10-1000 nm. The phosphate layer is a coating layer including phosphate oxide. The coating layer has a thickness of 0.1-20 nm. The lithium source comprises lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, lithium oxalate, lithium phosphate, lithium hydroxide, lithium sulfate or lithium acetate. The titanium source comprises rutile titanium dioxide, anatase titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide hydrate (titanium dioxide and water) or titanium dioxide hydrate. The phosphate anion source comprises lithium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium hydrogen phosphate, lithium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphate anion source is 0.001-0.1 moles, preferably 0.005-0.03 moles.M = Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, W, Ba, La, Ce, Ag, Ta, Hf, Ru, Bi, Sb or As;x = -0.2-0.2; andy, z = -0.3 to 0.3.Preferred Method: The mixing step further comprises wet-milling the lithium source, the titanium source and the phosphate anion source at 800-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diode arranged between the secondary tank circuit and the first receiver capacitor, is made of silicon carbide or gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gold plating process is performed to a contact site.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium-containing compound is 13-30 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The resistors are formed from copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metals are made of nickel or nickel alloy and aluminum or aluminum alloy. The insulation film is made of polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode active material is made of lithium nickelate. The binder is made of polyvinylidene fluoride. The dispersion medium is made of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt is manganese containing complex oxide of formula: Li1.5(NiaCobMnc(Li)d)O3 (IV).a, b=0-1.5 (including 0);c,d=0-1.5 (excluding 0 and 1.5);anda+b+c+d=1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing linear carbonate is of formula: R1-O-CO-O-R2 (I). The fluorine-containing chain ether is of formula: R3-CF2-O-R4 (II). The fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate is of formula (III).R1,R4=2-4C fluoroalkyl;R2,=1-3C fluoroalkyl;R3=1C or 2C fluoroalkyl;andR5-R8=H, F, 1C or 2C fluoroalkyl or 2-5C fluoroalkyl ether, and are not H simultaneously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium complex oxide structure has a metal plate formed on the surface of the lithium complex oxide film. The metal in the metal plate is chosen from platinum, aluminum, and stainless steel. The lithium complex oxide structure is formed by heat-processing the metal raw material with a flux containing nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, fluoride, and chloride of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, and/or salt containing lithium as alkali metal, and mixture containing carbonate, nitrate, chloride, metal, oxide (LiMn2-yNiyO4) of manganese and nickel as raw material, or their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of lithium salt containing oxalate complex as anion is 0.01-2 mol/L. The lithium salt containing oxalate complex as anion is lithium bis(oxalate)borate. Preferred Properties: The number-of-winding of positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is 30 or more, respectively. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery has capacity of 20 Ah or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high voltage positive electrode active material is solid solution and spinel nickel manganese system material. The low electric potential plateaux possession positive electrode active material is lithium-iron-phosphorus-containing complex (LiFePO4). The lithium-ion electrical storage device comprises negative electrode active material chosen from carbonaceous material, silicon system material, and tin series material, and non-aqueous electrolyte comprising 1-10C alkylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises extracting the hydrothermaily carbonized biomass before activation, with an organic solvent including alkanol, alkylester or alkanon, mixing the activating agent at elevated temperature of 700-800 degrees C for 2-8 hours, where the activating agent is gas or vapor from carbon dioxide, diluted oxygen and/or inert gas having flow rate of 5-75 dm3/hour and atmospheric pressure of 5 g/precursor material. The solid or liquid heating step is carried out at oscillating frequency of 30 KHz-3 MHz. Preferred Components: The iron is an iron salt or alloy comprising ferrous ion (Fe2+) and/or ferric ion (Fe3+). The biomass is obtained from the bio waste from fermentation and composting processes of modified carbohydrates, municipal and industrial bio sludge, amino polysaccharides, spilling from ungulates, algae, sea weed, water hyacinth and/or bagasse. The magnetic activated carbon has surface area of 250-1000 m2/g, preferably 600-1000 m2/g, total pore of 0.25-1 cm3/g, preferably 0.5-1 cm3/g, micropore volume of 0.05-0.3 cm3/g and iron content of 2-10 wt.%. The crystallized iron oxide nanoparticles have diameter of 10-50 nm, preferably 20-40 nm that is larger than the size of the pores in the carbonized biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The alert portion provides alarm signal to the operator through Bluetooth communication.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-ion secondary battery has a soluble covering comprising additive for suppressing deterioration of electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium-transition metal composite oxide of lithium and spinel structure containing nickel and manganese as transition metal element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing compound is of formula: (RSiO3/2)n.at least one of R=vinyl or phenyl, the other being H or 1-12C organic;andn=8, 10, 12 or 14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reaction mixture contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide in which hydrogen is supplied to reaction mixture from external source. Hydrogen is generated in situ by electrolysis of water. Reaction product is liquid fuel containing alkanol having 1-12 carbon atoms, alkane having 5-12 carbons, forming acid and their mixtures. Reaction mixture contains catalyst. Ionic liquid contains organic cation, supercritical carbon dioxide and/or supercritical water, and halide of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or group 12 metal. Ionic liquid is inorganic molten salt or inorganic molten salt hydrate, preferably molten zinc chloride hydrate. Halide is chloride. Preferred Process: Reaction product is separated from ionic liquid in conversion to gasoline, kerosene, jet-fuel or diesel fuel. Reaction product is converted to functional chemical or polymer. Energy is supplied in the form of electric energy or photons. Superbase is mixed with ionic liquid in 1:1 molar ratio. Preferred Parameters: Ionic liquid has melting point of less than or equal to 300 degrees C, preferably ~200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt is present at 0.1-40 mmol/kg based on the number of halogen atoms and the total weight of the paste. The halogen is chlorine (preferred), bromine or iodine. The anion is a chlorate ion (comprising ClO-, ClO2-, ClO3- or ClO4- (preferred)), a bromate ion (comprising BrO-, BrO2-, BrO3- or BrO4-), or an iodate ion (comprising IO-, IO2-, IO3-, IO4-, IO65-, IO53-, I2O94-, or I2O118-). The salt has a decomposition temperature below 900 degrees C, and a metal cation with an oxidation state of I and/or II. The salt is silver perchlorate (preferred), barium perchlorate, or potassium perchlorate. The glass frit is present at less than 4 wt.%. The metallic particles comprise silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: Preferred Method: The maximum temperature during the firing step is less than 900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The wafer has a sheet resistance of at least 80 Ohm/sq. The electro-conductive paste is on the front face of the wafer and/or in a hole penetrating the wafer, or on a p-type doped face of the wafer. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: 84.98 wt.% of silver powder; 3.5 wt.% of glass frit; 0.5 wt.% of zinc oxide; 10.7 wt.% of organic vehicle (comprising 84 wt.% of 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, 6 wt.% of Ethocel 4 (RTM: Ethyl cellulose) and 10 wt.% thixotropic agent comprising Thixcin E (RTM: Non-hygroscopic organic derivative of castor oil)); and 0.32 wt.% of halogen and oxygen containing salt comprising silver perchlorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The difluorophosphate is a difluoro lithium phosphate. The compound (II) is chosen from lithium (bis oxalate) borate, lithium difluoro oxalatoborate, lithium (tris oxalate) phosphate, lithium difluoro (bis oxalate) phosphate and lithium tetrafluoro oxalate phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound (A) is preferably chosen from nitrile compound, isocyanate compound, monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate. The nitrile compound is chosen from succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, sebaconitrile, and 2-methyl-glutaronitrile. The isocyanate compound has 2 or more of isocyanato groups. The aromatic hydrocarbon is chosen from cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene and t-pentyl-benzene. The fluorinated benzene compound is chosen from fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, trifluoro benzene, tetrafluoro benzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluoro benzene, and benzo trifluoride. The compound which has sulfur-oxygen bond (S=O) is chosen from propane sultone, butane sultone, propene sultone, sulfuric acid ethylene, sulfuric acid propylene, and sulfuric acid butylene. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains carboxylic acid of formula (III). The content of formyl derivative with respect to whole non-aqueous electrolyte solution is 0.01-10 %mass. The compound (I) is chosen from prop-2-enoyl prop-2-enoate, 2-methylprop-2-enoyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, (2E)-but-2-enoyl (2E)-but-2-enoate and (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aqueous multi-electron oxidant comprises at least one of halogens, halogen oxoacids, water, and an acid form of a buffer. The halogens comprise chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The halogen oxoacids are at least one compound of formula HpX'qOr, where X' is one of the halogens and p, q, r is 1-6. The acid form of the buffer is at least one of phosphoric acid, dihydrogen phosphate of lithium, and/or Good's buffers. The discharge fluid comprises at least one of water, acid form of the buffer, base form of the buffer, halogen, hydrogen halide, and/or halogen oxoacid. The reducer is hydrogen. The buffer in a base form is selected from alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal hydrogen phosphate, alkali metal salt of one of Good's buffers, and/or phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises at least one material selected from palladium, platinum, gold, silver, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, tungsten, niobium, titanium, tantalum, lead, indium, cadmium, tin, bismuth and gallium, as well as compounds and their alloys. The at least one fuel cell catalyst is synthetic platinum on carbide derived carbon support. The catalyst-containing material is a solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The polymer fiber structure comprises aligned fibers. The catalyst loading is less than 0.1 mg/cm2, preferably less than 0.05 mg/cm2, especially less than 0.01 mg/cm2 of catalyst. Preferred Method: The electrospinning and electrospraying are carried out simultaneously. The method additionally involves heating the materials. Preferred Components: The catalytic material has particle size of less than 50 nm, preferably less than 20 nm. The polymer comprises at least one polymer selected from Nafion, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), sulfonated polymer(styrene-b-ethylene-r-butadiene-b-styrene), sulfonated poly(styrene), sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymer, sulfonated poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene); or sulfonated tetrafluoroethylenes. The polymer-containing material is solution, or molten polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of coating layer on nanostructure is 70 wt.% or more, preferably 99 wt.% or more. The nanostructure comprises nanowires, nanotubes, nanobelts, nanorods, nanoporous component and nanotemplates. The nanostructure is formed using metal or semi-metal. The metal/semi-metal nanostructure comprises element chosen from aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth, optionally silicon-based nanowires. The carbonaceous base comprises natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, carbon black and fullerene soot. The metal oxide is of formula: MaOb. The metal alkoxide is of formula: Mc(OR)x. The content of metal oxide in the anode active material is 0.1-20 wt.% with respect to total content of composite particles. The catalyst is chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.a=1-4;b=1-10;M=Zr, Ni, Co, Mn, B, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, V, Fe, Cu, Al, Cr, Zn, Mo, Nb, or Ta;x=1-5;Mc=Zr, Ni, Co, Mn, B, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, V, Fe, Cu or Al;andR=alkyl.Preferred Properties: The thickness of coating layer on the nanostructure is more than the thickness of the coating layer on the carbonaceous base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The austenitic cast iron consists of 2.5-3.5 %mass carbon, 3.5-5.5 %mass silicon, 9-14 %mass nickel, 1-6 %mass manganese, 1-2 %mass or less or 5.5-6.5 %mass copper, 1-2 %mass chromium, and remainder of iron and unavoidable impurities. The total content of copper and chromium in the austenitic cast iron is more than 0.5 %mass. The base consists of austenite single phase. Preferred Property: The spheroidization ratio of graphite in the base is 70% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode contains negative electrode active material containing carbon material (c) which is capable of releasing lithium ions, metal (a) which is capable of alloying with lithium, and metal oxide (b) which occlude and release lithium ions. The metal (a) contains silicon. The metal oxide (b) contains silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thioester compound (I) is S-propyl thioacetate. The content of thioester compound (I) is 0.05-5 %mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic particles contain aluminum oxide powder and barium titanate powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder contains polyvinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene (PVDF-CTFE) copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is graphene. The nickel-based lithium complex oxide has a compound of formula (LiNi1-x-yCoxAly1My1-zO2) (I).M = Mg, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sb, Sn, Mn, As or H, optionally Co or Al;x = 0-0.95;y1 = 0-0.5; andz = 0-0.1.Preferred Process: The nickel based composite oxide and the carbon material are mixed at weight ratio of 0.05-0.5. The mixed solvent is stirred by milling or mechanical alloying method to produce the cathode active material. EXAMPLE - The graphene and the nickel-based complex oxide were uniformly dispersed and dried at 80 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain a dry powder. The dry powder was milled mechanically and rotated using Fritsch gratitude Planetary ball mill equipment in an argon atmosphere with 200 revolutions per minute for 30 minutes to obtain a product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solution comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, phentanol, hexanol, heptanol, acetone and tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Method: The MEA reacting step in the first solution is carried out for 0.1 minutes. The MEA is reacted in 1-3 times volume of the first solution. The stirring step is carried out using a stirring rod of a reactor. The drying step is carried out at 100 degrees C under less than -700 mmHg. A baffle is installed in an interior of the reactor for increasing recovery rate of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode material further contains 250-2000 parts mass carbon particles with respect to 100 parts mass particles (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer (B) has acid value of 6-100. The content of styrene and crosslinking agent in ethylenically unsaturated monomer is 30-70 %mass and 0.1-5 %mass, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The vehicle identification information is vehicle identification number according to ISO 3779.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition has a specific gravity of 0.68-0.74 at 20 degrees C. The paraffins comprise C4-C10 paraffins. The feedstock comprises: monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides and/or free fatty acids; or animal fats, animal oils, poultry fat, poultry oil, vegetable fats, vegetable oils, rendered fats, rendered oils, restaurant grease, brown grease, waste industrial frying oils, fish oils and/or fish fats. The composition comprises: greater than 90 wt.% n- and iso-paraffins; less than 0.5 wt.%, preferably less than 0.3 wt.% olefins; less than 7 wt.%, preferably less than 6.5 naphthenes; and less than 2 wt.%, preferably less than 1 wt.% total aromatics. The composition is free of oxygenates. EXAMPLE - Tubular reactor was filled with 80 cc nickel molybdate and +70-100 mesh glass beads. The catalyst was sulfided with dimethyl disulfide by increasing temperature to 650 degrees F. The reactor was cooled to 400 degrees F. Triglyceride/fatty acid feed was introduced to reactor. The reactor was heated to 650 degrees F to achieve full conversion of the triglyceride/fatty acid feed to n-paraffins. The reactor temperature was further increased to 700 degrees F to maintain good catalyst activity at 80 cc/hour feed rate to obtain naphtha boiling range hydrocarbon composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte contains lithium difluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer body is an aluminum laminated outer body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator is formed using polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer network includes at least one of polyaniline (PANi) and derivatives of polyaniline (PANi), polypyrrole (PPy) and derivatives of polypyrrole (PPy), PEDOT:PSS and derivatives of PEDOT:PSS, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene poly(styrenesulfonate), and polythiophene derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electrical generator unit is connected with the regulating unit via a CAN bus system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Compound is complex oxide of barium aluminate, strontium aluminate, and/or calcium aluminate. The compound contains 5-15 mass% barium, strontium, and calcium in total with respect to alumina particle. The compound contains 3-15 mass% lanthanum with respect to alumina particle. Gas containing steam and carbon dioxide is 1 part or all parts of the exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine or fuel cell exhaust gas. Preferred Parameters: Average secondary particle diameter in a state in which the compound is formed on the surface of the alumina particle is 0.8-3.8 mu m. Average primary particle diameter of the alumina raw material is 0.2-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first portion is made from copper. The second portion is made from aluminum. The transition region includes aluminum, copper, and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has BET specific surface area of 0.5-6 m2/g measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method, average fine pore diameter of 10-50 nm, nitrogen saturated adsorption amount of 85% measured by pore distribution curve by nitrogen gas adsorption method and pore capacity of 0.025 cm3/g or less by nitrogen gas adsorption, half value width of 0.08-0.25 at peak of (001) plane in 18-20 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition is prepared by purifying water to produce ultra-pure water, combining sodium chloride to the ultra-pure water to create a salinated water and electrolyzing the salinated water at a temperature of 4.5-5.8 degrees C, where the electrolyzing is accomplished with an anode, cathode and power source such that the power source comprises a transformer and a rectifier and does not comprise a filter capacitor. The aqueous composition has: phosphorus (P)31 NMR spectrum exhibiting peaks at 21.8 ppm, 24.9 ppm and 17.9 ppm; a positive ion mode mass spectrum exhibiting peaks at 180, 202, 222, 244, 264, 286, 302, 327, 329, 349 and 367; an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum as given in figure (figure 13) of the specification; a 1H NMR spectrum as given in figure (figure 6) of the specification; a 31 P NMR spectrum as given in figure (figure 7) of the specification when measured as a mixture with DIPPMPO; and a positive ion mode mass spectrum as given in figure (figure 8) of the specification. Preferred Components: The pH of the composition is 6-9, preferably 8.01. The sodium, chloride, hypochlorous acid, superoxide and hydroxyl radical are measured less than one year after the composition was made, present in the composition for at least 3 months, preferably at least a year, and present any time within 1 year after the composition was made, measured at different or same times. Preferred Process: The process includes a pulsating voltage such that the voltage is 0 at least 50 times per second. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery back further comprises a protective circuit which can detect the voltage of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unit cell volume is 795-800 Angstrom 3. The monoclinic oxide: has a lattice constant a satisfying the equation where a is 20.37-20.53 Angstrom 3; and has oxygen defects and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 0.1-100 m2/g. The positive electrode comprises at least one active material comprising manganese dioxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium-manganese complex oxide, a lithium-nickel complex oxide, lithium-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel complex oxide having a spinel structure, a lithium phosphate having an olivine structure, an iron sulfate, a vanadium oxide or a lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese complex oxide. EXAMPLE - Mixture of niobium oxide and anatase type titanium oxide was made into a pellet form of 20 mm and, 2 mm in height and calcined at 1350 degrees C for 18 hours in an electric furnace. Then, the calcined pellet was quenched in water kept at 25 degrees C to synthesize titanium-niobium oxide (TiNb2O7). The resulting oxide was ground under dry condition using zirconia beads to adjust grain size to obtain battery active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB). The content of the lithium difluorophosphate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is not less than 0.01 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hollow outer can is made using pure aluminum. The sealing plate is made using aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic particles is made up of at least one of inorganic particles, ionically conductive materials (beta-Alumina, Nasicon which is a sodium super ionic conductive material, phosphates of Silica and Aluminum), oxides of silicon , alumina, zirconium, titanium, mixtures thereof, or nitrides of silicon, alumina, zirconium, calcium, or mixtures thereof, and/or mixtures, blends and/or combinations thereof.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric binder is made up of at least one aqueous polymeric binder of polytetrafluoroethylene , polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid salt, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid salt, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylamide or poly(sodium acrylate-acrylamide-acrylonitrile) copolymer, and copolymers, mixtures, blends, or combinations thereof. The polymeric binder is made up of at least two aqueous of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid salt, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylamide or poly(sodium acrylate-acrylamide-acrylonitrile) copolymer or copolymers thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery further comprises: a container that houses the electrode assembly and the nonaqueous electrolyte and is of a flattened shape. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains lithium bis(oxalato)borate. The content of the lithium difluorophosphate in the nonaqueous electrolyte is not less than 0.01 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The particles of the lithium transition metal compound have a ratio of the number of atoms of lithium to the number of atoms of the transition metal (the number of atoms of lithium/the number of atoms of the transition metal) of not less than 1.02 to not greater than 1.20 at assembly of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The content of the lithium difluorophosphate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is not less than 0.01 mol/l. The (D90-D10)/D50 of the particles of the lithium transition metal compound is under 1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The battery has capacity of more than 15 Ah. The surface area of inside wall of container is more than 200 cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The thick positive electrode is porous, and the thick positive electrode includes carbon particles covered in an oxidation-resistant coating such as SiC; and a barrier configured to permit exchange of oxygen between the thick positive electrode and an external oxygen source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thick positive electrode has a thickness of greater than about 60 mu m. The salt concentration is 0.25 molar to 0.7 molar (preferably 0.25 molar to 0.5 molar). The salt includes lithium. The salt is primarily composed of LiPF6 (lithium hexafluorophosphate).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte includes an organic solvent primarily composed of a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate. The electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 0.2 Siemens per meter to 0.5 Siemens per meter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The battery packaging and/or battery fire-inhibition device further has heat-unstable film (13) containing thermoplastic polymer, preferably polypropylene and/or polyethylene, and base component (12) containing aluminum. The cell (1) including cathode (2) containing metal oxide(s), preferably lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide and/or lithium-iron phosphate is lithium-ion cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate-containing compound is chosen from phosphate of metal chosen from iron, lithium, manganese and cobalt, preferably manganese phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of electrolyte and phosphate-containing compound(s) is 2:1-1:2. The organic electrolyte comprises organic carbonate(s) and/or lithium-containing salt(s), preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium perchlorate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyphenylene sulfide-containing structures comprise fibers, beads, spheres and oblong shapes. The polyphenylene sulfide structures comprise protogenic groups. The protogenic groups are sulfur dioxide containing group of formula (-SO2X), phosphoric acid or carbonyl group of formula (-COX). The first polymer comprises perfluorosulfonic acid polymer and/or perfluorocyclobutyl-containing polymers. The perfluorosulfonic acid polymer comprises a copolymer comprising a polymerization unit based on perfluorovinyl compound of formula (CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX1)m-Or-(CF2)q-SO3H). The perfluorocyclobutyl containing polymer is a polymer segment comprising a polymer segment 1 of formula (E0-P1-Q1-P2). The polyphenylene sulfide containing resin comprises protic groups.X = OH, halo or ester;m = 0-3;q = 1-12;r = 0 or 1;X1 = fluoro, trifluoromethyl, polymerization unit based on tetrafluoroethylene;E0 = hydrocarbon comprising -SO2X2, -PO3H2, -COX2;P1, P2 = non existing entity, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -CO-, -SO2-, -NH-, NR2- or -R3-;R2 = 1-25C alkyl, 1-25C aryl or 1-25C arylene;R3 = 2-25C alkylene, 2-25C perfluoroalkylene, 2-25C perfluoroalkylether, 2-25C alkylether or 6-25C arylene;X2 = OH, halo, ester or -NH-S(=O)2-R4;R4 = trifluoromethyl, 1-25C alkyl, 2-25C perfluoroalkylene or 6-25C aryl; andQ1 = perfluorinated cyclobutyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyphenylene sulfide-containing structures comprise fibers, beads, spheres and oblong shapes. The polyphenylene sulfide structures comprise protogenic groups. The protogenic groups are sulfur dioxide containing group of formula (-SO2X), phosphoric acid or carbonyl group of formula (-COX). The first polymer comprises perfluorosulfonic acid polymer and/or perfluorocyclobutyl-containing polymers. The perfluorosulfonic acid polymer comprises a copolymer comprising a polymerization unit based on perfluorovinyl compound of formula (CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX1)m-Or-(CF2)q-SO3H). The perfluorocyclobutyl containing polymer is a polymer segment comprising a polymer segment 1 of formula (E0-P1-Q1-P2). The polyphenylene sulfide containing resin comprises protic groups.X = OH, halo or ester;m = 0-3;q = 1-12;r = 0 or 1;X1 = fluoro, trifluoromethyl, polymerization unit based on tetrafluoroethylene;E0 = hydrocarbon comprising -SO2X2, -PO3H2, -COX2;P1, P2 = non existing entity, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -CO-, -SO2-, -NH-, NR2- or -R3-;R2 = 1-25C alkyl, 1-25C aryl or 1-25C arylene;R3 = 2-25C alkylene, 2-25C perfluoroalkylene, 2-25C perfluoroalkyl ether, 2-25C alkyl ether or 6-25C arylene;X2 = OH, halo, ester or -NH-S(=O)2-R4;R4 = trifluoromethyl, 1-25C alkyl, 2-25C perfluoroalkylene or 6-25C aryl; andQ1 = perfluorinated cyclobutyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of lithium cobalt oxide is 16-25 mu m or 2-10 mu m. The average particle diameter of lithium nickel complex oxide is 2-10 mu m or 16-25 mu m. The thickness of the coating layer is 0.5-2 nm. The rolling mill drawing of cathode active material is 3.8-4.0 g/cc. Preferred Composition: The lithium nickel complex oxide is lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide (Li1+xNiaMnbCo1-(a+b)O2, where x is -0.2-0.2, a is 0.5-0.6 and b is 0.2-0.3). The fluorine-containing polymer is polyvinylidene difluoride or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene). The fluorine content of coating layer based on total weight of lithium nickel complex oxide is 0.001-3000 ppm. The amount of lithium nickel complex oxide is 10-50 wt.% based on total amount of cathode active material. The content of aluminum in lithium cobalt oxide is 0.001-2000 ppm. The coating thickness of aluminum oxide is 0.5-2 nm. The lithium cobalt oxide is doped with hetero-metal element and is lithium-cobalt oxide (Li(Co(1-a)Mt)O2, where t is 0.1-0.2 and M is element(s) chosen from magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, silicon, titanium, zirconium, tin, yttrium, strontium, molybdenum and manganese). The silicon oxide is silicon oxide (SiO1-y, where y is -0.5-0.5). The amount of silicon oxide based on total amount of anode active material is 3-20 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed active material further contains conductive material, lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide and lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide. The conductive material is chosen from graphite and conductive carbon. The conductive carbon is chosen from carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black (RTM: electroconductive carbon black), furnace black and lamp black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium precursor is chosen from lithium oxide, lithium dioxide, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and lithium oxalate. The concentration of lithium dispersion solution is 0.1 mM to 100 M. The lithium metal core comprises voids (10V) in an inner portion. The carbon membrane comprises at least through-hole (20H).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid organic compound is 6-20C hydrocarbon-based compound, alcohol-based compound, ether-type compound and ester-based compound. The hydrocarbon-based compound is chosen from hexene, nonene, dodecene, pentadecene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzoic acid, benzene, hexamethylene decyne, tetramethyl decyne and octadecyl decyne. The alcohol-based compound is chosen from 14 compounds e.g. ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol. The ether-type compound is chosen from 17 compounds e.g. diethyl ether, octyl ether, butyl ether, hexyl ether and benzyl ether. The ester-based compound is chosen from 10 compounds e.g. cellulose acetate, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, benzyl acetate and butyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The manufacture of cathode material further involves dissolving polymeric material in Preferred Composition: The polymeric material is chosen from 14 compounds e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The adhesive resin has weight average molecular weight of 300000-3000000. The adhesive porous layer has dynamic friction coefficient of 0.2-0.6 and 10-point average roughness of 1-6 mu m. Preferred Composition: The adhesive resin comprises copolymer obtained by copolymerizing vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, or a polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin containing 0.1-5% structural unit of hexafluoropropylene-derived on molar basis. The adhesive porous layer contains less than 1 %mass filler with respect to content of adhesive resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The MCO is laccase or bilirubin oxidase. The catalytic enzyme is pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium containing inorganic oxide is chosen from lithium titanate, titanium oxide and sodium titanate. The graphite material is impregnated in a solution containing titanium containing organic compound and solvent. The titanium containing organic compound is titanium alkoxide or titanium tetraisopropoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: negative electrode active material is lithium titanium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Compound which has isocyanate group is compound of formulae A-B-N=C=O or NCO-X-NCO. Content of compound which has isocyanate group is 0.01-10 mass%.A=H, halo, vinyl, isocyanate, 1-20C aliphatic hydrocarbon or 6-20C aromatic hydrocarbon;B=CO, SO2, 1-20C aliphatic hydrocarbon or 6-20C aromatic hydrocarbon; andX=1-16C hydrocarbon which may be substituted by F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is flaky graphite particles and coated graphite particles. The non-aqueous electrolyte further includes lithium difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode active material is a lithium-transition metal compound containing at least one of nickel and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium oxide product contains magnesium oxide (MgOx, where x is more than 1 and 2 or less), or mixture of magnesium dioxide and 0 wt.% or more magnesium oxide, or magnesium dioxide. The accelerator is an oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The non-precious metal salt comprises halide, acetate, sulfate, phosphate and iron salt. The iron salt is an iron halide salt or iron(III) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ionomer suspension comprises an ionomer comprising copolymer of a perfluorosulfonic acid and a PTFE. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The linear cathode material further has separation film coating the carbon layer. The conductive wires contain metal fibers, nonwoven fabric or carbon fibers. The planar current collector in the battery is made of stainless steel, nickel, titanium, tantalum, the copper, gold, platinum, ruthenium, silver, tin, zinc, tungsten, chrome, vanadium, molybdenum, zirconium, yttrium and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte is of formulae: L'aM'bPcSdX'e (I). The solid electrolyte is obtained using composite compounds of formulae: QwXx (II) and LyS (III).L'=sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium or radium;M'=boron, aluminum, silicon, germanium, gallium, indium, arsenic, selenium, tin, lead, tellurium, lead or bismuth;X'=halo chosen from fluoro, chlorine, bromine, indium or astatine;a=0.1-15;b=0-3;c=0-5;d=0-15;e=0.1-3;Q=sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, gallium, indium, astatine, selenium, tin, lead, tellurium, lead or bismuth;w=1-4;x=1-10;andy=0.5-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electrical generator unit is controlled by the control unit by a communication unit i.e. control area network (CAN) bus system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Zinc salt is water soluble zinc salt which is zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, and/or zinc oxalate. Ferrous salt is water soluble ferrous salt which is ferrous chloride, ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate, and/or ferrous bromide. Additive is urea, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, and/or sodium hydroxide. Mole ratio of zinc ion:ferrous ion is 1: 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nanoparticles is 1-20 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is chosen from 26 compounds e.g. platinum, gold, silver, iron and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbonized polymer is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer fibers are selected from a group consisting of polyolefin, polyamic acid, polyimide, polyamide, polysulfone, polyester, fluoropolymer, polyacrylate, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyetherimide, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polycaprolactam, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide, standard polysulfone, polyaryl sulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly-methyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, poly-bisphenol A-carbonate and liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first fluorinated copolymer consists of a polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) copolymer, a polyvinylidene fluoride-polytetrafluororoethylene (PVdF-PTFE) copolymer, and a polyvinylidene fluoride-polytetrafluororoethylene-hexafluoropropylene (PVdFPTFE- HFP) copolymer. The non-fluorinated polymer: comprises polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyamide (PA), polyimide (PI), a polyamide-imide copolymer, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethyleneoxide (PEO), polypropyleneoxide (PPO), a polyethylene oxide-proyleneoxide (PEO-PO) copolymer, polyvinylacetate (PVA), polyethylenevinylacetate (PEVA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); and is a polymer obtained from monomer consisting of an acrylic acid, methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate and methylethacrylate. The porous base material layer comprises polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the standard deviation of the Gurley value with respect to the average value of a Gurley value of the composite film is 0.3 or less. The adhesive porous layer has average hole diameter of 1-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The adhesive resin is polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin having weight average molecular weight of 500000-3000000. The winding-road rate of the composite film is 1.5-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polysilsesquioxane compound has structure of formula (R1SiO(1.5)m(R2SiO2H)n).R1, R2 = H, 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic substituent, vinyl-containing group, methacryl-containing group, acryl containing group, epoxy-containing group or urethane group;m = 2-1000; andm+n = greater than or equal to 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: The nonwoven fabric is formed by an electrospinning method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The negative electrode is immersed in nonaqueous electrolyte containing lithium salt, and the negative electrode is washed using the nonaqueous electrolyte which does not contain lithium salt, during manufacture of secondary battery. A binder containing styrene-butadiene rubber which is neutralized in an aqueous solution containing hydroxide of alkali metal (excluding sodium) is further added during preparation of negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the lithium bis(oxalate) borate is 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The molar ratio of dissolved sodium ion and lithium bis(oxalate) borate in the nonaqueous electrolyte is less than 0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fabric weight of adhesive resin in adhesive resin-containing surface is preferably 0.05 g/m2 or more. The minimum temperature at which the adhesiveness of the adhesive resin expresses is 60-120 degrees C. The adhesive resin has melting point or softening point of 60-120 degrees C. The thickness of base material is 5-30 mu m. The porosity of base material is 30-70%. The peeling strength between the electrode integrated with separator by adhesive resin and separator is 10 N/20 mm or less, at 180 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The adhesive resin is poly-( alpha )-olefin, polyacrylic acid ester, polyvinyl acetate, and/or copolymer obtained from the monomers derived from these resin. The base material is resin-made microporous film or resin-made nonwoven fabric. Resin contained in base material is polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon-type material is Ketchen Black. The positive electrode active material contains lithium-cobalt-nickel composition of formula: LixCoyNizM1-y-zOb-aXa.M=boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, barium, tungsten, indium, strontium, tin, lead or antimony;X=halo;x=0.80-1.2;y=0-0.50;z=0.50-1.0;a=0-1;andb=1.8-2.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese complex oxide particles are the particles of lithium-manganese complex oxide of formula: LixMn2-yMyO4 (I).x=0-1;y=0-0.5;andM=iron, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1st lithium salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium dioxalatoborate (LiB(C2O4)2), and/or lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiBF2(C2O4)). The 2nd lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). Positive electrode active material which operates with electric potential of greater than or equal to 4.4 V (vs Li/Li+) is spinel-type oxide of formula LiMn2-xMaxO4, complex oxide of formulae Li2McO3 and LiMdO2, Li-excess layered oxide of formula zLi2McO3-(1-z)LiMdO2, and/or compound of formula Li2MePO4F.Ma, Mc, Md, Me=transition metal;Mb=Mn or Co;x=0.2-0.7;z=0.1-0.9; andy=0-0.9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Electrolyte solution contains 0.01-10 mass% 1st lithium salt, 1-40 mass% 2nd lithium salt, and 0.01-10 mass% compound (A). Non-aqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate e.g. ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate and linear carbonate e.g. dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and/or ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium compound is lithium bis(oxalate)borate and/or lithium difluorophosphate. The insulative inorganic particles are alumina particles, titania particles and zirconia particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Ionic liquids i.e. (2-(2-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)ethoxy)ethyl)sulfate-2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-pyrrol-1-ium of formula (Ia), (2-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)ethyl)sulfate-2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-pyrrol-1-ium and bis(2-(2-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)ethoxy)ethyl) phosphate-1,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-1,3-imidazol-3-ium are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 1-Isobutyl-2,3-methylimidazolium salt and bistrifluoromethane sulfonylimide were added and reacted at normal temperature of 25 degrees C, to obtain ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode active material is lithiated cobalt oxide, ferric phosphate lithium, lithiated nickel oxide and lithium manganese oxide. The anodal active material is carbon, hard carbon, natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphite-like carbon or coke based carbon system compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is lithium bis(oxalato)borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent includes 30-70 vol.% ethylene carbonate at 25 degrees C and 1 atm. The non-aqueous electrolyte includes lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive agent is at least one acetylene black, carbon black or graphite. (I) has a specific surface area of 5-200 m2/g. The monoclinic complex oxide is a titanium compound of formula (TiNb207).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary cathode active material is lithium cobalt oxide having layered structure, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese oxide, lithium-manganese-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide and the other element(s) chosen from aluminum, magnesium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, titanium, copper, boron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, antimony, tungsten and bismuth. The amount of secondary cathode active material is 5-50 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. mixed cathode active material. The mixed cathode active material further contains conductive material which is graphite and conductive carbon. The amount of conductive material is 0.5-15 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. mixed cathode active material. The conductive carbon comprises carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and summer black. The crystalline structure is graphene or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vanadium oxide glass comprises tellurium and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode contains lithium-transition metal composite oxide of spinel structure as positive electrode active material. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains nickel and manganese as a transition metal element. The lithium-titanate content layer is arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator is arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The lithium-titanate content layer is provided in positive electrode surface of separator. The lithium-titanate content layer contains 50 %mass or more of lithium titanate. Preferred Property: The thickness of lithium-titanate content layer is 5-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnetostriction material is comprised of iron-gallium type-alloy as main component. The non magnetic material is comprised of aluminum, magnesium, zinc and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphate is of formula: LiaMncMdPeXfOg and the metal oxide is of formula: M'bOz, where M is zirconium, tin, yttrium and/or aluminum, X is aluminum and/or silicon, a is 0-1.1, c is greater than 0 and 1.1 or less, d is greater than 0 and 0.5 or less, e is greater than 0 and 1.1 or less, f is greater than 0 and 0.5 or less, g is value satisfying electrochemical conditions, M' is zirconium, tin, yttrium, aluminum and/or silicone, and (valence of M')x b=4z.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of maximum and minimum values of tensile shock elasticity in the 4 directions is 1.3 or less. The minimum value is 4500 kJ/m2 or more. The laminate film has nylon film/aluminum layer/polypropylene layer structure or polyethylene terephthalate layer/nylon film/aluminum layer/polypropylene layer structure or nylon film/aluminum layer/PVC layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive resin is polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin having weight average molecular weight of 600000 to 3 million. The adhesive porous layer further contains a filler. The mass ratio of filler with respect to the adhesive resin is 0.01-0.05. The ratio (standard deviation/average value) of the standard deviation of the thickness of the porous base material with respect to the average value (in mu m) of the thickness of the porous base material is 0.02 or less. Preferred Properties: The porous base material has elongation of 50-200% along machine direction or transverse direction, and puncture strength of 200-800 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive resin is polyvinylidene fluoride-type resin having weight average molecular weight of 300000 to 3 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive active material further comprises greater than or equal to 1000 ppm of sodium. The positive active material has: a Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface of greater than or equal to 1 m2/g; a tap density of greater than or equal to 1.25 g/cc; and a pore size representing a maximum value of a differential pore volume of 30-40 nm, and a peak differential pore volume of greater than or equal to 0.85 mm3/(g.nm). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of shell portion is 0.05 mu m or more, in the average of the positive electrode active material layer. The lithium ion secondary battery has rated capacity of 3 Ah or more. The ammonium ion concentration of the aqueous solution in the nucleation process, during manufacture of positive electrode active material is 3 g/L or more. Preferred Composition: The lithium transition metal oxide is a compound of layer structure containing nickel, cobalt and magnesium as essential components. The lithium transition metal oxide is of formula: Li1+xNiyCozMn(1-y-z)McO2, where x is 0-0.2, y is more than 0.1 and less than 0.9, z is more than 0.1 and less than 0.4, c is 0-0.01, M is zirconium, tungsten, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, chromium, zinc, silicon, tin, aluminum, boron or fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Electrolyte solution contains 0.01-10 mass% 1st lithium salt, 1-40 mass% 2nd lithium salt, and 0.01-10 mass% phosphate ester. The 1st lithium salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium dioxalatoborate (LiB(C2O4)2), and/or lithium difluoro(oxalato) borate (LiBF2(C2O4)). The 2nd lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). Positive electrode active material which operates with electric potential of greater than or equal to 4.4 V (vs Li/Li+) is spinel-type oxide of formula LiMn2-xMaxO4, complex oxide of formulae Li2McO3 and LiMdO2, Li-excess layered oxide of formula zLi2McO3-(1-z)LiMdO2, olivine-type oxide of formula LiMb1-yFeyPO4, and/or compound of formula Li2MePO4F.Ma, Mc, Md, Me=transition metal;Mb=Mn or Co;x=0.2-0.7;z=0.1-0.9; andy=0-0.9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Non-aqueous solvent contains a cyclic carbonate e.g. ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate and a linear carbonate e.g. dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate. Phosphate ester is a compound of formula O=P(OR3)(OR4)(OR5) (3).R3-R5=H, Li, 1-10C hydrocarbon, or fluorinated 1-10C hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer is made of metal such as nickel, copper and gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The textile fiber is made of polymer such as polystyrene, polyester and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monoclinic ( beta )-type titanium-based oxide or lithium titanium-based oxide comprises vanadium, and/or tantalum and phosphorus. The total amount of vanadium and tantalum is 0.3-5 atomic% with respect to monoclinic ( beta )-type titanium-based oxide or lithium titanium-based oxide. The content of phosphorus is 0.03-1 atomic% with respect to monoclinic ( beta )-type titanium-based oxide or lithium titanium-based oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tungsten oxide in the electrode material is less than 40 %mass. The ratio of mesopore volume with respect to total pore volume of porous carbon particles is 30-less than 85%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming a reaction product comprising lithium bonded to the B of the metal compound. Preferred Components: The reaction product is a halide, lithium fluoride or lithium chloride. The oxygen present in the starting material reacts with the A of the AB compound. The starting material comprises lithium, nickel, oxygen (all preferred), cobalt and/or manganese. The activating material comprises a compound consisting of an organohalide and/or organochalcogenide, carbon monofluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, PTFE, PVC or a metal halide. The metal is alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or transition metal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further comprises nitrile compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The film thickness of the sulfur film is 1-2.5 nm. Preferred Composition: The conductive carbon is furnace black, activated carbon and/or acetylene black, preferably furnace black having a hollow shell structure. The positive electrode compound material contains the thin film sulfur covering conductive carbon and a solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of elemental sulfur compound is 0.1 wt.% or less. The content of lithium sulfide is 30-95 mol% with respect to sum total of starting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises a corrugated titanium mesh configured as a spiral, where the spiral comprises insulation between adjacent mesh layers in the spiral and the catalyst comprises a platinum free mixed metal oxide. The mixed metal oxide comprises at least two oxides of ruthenium, iridium, titanium, tantalum, tin, tungsten, aluminum, zirconium, molybdenum, palladium, and silicon. The hydrogen-halogen compound comprises hydrogen bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode has primary anode active material, graphite of secondary anode active material, and a binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum or titanium in the surface layer is 0.002-0.5 %mass. The carbon content of surface layer is 0.004-0.5 %mass. Preferred Process: The active material is obtained by surface-treating substance containing titanium or aluminum with coupling agent having amino group in the side chain, and heating at 300-500 degrees C. Preferred Property: The active material has particle size distribution (D50) value measured by a laser diffraction scattering-type particle size distribution measuring method of 0.1-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is a polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium dihydrogen phosphate is mixture of lithium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium compound includes lithium-titanium oxide having a spinel structure or a ramsdellite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The iron based powder has an average particle diameter of 50-150 mu m. The electroconductive metal layer is a copper plating layer (11).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: 2.5-3.5 Parts mass stearic acid or stearate is added with respect to 100 parts mass iron based powder, during manufacture of electrical power collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium metal complex oxide particles have composition of formula: LixNi1-yMyO2, where x is 0.05-1.2, y is 0-0.7, and M is chosen from iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, gallium, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium, or of formula: LixCo1-yMyO2, where x is 0.9-1.2, y is 0-0.1, and M is chosen from magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus compound and lithium salt is 0.01-10 %mass and 1-40 %mass with respect to total content of electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution further comprises boron-containing lithium salt (C) of formula (II) or (III). The content of boron-containing lithium salt is 0.01-10 %mass with respect to total content of electrolyte solution. The lithium salt (B) is lithium hexafluorophosphate. The lithium salt (C) is chosen from lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(oxalate)borate and lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate.X=F, Cl or B;R1=optionally substituted 1-10C hydrocarbyl;a=0 or 1;n=0-2;R2=H, F or optionally substituted 1-10C hydrocarbyl;andm=0-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent comprises cyclic carbonate chosen from propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate and linear carbonate chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The carboxymethylcellulose lithium salt has etherification degree of 0.50-1 and 1% viscosity of 300-2500 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One of the redox active materials is an organic compound devoid of metal. The first and second redox active materials are a metal ligand coordination compound. The separator comprises an ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium metal oxide includes lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LiTi2O4, Li2 TiO3 and Li2Ti3O7), and has a specific surface area of 1-15 m2/g, a particle diameter of 3-8 mu m and an internal porosity of 5-15%. An average particle diameter of primary particles is 100-400 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The current collector includes a copper film that includes a carbon coating or neutral, acid or base solution. The copper film has a surface area of 0.09-0.11 m2/g and a thickness of 10-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal(s) are in the form of alloy, as aerogel. The metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron and/or manganese, preferably platinum, palladium, gold, iridium, ruthenium, nickel and/or copper. An active material of the catalyst is alloy of metal with transition group or main group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur-type compound and siloxane compound contained as impurities in the biogas are removed before blowing into the liquid. Preferred Process: The sulfur-type compound is removed by forming metal sulfide by the reaction of sulfur-type compound in biogas with zinc oxide or iron oxide. The siloxane compound is removed by adsorbing siloxane compound with moisture content to activated carbon, for preset time. Preferred Component: The processing system of biogas further includes impurity removal devices (11, 12) provided in the gas supply path, and pressure-swing-adsorption-apparatus (30). The device (11) is filled with zinc oxide or iron oxide to remove sulfur-type compound. The device (12) is filled with activated carbon to remove siloxane compound with moisture content. The concentrated methane gas containing carbon dioxide and oxygen is adsorbed by adsorption agent using pressure-swing-adsorption, and connected to recovery path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structural change is carried out by rearrangement of cations from the layered crystal structure to spinel-like crystal structure. The present amount of manganese is 40-80 mol%, preferably 50-80 mol%. The lithium transition metal oxide is a compound of formula Li(LixMy-y1M1y1)O2-zAz (I).M = Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Cu, Zn or Ti;M1 = Al, Mg or B;A = F, S or N;x = 0-0.5;y = 0.6-1.1;y1 = 0-0.2; andz = 0-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The transition metal comprises nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, vanadium, copper and zinc. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface treatment step is performed by an electrical etching method using an etching agent and wet coagulation method. Preferred Components: The cathode comprises aluminum. The etching agent comprises iron (III) chloride, hydrogen chloride and water. The negative active material comprises lithium metal oxide of formula (LixMyOz) (I). The lithium metal oxide has a specific surface area of 1-15 m2/g, a particle diameter of 3-8 mu m, and an internal porosity of 5-15%, and includes lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LiTi2O4, Li2 TiO3 and Li2Ti3O7).M = Ti, Sn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, In, Al or Zr; andx, y, z = oxidation number of M.Preferred Components: The current collector has a surface roughness and a surface thickness of 0.5-3 mu m. The current collector is a cathode collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxy group containing solvent comprises water, alcohol such as ethanol and methanol, and carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes/wires comprise platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition :The content of lithium and carbon is 2-15 wt.% and 2-30 wt.%, respectively based on the total weight of the porous silicon oxide-based composite. The concentration of lithium dispersed in the porous silicon oxide-based composite increased at portion near the carbon-coated surface and decreases toward center of the porous silicon oxide-based composite. The silicon oxide in the porous silicon oxide-based composite is silicon monoxide. The porous silicon oxide-based composite comprises silicon oxide (x is more than 0 to less than 2), and has porosity of 5-90%. The lithium precursor is chosen from lithium hydroxide hydrate, lithium chloride, lithium hydroxide monohydrate, lithium acetate dihydrate, lithium phosphate or its salt. Preferred Property: The porous silicon oxide-based composite has BET specific surface area of 2-100 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Sum of the elements represented by RE and T and the Mg is 1 mole, a content of the Cr is 0.01 mole or more and 0.02 mole or less. Preferred Component: The alkaline electrolyte solution contains sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a main constituent of its solute. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An adsorption film adsorbs methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide on the surface of the hydrogen-permeable membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: Polarization potential of positive electrode with respect to lithium/lithium ion (Li/Li+) standard is greater than or equal to 4.2 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Positive electrode active material is lithium manganese complex oxide of formula LiNi0.5-xM1xMn1.5-yM2yO4. Negative electrode active material comprises carbon material, silicon material, silicon alloy material, tin material, or tin alloy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Organic compound is represented by formulas (II)-(IV). Compound having structural unit (I) is 1,4-di(2-thienyl)-1,4-butane dione. Non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.01-1 mass% organic compound having structural unit (I). Non-aqueous electrolyte contains linear or cyclic alkyl carbonate as solvent.R1, R2=H, alkyl, alkoxy, or halo;X=O, S, or NR3;R3=H or alkyl;R4, R5=methylene, ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene;n1-n3=1-10;M1=Cr, Fe, Co, or Cu;M2=Ti, Zr, Hf, or Rh;x=0-0.5; andy=0-1.5. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2=H, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, or halo; and    R3=H or Me.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolysis catalyst is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and solid solutions of ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide. The electrolysis catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a solid solution of ruthenium oxide and a valve metal oxide, and a solid solution of iridium oxide and a valve metal oxide. The electrolysis catalyst comprises a solid solution of ruthenium oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is a lithium-transition metal composite oxide of lithium and spinel structure which contains nickel and manganese as transition metal element. The lithium secondary battery contains nonaqueous electrolyte including fluorinated carbonate as nonaqueous solvent. Preferred Process: The supply of silicon containing cyclic compound is performed by preparing nonaqueous electrolyte which includes silicon containing cyclic compound, and supplying prepared nonaqueous electrolyte to electrode component provided with positive electrode and negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon containing cyclic compound is of formula (I).R1,R2=1-12C organic group, in which at least one contains vinyl group;andn=3-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of multimer of phosphate ester in the nonaqueous electrolyte solvent is 0.1-15 volume%. The fluorinated ether compound is of formula: R11-O-R12. The positive electrode active material contains lithium-manganese complex oxide of formula: Lia(MxMn2-x-yY'y)(O4-wZw), lithium-metal complex oxide of formula: LiM'PO4, lithium-metal complex oxide of formula: Li(Lix'M"1-x'-z'Mnz')Oz' or silicon-complex oxide of formula: Li2M'"SiO4. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains carbonate compound. The positive electrode has 4.5 V or more charging/discharging area with respect to lithium.R11,R12=alkyl or fluorinated alkyl, in which at least one is fluorinated alkyl;x=0.4-1.2;y,x+y=0-2;a=0-1.2;w=0-1;M=Co, Ni, Fe, Cr or Cu;Y'=Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K or Ca;Z=F or Cl;M'=Co or Ni;x'=0-0.3;z=0.3-0.7;M"=Co, Ni or Fe;andM'"=Mn, Fe or Co. Preferred Definitions:    n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cross-section of pore and pore connection portion of nanoporous metallic catalyst has diameter of 1-3 nm. Preferred Composition: The metallic catalyst contains platinum, palladium, ruthenium and/or porous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon material having alcohol group, is saccharide. Saccharide is monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide. The polymer membrane contains poly M-phenylenediamine and polyphenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The half-power band width of (003) plane of complex oxide is 0.05-0.2, and half-power band width of (104) plane of complex oxide is 0.25-0.4, when the half-power band width of (003) plane and (104) plane is set to H (003) and H (104), respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: During manufacture of complex oxide, the chelating agent is added to raw material mixture dissolving in solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is liquid electrolyte and gel polymer electrolyte. The plasticizer is lithium salt. The solid content of lithium salt in the electrolyte is 1-30 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate-based compound is phosphate-based acrylate of formula (I), pyrophosphate-based acrylate of formula (II), and/or phosphate-based urethane acrylate. The electrolyte is phosphate-based compound and polymerizable crosslinker compound. The crosslinker compound is (meth)acrylate-based compound, unsaturated carboxylic acid compound and vinyl compound. The (meth)acrylate-based compound is monomer of formula: CH=CH(-R3)-C(=O)-(O-CH2(-R5)-CH2)m-O-C(=O)-C(-R4)=CH or its oligomer. The (meth)acrylate-based compound is diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene diacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol divinyl ether, ethoxylated (6) trimethylolpropane triacrylate, diethylene glycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, propoxylated (3) trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxylated (6) trimethylopropane triacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate or poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethaacrylate. The amount of phosphate-based compound is 0.01-30 wt.% with respect to total amount of electrolyte. The amount of polymerizable crosslinker compound is 0.1-1 wt.% with respect to total amount of electrolyte.R1,R2=H, methyl or F;n=1-20;m=1-20;andR3-R5=H or optionally substituted 1-4C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Atomic percent of palladium is greater than atomic percent of gallium, and atomic percent of gallium is greater than atomic percent of cerium. Catalyst particle further comprises greater than or equal to 1 transition metal e.g. cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, and/or titanium. Catalyst particle is represented by formula PdxGayCez (1). Electrode catalyst further comprises carbonaceous support in which catalyst particle is disposed on carbonaceous support.x=6.3-8.4;y=0.8-3.4;z=0.3-1.6; andx+y+z=10. Preferred Definitions:    x= 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 7, 7.1, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 7.8, 8.1, or 8.4;    y=0.8, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.8, or 3.4; and    z=0.3, 0.4, 0.7, 0.8, 1.1, or 1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell, when the cell capacities per unit area of the positive and negative electrode active material layers are respectively defined as A and B, B is A to 1.3 A. The positive electrode core is made of pure aluminum or aluminum alloy. The negative electrode core is made of pure copper or copper alloy. An insulative negative electrode protective layer is formed on the negative electrode active material layer. The cell capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell is 22 ampere-hour (Ah) or more. The positive electrode active material is composed of a lithium transition metal composite oxide. The negative electrode active material is composed of a carbonaceous material. The porosity of the negative electrode protective layer is larger than the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer. The porosity of the negative electrode protective layer is 60-90%. The negative electrode protective layer comprises insulative inorganic particles and a binder. The average particle diameter of the insulative inorganic particles is 0.1-10 mu m. The insulative inorganic particles are alumina particles, titania particles and zirconia particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanomaterials comprise inorganic oxide materials, titania nanotubes and/or graphene oxide nanosheets. The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material is polybenzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The sheet material has a channel diameter of 1-500 mu m. The base body has a first frontal plane (4) and a second frontal plane (5) and the channels (3) are arranged perpendicular to the frontal plane. The channels with the frontal plane form an acute angle. The fold edges on at least one side of the base body are connected by knitting, weaving and/or solidifying. The sheet material is pleated and folded into a block. The sheet material has a thickness of 1-15 mm, a porosity of 40-95%, and a basis weight of 100-1000 g/m2. The sheet material has an electrical conductivity of 10-300 s/cm2 perpendicular to covering planes, which are arranged orthogonally to the frontal planes. Preferred Method: The sheet material is produced by a wrinkling process. The method for producing the electrically conductive sheet, comprises providing at least two webs, in which the fiber orientations of the fiber webs have different preferential directions; superimposing the fiber webs for producing a interconnection; pre-consolidating the fiber webs; generating a fold-like structure, and connecting edges of folds to form the sheet material; and carbonizing and/or graphitizing the sheet material. The finishing of the sheet material takes place by functionalization, coating and/or impregnating. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is carbon paper. The precursor of the catalyst for growing nanocarbons is selected from an aqueous nickel nitrate solution, an aqueous cobalt-nickel nitrate solution and a solution obtained by dissolving iron in alcohol or benzene. The carrier gas is oxygen, hydrogen, argon, helium or nitrogen gas. The nanocarbons are carbon nanofibers or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The platinum precursor is selected from (trimethyl)methylcyclopentadienyl platinum, platinum(II) acetylacetonate, tetrakis(trifluorophosphine) platinum(0), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) platinum(0), platinum(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV), and (1,5-cyclooctadiene)dimethyl platinum(II). The liquid carbon precursor is selected from methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, and xylene. The gaseous carbon precursor is methane or acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the heat treatment step, the raw material mixture is mixed by both of a dry method and a wet method. A temperature at which the raw material mixture is heat treated is greater than or equal to 1100 degrees C. Preferred Components: The raw material mixture is capable of forming an anode active material (I). EXAMPLE - The starting raw materials were weighed such that the composition of the raw material mixture was KMg3FeSi3O10F2. The starting raw materials were introduced into an agate mortar and the mixture was mixed by a dry method for 5 minutes and then was further mixed by a wet method (solvent: ethanol) for 5 minutes. Thus a raw material mixture was obtained. Then 1 g of the raw material mixture was molded by isostatic pressing (CIP) at a pressure of 150 MPa, and the molded product was dried. The raw material mixture was filled in a platinum container, the container was sealed, and the raw material mixture was heat treated in an air atmosphere under the conditions of 1350 degrees C for 2 hours to form mixed melt. Then the mixed melt was cooled indoors (excore cooling), to obtain vitreous anode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium salt is 1-30 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate-based compound is phosphate-based acrylate of formula (I), pyrophosphate-based acrylate of formula (II), and/or phosphate-based urethane acrylate. The cathode comprises phosphate-based compound and polymerizable crosslinker compound. The crosslinker compound is chosen from (meth)acrylate-based compound, unsaturated carboxylic acid compound and vinyl compound. The (meth)acrylate-based compound is monomer of formula: CH2=C(-R3)-C(=O)-(-O-CH(-R5)-CH2-)m-O-C(=O)-C(-R4)=CH2 or its oligomer. The (meth)acrylate-based compound is diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene diacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol divinyl ether, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, diethylene glycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate or poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethaacrylate. The content of phosphate-based compound is 0.01-50 pts. wt. with respect to total content of negative active material. The content of polymerizable crosslinker compound is 0.1-10 wt.%.R1,R2=H, methyl or F;n,m=1-20;andR3-R5=H or optionally substituted 1-4C alkyl.Preferred Property: The cathode has porosity of 10-50%. Preferred Process: The phosphate-based compound is dissolved in solution containing polymerization initiator, electrolyte and lithium salt, during manufacture of cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: During manufacture of ion-conductive substance, the ion-conductive glass is heated at 80-400 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group (I) and group (II) elements included during manufacture of ion-conductive substance are chosen from phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, silicon and boron. Preferred Property: The ionic conductivity of ion-conductive substance is 1x 10-4 S/cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent porous layer comprises metal porous component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent porous layer contains water-repellent polymer chosen from fluorinated polymer and polyolefin. Preferred Property: The melting temperature of hot-melt adhesive agent is 120-160 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The composite transition metal compound has average particle diameter and tap density of 4-20 mu m and 0.8-2.5 g/cm3. Preferred Composition: The transition metal salt is chosen from nickel sulfate, titanium sulfate and manganese sulfate. The basic substance is sodium hydroxide. The content of complex transition-metal compound is 30 wt.% with respect to total content of precursor. The lithium complex metal oxide is of formula: Li1+z(NiaMpMn1-(a+p))2O4-yAy, where p is 0.005-0.1, y is 0-0.1 and z is -0.1 to 0.1. Preferred Process: The lithium complex transition metal oxide is surface-treated with carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent is chosen from hydrazine, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, fructose, sucrose, glucose, galactose, lactose, maltose, starch and dextrin. The content of reducing agent is 0.01-10 mol% with respect to content of transition metal aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of heterogeneous element is 0.001-10 wt.% with respect to total weight of the lithium-transition metal oxide. The content of heterogeneous element in the surface of the lithium-transition metal oxide is 30-99.9%, preferably 50-98% with respect to the total heterogeneous element. The lithium-transition metal oxide is lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide (Li1+aNibMcMn2-(b+c)O4-z-dA2d/n, where M is titanium, cobalt, aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, boron, chromium, bismuth, zinc or zirconium, preferably aluminum or titanium, A is oxygen, hydroxide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, carbonate, borate or fluorine, a and z are 0-0.1, b is 0.3-0.6, c and d are 0.005-0.1, and n is oxidation number of A). Preferred Process: The lithium-transition metal compound is manufactured by dissolving 0.001-2 mol% transition metal precursor (Mx'Ay', where x' and y' are more than 0 and less than 4), preferably metallic compound chosen from 26 compounds e.g. titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide and boron oxide, in water or sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The purity of vanadium pentoxide powder is 80% or more. The purity of hydrogen is 74% or more. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen gas is a mixed gas of hydrogen gas and inert gas. The content of hydrogen gas in mixed gas is 5%. The inert gas is a single gas or mixed inert gas. The inert gas is nitrogen gas and argon gas. The ratio of vanadium (IV) oxide powder and vanadium (III) oxide powder is 1:1. The concentration of concentrated sulfuric acid is 6-18.4 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electrolyte contains 0.1 M lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate. Anode contains platinum sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Polythiophene is prepared by simple and inexpensive successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction on stainless steel substrate. Deposition of polythiophene film is carried out by two beakers system in which 1st beaker contains 0.5-1 M thiophene solution and 2nd beaker contains 0.05-0.1 M ferric chloride solution as oxidizing agent at room temperature. Preferred Parameters: Thickness of polythiophene film is 0.48-0.72 mg/cm2. Polythiophene film is amorphous and compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles include lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-iron oxide, lithium-iron-phosphorus oxide, lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-manganese nickel, or lithium-cobalt-manganese-nickel oxide. The electrochemically exfoliated graphene includes flakes of electrochemically exfoliated graphene disposed on carbon. The content of electrochemically exfoliated graphene in electrode is 0.001-5 wt.%. The electrode material contains additive material including conductive additive material, bonding agent, carbon material or solvent, triazine or thiophene, transition metal, and sulfur, silicon, tin, ceramic materials, or lithium sulfide. The carbon material includes graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon nanotubes and/or carbon fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal is dichalcogenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide glass comprises iron, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, barium and/or cobalt. The oxide glass is amorphous glass. The ratio of oxide glass is 1-30 volume% (in conversion of volume) with respect to active material. The active material is crystallized glass containing vanadium oxide. The coating layer comprises electroconductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: removing the surface stabilizer from the palladium-platinum core-shell catalyst. The step of increasing the temperature of the mixture solution is carried out at 100-300 degrees C for 1-200 minutes. The step of increasing the temperature of the mixture is carried out at 100-300 degrees C for 1-200 minutes. Preferred Components: The palladium precursor comprises sodium tetrachloro palladate, potassium tetrachloro palladate, and/or palladium chloride. The surface stabilizer is added in a range of 0.1-10 mole relative to 1 mole of the palladium precursor. The platinum precursor comprises sodium tetrachloro platinate, potassium tetrachloro platinate, platinum chloride, and/or chloroplatinic acid. The platinum precursor is added in an amount of 0.1-5 mole relative to 1 mole of the palladium precursor. The carbon support comprises a Ketjen black carbon, a carbon nano tube, and a fullerene. The palladium-platinum core-shell nano particle is adsorbed at 10-60 wt.% relative to the weight of the carbon support. The palladium-platinum core-shell catalyst has a particle size of 1-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface stabilizer comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfate and/or polyethylene glycol. The organic solvent comprises ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentadiol, and/or diethylene glycol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles include one of lithium iron phosphate, lithium iron oxide, lithium iron phosphorus oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt manganese nickel and lithium cobalt manganese nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Negative electrode contains carbon material which has graphite and/or easily graphitized carbon as negative electrode active material. Positive electrode contains complex oxide which has lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) as positive electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Ion conducting medium contains compound of formulae A+(H-B-(OCH(CF3)2)3)- (1) and/or Si-(OCH(CF3)2)4 (2). Ion conducting medium contains 0.5-10 mass% compound which has B-H or Si and hexafluoroisopropyl group.A=alkali metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Non-aqueous electrolyte is electrolyte comprising fluorine-containing salt compound of formula M'PFa(CmF2m+1)6-a (2), M'BFb(CnF2n+1)4-b (3), or M'AsF6 (4). Salt compound (2) containing fluorine is represented by formula LiPF6.a=0-6;m=1-2;b=0-4;n=1-2; andM'=alkali metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent further contains cyclic carbonate. Sulfonic acid ester is 1,3-propane sultone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive-electrode active material has crystalline diameter of 120-200 nm, and specific surface area of 0.3-1 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide or its hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material contains lithium transition metal oxide of formula Li1+delta(NiaCobMncMd)O2 (1).M=transition metal element, typical metal element, and/or B;delta =value which becomes settled so that electric charge neutral condition satisfies 0-0.2; anda+b+c+d=1 provided a and/or b is larger than zero.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal layer is made of iron, carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, aluminum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer layer is made of polyethylene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polypropylene, co-polymer polypropylene or fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte layers contain binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises allowing the water vapor to flow through the inner tube (121), filling the cooling substance into the condenser via the first opening (122) and draining the cooling substance from the condenser via the second opening (123) to lower the temperature of the water vapor in the inner tube and condense the water vapor into liquid water by using the cooling substance. The predetermined temperature is 110-160 degrees C. The reduction time of the nano-scale platinum is less than 1.5 hours. Preferred Components: The condenser has an inner tube, a first opening and a second opening. The nano-scale platinum has mass activity of 435 A/gp platinum, charge transfer resistance of less than 30 Omega -cm2, an average particle diameter of is 3.6+0.4 nm, mass density of less than 0.2 mg/cm2, and a particle size distribution of 2-5.5 nm. The reducing agent comprises formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, sodium borohydride, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, ethanol, ethylene glycol, citric acid or glucose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium metal complex oxide is of formula: Li1+xM1-xO2 (I).M=manganese, cobalt, nickel, or element of group 3 to group 11 in periodic table;and1+x=1-1.07.Preferred Process: The lithium metal complex oxide is obtained by surface-treating using a coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal hydroxide is 50-80% of total content of spinel type compound. Preferred Properties: The metal oxide or metal hydroxide has average particle diameter (D50) of 20-1000 and thickness of 50-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon precursor is chosen from petroleum pitch, tar, phenolic resin, furan resin and carbohydrate. The inert atmosphere contains argon or nitrogen. 50-80% Carbon-based material covers on the surface of the spinel-type compound particle. Preferred Property: The carbon-based material has average particle diameter of 2-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material is sulfur or sulfur containing compound. The solid electrolyte comprises lithium-metal-phosphorus-sulfur compound (LiaMbPcSd), where M is boron, zinc, silicon, copper, gallium and germanium and ratio of a, b, c and d is 12: 0-0.5: 1: 2-9, respectively. Preferred Property: The pore of the electroconductive substance has an average fine pore diameter of 100 nm or less and pore capacitance of 0.1- 5 cc/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickener is chosen from ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, vinyl butyral, methyl methacrylate and styrene. The solvent is chosen from fluorine-type solvent and a hydrocarbon-based solvent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The reinforcement membrane further comprises a frame (4) containing resin of integrated structure obtained by construction method chosen from welding using heat, laser, ultrasonic wave, solvent and adhesive agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Fibers of the nonwoven fabric comprises copolymers containing monomer unit with polymer chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyvinyl fluoride. The space in the region (21) of reinforcement membrane is filled with perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid group. Preferred Property: The average diameter of fiber is 0.01-1 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Properties: The pore diameter of region (21) of nonwoven fabric is 0.035-5 mu m, and the pore diameter of region (22) of nonwoven fabric is 0.035 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material is silicon/silicon oxide/carbon composite containing silicon, silicon oxide and carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is preferably of formula: R2a'-C(=O)-CH=CH-CH=CH-C(=O)-R2' (II).R2',R2a'=1-12C alkyl optionally substituted by fluoroalkyl, aminoalkyl, NR11R12, cyanoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, cyano or halo;andR11,R12=H or 1-6C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The content of compound (I) contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.1-2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of coating layer is 1-20 nm. Preferred Composition: The composite negative electrode material comprises matrix containing thin-layer of graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder resin is polyimide resin and its precursor or polyamidoimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The compound having amide bond is polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vanadium oxide is chosen from vanadium pentoxide, vanadium tetraoxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide and vanadium oxide (V6O13). The concentrated acid is concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amount of graphene-containing oxide derivative solution is 0.01-20 mg/material, preferably 0.2-2 mg/ml. The graphene-containing oxide derivative is chosen from graphene oxide, hydroxylated graphene oxide, carboxylated graphene oxide, sulfonated graphene oxide, aminated graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and metal or metal oxide nanoparticles-modified graphene material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent comprises deionized water, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, N,N'-dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solvent further comprises high molecular material chosen from Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyethylene. The amount of high molecular material is 1-1000 wt.%, preferably 20-550% of derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte additive comprises an organic solvent, which comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylproply carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethyl propionate, methyl propionate and/or propyl propionate; and a lithium salt, which comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium aluminate, lithium aluminum chloride, lithium trifluromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate, lithium chloride and lithium iodide. The sulfur containing compounds consist of diethyl sulfide, methyl phenyl sulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, ethyl disulfide, methyl propyl sulfide, ethyl methyl sulfide, ethyl vinyl sulfide, phenyl vinyl sulfide, methyl vinyl sulfide, methyl (E)-1-propenyl sulfide, (Z)-2-thia-3-pentene, (Z)-methyl-1-propenyl sulfide, 2-(methylthio)-1-propene, divinyl sulfide, 1-(ethenylthio)-propane, 4-methyl-3-thia-1-pentene, dipropyl sulfide, ally sulfide, isopropyl sulfide, sec-butyl sulfide and tert-Butyl methyl sulfide. The organic solvent further comprises vinylene carbonate, metal fluoride, glutaronitrile, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, 3,3'-thiodipropionitrile, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,3-propene sultone, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, vinylethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylenecarbonate, fluorodimethylcarbonate and fluoroethylmethylcarbonate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of complex transition-metal compound is more than 30 wt.% with respect to total amount of transition metal precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lead glass comprises 0.5-20.0 mol.% tin, 0.6-18 mol.% lithium oxide, 24-64 mol.% lead oxide, 11-40 mol.% boron trioxide, 1-18 mol.% phosphorus pentoxide and 0-6.0 mol.% silica in conversion of an oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains silicon and/or silicon oxide, preferably silicon/silicon oxide/carbon composite containing silicon, silicon oxide and carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of carbonyl compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.1-2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: A separator (1) is arranged between the negative electrode and positive electrode. The separator consists of a laminated film on which a heat-resistant porous layer and a porous film are laminated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium and metal other than lithium is 0.7-1.4. The product of peak-intensity ratios with respect to manganese and nickel is 0.7-2. The lithium composite metal oxide has a layer structure, of formula: Li1+x(Ni1-x-y-aMnyMa)O2.x=-0.3 to 0.4;y=0.35-0.7;a=0-0.1, preferably 0;x+y+a=-0.05 or more and less than 1;andM=Al, Mg, Ti, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr, Mo, Si, Sn, Nb or V, preferably Fe.The mixture further contains an inactive fusing agent, preferably a sulfate. The content of sulfate in the mixture is 0.01-400 parts mass with respect to 100 parts mass of lithium compound. Preferred Conditions: The aqueous solution containing nickel ion and manganese ion, and an alkali are contacted before obtaining the calcined material, to obtain a salt. Solid-liquid separation of the slurry obtained by contacting the aqueous solution and alkali is carried out, and the solid is washed and dried to obtain the salt. Baking is carried out without reducing the temperature from heating temperature at the time of completion of the process of obtaining calcined material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon is chosen from carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, carbon black, and carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The layered porous film has a breaking elongation of 60% or more in the flow direction and 150% or more in the direction orthogonal to the flow direction, and an electrical resistance of 1 Omega or less at 25 degrees C. The layered porous film has beta -crystal activity. Preferred Composition: The content of styrene component in the styrene-type elastomer is 10-70 %mass. The addition amount of styrene-type elastomer in layer (II) is 0.1-10 %mass. Layer (I) contains a beta -crystalline nucleating agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The electrode has a thickness of 250-800 mm. The electrode is a positive electrode or a negative electrode. The negative electrode/the positive electrode is a stationary electrode or a flowable electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion-storing redox composition includes a conductive additive. The condensed liquid ion-storing redox composition further includes a non-redox-active liquid. The ion-storing redox composition is a semi-solid ion-storing redox composition, where the solid phase ion-storing redox material is present at 5-70 vol.% or greater than 25 vol.%, preferably greater than 40 vol.%, and the solids including the conductive additive are present at 10-75%. The semi-solid ion-storing redox composition forms a percolating network to the current collector. The ion-storing redox composition is a condensed liquid ion-storing redox composition comprising at least 10M, preferably at least 15M, concentration of the condensed liquid ion-storing redox material. The condensed liquid ion-storing redox material is present at greater than 25 wt.%. The non-redox-active liquid is a diluent or a solvent, where the non-redox-active liquid forms a lower-melting liquid phase, emulsion or micelles with the condensed liquid ion-storing redox material. The ion storage compound stores at least one of lithium, sodium and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Mole concentration (MTV) of vanadium of trivalent vanadium ion electrolyte solution is 1-3 mol/L, preferably 1-2 mol/L. Mole ratio sulfuric acid:vanadyl sulfate is 1:1.5-1:3. Electrode plates are platinum board, modified graphite slab, titanium-platinum matrix, iridium oxide, graphite felt, carbon rod, and/or electrically conductive plastic plate. Preferred Conditions: Electrolytic voltage in controlled potential electrolysis is 1.5-50 V, preferably 1.5-10 V. Electrolysis temperature is 20-60 degrees C, preferably 20-40 degrees C. Electrolysis time is 0.5-5 hours, preferably 0.5-3 hours. Preferred Processes: Controlled potential electrolysis is performed in electrolytic cell which has electrically conductive diaphragm located between anode tank and cathode tank and electrode plate located in anode tank and cathode tank in which electrolytic cell is enclosed with container frame board and material of container frame board is polyethylene with weight average molecular weight of 3000000-5000000. Preferred Parameters: Distance between electrode plates is 3-20 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Electrically conductive diaphragm is fluorine-containing polyolefin ion exchange membrane e.g. perfluoro sulfonic acid ion exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The label portions and lower cap are manufactured by a metal material such as aluminum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer is formed by stacking one of cast polypropylene layer, nylon (RTM: synthetic polymer) layer and polyethylene terephthalate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat diffuser comprises aluminum, copper or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (C) is of formula: A-(NHCO2-X)-n (I).A=n-valent 2-42C hydrocarbyl, trivalent residue obtained by removing three isocyanate groups from trimer of 2-42C diisocyanate (B) or divalent residue obtained by removing two isocyanate groups from urethane prepolymer having isocyanate groups at both terminals, in which urethane prepolymer is a reaction product of 2-42C diisocyanate and 2-20C diol (N);X=3-42C monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having rings other than aromatic ring, and 1-4 carbon-carbon double bonds, 8-42C monovalent hydrocarbyl having aromatic ring or 1-4 carbon-carbon double bonds, or 3-42C monovalent organic group having bonding of formula: C=C-O, acryloyloxy alkyl or meta-acryloyloxyalkyl;andn=1-6.Preferred Component: The electrode has a protective film formed by polymerizing electrode protective film formation agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer is bonded with the separator, and is in electric contact with the positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: A separator (1) is arranged between the negative electrode and positive electrode. The separator consists of a laminated film on which a heat-resistant porous layer and a porous film are laminated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of lithium and metal other than lithium is 0.7-1.4. The product of peak-intensity ratios with respect to manganese and nickel is 0.7-2. The lithium composite metal oxide has a layer structure, of formula: Li1+x(Ni1-x-y-a-bMnyCoaMb)O2.x=-0.3 to 0.4;y=0.35-0.7;a=0-0.1;b=0 or more and less than 0.1, preferably 0;a+b=greater than 0 and 0.1 or less;x+y+a+b=-0.05 or more and less than 1;andM=Al, Mg, Ti, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr, Mo, Si, Sn, Nb or V, preferably Fe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic lithium compound is lithium ferrate, and the incomplete metal oxide is magnetite, or lithium/copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: When a cyclic voltammetry test is carried out at an upper-limit voltage of 4.8 V, a minimum voltage of 2 V, a scan rate of 0.2 mV/second, and a temperature of 25 degrees C, and a graph is drawn for current change with respect to voltage, the peak top is 4.1-4.3 V. The lithium ion secondary battery is used on 4.5 V or higher charge conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-free oxide is of formula: MOz, and reacts with dilithium manganese trioxide to form Li2MOz+2. The reducer is preferably molybdenum dioxide, tungsten dioxide, and/or tin oxide.M=metallic element(s) excluding lithium;andz=1 or 2.The lithium-manganese-containing oxide is further compounded with lithium-ion-conductive compound(s) chosen from dilithium molybdenum tetroxide, dilithium tungsten tetroxide, and dilithium tin trioxide. The lithium-manganese-containing oxide contains a crystal phase of formula: Li2-xMnO3-y. The ratio of integrated intensity of peak of Bragg angle (2 theta ) of 18.7 degrees vicinity with respect to integrated intensity of peak of 2 theta of 44.7 degrees , is 0.9-1.1.x=greater than 0 and less than 2;andy=greater than 0 and less than 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating volume of organosilicon compound containing fluorine-substitution alkyl group is 0.5-2 %mass or more with respect to particles of silicon-type active material coated with electroconductive substance. The organosilicon compound containing fluorine-substitution alkyl group has structure of formula: F3C-(CF2)m-(CH2)n-, where m is 0-7 and n is 2-10. The organosilicon compound containing unsubstituted alkyl group and fluorine-substitution alkyl group is silazane compound. The silicon-type active material consists of silicon oxide and/or silicon alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode material includes lithium cobaltate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron-containing inorganic salt is ferric chloride or ferrous sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material is iron lithium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-nickel-aluminum complex oxide is complex oxide of lithium, nickel, aluminum and cobalt. The lithium vanadium phosphate contains complex oxide of lithium, vanadium and metal chosen from iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, gallium, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and zirconium. The content of lithium vanadium phosphate is 80 %mass or less. The surface of lithium vanadium phosphate is covered with conductive carbon. The average primary particle diameter of lithium vanadium phosphate particles is 2.6 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The lithium ion secondary battery is used on 4.5 V or higher charge conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The peak top is preferably 41.75-42.55 degrees . The content of lithium-manganese oxide (Li2MnO3) in the oxide is 10 %mass or less. Preferred Compounds: The lithium-containing material used in the manufacturing method is lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, and/or lithium sulfate. Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature is preferably 140-220 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    x/(1-x)=0.1-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Ratio of diamide compound is 0.001-10 mass%. Non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains cyclic carbonate compound which has carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, cyclic carbonate compound which has fluorine atom, monofluorophosphate, and difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube assembly has amine adsorption amount of 5-500 micromol/g and acid adsorption amount of 1-100 micromol/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersion medium is alcohol, hydrocarbons, and/or cyclic and non-cyclic ethers. The organic solvent is chosen from carboxylate ester such as monocarboxylic-acid ester, dicarboxylic-acid ester or polycarboxylic acid ester, lactone, an aldehyde, ketones, acid amide, amine and lactam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen sensitive pigment comprises one of silico-tungstic acid, phospho-tungstic acid, phospho-molybdic acid, tungsten oxide, tungstic acid and/or molybdenum oxide. The substrate is fabric, fiberglass tape, fiberglass cloth, glass fiber filter, filter paper, paper towel, synthetic paper, adhesive-backed fibrous materials or synthetic fiber fabric. The hydrogen sensitive pigment is a molybdenum based hydrogen sensitive pigment. The metal activator nanoparticles are molybdenum based hydrogen sensitive pigment. The metal activator nanoparticles comprise one of platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium added to the hydrogen detector at a level of 0.0001-5.0 wt.% of the hydrogen sensitive pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The lithium ion secondary battery of operating voltage is 4.3 V or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium fluoroethyl phosphate electrolyte is lithium tri(pentafluoroethane)trifluorophosphate. The lithium vanadium phosphate contains lithium vanadium phosphorus oxide (LixV2-yMy(PO4)z, where M is metallic element chosen iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, boron, gallium, chromium, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and zirconium, x is 1-3, y is 0-2 and z is 2-3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte solvent is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, acetonitrile, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane or propionitriles. The amount of fluoroethylene carbonate is 0.1-30 %mass with respect to the total amount of solvent. The content rate of lithium fluoroethyl phosphate is 0.1-35 %mass with respect to 100 %mass electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is lithium transition metal oxide containing manganese as a structure metallic element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of oxalatoborate compound is 0.015-0.5 mol/kg. The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains 0.05-1 mol/kg difluorophosphate. The ratio of number of moles of boron content and number of moles of oxalate ion content in the coating film is 3-15. The film contains difluorophosphate ion. The content of difluorophosphate ion in the film is 0.002 micromol or more with respect to 1 cm2 positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode layer is negative electrode layer containing carbon as electrode active material. Preferred Properties: The resistivity accompanying ion transfer in the electrode layer is 70 k Omega .cm or less. The resistivity accompanying electron transfer in the electrode layer is 100 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) is of formula: R2-C(-R1)=C(-R3)-C(=O)-O-X'"-COOH (II).X'"=atom group of molecular weight 456 or less having principal chain containing 1-18 atoms.The solvent is a mixture of good solvent of the vinylidene fluoride copolymer and poor solvent. The coated separator is immersed in the poor solvent before the drying process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains lithium-containing complex oxide as positive electrode active material. The negative electrode contains metal material or metal oxide material, lithium metal or metal or its alloy which can occlude-discharge lithium as negative electrode active material. The negative electrode contains carbon as negative electrode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains cyclic disulfonate compound and chain-shaped disulfonate compound. The solvent is cyclic carbonate compound, linear carbonate compound, chain-shaped carboxylate ester compound, cyclic carboxylate compound, cyclic ether compound, chain-shaped ether compound, phosphoric acid ester compound or their fluorinated derivatives. The ratio of the cyclic carbonate compound is 10-60 vol.% with respect to the 100 vol.% of the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is artificial graphite heat-processed at 2400-3600 degrees C. The content of particles (B) is 0.05-15 %mass with respect to total content of particles (A) and particles (B). The carbonaceous material comprises 100 parts mass carbon material, and 0.01-200 parts mass, preferably 0.01-120 parts mass natural graphite or artificial graphite. Preferred Properties: The volume-based average particle diameter (D50) of the carbon material is 1-50 mu m, measured by laser diffraction method. The carbon material has BET specific surface area of 0.4-5 m2/g. The volume-based average particle diameter (D50) (Dc) of the particles (A) is 1-50 mu m, and volume-based average particle diameter (D50) (Dp) of the particles (B) is 0.01-25 mu m, as measured by laser diffraction method. The ratio of volume-based average particle diameter (Dc) and volume-based average particle diameter (Dp) is 1.5-200. The average plane spacing (d002) of the natural graphite or artificial graphite is 0.3370 nm or less. The aspect ratio of the natural graphite or artificial graphite is 2-100. When the calcined coke observes an optical structure with a polarization microscope in a visual field with a rectangle of 480 mu mx 540 mu m, the area of the optical structure constituting 60% with respect to total optical structure is 10-5000 mu 2. The aspect ratio of the structure constituting 60% with respect to total structure is 1.5-6. The evaluation test of the battery assembled as a tripolar cell formed by laminating the carbon electrode as negative electrode, positive electrode, and reference pole is carried out, such that the ratio of thickness (T500) when repeatedly charged/discharged for 500 cycles with respect to thickness (T10) during initial discharge stage after aging of 10 cycles is 1-1.30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating material is mixture of binder polymer and inorganic particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of secondary lithium composite oxide and primary lithium composite oxide is 4:6-8:2. A precursor used during preparation of secondary lithium composite oxide comprises 0.6-2 wt.% dispersion medium, sodium hydroxide, 0.4-1 wt.% calcium carbonate or ammonia, and 97-99 wt.% water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pack case is made of aluminum material and the battery pack is made of aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The viscosity characteristics of the negative-electrode active material exhibit a 70% torque of a maximum torque produced when linseed oil is titrated into a raw active material serving as a raw material of the active material. The oil adsorption amount of linseed oil to raw active material is not lower than 50 ml and not higher than 60 ml per 100 g of raw active material. The median diameter of active material is not less than 8 mu m and not larger than 13 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of lithium to Me is ((1+a)/(1-a) of 1.25-1.5. Preferred Method: In the method, during synthesis of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the hydroxide precursor of the transition metal is mixed with a sodium compound together with a lithium compound in a sintering step. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode is made of an active material, particularly lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and the cathode is made of another active material, particularly olivine type lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The partition walls have an L-shaped or T-shaped cross section. The channel forming partitions walls are arranged on an interconnecting plate on whose rear side the air ducts (21) are arranged in another storage cell. The partitions walls are perpendicular to the interconnecting plate. The storage electrode is coplanar to the end surfaces of the partition walls. The channels are parallel. A transverse groove is limited to the parallelly extending channels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heat-treating step is performed at 600-900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The silicon chloride is present in an amount of greater than or equal to 10 pts. wt. The silicon chloride is silicon tetrachloride or dialkyldichlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glycol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or pinacol. The glycol is present in an amount of less than or equal to 90 pts. wt. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material and/or negative electrode active material contains titanium oxide, lithium-titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, amorphous tin oxide, tin-silicon oxide, silicon oxide, titanium sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, ferric sulfide, lithium-cobalt nitride, manganese dioxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium-manganese composite oxide, lithium-nickel composite oxide, lithium-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-manganese-cobalt composite oxide, spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide, lithium-phosphorus oxide, iron sulfate and/or vanadium oxide. Preferred Properties: The average crystal grain size of metallic foil (m1,m2) is 0.01-3 mu m. The thickness of metallic foil (m1,m2) is 3-12 mu m. The positive electrode active material and/or negative electrode active material have lithium occlusion potential of 0.4-3 V or more versus lithium/lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metallic foil (m1) and/or metallic foil (m2) comprise aluminum having purity of 99.99% or more, or at least one of metallic foil (m1,m2) comprises alloy of 98-99.5 wt.% aluminum and element chosen from magnesium, titanium, zinc, manganese, iron, copper and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium manganese oxide is of formula: Li(LixMn2-x-yMy)O4, where x is 0-0.2 and y is 0-0.1 and M is chosen from aluminum, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron, titanium, vanadium, zirconium or zinc. The lithium manganese nickel-cobalt group oxide is of formula: LizNiaMnbCocO2, where sum of z, a, b and c is 2, z is 0.9-1.1 and a, b and c are more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mole concentration of the titanium(IV) oxychloride solution is 0.05.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydroxy propyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol and hydroxy propyl cellulose are dissolved to input in isopropyl alcohol, where the isopropyl alcohol is a solvent. The input is used with the concentration of 0.07-1 mole% of hydroxy propyl cellulose, 0.1-1.2 mole% of polyethyleneglycol, 0.1-0.5 mole% of polyethylene glycol and hydroxy propyl cellulose. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetrachloride was mixed with distilled water in a low temperature, weighed and diluted to 0.05 moles of titanium(IV) oxychloride solution. 1 mol.% of Yttriumchloride hexahydrate was added to titanium while weighed titanium tetrachloride in the synthesis process of the titanium-precursor in order to synthesize yttrium doped spinel lithium titanate. Hydroxy propyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol were dissolved in a solvent such as 1-propanol at a temperature of 50 degrees C. 9.8 mole/1 of Aqueous ammonia solution was added to synthesize a titanium precursor. The synthetic product was heated at a temperature of 600 degrees C to obtain anatase titanium dioxide powder. Lithium hydroxide was added to the obtained powder and heat-treated the mixture at a temperature of 850 degrees C to obtain high dispersed spherical yttrium doped lithium titanate oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The precious metal is platinum that is present in an amount of less than 5 wt.%. The precious metal particles: are nanoparticles having a diameter of 2-10 nm; uniformly distributed on a surface of the support particle; and precious metal alloy particles or precious metal core-shell particles. The support particle has a diameter of greater than or equal to 1 mu m. The first and second set of active sites in total have a volumetric catalytic activity of more than five times the volumetric catalytic activity of the first set of active sites of the support particle alone. The membrane electrode assembly further comprises a membrane layer, and an electrocatalyst layer formed from the ultralow loading catalyst having a thickness of less than 15 mu m and a precious metal loading of less than 15 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tellurium glass frit further contains 5-60 mol.% of tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide, 0-50 mol.% of zinc oxide, 0-25 mol.% of bismuth oxide and 0-25 mol.% of aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The battery is kept in a fully charged state for 10-150 days at high temperature condition of greater than or equal to 60-90 degrees C. The nickel in the metal complex has a crystalline structure, and is inserted into a lithium layer, where the amount of nickel inserted into the lithium layer is 1-8% based on the total amount of lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery comprises 0.01-7 wt.% of additive, where the additive is ethylene sulfite (preferred) and ethylene propionate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method for producing alternative fuels further comprises processing the mixture using a steam turbine and then electrolyzing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The catalyst is produced by calcining at 800-1000 degrees C for 100-120 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of fatty acid and alcohol is 1:6-1:20. The reaction is carried out at 50-70 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The usage amount of solid catalyst is 10-20 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. raw material. The shell is oyster shell, clam shell and/or cockle shell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The process further includes reducing the size of the destruction and grinding processes. The plant is disposed of green weeds or weeded leaves. The plant discharges its leaves. The fermentation process further includes a liquid fermentation process by using a constant stirring and a solid fermentation process. The plant is disposed of after it is mixed with kitchen waste, where the mixture is heated before reducing the size. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The pH value of the material is adjusted to 8. The method comprises adding mycelium to the soil and pressing the surface of the material to flat when sowing. Preferred Components: The diluted deltamethrin is a mixture of deltamethrin and water with ratio of 4:30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The cells of the tissue culture are from a tissue consisting of leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root tip, flower, seed and meristem. The plant cell is from a tissue consisting of leaf, pollen, embryo, cotyledon, hypocotyl, meristematic cell, root, root tip, anther, pistil, flower, shoot, stem, petiole and pod. Preferred Method: The application method of producing the cleaned seed comprises treating the seed with a seed treatment. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step (ii), the culture condition is as follows: the temperature is 22-28 degrees C, the illumination intensity is 180 mu mol/m2x s2, the illumination time is 16 hours/day and the culturing time is 45 days. The method comprises (A) transplanting Dendrobium candidum tissue culture seedling into to seedling disk or cup, colonizing and pouring broth liquid; and (B) inoculating mycelium block into potato dextrose broth liquid culture medium, culturing in a shaker incubator, preparing into broth liquid and irrigating Dendrobium candidum seedling. Preferred Components: The oat culture medium comprises 8-12 g/l oat flour, 15-18 g/l agar, 1-2 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 1-2 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1-2 g/l sodium nitrate. In the step (A), the seedling disk or cup substrate is bark and wood chips of volume ratio 3:1, or aquatic grass. The potato dextrose broth liquid culture medium comprises 200 g potato, 20 g glucose and 1000 ml water. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The extracting step is carried out using an extracting agent including petroleum ether, normal hexane, cyclohexane, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, methyl isobutyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The buffer storage unit is integrally or separately equipped with a tarpaulin or an inflatable tank, and floating roof or floating cover. The installation comprises a gas pressure sensor for measuring the amount of biogas present in the buffer storage unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) is adapted to store a amount of biogas between a minimum threshold amount corresponding to a lower limit security of supply and a higher threshold quantity corresponding to the maximum capacity of a storage medium. The optimal minimum amount defined by the producer is 5-50%, preferably 10-30% of the maximum capacity of the storage medium. The step (j) comprises: increasing the flow of biogas in the step (d) without exceeding the maximum capacity in a purification unit when the amount of biogas removed from the step (b) increases or exceeds the amount optimal minimum amount and maintaining the flow of biomethane produced below the maximum speed permitted for the gas supply network; when the amount of biogas in the step (b) is smaller than the optimal minimum amount, reducing the biogas in the step (d), while maintaining at least equal to the minimum capacity of the purification unit; and maintaining biogas in the step (d) when the optimal minimum amount of biogas in the step (b) is stable. The step (b) is carried out: using a built-in buffer storage digester or separately provided with a membrane or an inflatable tank, where the amount of biogas present in the storage is determined by measuring the gas pressure in the storage; and using a built-in buffer storage digester or separately provided with floating roof or floating cover, where the amount of biogas present in the storage is determined by the volume occupied by the gas in the storage. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a 2-(4-methylthiazol-3-ium-5-yl)ethanol compound of formula (AA), and present in an amount of 2-50 mole%.R=1-8C alkane or benzyl; andX=halo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting 3-(5-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-propanoic acid with 1-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one in the presence of a catalyst, base and a reaction solvent to give (I). Preferred Method: The reaction step is carried out at a temperature of 20-150 degrees C. The step (S1) is carried out at a temperature of 50-180 degrees C. Preferred Components: The base is triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, triethylenediamine, tetramethylethylenediamine or 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, and present in an amount of 0.5-15 equivalents. The reaction solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, anisole, acetone, butanone, benzene, toluene, xylene, 1,4-dioxane, substituted benzene and/or acetonitrile. The sulfurizing agent is Lawesson reagent, and present in an amount of 0.9-2 mole%. The benzene is mesitylene, benzotrifluoride, nitrobenzene or halogenated benzene. Preferred Definitions:    R=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl; and    X=Cl, Br or I.    ACTIVITY - Antidiabetic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The organic substances includes 10 wt.% straw. In the fermentation process, the ventilation is maintained at 40-50 degree centigrade and the moisture content is 40-50%. Fermentation is effected for 15-20 days. The deodorizer is an environmentally friendly antibacterial deodorizer. The fermentation stack is turned 4 times. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The H.lixii extract and T.koningiopsis extract is obtained from dead biomass of H.lixii and T.koningiopsis, respectively. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Compositions: Weight ratio of active component A and active component B is 1:200-100:1. Weight ratio of Conidioblous thromboides and insecticide is 1:30-15:1, weight ratio of Conidioblous thromboides and thiocyclam is 1:30-15:1, and weight ratio of Conidioblous thromboides and pesticide is 1:30-15:1. Composition is wettable powder, soluble powder, water dispersible granule, suspension agent, water aqua, water emulsion, microemulsion, or microcapsule suspension agent. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Pesticide; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lipid composition comprises at least 55 wt.% of fatty acids (that are 14-methylpentadecanoic acid), and further comprises: 6.5-20 wt.% fatty acids (that are 12-methyltridecanoic acid); 6.5-20 wt.% fatty acids (that are 14-methylhexadecanoic acid); and any other type of lipids and/or impurities. Preferred Components: The fatty acids have a carbon chain of 8-22C. The fatty acids consist of: 6.7-7.7 wt.% of 12-methyltridecanoic acid (iso 14:0C/isotetradecanoic acid); 3.1-4 wt.% of tetradecanoic acid (14:1C); 9.8-11 wt.% of 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (anteiso 15:0C/anteiso-pentadecanoic acid); 0.1-0.7 wt.% of pentadecanoic acid (15:0C); 61-5-62.5 wt.% of 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso 16:0C/isohexadecanoic acid); 0.5-1.5 wt.% of 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso 16:1C/isohexadecanoic acid); 3.1-4 wt.% of hexadecanoic acid (16:0C); 0.5-1.5 wt.% of hexadecanoic acid (16:1C); 1.1-2.1 wt.% of 15-methylhexadecanoic acid (iso 17:0C/isoheptadecanoic acid); 0.5-1.5 wt.% of heptadecanoic acid (17:0C); 0.5-1.5 wt.% of heptadecanoic acid (17:1C) and/or 6.7-7.7 wt.% of 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (anteiso 17:0C/anteiso-heptadecanoic acid). The lipids are free fatty acids, oligomers, sterols, fatty acid esters, sterol esters, monoacylglycerols, and/or diacylglycerols. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: (d) removing the alpha -hydroxysulfonic acid in its component form from the acid-treated biomass by heating and/or reducing pressure to produce an acid-removed product containing acid-treated biomass substantially free of the alpha -hydroxysulfonic acid; and recycling the removed alpha -hydroxysulfonic acid to step (b) as components and/or recombined form. The step (b) is carried out at a temperature of 50-160 degrees C and a pressure of 1-10 barg. Preferred Components: The alpha -hydroxysulfonic acid is present in an amount of 1-55 wt.%. The alpha -hydroxysulfonic acid is produced from a carbonyl compound or a precursor to a carbonyl compound with sulfur dioxide or a precursor to sulfur dioxide and water. The alpha -hydroxysulfonic acid is in-situ generated. At least a portion the fatty acid ester is further blended into a biofuel. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The yield of 2H-chromene compound is 30-73%. Preferred Components: The aryne precursor is chosen from 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 6-(trimethylsilyl)benzo(d)(1,3)dioxol-5-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 4,5-dimethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 4,5-difluoro-2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 2-methoxy-6-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-(trimethylsilyl)naphthalen-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate, and 4-methyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. The ( alpha , beta )-unsaturated aldehyde is chosen from (E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylaldehyde, trans-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)acrylaldehyde, (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylaldehyde, (E)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylaldehyde, (E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylaldehyde, (E)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)acrylaldehyde, and (E)-3-(thiophen-3-yl)acrylaldehyde. ACTIVITY - Antidiabetic; Cytostatic; Antiinflammatory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soil nutrients comprise 10-12 pts. wt. selenium-rich rice bran, 2-4 pts. wt. alum powder, 4-5 pts. wt. nano toner, 3-4 pts. wt. earthworm powder, 0.3-0.5 pts. wt. compound amino acid, 1-2 pts. wt. betaine, 0.3-0.4 pts. wt. copper sulfate, 0.6-0.8 pts. wt. zinc sulfate, 1-2 pts. wt. boric acid, 0.8-1 pts. wt. vitamin-B1, 0.3-0.5 pts. wt. naphthylacetate, 2-3 pts. wt. lactate, 0.8-1.5 pts. wt. molybdate and 1-2 pts. wt. ammonium carbonate; and is prepared by grinding the selenium-rich rice bran, then adding alum powder, nano toner and earthworm powder, evenly mixing, adding purified water to make a paste, heating the dissolution, adding the remaining components, stirring at 1000-1200 rpm, concentrating, and granulating. The fertilizer comprises 50 pts. wt. rapeseed cake powder; 22 pts. wt. rock phosphate; 2 pts. wt. super phosphate; 3.5 pts. wt. sodium molybdate; 5 pts. wt. niacin; 1-2 pts. wt. inositol; 1.5 pts. wt. sodium selenite; 12 pts. wt. calcium carbonate powder; 3.5 pts. wt. polyvinyl alcohol; 5.5 pts. wt. soil nutrient; 2.5 pts. wt. glycerol; 5 pts. wt. ammonium sulfate; 5.5 pts. wt. ferric sulfate; 1.5 pts. wt. EDTA; 4 pts. wt. humic acid; 2.5 pts. wt. citric acid; and 11 pts. wt. juan cotyledons and citrus peel. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biological strain is in Bacillus subtilis, B. laterosporus, B. megaterium, effective microorganism agent, and/or B. mucilaginosus. The rice bran fermentation material is prepared by mixing rice bran and lactobacillus and fermenting.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is attapulgite or starch. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The fermenting step is carried out for 15-30 days.Preferred Components: The straw bunch has a particle size of 2 mm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sterilization agent comprises 20-25 g of fenaminosulf and 100 mg of paclobutrazol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: The soil nutrition enhancer comprises calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, plant ash, wood pulp, grape seed powder, wild rape flower, Chinese toon leaf, lima bean powder, spiral algae, pea powder, cotton, chitosan, organic germanium, manganese sulfate, ammonium citrate, and ferrous sulfate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of gypsum hemihydrate in suspension is 15-35 %mass. The obtained gypsum has shorter axis of 40-80 mu m and longer axis of 80-120 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The onion aqueous extract is prepared by soaking onion in water for 18-24 hours, preferably 20 hours and filtering extract, where the mass ratio of onion and water is 1:50-60, preferably 1:55. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.    ADMINISTRATION - The fungicide is sprayed on E.pulcherrima for an interval of 7 days (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The agricultural waste is at least one chosen from straw, leaves and plant stubbles, preferably chosen from cotton straw, wheat straw, rice straw, bean straw, corn stover, cassava stem and sorghum straw. The biological agent is at least one chosen from Bacillus licheniformis, B.subtilis, B.megaterium, B.brevis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, photosynthetic bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, Trichoderma and their combinations. The synergistic agent is complex of sodium nitrate and trimethoprim. Preferred Composition: The total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer is not less than 45%. Preferred Method: The step (c) involves drying mixture until the water content becomes not greater than 5%, and granulating dried mixture into 100-200 mesh size granules. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mass ratio of gypsum, magnesium oxide, diatomaceous earth, carboxymethyl cellulose-melamine formaldehyde resin and hydroxypropyl-modified silicon dioxide/chitosan nanoparticles is 5-15:30-40:1-10:15-25:10-20, preferably 10:35:5:20:15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydroxypropyl-modified silicon dioxide/chitosan nanoparticles are prepared by mixing 2.5 L tetraethyl orthosilicate, 5 mL anhydrous ethanol and 5 L deionized water, refluxing at 80 degrees C for 1 hour, adding acetic acid solution to adjust pH value to 5- 6, obtaining silicon dioxide sol, acidifying 8 g epichlorohydrin with hydrochloric acid, dispersing silicon dioxide sol in 50 ml anhydrous ethanol, obtaining dispersion, adding obtained epichlorohydrin to dispersion, controlling temperature to 40 degrees C, removing solvent and unreacted epichlorohydrin, obtaining white solid powder, drying in vacuum at 50 degrees C for 6 hours, obtaining hydroxypropyl-modified silicon dioxide, dispersing 2 kg chitosan in 40 L isopropanol, adding 0.3 g sodium hydroxide and 2.5 kg hydroxypropyl-modified silicon dioxide, reacting, cooling, filtering, washing using isopropanol and water, and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The foundation soil comprises 4 pts. wt. urea, 5 pts. wt. oxalic acid, 13 pts. wt. sucrose straw, 18 pts. wt. corn straw, 12 pts. wt. straw, 20 pts. wt. pine needle, 55 pts. wt. sawdust, 75 pts. wt. rice bran, 40 pts. wt. traditional Chinese medicine dregs, 25 pts. wt. animal husbandry manure, 45 pts. wt. river sand, 60 pts. wt. soil containing more than 70% organic humic acid, 35 pts. wt. fly ash and water. The nutritional liquid comprises calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, sucrose and high strength potassium in a ratio of 1:1:1:3:1, adding 1-2 pts. wt. zinc, 2-3 pts. wt. selenium and 3-7 pts. wt. ternary complex fertilizer and adding water to prepare into a concentration of 55% solution. The insect preventing liquid comprises 300 PPM chlorothalonil solution. The traditional Chinese medicine slag comprises pseudoginseng, musk, seaweed, liquorice, dandelion, largehead Atractylodes rhizome, where the traditional Chinese medicine slag is prepared by mixing the components, decocting for three times and filtering to obtain slag. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding fermented mixture with fertilizer comprising potash fertilizer, nitrogenous fertilizer, calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, and/or filtered sludge. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amine substance is selected from 4-methyl pyridine (sic), benzylamine, N-ethyl piperazine, N-hydroxyethyl piperazine or morpholine. The unsaturated amide is acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine, N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide, or N-isopropylacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The insect repellent composition comprises 55-90 pts. wt. plant extracts liquid, 12-24 pts. wt. sucrose, 8-16 pts. wt. fructose, 16-32 pts. wt. d-maltose, 1-8 pts. wt. saccharin, 5-12 pts. wt. lithium chloride, 8-12 pts. wt. raspberry, 55-75 pts. wt. plant oil, and 15-30 pts. wt. Vaseline. The plant extract liquid comprises garlic, pepper, chinaberry fruit, smoked plum, torreya seed, normal mountain root, Quispualis indica, hairyvein agrimony, rhizome of cyrtomium, and fructus ulmi at a wt. ratio of 1:1:1.5:1.5:1.8:2:2.5:2.5:3:3. The wt. ratio of sucrose, fructose, and d-maltose is 1.5:1:2. ACTIVITY - Insect repellent; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel comprises 60 pts. wt. coal powder, 13 pts. wt. industrial waste oil, 25 pts. wt. water, 1 pts. wt. emulsifier, and 1 pts. wt. ethylene glycol monobutyl ether coupling agent. The emulsifying agent is naphthalene sulfonate, lignin sulfonate, polyethenoxy ether and/or carboxylate salt. Preferred Method: The stirring process in the step (a) is carried out at room temperature at a speed of 5000 revolutions per minute for 25 minutes to form an emulsion. The step (b) comprises adding coal powder and water into the emulsion, continuously stirring for 25 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solidified biodiesel fuel is heated and liquefied at 80-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Alkali agent is selected from lime, alkaline liquid ammonia, ammonium carbonate or their mixtures. Acidic agent is selected from 60-85% sulfuric acid, 60-95% hydrochloric acid, 70-95% phosphoric acid or their mixtures. Base culture medium comprises (in wt.%): peptone (0.5-1), sodium chloride (0.5-2) and sodium phosphate (0.5-2). Probiotics comprises Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and phosphorus bacteria and potassium producing bacteria. Trace elements comprise iron, boron, arsenic, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, copper, cobalt, selenium, magnesium or their mixtures. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Particle size of corn straw powder, humic acid, peat or zeolite powder is 100-200 mesh. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkaline medium is potassium tert.-butoxide, cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, or potassium carbonate,sodium hydroxide. Inert gas is nitrogen or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Ratio alkaline medium:2-formylazole compound is 1.5-2.5:1. Organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, or toluene. 2-formylazole compound has structure of formula (I). 2-haloaryl acetonitrile has structure of formula (II).Z, Y1=C or N;Het=H; or benzo, optionally substituted at and position by one of methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, or nitro;X1=Br or I; andR1=H or methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: Culture medium comprises 80-90 wt.% organic powder and 10-20 wt.% inorganic powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Inorganic powder comprises urea and monopotassium phosphate. Preferred Composition: Inorganic fertilizer is 10-50 pts. wt. ammonium nitrate, 5-15 pts. wt. monoammonium phosphate, 10-30 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 2-10 pts. wt. EDTA chelated trace elements, 5-30 pts. wt. humic acid and 10-35 pts. wt. filler. The EDTA chelated trace element is a mixture of EDTA calcium aminoacid chelate, EDTA chelated magnesium and EDTA chelated boron, mixed as a powder. The filler is clay, talcum powder or bentonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Organic powder is meadow soil, wheat bran, rice bran, soybean meal and/or cottonseed hull. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) is carried out using phenethylamine salt and solvent as mother liquor according to weight ratio of 5:20:1-5:10:1, preferably 5:13:1-5:18:1. The heating step is carried out at temperature of 30-60 degrees C, preferably 35-45 degrees C. The cooling step is carried out at temperature of 25-35 degrees C. The crystallizing step is carried out for 3-4 hours.Preferred Components: The solvent is water or 1-6C alcohol solvent including methanol, ethanol or isopropanol. The acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, and has pH value of 0.5-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 2-phenyl-methyl substituted semicarbazide is 2-(2'-halophenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(2'-nitrophenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(3'-halophenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(3'-nitrophenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(3'-methoxyphenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(3'-benzyloxyphenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(4'-halophenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(4'-methylphenyl)amino methylene urea, 2-(4'-methoxyphenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(4'-dimethylamino-phenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(4'-carboxy-phenyl)methylene semicarbazide, 2-(2',4'-dimethylphenyl)urea or methyleneamino 2-(3',5'-dichlorophenyl) methylene semicarbazide. The 2-(2'-halophenyl)imino semicarbazide is 2-(2'-chlorophenyl)methylene semicarbazide or 2-(2'-bromophenyl) imino semicarbazide. The 2-3'-(halophenyl)imino semicarbazide is 2-(3'-fluorophenyl) imino semicarbazide or 2-(3'-chlorophenyl)imino semicarbazide. The 2-(4'-halophenyl) imino semicarbazide is 2-(4'-fluorophenyl)imino semicarbazide, 2-(4'-chlorophenyl) imino semicarbazide or 2-(4'-bromophenyl)imino semicarbazide. The 2-halo is 2-chloro or 2-bromo, 3-halo is fluoro or 3-chloro and 4-halo is 4-fluoro-, 4-chloro or 4-bromo. Solvent used in recrystallization is anhydrous methanol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of urea and manganese dioxide is 1:1.2. Expansion agent used in thin layer chromatography is mixture of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether at volume ratio of 1:2-5. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The fermentation medium comprises (in pts.wt.): yeast extract (20-45), glucose (2-5), peptone (5-10), ammonium sulfate (2-5), dipotassium phosphate (5-10), corn steep liquor (5-15), calcium chloride (1-5), and balanced amount of water. The total volume of the fermentation medium is then made up to 1000 ml. Lactobacillus helveticus is cultured on a slant medium, which comprises (in pts.wt.): yeast powder (10-15), glucose (1-2), peptone (2-5), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (5-10), corn steep liquor (0.5-1), sodium chloride (1-5), agar (15-20), and balanced amount of water. The total volume of the fermentation medium is then made up to 1000 ml. The crude bacterial cells are washed with citrate buffer or phosphate buffer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sodium chloride is 3 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of concentrated liquid and sodium acetate buffer solution is 100:1. The activated carbon is 2.5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-ionic surfactant is Triton X-100 (RTM: polyethylene glycol tert octylphenyl ether). The 0.1 wt.% protease is pancreatic enzyme, 2709 alkaline protease, and/or hydrolyzed animal protease. The 0.5 g protein denaturing agent is sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and/or dimethyl ammonium chloride. The weight ratio of non-ionic surfactant and slurry is 1.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of catalyst is 5-10 %mass. The chiral catalyst is of formula (IV).R=H, 1-4C alkyl, electron withdrawing group such as nitro or halo, preferably an electron withdrawing group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material liquid is a paraquat chloride, 40-95% surface active agent, 1-30% odor agent, 0-2% catalyst discharging agent, pigment and fill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: Mushrooms culture medium comprises (in wt.%): sawdust (34.5), peanut (17), rice bran (22), cane sugar (0.5), magnesium sulfates (0.3), corn powder (18), gypsum (0.7) and hopes residue (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves adding calcium salt or silicate to the trace element solution. ACTIVITY - Plant growth stimulant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Electrolysis process is carried out in the free radicals technology-electrochemical advanced oxidation process unit to generate hydrogen peroxide, ozone and chlorine radicals without generating hydrogen gas. The chlorine radicals are oxidized to chlorine dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) is carried out under stirring at ambient temperature. The step (b) is carried out by filtration with a helical filter, decantation, belt press, chamber filter presses, settling tanks or natural sedimentation. The method comprises: pelletizing the solid concentrate before or after drying; and supplying the solid concentrate to a biogas plant and subjecting the digestate suspension obtained from the biogas plant to the steps (a) and (b). Preferred Components: The low-salt cationic starch has a salinity of less than 0.5 wt.%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The solution containing iron ion and the plant extract are provided and combined at room temperature. Preferred Components: Iron is ferric ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Chelating agent, polyphenol, and/or natural solvent are extracts of any part of a plant. Ferric ion is chelated by polyphenols. Preferred Process: Iron-polyphenol complex nanoparticles can be partly oxidized to iron oxide nanoparticles after exposure to air for hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves intercropping vegetables and other crops during the cultivation of the okra. The cultivation method is performed during mid of May month in Northern region of China, and during the month of February-September in Southern region of China.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Metal halide is potassium iodide (KI), sodium chloride (NaCl), or sodium bromide (NaBr), preferably NaCl. Alkaline substance is 30 mass% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution, 20 mass% aqueous ammonia, solid sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), or solid ammonium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), preferably Na2CO3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Weight ratio N,N-1,3-dimethyl-4-imino-5-isonitrosourea hydrochloride:Raney nickel:alkaline substance:water is 1:0.05-0.2:0.02-0.5:3-15, preferably 1:0.12:0.03:12, and weight ratio Raney nickel : metal halide is 1:0.05-0.2, preferably 1:0.08.Preferred Conditions: Reaction is performed at 15-60 degrees C, preferably 55 degrees C with hydrogen pressure of 0.25-0.6 MPa, preferably 0.4 MPa for 40-150 minutes, preferably 50 minutes.Preferred Processes: N,N-1,3-dimethyl-4,5-diaminouracil hydrochloride is prepared by adding 200 g N,N-1,3-diethyl-4-amino-5-nitrosouracil hydrochloride dry product, 2400 ml water, 24 g Raney nickel, 0.36 g solid Na2CO3, and 1.92 g NaCl to hydrogenation reactor, heating to 55 degrees C, and reacting with hydrogen pressure of 0.4 MPa for 50 minutes to obtain N,N-1,3-dimethyl-4,5-diaminouracil hydrochloride with yield of 94.5% and purity of 95.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method involves planting radish, peanut and cassava seedlings in soil, preferably red clay soil and fertilizing soil using pig manure, where organic content of the soil is 8.53-12.15 wt.%, nitrogen content of the soil is 0.62-0.83 g/kg, phosphorus content of the soil is 9.87-15.46 mg/kg, potassium content of the soil is 135.5-169.7 mg/kg, pH of the soil is 4.37-5.25, water content of the pig manure is 75 wt.%, and content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the pig manure is 2.5 wt.%, 1 wt.% and 1 wt.% respectively.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: Lipase includes acid lipase, neutral lipase, and alkaline lipase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Dilute acid includes dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid in which concentration of dilute acid is 0.1-2 mol/L. Aqueous alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), or aqueous ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Filtering under alkaline condition is performed by using lithium hydroxide (LiOH), NaOH, KOH, potassium carbonate (K2CO3), or Na2CO3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Nicosulfuron derivative is used to form herbicide that is formulated in wettable powder, liquid or soluble powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Nicosulfuron derivative of formula (I) is prepared by stirring nicosulfuron and equal amount of group of formula Na+, K+, NH4+, (CH3)2CHNH2+, (C2H5)3N+ or (C2H5O)3N+ in organic base with aqueous solution to dissolve solid. The obtained material is filtered, and then recrystallized them by using methanol to obtain the finished product. The herbicide is obtained by adding a synergistic agent and a stabilizing agent together with (I). ACTIVITY - Herbicide.    ADMINISTRATION - The herbicide is applied in the field before planting seedlings on soil surface by spraying, or post-emergence foliage treatment (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phase transfer catalyst is selected from phosphotungstic acid, tungsten phosphorus, phosphorus acid, phosphorus acid salt, vanadium phosphotungstic acid or phosphotungstic vanadium acid salt, vanadium phosphorus acid or salt, silicon or silicon tungstate, silicon tungstenic acid, silicon acid salt, vanadium tungstate, silicon tungstate, preferably phosphotungstic acid, tungsten phosphorus, phosphorus acid, phosphorus acid salt. Alkali is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, preferably sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate. Halogen is bromine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phase transfer catalyst is selected from tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, benzyltriethylammonium chloride, methyltrioctylammonium chloride, dodecyl sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, tetrabutylammonium bisulfate, hexadecyl tributyl ammonium bromide or hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Organic solvents are dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, water, acetone, 2-butanone or dioxane tetrahydrofuran, preferably ethanol, acetone or 2-butanone. Solvent is non-polar solvent i.e. alkane, naphthenic hydrocarbon or their mixture, normal hexane, cyclohexane or petroleum ether. Preferred Composition: Heteropoly acid or heteropoly acid is mixed with 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro quinolone in molar ratio of 0.0001-0.05, preferably 0.005-0.02. 7-Hydroxy-3,4-dihydro quinolone and 1,4-butane dihalide is present in molar ratio of 1: not less than 6, preferably1:6-9. Preferred Conditions: Mixture is heated at 40-100 degrees C for 2-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: One or more trace elements chosen from anhydrous salts of copper, manganese, cobalt, selenium, molybdenum and zinc are added to protein, each in a controlled amount according to a previously established soil test from a location to be fertilized by forming chelated trace elements which are present within the resulting dry fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the biodiesel composition, the ester mixture comprises 0.5-1.9 wt.% methyl heptadecanoate, 2.4-2.9 wt.% methyl tetradecanoate, 22.7-24.4 wt.% methyl hexadecanoate, 1.5-2.1 wt.% methyl cis-9-hexadecenoate, 39-41 wt.% methyl cis-9-octadecenoate, 15-20 wt.% methyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate, 2-3 wt.% methyl cis,cis,cis-9, 12,1 5-octadecatrienoate, 0.17-0.2 wt.% methyl eicosanoate, 0.4-0.6 wt.% methyl cis-9-eicosenoate, 0.03-0.07 wt.% methyl docosanoate, 0.04-0.07 wt.% methyl cis-13-docosenoate, 0.28-0.3 wt.% methyl tetracosanoate, and 0.04-0.08 wt.% methyl cis-15-tetracosenoate. The composition has a cetane number of 60-65, a cold filter plugging point of 1-5 degrees C, and a density of 865-875 kg/m3. The esters are alkyl esters, optionally mono-alkyl esters, optionally methyl esters. The biodiesel composition is obtained from a mixture comprising fat, oil and/or grease, where the fat, oil and/or grease is obtained from sewage. The composition comprises 98-99 wt.% ester mixture. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The livestock manure is horse manure or cow manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The manganese oxidizing bacteria include Bacillus sp. SG1, Bacillus sp. WH4, Pseudomonas putida MnB1, Pseudomonas putida GB-1 and/or Leptothrix discophora SS-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The manganese oxide nanoparticles have size of 1-100 nm, and are formed as aggregates with at least two particles. The pH of the mixture is 5.5-8.5. The room temperature is 22-28 degrees C. The mixture has oxygen concentration of 1-10 mg/l. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The biological fertilizer is mycorrhizal fungi. The biological pesticide includes neomycin, polyoxin D, ningnanmycin, kasugamycin, oxytetracycline, ascomycin, D-glucosamine oligomers, Trichoderma, Bacillus licheniformis, B.subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Agrobacterium, catechin, berberine or allicin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: In the recombinant yeast, activity of endogenous acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase is lowered. The expression level of the endogenous gene encoding acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase is lowered. The endogenous gene is disrupted. The endogenous genes are hetero-disrupted. A gene encoding mutant acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase with lowered NAD+ dependence and enhanced NADP+ dependence is introduced. The endogenous gene encoding acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase encodes: (a) the protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 2; or (b) the protein comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 and having enzymatic activity of converting 2-acetolactate and NAD+ into 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate and NADH, respectively. The gene encoding mutant acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase encodes: (a) the protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 or 6; or (b) the protein comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher identity with SEQ ID NO: 4 or 6 and having enzymatic activity of converting 2-acetolactate and NADP+ into 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate and NADPH, respectively. Xylose isomerase gene encodes: (a) the protein comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; or (b) the protein comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher identity with the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 and having enzymatic activity of converting xylose into xylulose. Sequences not defined here may be defined at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves supplying oxygen- and hydrogen-containing reactant to contact the hot carbon to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen and using the hot carbon as a fuel and air as an oxidant in a fuel cell and producing one or more oxides of carbon and one or more nitrogenous substances in the fuel cell. The dissociating process involves applying electrical potential on one or more electrodes in the reactor to provide the electric current or to generate the heat to dissociate the fuel into the hot carbon and the hydrogen. The removing of hot carbon process involves depositing the hot carbon in the chamber on a substrate formed of material including at least one of graphene, nickel, mica, silicon carbide, ceramic material, or carbon with silicon nitride coating or boron nitride coating. The deposited hot carbon is formed as amorphous carbon on the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen- and hydrogen-containing reactant includes at least one of steam, alcohol, or air. The electrodes are formed of material including at least one of metallic alloy, graphite, silicon carbide, or molybdenum disilicide. The substrate includes one or more catalysts to initiate formation of carbon allotrope from the deposited hot carbon. The carbon allotrope includes at least one of fullerene, graphene, graphite, diamond, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers or carbon nanowhiskers. The oxides of carbon include at least one of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. The nitrogenous substances include at least one of ammonia or urea. The catalyst contains at least one of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofoam, nickel, iron, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, copper, copper-based alloy, or one or more intermetallic, carbide, nitride or cermet compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitric acid has a concentration of 30-70 wt.%. The organic catalyst comprises (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl or its derivatives. The hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 10-20 wt.%. The 5-aminolevulinic acid salt has a concentration of 0.1-20 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises reacting 2-tetrahydrofurfuryl amine with phthalic anhydride, dissolving the reaction mixture in a solvent containing nitric acid and then performing an oxidation reaction using an organic catalyst to obtain N- phthaloyl-aminolevulinic acid, reacting the N-phthaloyl-aminolevulinic acid with hydrochloric acid to remove phthalic acid and to obtain 5-aminolevulinic acid. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises 5-20 wt.% of carrier comprising stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, glycerin and/or distilled water, and 0.1-2 wt.% of skin moisturizer comprising glycerin, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, urea and/or polypropylene glycol. ACTIVITY - Antiseborrheic; Dermatological; Cytostatic; Antipsoriatic; Antiarthritic; Antiinflammatory; Ophthalmological.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of the composition is in the form of cream, gel, patch, aerosol propellant, ointment, plaster or lotion (claimed), topically. No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Plant Cell: The plant cell is tissue chosen from leaf, pollen, embryo, cotyledon, hypocotyl, meristematic cell, root, root tip, anther, pistil, flower, shoot, stem, petiole, and pod. The cells of the tissue culture are tissue chosen from leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root tip, flower, seed and meristem. Preferred Seed: The seed is treated with seed treatment. Preferred Product: The industrial product is a commodity plant product comprising at least first cell of the canola variety SCV366592. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Plant Cell: The plant cell is tissue chosen from leaf, pollen, embryo, cotyledon, hypocotyl, meristematic cell, root, root tip, anther, pistil, flower, shoot, stem, petiole, and pod. The cells of the tissue culture are tissue chosen from leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root tip, flower, seed and meristem. Preferred Seed: The seed is treated with seed treatment. Preferred Product: The industrial product is a commodity plant product comprising at least first cell of the canola variety SCV569538. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Plant Cell: The plant cell is tissue chosen from leaf, pollen, embryo, cotyledon, hypocotyl, meristematic cell, root, root tip, anther, pistil, flower, shoot, stem, petiole, and pod. The cells of the tissue culture are tissue chosen from leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root tip, flower, seed and meristem. Preferred Seed: The seed is treated with seed treatment. Preferred Product: The industrial product is a commodity plant product comprising at least first cell of the canola variety SCV816796. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The cells of the tissue culture are from a tissue consisting of leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root tip, flower, seed and meristem. The plant cell is from a tissue consisting of leaf, pollen, embryo, cotyledon, hypocotyl, meristematic cell, root, root tip, anther, pistil, flower, shoot, stem, petiole and pod. Preferred Method: The application method of producing the cleaned seed comprises treating the seed with a seed treatment. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fused iron catalyst is prepared by adding promoter to Bayer red mud as raw material. Preferred Component: The promoter is cobalt oxide, potassium oxide or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Sodium chloride is used in a separation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Component: The marine biological healthcare tea comprises 20-25 wt.% crucian carp bones powder, 15-25 wt.% crucian carp tail powder, 5-10 wt.% clam shell powder, 5-10 wt.% caraway root powder, 5-10 wt.% japonica powder, 8-15 wt.% rhizoma drynariae, 5-10 wt.% camphor, 5-15 wt.% Achyranthes aspera, 2-6 wt.% rhizoma arisaematis powder, and 2-6 wt.% mangosteen powder. ACTIVITY - Muscular-Gen; Osteopathic; Analgesic; Nephrotropic; Antiinflammatory; Respiratory-Gen; Gastrointestinal-Gen; Diuretic; Dermatological; Hemostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biofertilizer comprises nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria or potassium solubilizing bacteria. The viable preparation is efficient microbes raw liquid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Indolizine derivatives (I) are prepared by stirring alcohol derivtives of formula (II) with pyridine derivatives of formula (III) in presence of samarium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate catalyst under reaction condition at 100-160?oC. The obtained crude product is purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a volume ratio (1:20-100) of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Solvent is distilled under reduced pressure to obtain the purified product.R1=phenyl, 4-methyl phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl or thienyl;R2=phenyl; andR3=H, phenyl, methyl, nitrile or ethylacetate.. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Enzyme: The NADPH- and iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase has an aldehyde reductase specific activity of at least 2-20 mu mol/minute/mg, preferably at least 4 mu mol/minute/mg with furfural as a substrate, at least 5-50 mu mol/minute/mg, preferably at least 10 mu mol/minute/mg with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural as a substrate, at least 2-20 mu mol/minute/mg, preferably at least 4 mu mol/minute/mg with acetaldehyde as a substrate, at least 0.3-3 mu mol/minute/mg, preferably at least 0.6 mu mol/minute/mg with isobutyraldehyde as a substrate, and/or at least 7-70 mu mol/minute/mg, preferably at least 14 mu mol/minute/mg with butyraldehyde as a substrate. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is chosen from T.brockii, T.ethanolicus, T.pseudethanolicus, T.aotearoense, T.saccharolyticum, T.thermosaccharolyticum, T.xylanolyticum, Clostridium thermocellum, C.straminisolvens, C.thermocopriae, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, C.saccharolyticus, C.hydrothermalis, C.kristjanssonii, C.kronotskyensis, C.lactoaceticus, C.owensensis, C.acetigenus and C.obsidiansis. Preferred Sequence: The exogenous heat-stable, NADPH- and iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase has a 1206 base pair sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) fully defined in the specification (sic), or at least 70, 80, 90, 95, 98 or 99% sequence homology to the above-mentioned base pair sequence. Preferred Method: The biomass has been pretreated by acid hydrolysis, hot water, or enzymatic hydrolysis. The lignocellulosic biomass is furan waste from pulp or paper processing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas comprises methane or ethane and the chemical reaction comprises catalytic partial oxidation or catalytic autothermal reforming using steam or carbon-dioxide for creating hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method comprises irradiating UV-B irradiation under 50% of the irradiation time, and turning the irradiation surface and backlight surface of Chrysanthemum flower. In the step (i), the irradiation intensity of UV-B light, is 200-400 mu w/cm2, preferably 200 mu w/cm2. In the step (i), the irradiation time of UV-B light, is 15-30 minutes, preferably 30 minutes. In the step (ii), the culturing process of inflorescence is carried out in absence of light, and allowed to stand for 12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Concentration of COD in influent wastewater is greater than or equal to 10000 mg/L. Ratio of total suspended solids to COD in influent wastewater is greater than or equal to 0.1. Concentration of calcium and magnesium in influent wastewater is greater than or equal to 600 mg/l. Total dissolved solids in influent wastewater are greater than or equal to 10000 mg/l. Preferred Components: Downstream treatment unit includes integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) unit that includes suspended ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (ANAMMOX) bacteria supported on biofilm carriers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing 100 pts. wt. 2-(4-methyl-2-phenylpiperazin-1-yl) pyridine-3-methanol, 400-1000 pts. wt. polyphosphoric acid and 30-300 pts. wt. methanesulfonic acid. The cyclization reaction is performed at 60-90 degrees C for 3-8 hours in presence of an organic solvent. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is at least one chosen from toluene, xylene, benzene and chlorobenzene. The mixed acid is at least one chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. ACTIVITY - Antidepressant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The organism is from Cupriavidus including Cupriavidus metallidurans, or is Citrobacter sp.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solution or dispersion is obtained by treating source material of REE or group of REEs including mineral ore, mineral mining waste material or electronic or metal scrap by extraction or solubilizing agent including aqueous acid. Rare-earth element (REE) or group of REEs is isolated or enriched from particulate material including particulate mineral ore, particulate mineral mining waste material or particulate obtained from electronic scrap or scrap metal. The particulate material is in form of carbonate, sulfate, oxide, phosphate or silicate. Preferred Properties: The particulate material has average particle size of 5 mm or more, preferably 100 mu m or less. The aqueous solution or dispersion has pH of 0-5, preferably 1-2. The mixture has pH of 0-5, preferably 1-2. Preferred Composition: The REE is chosen from scandium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, yttrium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, preferably terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium and yttrium. The group of REEs comprises at least two REEs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride is free or substantially free of metal ions other than manganese, and organic residue. The hydride is in the form of solid or a gel, substantially amorphous or crystalline. Preferred Process: The method further involves reacting manganese containing compound of formula (MnX2(dioxane)z) with a magnesium containing compounds of formulae (RMgX1) and (R2Mg) in diethylether, adding (4-z) molar equivalents of dioxane. The manganese containing compound (MnX2(dioxane)z) is prepared by reacting manganese compound of formula (MnX2) with 4 molar equivalents of dioxane. The manganese alkyl compound is hydrogenated and subjected to 10 or more hydrogen adsorption-desorption cycles. The hydrogen adsorption-desorption cycles is conducted at a hydrogen pressure of 50-170 bar. The hydrogen storing method further involves releasing hydrogen from the metal hydride by reducing the pressure of the hydrogen in the storage system, increasing the temperature of the storage system.X, X1 = halide, preferably chlorine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lewis base (L) is organic solvent, water, hydrogen sulfide, an amine, a phosphine, sulfide, diethylether, THF and/or dioxane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The means for mechanical disruption comprises: ball mill or disc refiner; or metal balls. The system further comprises a powering means for using pressure developed in the reactor to power the means for mechanical disruption. The pressure is pressure resulting from gas generated by fermentation in the reactor and/or static pressure developed at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor is a closed reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biomass is not pretreated with chemicals. The biomass is autoclaved before being loaded into the reactor. The microorganism facilitates solubilization of the biomass. The steps (b) and (c) are performed simultaneously. The step (b) is performed intermittently. The step (b) is performed by mechanically disrupting the biomass with balls or beads made of metal or glass. The mechanical disruption in step (b) is powered by energy harvested from the reactor. The pressure from inside the closed reactor is used to power the mechanical disruption of step (b). In the method more than 60% of sugar in the biomass is solubilized after 5 day with incubation with intermittent mechanical disruption. The method further comprises the step of converting the soluble sugar into ethanol or other desired products. Preferred Components: The microorganism is at least one member including Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium claraflavum, Caldicellusiruptor bescii, Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, and/or Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution. The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of alcohol-demineralized water mixture is 70:30-95:15. The alcohol is lower 1-6C alcohol comprising ethanol, methanol or isopropanol, preferably ethanol. The standardized boswellic acid fractions comprise 70-90% total boswellic acids. The standardized boswellic acids fraction comprises boswelic acids e.g. ( beta )-boswellic acid, acetyl-( beta )-boswellic acid, 11-keto-( beta )-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid, ( alpha )-boswellic acid and acetyl-( alpha )-boswellic acid. ACTIVITY - Antirheumatic; Respiratory-Gen.; Hepatotropic; Immunomodulator; Antiinflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antiulcer; Cytostatic. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material comprises compost, manure and leaves. The organic fertilizer comprises 30-35% organic material, 5-10% biofertilizer, 10-15% Azotobacter sp., 20-25% dolomite, and 10-15% seaweed extract. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microbial inoculum comprises Trichoderma harzianum and Metarhizium anisopliae. The automatic spray machine comprises syringe which automatically open and close atomizer due to gravity on conveyor. The TKKS is enumerated and non-enumerated. Preferred Method: The method involves sterilizing TKKS and crushing immediately using thresher. ACTIVITY - Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Processes: Sylvite mine brine containing soluble ferrous salt is recycled by sending brine from sylvite mine brine collection pool to 1st reaction tank, adding sodium hydroxide with molar ratio hydroxide ion:iron ion in brine of 1.8-3:1, 1st reacting, sending liquid phase to clarifier, standing and clarifying, sending overflow to 2nd reaction tank, adding hydrochloric acid with molar ratio hydrochloric acid:hydroxide ion of 0.8-2:1, 2nd reacting, and sending overflow to circulating brine pool. Preferred Compositions: Molar ratio hydroxide ion:iron ion in brine is 2-2.5:1. Molar ratio hydrochloric acid:hydroxide ion is 1-1.5:1. Preferred Conditions: 1st reaction time is 5-60 minutes. 2nd reaction time is 5-30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The strain has bio-oil producing ability, where omega -3 unsaturated fatty acid content of the produced bio-oil is greater than 30 wt.%. Preferred Method: The culturing step is carried out by batch culture method, fed-batch culture method, or continuous culture method. The extracting and separating steps are carried out by inducing the cells precipitation and then performing cell disruption. The cell disruption process is carried out by cell disruption using pulsed electromagnetic field, enzymatic cell disruption, cell disruption using osmotic pressure, cell disruption using electron beam, or cell disruption using an organic solvent. The method further comprises recovering an oil layer including bio-oil and an aqueous layer containing cell debris, after the cell disruption process, and refining the bio-oil. The refining step comprises removing the oil that is solidified by bleaching process using activated carbon or bleaching clay, filtering and then deodorizing the oil. The deodorizing step is carried out by steam deodorization process under reduced pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material are lignin free cellulose, waste paper and cotton. The cellulosic biomass can be obtained from a variety of sources including agricultural residues, forestry residues, municipal solid waste, industrial wastes and agricultural feedstock grown as energy crops. In the process both protists and fungi are attributed to the production of supplementary enzymes. The lignin free cellulose contains 90% cellulose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The second device is formed for the chemical synthesis hydrocarbon, preferably chemical synthesis of methanol or methane. The second device is adapted to carry out Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The device is designed as an electrolysis apparatus for the generation of hydrogen. The system comprises: a sixth connection which introduces the oxygen produced in the electrolysis apparatus into the steam generation device; a seventh connection from the first device to the fourth device which allows discharge of the heat resulting in the exothermic biochemical reaction of the first device to the fourth device, and the required temperature is maintained in non-productive phases of the system; and an eighth connection from the fourth device to the second device, which allows to temporarily maintain the system temperature required for the catalytic chemical process in the second device. The first device is formed for the low-pressure (less than 0.5 bar) production of the first aliphatic alcohol. The second device is formed for the chemical synthesis of compressed hydrogen and carbon dioxide at high pressure ( greater than or equal to 15 bar) in an exothermic reaction for the chemical synthesis of short-chain hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The combination of enzymatic hydrolysis under mixing of ingredients and enzymatic hydrolysis under no-mixing of ingredients is performed such that early mixing reduces mass transfer resistances in the process and accelerates the reaction and no-mixing for the rest of the reaction time prevents slowing down the rate of cellulose hydrolysis by not allowing mass transfer-aided product inhibitors to inhibit the free enzymes. The enzymatic hydrolysis under mixing of ingredients performed at the initial period of the enzymatic hydrolysis is performed for up to 4 hours from initiation of the enzymatic hydrolysis followed by no-mixing for the rest of the reaction time. The method involves providing cellulosic substrate, providing cellulase enzyme in a buffer solution, early mixing for an optimal period of up to 4 hours followed by no-mixing for the rest of the reaction time of 14-72 hours and obtaining the bioethanol. Preferred Components: The cellulosic substrate is non-edible lignocellulosic biomass. The cellulase enzyme is endoglucanase, exoglucanase and beta -glucosidase. The buffer solution is 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Hot water temperature is 90-100 degrees C. The 1st cooling temperature is 45-55 degrees C. The 1st cooling rate is 15-20 degrees C/hour. The 2nd cooling rate is 10-15 degrees C/hour. The 2nd cooling temperature is 0-5 degrees C. Crystallization time is 5-6 hours. Preferred Compositions: Crude acipimox aqueous solution is 40-60 g acipimox/100 ml water. Activated carbon amount is 3-6 mass% of crude acipimox. Acetone amount is 1-2.5 times mass of crude acipimox, preferably 2-2.2 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion derived from decaborane is decaborane cluster anion ((B10H13)-), and/or nonaborane cluster anion ((B9H14)-). The cation is alkyl or aromatic heterocyclic cation, quaternary ammonium cation or quaternary phosphonium cation, chosen from formulae (I-XI), preferably 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation or N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium cation. The concentration of the hypergolic salt in the combustible substance is 0.01-100 mg/mL. The hypergolic salt shortens the ignition delay of combustible substance by 80% or more. The combustible substance is an ionic liquid comprising cation, anion and hypergolic salt formed in situ in the ionic liquid. The anion of ionic liquid is dicyanamide anion, nitrocyanamide anion or dicyanoborate anion. The molar ratio of the ionic liquid and the hypergolic salt is 1000:1-1:1. The combustible substance is chosen from tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and/or combustible ionic liquid, preferably hypergol comprising rock propellant-1, kerosene, furfuryl alcohol, hydrazine, hypergolic ionic liquid, and/or methane. The hypergolic salt is suspended or dissolved in the combustible substance. Preferred Property: The hypergolic salt ignites spontaneously on contact with 70-100% nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises: a waste disposal unit connected with the catalyst system; a collection tank connected to the catalyst system; and a skid tank connected to the collection tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The melting step is carried out at a temperature of 450-500 degrees C. The gas flowing into the catalyst system is a long molecular carbon chain gas that breaks into multiple shorter lengths when reacting with a catalyst in the catalyst system. The gas reacts with the catalyst at 400 degrees C. The gas flowing out from the catalyst system is a shorter molecular carbon chain gas. The reheating step is carried out at temperature of 350 degrees C. The liquid obtained after condensing of gas at 300 degrees C is ultra low sulfur diesel oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The product separation media further includes a hydrogen separator made of expanded PTFE, and a fibrous filter includes acrylic yarn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid fuel mixture comprises solid sodium borohydride. The liquid fuel reactant comprises water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The contacting zone comprises structured packing, and fiber and/or film contactor, and tray(s) containing bubble tray(s). The coalescing zone comprises mesh(es) and vane(s). The mesh comprises coating containing hydrophilic coating, or metal wire and/or fiberglass. Preferred Process: During removal of carbonyl sulfide in gas phase hydrocarbon stream, gas stream is passed from the container to extraction zone, hydrocarbon product stream is obtained from extraction zone, alkali stream is passed from extraction zone to regeneration zone, portion(s) of regenerated alkali stream is passed to prewash zone. Carbonyl sulfide and/or hydrogen sulfide in gas phase hydrocarbon stream, are removed by combining gas phase hydrocarbon stream comprising carbonyl sulfide with another stream comprising alkali and alkanolamine, and passing the combined stream to prewash zone comprising container. The container contains tray(s) and coated mesh for removing carbonyl sulfide and/or hydrogen sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali comprises ammonia, potassium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide, preferably potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas phase hydrocarbon stream comprises 5-500 ppm weight of carbonyl sulfide. The alkanolamine comprises monoethanolamine and/or diethanolamine. Alternately, alkanolamine comprises monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and/or methyl diethanolamine. The gas phase hydrocarbon stream comprises 4C or less hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tetraalkoxysilane is tetramethoxysilane or tetraethoxysilane. The hydrocarbon group-containing trialkoxysilane is obtained by coupling by 1-6C alkyl group or phenyl group as hydrocarbon group with silicon atom of trimethoxysilane or triethoxysilane. The molar ratio of tetraalkoxysilane with respect to hydrocarbon group-containing trialkoxysilane is 1/9-9/1. Hydrocarbon group-containing monoalkoxysilane is obtained by coupling 1-6C alkyl group or phenyl group as hydrocarbon group, with silicon atom of monomethoxysilane or monoethoxysilane. Hydrocarbon group-containing dialkoxysilane is obtained by coupling 1-6C alkyl group or phenyl group as hydrocarbon group, with silicon atom of dimethoxysilane or diethoxysilane. Hydrocarbon group-containing monochlorosilane is obtained by reacting 1-6C alkyl group or phenyl group as hydrocarbon group, with silicon atom of monochlorosilane. Hydrocarbon group-containing dichlorosilane is obtained by reacting 1-6C alkyl group or phenyl group as hydrocarbon group, with silicon atom of dichlorosilane. Hydrocarbon group-containing trichlorosilane is obtained by reacting 1-6C alkyl group or phenyl group as hydrocarbon group, with silicon atom of trichlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The polysiloxane mesh structure into which the hydrocarbon group is introduced, is composite polysiloxane mesh structure obtained by reacting tetraalkoxysilane and trialkoxysilane containing hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device performs desulfurization of oxygen radical, hydroxyl radical, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl ion, hydroperoxyl radical, hydrogen radical, methyl, methyl peroxyl radical and aluminum nitrate radical. The denitrizer is coated with titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Phase separation is performed by dissolving polyethylene glycol in aqueous hydrochloric acid while stirring, adding tetraethylorthosilicate, stirring to obtain uniform SiO2 sol, aging for 20-30 hours, and adding propylene oxide to obtain SiO2 alcosol in which ratio polyethylene glycol:tetraethylorthosilicate:aqueous hydrochloric acid:propylene oxide is 1-3 g:10-20 ml:20-50 ml:4-10 ml. Sol-gel method is performed by mixing butyl titanate with anhydrous ethanol to obtain solution A, mixing acetic acid, double-distilled water, and anhydrous ethanol to obtain solution B, and adding solution B dropwise to solution A while stirring to obtain TiO2 alcosol in which butyl titanate concentration in solution A is 30-40%, acetic acid concentration in solution B is 10-15%, and volume ratio solution A:solution B is 1-2. Post-processing is performed by soaking SiO2/TiO2 alcosol in anhydrous ethanol at 50-70 degrees C for 20-30 hours, repeating soaking once, repeating previous steps using tetraethyl orthosilicate-ethanol solution and anhydrous ethanol, and drying SiO2/TiO2 alcosol at 60-80 degrees C for 60-80 hours to obtain SiO2/TiO2 aerogel. Preferred Compositions: Volume ratio formamide:SiO2 alcosol is 0.07. Molar ratio SiO2 alcosol:TiO2 alcosol is 3-4.5:1. Process gas is carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), or methane (CH4). Molar ratio silicon:titanium in SiO2/TiO2 aerogel is 3-4.5:1. Preferred Parameters: SiO2/TiO2 aerogel has double-hole channel structure, specific surface area of 500-1000 m2/g, pore volume of 0.1-1.1 cm3/g, and average pore size of 1-15 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) is carried out at microwave power of 800-1000 W for 5-8 minutes. The step (b) is carried out at an ultrasonic frequency of 40-65 HZ for 20-60 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The macroporous resin is HPD100, AB-8 or D-101 type macroporous resin. The ultrafiltration membrane is polysulfone hollow fiber membrane of 2000-6000D and has an inlet pressure of 0.1-0.3 MPa. The nanofiltration membrane is polysulfone hollow fiber membrane of 200-300D and has an inlet pressure of 1-2 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte includes liquid ammonia, and the fuel gas includes hydrogen vapor, oxygen vapor and ammonia aerosol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plates are washed in vinegar or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding 0.001-5 parts mass agent with respect to 100 parts mass organic waste. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2,R3=linear 4-6C alkyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radiation is high level gamma-ray or electronic beam. The radiation dose is 1-100 kGy. The concentration of the hydrogel material is 1-50 wt.%. The hydrogel selectively adsorbs nutrients within the livestock manure in ionic form. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The average particle size of the green tea is 10-30 m m. The caffeine content in the green tea extract is 13-17 mg/g. The antioxidant activity of the green tea extract is 80-92 % for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldrazyl) radical elimination ability.Preferred Method: The ultrasonic irradiation is carried out at 15-25 kHz, and 500-800 watt. The step (a) is carried out by impregnating green tea with 19.7% alcohol containing aqueous ethanolic solution, and ultrasonic irradiating at 24 degrees C for 26.4 minutes, under 20 kHz, 750 watt and ultrasonic of 20 amplitude. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic; Antilipemic. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - 5 g Green tea powder was impregnated with 500 ml 50 vol.% ethanol aqueous solution, and ultrasonic extracted at 30 degrees C for 30 minutes under 20 kHz, 750 watt and ultrasonic of 20 amplitude to obtain green tea extract. The obtained extract was centrifuged at 4 degrees C for 15 minutes under speed of 4000 revolutions/minute to precipitate green tea, and filtrated to obtain green tea extract.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves feeding the sawdust feed to hungry pigs on first day, crushing traditional Chinese medicinal tablet into powder, adding the powder to the concentrated feed, feeding obtained feed mixture for next 2 days, feeding 15 g sodium bicarbonate on third day, feeding normal feed on fourth day, feeding 5 kg soda tablet (3 meals a day) on fifth day, feeding the sawdust feed again on sixth day for de-worming and cleaning stomach of the pigs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The lutein extract is dissolved in anhydrous ethanol to a concentration of 1.5-5 g/ml. The step (b) reaction is cooled to 40-50 degrees C to obtain the zeaxanthin. The acetone extraction step is repeated for 2-4 times, combining the filtered liquid, concentrating to the original volume of 1/2-1/10, then adding water/normal hexane mixture, and concentrating the liquid. The extract is allowed to stand for 5-20 hours, and crystallizing at 0-10 degrees C. Preferred Components: The alkali ethanol solution is ethanol solution of sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide having concentration of 0.4 g/ml. The weight ratio of propylene glycol or glycerol and the lutein extract is 1:1-5. The ratio of lutein extract and acetone of is 1 g:1-10 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The animal excrement is selected from chicken manure, pig manure and/or cow manure. The crop straw is corn, peanuts, wheat and/or rice.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lipase is SUKAZYM-SUKALip lipase. The neutral protease is SUKAPro NE neutral protease.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trace element solution comprises 1-2 wt.% zinc sulfate, and 1-2 wt.% iron chelate solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fresh oil slag is selected from soybean oil, peanut oil residue, rapeseed diesel, sunflower seed oil residue and/or sesame oil slag. The preservative is ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid and/or salt of sorbic acid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The soil nutrient is prepared by grinding selenium enriched-rice bran, alum powder, nano carbon powder and earthworm powder and then mixing with pure water to obtain a paste, heating the paste until the paste is fully dissolved, adding remaining ingredients and then stirring at a speed of 1000-1200 revolutions per minute and concentrating and grinding. Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises 75 pts. wt. urea, 38 pts. wt. silkworm excrement, 12 pts. wt. wheat bran, 5 pts. wt. molasses, 3 pts. wt. manganese sulfate, 4 pts. wt. copper sulfate, 0.3 pts. wt. ammonium sulfate, 0.2 pts. wt. potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2.5 pts. wt. magnesium, 0.4 pts. wt. robenidine, 1.4 pts. wt. molybdenum salt, 2.5 pts. wt. potassium fulvate, 13 pts. wt. soil nutrient, 3.5 pts. wt. wind grass, 5.5 pts. wt. tobacco stem powder, 9 pts. wt. palm root, 2.5 pts. wt. roxburgh rose root, 11 pts. wt. nodus Nelumbinis rhizomatis and 0.2 pts. wt. Bacillus. The soil nutrient comprises 10-12 selenium enriched-rice bran, 2-4 alum powder, 4-5 nanocarbon powder, 3-4 earthworm powder, 0.3-0.5 amino acid, 1-2 betaine, 0.3-0.4 copper sulfate, 0.6-0.8 zinc sulfate, 1-2 boric acid, 0.8-1 vitamin B1, 0.3-0.5 naphthylacetate, 2-3 lactate, 0.8-1.5 ammonium citrate, and 1-2 ammonium carbonate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Antimicrobial; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further comprises mixing nitrogen, phosphate, potash, sodium silicate, ammonium sulfate, calcium sulfate and borax to obtain a mixture, adding water to the mixture, adding Stellera chamaejasme and soil modifier to the mixture and then continuously stirring to obtain a slurry, drying the slurry, removing residual component from the mixture, adding urea to the slurry and then stirring, fermenting the slurry for 3-5 days, and uniformly heating the slurry so that the urea particles are formed on outer surface of the slurry as a coating at 65-75 degrees C and then cooling. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The ocean shellfish waste is oyster shell and clam shell. Preferred Method: In the step (iv), the water content of material is 30%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil slag is selected from soybean oil dreg, peanut oil residue, rapeseed oil residue, sunflower seed oil residue and/or sesame oil residue. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer comprises 200 pts. wt., preferably 190 pts. wt. ammonium phosphate, 200 pts. wt., preferably 180 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 300 pts. wt., preferably 290 pts. wt. ammonium sulfate and 200 pts. wt., preferably 210 pts. wt. southern wood residues. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - 42-45 kg/mu Organic fertilizer is applied to crop on seedling period, or 35-40 kg/mu of the organic fertilizer is applied to flowering stage of crops (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The front and rear water chambers are provided with activated sludge and microbial carrier. The upper part of the dragging belt type gas transfer wheel includes a rotating shaft, multiple wheel sheets mounted with the rotating shaft, a locking nut provided at one end of the rotating shaft, a concave pit and convex bump uniformly distributed on surface of the sheets, and a motor connected at other end of the rotating shaft. The wheel sheet is provided with a convex rib and a concave groove which is integrated adjacent to the multiple wheel sheets. The top end of the separator dam includes a ventilation port, multiple I-shaped steels provided at middle of the separator dam, and a vent hole provided with the I-shaped steels and connected with the ventilation port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves fermenting the mixture at 50-80 degrees C for 3-5 days. The step (c) involves granulating the obtained mixture. The step (d) involves sieving the dried product using sieve of 3 mm mesh size. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Raw materials comprise 50 pts. wt. cottonseed shell, 33 pts. wt. chicken manure, 15 pts. wt. sawdust, 2 pts. wt. gypsum powder, and 25 pts. wt. maize pistil. Preferred Process: Method comprises selecting raw material, and fermenting at more than 20 degrees C; enzymolyzing fermented raw material again, regulating water content of 65%, at pH 7, and stirring; heating bag at 30 degrees C for 3 days; after 40-50 days overgrowing silk Mycelium in bag, standing at 18-26 degrees C, increasing humidity of 85-90%, covering, and ventilating for 2-3 times, each time is 0.5 hours; and harvesting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves carrying out extraction by applying pressure of 20 MPa. The step (b) involves using alumina, basic alumina of particle size of 120-200 mesh and carrying out chromatography under conditions such as using chloroform solution, methanol, and water in ratio of 1-5:1-5:2-9, maintaining flow speed at 700-1000 rotations per minute (rpm), and flow rate at 1-3 ml/minute, where 10-15 times alumina with respect to extract is added to the column.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The pH of the fermentation medium is adjusted using sodium hydroxide or acetic acid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises providing alkaline aluminum oxide, where granularity is 120-200 meshes, and dosage of extract is 5-10 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Macroporous resin is selected from AB-8 macroporous resin, HPD-100 macroporous resin or D101 macroporous resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio between trifluoromethyl chlorobenzene and N,N-dimethylacetamide is 1:1.1. The amount of elemental sodium added into benzyl alcohol is 2 wt.%. Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out either: at 180 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere for 2.5 hours to obtain the intermediate products; or performing catalytic hydrogenation of the obtained intermediate products in the presence of 8 wt.% palladium-carbon catalyst at 180 degrees C under hydrogen atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst is prepared by preparing silica particles, dipping the silica particles into cesium and potassium precursor salts to obtain a solid product, and drying and calcining the solid product. Preferred Components: The silica particles have a size of 2-4 mm. The catalyst includes 10-15 wt.% of cesium oxide and 2-5 wt.% of potassium oxide. The cesium salt is cesium carbonate, cesium nitrate or cesium acetate. The potassium salt is potassium acetate, potassium carbonate or potassium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The first tubular fixed bed reactor has an inlet temperature of 35-50 degrees C and an outlet temperature of 50-65 degrees C. The second tubular fixed bed reactor has an inlet temperature of 110-150 degrees C and an outlet temperature of 120-160 degrees C. The reactors have reaction pressure of two 0.3-1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The flash extraction is carried out at voltage of 140-150 V for 60-90 seconds. The flow phase circulates at rotating speed of 700-1000 revolutions per minute and flow speed of 3 ml/minute. The method comprises adding accelerating agent in an opening of the chromatographic column. Preferred Components: The volume ratio of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water solvent system is 5-8:3-5:4-6:2-3. The accelerating agent is medium-chain fatty acid salts, bile salts, deoxycholate from goose, chitosan and its derivatives. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The extraction is performed at ultrasonic frequency of 40-65 KHz for 30-60 minutes. The macroporous resin is HPD100, AB-8 or AB-101 type macroporous resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The above-mentioned method is carried out in dry conditions. The method involves mixing activated carbon (carbon particles) and weak acids including malic acid and citric acid, in closed container, where mass ratio of activated carbon and weak acid is 2:1-10:1. The container is placed in heating oven (60-150 degrees C for 4-7 hours). ACTIVITY - Dermatological.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The converting step is carried out using a carrier gas including nitrogen, water, helium, argon and ethane. The discharging step is carried out at temperature of 100-400 degrees C and a pressure of -0.02 MPa to 0.2M Pa for 0.05-60 seconds. Preferred Components: The molar ratio of methane to oxygen is 0.5-2. The molar ratio of methane to carbon dioxide is 0.5-2. The high voltage alternating current power supply has a frequency of 5-20 kHz. The molar ratio of carrier gas and mixed gas is not more than 20, preferably not more than 5. The metal tube is made of copper, iron, tungsten, aluminum, stainless steel or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lignite flour, corn straw powder, zeolite powder and/or peat humic acid has control particle size greater than or equal to 50 mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic feed solution is prepared by adding corn straw powder, peat, humic acid, zeolite powder and water, in a weight ratio of 3:2:2:1:10 to a stirred tank at 400 rpm for 30 minutes, and then into the reaction vessel to 10 degrees C/minutes of heating rate to 100 degrees C, the reaction was kept for 10 minutes, then after cooling to room temperature, allowed to stand for 24 hours, to obtain an organic feed solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Raw material comprises (in pts.wt.): Bacillus subtilis (8-10), Bacillus (6-7), Aspergillus niger (5-6), Rhodococcus (3), nitrogen and sulfur bacterium (2) and Sphingomonas (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Polar and non-polar solvents are utilized in the process, where polar solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol or propanol and non-polar solvent is 4-8 carbon containing paraffins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The crop straw is wheat, soybeans, corn, sorghum, cotton, peanuts and/or other crop residues.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent comprises potassium permanganate and calcium oxide in a mixing ratio of 1:1-1:3. The anti-slagging agent comprises 12-18 wt.% iron oxide, 28-42 wt.% calcium carbonate, and 40-60 wt.% attapulgite clay, which are mixed. The particle size of oxidizing agent and anti slagging agent is 80-150 mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material includes 90-95 wt.% crop straw or landscaping waste, 4.5-9.5 wt.% sawdust, 0.05-0.2 wt.% oxidizing agent, and 0.3-0.45 wt.% anti-slagging agent. The particle size of pulverized biomass feedstock is 1-20 mm, and the moisture content is greater than or equal to 10% after drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The three-way activation process of the waste residue, involves (a) allowing gelatin containing waste residue to dry naturally until water content reaches 12% or less, adjusting pH of the waste residues to 4-5.5 by adding concentrated sulfuric acid, aging obtained mixture naturally for 1-3 days, (b) activating alkaline plant straw ash containing waste residue by adjusting pH of the ash to 4.5-6.5 using sulfuric acid for conversion of potassium oxide into potassium sulfate and trace elements into sulfates, and (c) activating weathered coal containing waste residues by adding ammonium bicarbonate to the weathered coal containing waste residues, stirring mixture uniformly, and allowing the mixture to stand for 3-6 days until pH of the mixture reaches 5-7. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Animal: The benthic animals are snail (male and female snail in a ratio of 1:1) or mussel. Preferred Component: The tank is filled with straw (thickness of 0.8-1.2 m), where the straw is soybean straw or rice straw.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate has nitrogen content of 0.8-3 g/kg and phosphorus content of 0.3-1 g/kg. The particle size of the clay is less than 5 mu m. The thickness of the wetland unit is greater than 5 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is polyether-ether-ketone resin film. The ratio of first film to second film is 4-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The substrate composition comprises 40-60 parts, preferably 50 parts vinegar residue, 5-15 parts, preferably 10 parts coco peat, 5-10 parts, preferably 5 parts perlite, 10-20 parts, preferably 15 parts plant ash, and 5-35 parts, preferably 20 parts vermiculite. The substrate composition has pH of 5.8-7.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fermented soybean meal and/or fermented vegetables, is/are prepared by performing fermentation of soybean meal and/or vegetables using Aspergillus niger, Bacillus, Lactobacillus or yeast. The microbial agent is prepared by fermenting lees or wheat straw using microorganisms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate, calcium superphosphate, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride or their mixtures. The functional additive is microelement additive, sodium carbonate, sodium humate or their mixtures. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 1100 pts. wt. humic acid, 200 pts. wt. urea, 300 pts. wt. diammonium phosphate, 185 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 20 pts. wt. zinc sulfate, 10 pts. wt. borax, 20 pts. wt. penicillin fermentation waste, 20 pts. wt. tobacco processed waste, 20 pts. wt. pepper processed waste, 20 pts. wt. tea processed waste, 20 pts. wt. prickly ash seed, 20 pts. wt. star anise seed, 20 pts. wt. black pepper seed, 10 pts. wt. radix sophorae flavescentis, 10 pts. wt. C.chinensis, 10 pts. wt. fructus meliae toosendan and 10 pts. wt. C.orbiculatus. The penicillin fermentation waste comprises 1-3% penicillin. The tobacco processed waste comprises greater than or equal to 90% organic matter, greater than or equal to 3.2% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, greater than or equal to 1.2% calcium, and 0.3-0.5% nicotine. The pepper processed waste comprises greater than or equal to 85% organic matter, greater than or equal to 7% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and 0.3-0.5% capsaicin. The tea processed waste comprises greater than or equal to 93% organic matter, greater than or equal to 2.5% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and 7-13% tea saponin. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In step (a), the cooled product is ground to fineness of 80-100 meshes and the bamboo or bamboo scraps are dried until moisture content reaches 9% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The biological strain is Bacillus subtilis, B.laterosporus, B.megaterium, B.mucilaginosus or Azotobacter chroococcum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The binder (5-15 pts. wt.) is attapulgite powder, clay, kaolin, bentonite or starch. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biological strain is Bacillus subtilis, B. laterosporus, B. megaterium, effective microorganism agent and/or lactic acid bacteria. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Weight ratio of edible fungi waste to wood vinegar is 1-2:0.5-1.4. Microbial inoculum is 0.1-0.3% of total weight, where it is activated by adding white sugar and water, and heating at 25-30 degrees C for 2-4 hours. Microbial inoculum comprises fungi, yeast, bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and saprophytic bacteria. Wood vinegar has pH of 2.5-3.0. Preferred Method: Fermenting is at 60-65 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated aryl boronic acid is 2,4-difluorophenyl boronic acid. The alkali catalyst is potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium phosphate or sodium phosphate. The palladium source is palladium chloride, palladium acetate, palladium nitrate, sodium tetrachloropalladate, trifluoroacetate acid, palladium oxide, palladium dibromide, palladium hydroxide, palladium chlorine, potassium sulfate, or palladium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pure water solvent is deionized water. sodium phosphate as a reagent
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The esterification reaction is carried out at reflux temperature for 4-6 hours. The condensation reaction is carried out at 4-8 hours, preferably 4-6 hours. Preferred Components: Mass ratio between L-valine and thionyl chloride is 1:1.1-1:1.2. The acid-binding agent is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate, preferably sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate). In the esterification reaction, mass ratio between alcohol and L-valine is 3:1-8:1, preferably 3:1-5:1. In the condensation reaction mass ratio between alcohol and L-valine is 4:1-10:1, preferably 4:1-6:1. Mass ratio between the acid-binding agent and of L-valine is 1.25:1-2.5:1, preferably 1.25:1. Weight ratio of water used for dissolving the acid-binding agent to L-valine is 3:1-6:1, preferably 3:1. Molar ratio between 2'-cyano-4-bromomethyl-biphenyl and L-valine is 0.8:1-1:1, preferably 0.8:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volume ratio of petroleum ether to ethanol is 1:1-9, where concentration of ethanol is 95%. The mass-volume ratio of raw material to petroleum ether-ethanol system is 1:8-12. The gel in gel column chromatography is Sephadex LH-20 (RTM: dextran gel) and eluent is ethanol-water system, where concentration of ethanol is 90-100%. The eluent in liquid phase chromatography is ethanol-water solvent system using 70-100% ethanol concentration or methanol-water solvent system using 80-100% methanol concentration. Preferred Method: The stir-extracting process is carried out for 1-5 times, where each stir-extracting time is 5-10 hours. The silica gel column chromatography process is carried out by gradient eluting using petroleum ether and anhydrous ethanol as eluent at ratio of 100-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of glycyrrhetinic acid sodium salt (I) involves adding glycyrrhizic acid powder in alcoholic solution of sulfuric acid, heating under reflux for 6-8 hours, cooling to crystallization, filtering, and drying at 50-65?oC to obtain a precipitate; adding the precipitate in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, heating to reflux, cooling, adjusting pH to 2-3, filtering, and washing to give a precipitate; dissolving the precipitate in ethanol, then adding sodium hydroxide in ethanol solution, stirring, vacuum distillation, drying, grinding to obtain glycyrrhetinic acid sodium salt (I). Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or n-butanol. ACTIVITY - Antiinflammatory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The organic liquid fertilizer is dissolved in nitrogen-containing fertilizer, ammonium bicarbonate or urea, where the dissolved product is used in crop irrigation process and as nitrogen fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The composite probiotic is yeast, Bacillus subtilis, and/or Bacillus licheniformis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trace element is iron, manganese, boron, copper, and/or nickel. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 20-35 pts. wt., preferably 27 pts. wt. animal excrement, 15-30 pts. wt., preferably 25 pts. wt. straw, 12-15 pts. wt., preferably 13 pts. wt. calcium superphosphate, 6-8 pts. wt., preferably 7 pts. wt. ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 5-8 pts. wt., preferably 6 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 2-5 pts. wt., preferably 4 pts. wt. chitosan, 2-5 pts. wt., preferably 3 pts. wt. seaweed powder, 2-5 pts. wt., preferably 4 pts. wt. magnesium sulfate, 6-12 pts. wt., preferably 9 pts. wt. soybean meal, 3-5 pts. wt., preferably 4 pts. wt. enzyme, and 2-3 pts. wt., preferably 3 pts. wt. organic fertilizer fermenting agent. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The penicillin content in penicillin fermentation waste is 1-3%. The tobacco processing waste comprises greater than or equal to 90% coarse organic matter, greater than or equal to 3.2% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, greater than or equal to 1.2% calcium, and greater than or equal to 0.3-0.5% nicotine. The hot pepper processing waste comprises greater than or equal to 85% coarse organic matter, greater than or equal to 7% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and greater than or equal to 0.03% capsaicin. The tea processing leftover comprises greater than or equal to 93% crude organic matter, greater than or equal to 2.5% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and 7-13% tea. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The acrylic emulsion has solid content of 40-50%. Preferred Composition: The fertilizer is prepared by (a) mixing Citrus residue and grape residue, crushing the mixture, passing the mixture through 80 mesh sieve, subjecting the mixture to carbonization process at 400-500 degrees C for 1-2 hours, soaking obtained product in 8-10% dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 3-4 hours, filtering the mixture, washing the residue, and drying the washed product, (b) mixing soybean meal, rapeseed cake, alfalfa hay and yeast, pulverizing the mixture, mixing with water in ratio of 1:0.3, adding vitamin composition to the mixture, stirring the mixture, hydrolyzing and fermenting the mixture at room temperature for 30-35 days, filtering the fermented product, recovering the filtrate and residue, mixing filtrate, product obtained in step (a), zinc sulfate, borax, ferrous sulfate and auxiliary agent, and stirring the mixture for 1-2 hours, (c) mixing starch and 5 times water, heating the mixture at 60-80 degrees C for 30-40 minutes, adding sodium dodecyl sulfate and silane coupling agent to the mixture, continuously stirring the mixture for 20-30 minutes, adding acrylic emulsion to the mixture, and stirring the mixture uniformly for 40-60 minutes, and (d) mixing residue obtained in step (b) and remaining materials, granulating the mixture, coating the granules using 3-5% product obtained in step (c) at 50-60 degrees C, cooling the coated granules, and drying the granules. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer is prepared by (a) mixing P.bournei, straw, and walnut shells, passing the mixture through 80 mesh sieve, subjecting the crushed product to carbonization process at 400-500 degrees C for 1-2 hours, soaking obtained product in 8-10% dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 3-4 hours, filtering the product, washing the filtrate and drying the filtrate, (b) mixing biogas residue, rapeseed cake fertilizer, malt and loach powder, adding water to the mixture in weight ratio of 1:0.3, adding suitable amount of microbial inoculants to the mixture, fermenting the mixture at room temperature for 25-30 days, filtering the fermented product, mixing dried filtrate obtained in step (a), borax powder, copper citrate, ferrous citrate, and auxiliary materials, and stirring the mixture for 1-2 hours to obtain slurry, (c) mixing polyvinyl alcohol and 2 times water, heating the mixture at 60-80 degrees C, stirring the mixture uniformly, adding sodium dodecyl sulfate, methyl silicate, and mannoprotein to the mixture, and continuously stirring the mixture for 1-1.5 hours, and (d) mixing residue obtained in step (b) after fermentation, slurry and other remaining materials, granulating the mixture, coating the granules with 5-8 wt.% product obtained in step (c) at 50-60 degrees C, and naturally cooling the granules. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The specific value of hydrophilic radical and hydrophobic radical is 4, three times the fulvic acids. The sublimation humic acid is absorbed by plants. The basic reactant is ArH having average molecular weight of 184, which is nitrified to ArNO2 at 100 plus minus 10 degrees C for 3 plus minus 0.5 hours. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is nitrogen, argon, and/or carbon dioxide. The reducing gas is carbon monoxide, or hydrogen. The mass of metal phosphate catalyst is 0-100 times the mass of sugar, where the metal is one of chromium, zirconium, aluminum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, copper, titanium, or tin. The soluble inorganic salt is sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminum chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, calcium bromide, magnesium bromide, bromide, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, sodium bisulfate, potassium bisulfate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate or aluminum nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass raw material is xylose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, and/or wood cellulose. The solvent is water, alcohol, ketone, furans, aromatic hydrocarbon or its derivative, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, ketone, N-methyl-morpholine N-oxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, and/or chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pH of the mixed solution is adjusted to 2-5. The alkali in the alkali aqueous solution is sodium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The polyamine-modified high-molecular drug is prepared by adding starch and 1,2-epoxychlorobutane in mass ratio of 1:1-1:10 into a reactor, stirring uniformly, adjusting pH of the mixed solution to acidic, reacting for 10-24 hours under water bath, obtaining etherified starch, adding the obtained etherified starch in alkali aqueous solution, adjusting pH to neutral, filtering, washing with distilled water three times, drying at low temperature and storing. The mass ratio of etherified starch and alkali aqueous solution is 1:0.01-1:0.3. The mass ratio of etherified starch and polyamine is 1:1-1:8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The starch is amylose, amylopectin or linear or branched starch. The polyamine is tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenation catalyst is a bifunctional catalyst or single nickel-based hydrogenation catalyst. The bifunctional catalyst comprises combination of a hydrogenation catalyst and an acid catalyst. The hydrogenation catalyst is selected from Pd/C or Ru/C catalyst, and the acid catalyst is selected from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid or HZSM-5 molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous alkaline solution is selected from alkali or alkaline alcohol/water solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The molding step is carried out at pressure of 80-100 kgf/cm2. Preferred Components: The carbon powder has a granularity of 80-100 meshes. The sawdust powder has a granularity of 40-50 meshes. The paraffin has a melting point of 54-60 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol has a depth of more than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The culture medium for growing Monoraphidium contortum C29 strain comprises sodium nitrate (1-5 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0.5-1 millimole), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.05-0.2 millimole), boric acid (20-50 mu mole), manganese chloride heptahydrate (10-20 mu mole), zinc sulfate heptahydrate (5-10 mu mole), sodium molybdate dihydrate (3-6 mu mole), copper sulfate pentahydrate (0.2-1 micromole), and cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (0.1-0.5 mu mole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves filling water in the pool and regulating the pH to 7-8 and temperature to 18-25 degrees C, adding 108-109 cells/mg microorganism chosen from Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus, Rhodococcus and Brevibacterium, 0.05 vol.% nutritional agent comprising amino acid, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as active ingredients. The method involves adding 0.02 vol.% oil derived from grease trap to the biological contact oxidation pond before adding the wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The green tea powder has water content of 10-15%, and granularity of 170-230 meshes. The methanol or ethanol has a concentration of 95-97%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The slurry bed methanation is carried at 260-550 degrees C, reaction pressure 1-6 MPa, stirring speed of 300-1000 revolutions/minute and feed gas space velocity of 1000-15000 l/hour.kg. The fixed bed catalyst regeneration is carried in the presence of reducing gas, preferably 5-85% hydrogen and nitrogen at 450-600 degrees C and space velocity of 1000-5000 l/hour.kg. The method comprises low temperature methanol wash purification at -30 degrees C to -55 degrees C at a pressure of 4-6 MPa or alcohol amine wash purification at 20-50 degrees C and pressure of 4-6 MPa. Preferred Components: The raw coal is bituminous, sub-bituminous coal, anthracite coal or lignite. The gasification furnace used in production of syngas is Lurgi gasifier, shell gasifier or Gaskombinat Schwarze Pumpe gasification furnaces. The syngas comprises 32.3-38.9 vol.% hydrogen, 20.1-32.5 vol.% carbon monoxide, 7.6-12.5 vol.% methane, 24.5-30.2 vol.% carbon dioxide, 0.03-0.6 vol.% hydrogen sulfide and 0.3 -0.9 vol.% nitrogen. The volume ratio of hydrogen-carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide in the feed gas is 2.5-4 and 300-6000 ppm sulfur. The sulfur-tolerant methanation catalyst comprises 2-40 mass% active component (nickel, cerium, cerium, iron, and/or chromium), 0.5-35 wt.% additive component (molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, yttrium, cobalt, and/or lanthanum), and carrier (at least one of alumina, silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide). The slurry bed of inert liquid medium is paraffin, thermal oil, naphtha and/or hydrogenated terphenyl. The slurry bed methanation reactor comprises 1-35 mass% sulfur resistant methanation catalyst and inert liquid medium. The methanation catalyst has a sulfur tolerance of 200-8000 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alcohol amine is sulfone amine-II (preferred), monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or methyl diethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface of block-shaped solid fuel includes multiple small holes. The particle size of the carbon powder is 80-100 meshes, and the sawdust is 40-50 meshes. The melting point of the paraffin wax is 54-60 degrees C and the depth of alcohol is more than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The grass powder is wood residue powder, or traditional Chinese medicine residue powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves feeding lignocellulosic biomass feedstock comprising agriculture and forestry waste, chosen from sweet Sorghum, bagasse, corn cob, corn stalk, wheat straw, rice straw, and grass into the reactor, and passing ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, air, and nitrogen into the reactor to make the reaction environment acidic or basic or oxidizing or inert atmosphere. The step (d) involves recycling the hydrolyzate through a metering pump in the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The hydrolysis tank further comprises a metering pump. The dewatering tank is a centrifugal dewatering tank or dewatering press.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of the: acetone is 160 ml; dimethylacetamide is 40 ml; 7-phenylacetamide-3-chloromethyl-4-cephalosporanic acid p-methoxybenzyl ester is 30 g; triphenylphosphine is 28.5 g; potassium iodide is 7.8 g; 37% formaldehyde is 45 ml; sodium hydroxide solution is 40 mole/l; dichloromethane is 90 ml; 7-phenylacetamido-3-vinyl cephalosporanic acid-p-methoxybenzyl ester intermediate is 27 g; phenol is 80 ml; and ethyl acetate is 250 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mesophilic anaerobic granular sludge is selected from sewage sludge, pig manure or chicken manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (a) is performed at 2.5-4 MPa for 3-10 minutes. The step (b) involves adding 0.01-0.015% biogas fermentation accelerator. The fermentation is performed at 37-39 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of manure and steamed sugarcane leaves is 1-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The method involves performing saccharification process, where carbohydrate-rich microalgae is treated with acid. The obtained product is centrifuged, where the obtained supernatant is collected and then mixed with water. The obtained product is then processed in an apparatus at 100-140 degrees C for 1-3 hours to obtain hydrolyzed product, which is then filtered. The obtained filtrate is then passed through an adsorption column, where a solution comprising acid-treated microalgae, diammonium phosphate, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and yeast extract is prepared. The prepared solution is then treated with citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer to adjust pH of the solution between 4.5-5.5. Cellulase is then added to the obtained eluent, where the obtained enzymatic mixture is kept at 50 degrees C for 1224 hours to obtain pre-hydrolyzed mixture. The yeast inoculum is then added to the pre-hydrolyzed mixture, where the obtained reaction system is incubated at 30 degrees C for 60-120 hours to obtain ethanol as desired product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of further heating the mixed solution is accomplished at 65 degrees C for 3 hours. Preferred Components: The fluosilicic acid is present in an amount of 25 pts. wt. The phase shifting catalyst is present in an amount of 1.5 pts. wt. The amine catalyst is present in an amount of 2 pts. wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The nutritional liquid comprises 0.3-0.5 g borax, 0.2-0.3 g ammonium citrate, 0.2-0.5 g zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.2-0.4 g copper sulfate pentahydrate, 0.02-0.03 g vitamin B, 1-2 g vitamin C, 0.3-0.5 g taurine, 2-5 mg vitamin D, 0.4-0.7 g vitamin E, 0.3-0.6 g ferrous sulfate, and water (remainder).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises 5-8 pts. wt. straw, 5-8 pts. wt. soybean, 5-8 pts. wt. bran, 4 pts. wt. rice hull, 4 pts. wt. compost, 4 pts. wt. dry powder, 5 pts. wt. wollastonite powder, 5 pts. wt. plant ash, 2 pts. wt. calcium superphosphate, 2 pts. wt. ammonium bicarbonate, 2 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 2 pts. wt. urea, 2-3 pts. wt. manganese sulfate and 2-3 pts. wt. boric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The bracket has a height of 1.2-2 m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is made of polyethylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The amount of Chinese herbal medicine feed additive is 0.5-1.5% (preferably 1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is copper-zinc catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH value of biodiesel oil-based crude glycerol or 30-75 wt.% biodiesel oil-based crude aqueous glycerin solution is adjusted to 7-13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Extracting agent is selected from n-pentane or isopentane. Preferred Composition: Given mixture is mixed with extracting agent in a molar ratio of 1:1-2:3. Preferred Condition: Temperature required for extraction is 50-55 degrees C. Pressure required for extraction is 1.2-1.5 megapascal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reaction vessel is an enamel reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The collecting step in the step (g) is performed at 102-104 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: (III) is obtained by reacting 4-substituted-1-chloro-2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)benzene with alkyl Grignard reagent i.e. isopropylmagnesium chloride or n-butylmagnesium chloride. The reaction temperature is -20 to 60 degrees C. Preferred Components: The cobalt catalyst is cobalt acetylacetonate, cobalt chloride, cobalt bromide or cobalt iodide, and used amount of the cobalt catalyst is 1-50% of the amount of (II). The ligand is diamine compound, which is tetramethylethylenediamine, tetramethyl-cyclohexanediamine or tetramethyl-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine, and used amount of the ligand is 1-50% of the amount of (II). The reaction solvent is tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, anisole or methyl tert-butyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixing step is carried out at 20-40 degrees C. The biodiesel oil is obtained by transesterification of plant waste, animal fat, unrefined oil and waste oil with 1-6C-lower, monohydric alcohol or methanol. Preferred Components: The water-soluble sulfate is present in an amount of 0.01-10 wt.% or 0.05-6 wt.%, and comprises potassium sulfate and potassium aluminum sulfate (both preferred), sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate and/or zinc sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid is present in an amount of 0.001-1 wt.% or 0.004-0.5 wt.%, and comprises formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid and/or malonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: In the step (i), the excrement is completely homogenized in a homogenizer and then conveyed into biogas anaerobic fermentation tower for anaerobic fermentation. In the step (ii), the aeration-oxidation process is as follows: filling biogas slurry into A-zone of the primary oxidation tank, placing statically, performing aeration-oxidation for 10-15 days, conveying supernatant into A-zone of the secondary oxidation tank, performing aeration-oxidation for 10-15 days, conveying 2/3 of supernatant from A-zone of the secondary oxidation tank into A-zone of the tertiary oxidation tank, performing aeration-oxidation for 10-15 days, conveying biogas slurry from A-zone of the primary oxidation tank into B-zone of the primary oxidation tank, performing stepwise aeration-oxidation according to A-zone of the primary oxidation tank, and performing alternative aeration-oxidation in A-zone and B-zone of tertiary oxidation tank and maintaining dissolved oxygen content in the biogas slurry to 2.5-4.5 mg/l. In the step (iii), the primary biodegradation of biogas slurry is performed using aquatic plants for 10-15 days, where the aquatic plant density in the field as follows: wide row 1 m, narrow row 0.8 m, spacing 0.6 m, and planting per acre is 1400. In the step (iv), the secondary biodegradation is performed in circulation water channel, where the channel is multiple horizontal water channels, where the water flow speed in the circulation water channel is 2 cm/second. In the step (v), the water accumulated in the secondary biodegradation tank is discharged into discharge area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the step (ii), the three-stage oxidation tank comprises primary oxidation tank, secondary oxidation tank and tertiary oxidation tank set with oxygen pump. The tertiary oxidation tank and the aquatic plant field are set with a water pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The wastewater is municipal sludge or water deposits. Stabilizer is 5-15 wt.% sulfur-containing compound or phosphorus-containing compound. Curing agent is 5-15 wt.% cement curing agent and/or lime curing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw biogas liquid is chicken manure marsh liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: In the step (i), the livestock and poultry organic fertilizer used includes 5-10 pts. wt. pig manure, 5-10 pts. wt. chicken manure and 2-5 pts. wt. cow dung. In the step (i), the high temperature anaerobic fermentation comprises fermentation temperature of 60-70 degrees C, water content of 55-65%, and the fermentation time of 15-25 days. In the step (i), the crushing process includes sieving through 40 mesh sieve, collecting, and sieving to obtain powdered organic fertilizer. In the step (iv), the seaweed extract is prepared by (a) choosing fresh seaweed, removing impurities with water, to obtain cleaned seaweed; (b) soaking cleaned seaweed in 0.8-1 mol/l citric acid solution, and shaking the material by placing in a water bath at 40-60 degrees C for 6-10 hours, taking out, and washing using water to be neutral; and (c) grinding to obtain seaweed homogenate, then adding 8-15 wt.% hydrochloric acid solution in an amount of 15-20 times, and carrying out acid hydrolysis for 15-30 minutes; and (d) concentrating to original volume of 20-30% under reduced pressure to obtain the product. Preferred Components: In the step (ii), the nitrogen fertilizer regulation and control agent used includes 50- 70 wt.% nitrification inhibitor and 30-50 wt.% urease inhibitor. The seaweed is gulfweed, Sargassum fusiforme or kelp. In the step (iv), the particle size of powdered urea, is 4-8 mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrification inhibitor is 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole phosphate or dicyandiamide. The urease inhibitor is hydroquinone, thiourea, N-butyl thiophosphoric triamide or phenyl phosphorodiamidate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding 2-2.4 pts. wt. trace elements, namely calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and molybdenum, in the step (i). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The mushroom is needle mushroom, preferably Flammulina velutipes. The soft water comprises 0.1-60 mg/l calcium ion and magnesium ion. The amino acid liquid fertilizer is diluted with clean water to 50-70 times in the soaking process, and 100 times during leaf surface spraying process. Preferred Method: The high temperature fermentation comprises uniformly mixing the dried substrate mycelium and soft water, piling to 1x 1.5 m ridge, fermenting at 52-55 degrees C after sealing and stacking for 48 hours at a first time, and turning for 3 times after each 24 hours. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The reaction kettle is set with a stirring mechanism, where stirring mechanism is set with stirring paddle. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The maturity of water hyacinth, is 80%. The volume ratio of water hyacinth residue, vermiculite, perlite and peat components, is 6:1:1:2.5. Preferred Method: In the step (ii), the water hyacinth slag is stacked into windrow-type fermentation. The fermentation process guarantees the stacking fermentation temperature of above 50 degrees C and the time of more than 7 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The complex microbial agent is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium and/or Bacillus mucopolysaccharide with spore size of not less than 2x 10 ncfU.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trace element is anhydrous magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and/or boric acid. The binder is 46-46.4% aqueous solution of urea with 10-15 pts. wt. urea and 85-90 pts. wt. water. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (2R)-2-Amino-3-(methylcarbamoyl)propanoic acid is reacted with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in methylene chloride solvent using triethylamine and/or N,N-diisopropylethylamine as base, and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as activating agent. The reaction of activated product and benzyl (2S,5R,6R)-6-(2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylate is carried out using N,N-diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine and/or pyridine as base. The decarboxylation is carried out using palladium on carbon, or palladium /barium sulfate. Aspoxicillin is prepared by removing tert-butoxycarbonyl protection group of obtained product in hydrochloric acid/dioxane or hydrochloric acid/n-hexane, stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, evaporating under reduced pressure, adjusting pH value of resultant product to 4 using ammonium hydroxide, extracting with ethyl acetate, evaporating under reduced pressure, adding anhydrous ethanol, filtering, washing using anhydrous ethanol, vacuum drying, and obtaining aspoxicillin in white solid form. Preferred Composition: The amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine based on amount of (2R)-2-amino-3-(methylcarbamoyl)propanoic acid is 3-6 mol%. (1-(Bis(dimethylamino)methylene)-1H-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-b)pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate) is used as condensing agent. The molar ratio of (1-(bis(dimethylamino)methylene)-1H-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-b)pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate) and (2R)-2-(((tert-butoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(methylcarbamoyl)propanoic acid is 1:1.05-1:1.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The composition comprises 1100 pts. wt. humic acid, 200 pts. wt. urea, 300 pts. wt. calcium superphosphate, 200 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 20 pts. wt. manganese sulfate, 10 pts. wt. boric acid, 20 pts. wt. penicillin fermentation waste, 20 pts. wt. tobacco processing waste, 20 pts. wt. pepper processing waste, 20 pts. wt. tea processing waste, 20 pts. wt. pepper seed, 20 pts. wt. star anise seed, 20 pts. wt. black pepper seed, 10 pts. wt. radix sophorae flavescentis, 10 pts. wt. Coptis chinensis, 10 pts. wt. fructus meliae toosendan and 10 pts. wt. Celastrus orbiculatus. The tobacco processing waste comprises greater than or equal to 90% crude organic substance, greater than or equal to 3.2% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, greater than or equal to 1.2% calcium and 0.3-0.5% nicotine. The pepper processing waste includes greater than or equal to 85% crude organic substance, greater than or equal to 7% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and greater than or equal to 0.03% capsaicin. The tea processing waste includes greater than or equal to 93% crude organic substance, greater than or equal to 2.5% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and 7-3% tea saponin. The penicillin content in the penicillin fermentation waste is 1-3%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The auxiliary agent is mixture of hydrazine hydrate and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide salt at mass ratio of 0.2-0.5:1, preferably 0.3:1. Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at 60-80 degrees C for 8-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethanol-potassium carbonate two-phase aqueous system comprises 17-30 wt.% potassium carbonate and 17-25 wt.% ethanol. The usage amount of Capsicum is 3-6 wt.%. Preferred Process: The pH of Britton-Robison buffer solution is adjusted to 2-5 at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The galantamine yield is calculated using the relation: y is equal to the ratio of cv to m0, which is multiplied by 100%, where the c is mass concentration of galantamine (mg/ml), v is the constant volume of extract liquid (ml) and m0 is the mass of Lycoris radiata powder (mg). Preferred Method: The galantamine extraction is carried out at 50 degrees C for 2 hours with an enzyme dosage of 4% and aqueous solution pH of 4.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The C/N ratio in the straw powder is 65-85:1. The C/N ratio in the rice bran is 18-22:1. The C/N ratio in the rapeseed cake is 9-13:1. The soil modifying agent A is prepared by mixing the straw powder, rice bran and rapeseed cake uniformly, adding the effective microbial liquid and brown sugar, mixing, adding water until the water content reaches 35%, placing in a container, and fermenting at 22 degrees C for 10-26 days to obtain product. The soil modifying agent B is prepared by mixing calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride in a ratio of 5:3:1:1 to obtain a inorganic salt solution, adding 0.5 wt.% inorganic salt solution to the glucose which is used as carbon source, and gradually increasing salt concentration in the effective microbial liquid. Preferred Method: The method involves using 1-1.4 wt.% soil modifying agent A for covering the soil surface, spraying 3000-4500 kg/ha soil modifying agent B after diluting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The strong oxidizing catalyst is potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate or potassium permanganate. The combustion improver is sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The straw bran liquid culture medium comprises 2 g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 1.4 g ammonium sulfate, 0.3 g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.3 g calcium chloride, 2 mg cobalt chloride, 5 mg ferric sulfate heptahydrate, 1.6 mg hydrated manganese sulfate, 1.7 mg zinc sulfate, 20 g agar, 1000 ml distilled water, and 10.56 g straw powder and bran, where the pH is 7.2-7.3. The filter paper inorganic salt liquid culture medium comprises 2.5 g sodium nitrate, 1 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1 g calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.3 g magnesium sulfate, 0.1 g sodium chloride, 0.01 g ferric chloride, 10 g filter paper sheet, and 1000 ml steam-fed water. The PDA liquid culture medium comprises 100 g/l potato, 20 g/l glucose, 20 g/l agar, and distilled water (balance), where the pH is 7.2-7.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The culturing method of Paecilomyces varioti strain MM2 comprises inoculating strain into the liquid culture medium, culturing at 28-30 degrees C for 2-9 days, obtaining solid microbial inoculum culture of single strain, where the culture medium is straw bran liquid culture medium, filter paper inorganic salt liquid culture medium, or potato dextrose agar (PDA) liquid culture medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat sink with a hydrocarbon fuel composition further comprises 0.01-5 wt.% surfactant additive. Surfactant additive is n-propyl, n-butanol or n-amyl. The hexadecyl graft hyperbranched polyglycidol has average relative molecular mass of 1,000-60,000 and degree of esterification is 60-95%. Carbon hydrogen fuel is fuel material or actual fuel. Carbon hydrogen fuel is 9-4C alkane, decahydronaphthalene, cyclohexane or ethyl-cyclohexyl alkane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Rice husk is crushed, screened, dried, and cracking reaction is performed by bubbling fluidized-bed biomass, to obtain bio-oil. The analytical purity of composite additive is 99.5% or more. The ratio of methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone is 6.84:1:6.64. The content of composite additive is 10 plus minus 0.5 wt.% with respect to bio-oil. Preferred Property: The particle size of rice husk after screening is 60-80 mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The solid fuel particles have density of 1-1.05 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pro-combustion agent comprises calcium peroxide and ammonium carbonate at mass ratio of 1:1.5. The anti-slagging agent comprises 30-40 wt.% dolomite powder, 30-40 wt.% aluminum oxide and balance copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Promoting agent is mixture of ammonium hydrogen carbonate and magnesium peroxide, and calcium peroxide, and mass ratio of ammonium hydrogen carbonate is 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The pretreating of household waste is carried out by dehydrating waste by squeezing, crushing, winnowing to obtain light and heavy materials, and finely crushing light material while magnetically separating heavy material; separating heavy material through air separation, vibratically winnowing to obtain light material, mixing with crushed fine material, and aerobically fermenting through biological deodorization treatment. The pretreatment of other combustible solid waste is carried out by sorting waste to remove metals and inorganics, finely crushing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The auxiliary agent is accelerant, adhesive and/or contaminant inhibitor comprising calcium oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: In step (a), the concentration of the alkali solution is 2-6%, where the step (a) is performed at 50-70 degrees C for 1.2-2.5 hours. The step (b) is performed at 35 degrees C and pH 7. The step (c) is performed at 121 degrees C under high pressure for 2 hours. Preferred Component: The cotton fiber has length of 2-10 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The organic fertilizer comprises 32 pts. wt. cow urine, 25 pts. wt. peanut cake powder, 4.5 pts. wt. seaweed extract, 2.5 pts. wt. salicylic acid, 6 pts. wt. sodium hexametaphosphate, 2.5 pts. wt. potassium iodate, 19 pts. wt. shell powder, 1.5 pts. wt. sodium bicarbonate, 1.1 pts. wt. sodium chloride, 5 pts. wt. styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, 11 pts. wt. calcium carbonate, 3.5 pts. wt. lanthanum oxide, 3 pts. wt. sodium citrate, 1.6 pts. wt. sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, 21 pts. wt. soil fertility-increasing agent, 0.8 pt. wt. dimethyl sulfoxide, 0.4 pt. wt. composite amino acid, 6 pts. wt. hawthorn powder, 11 pts. wt. pumpkin pulp, 8 pts. wt. A. philoxeroides and 14 pts. wt. Luffa vine. The soil fertility-increasing agent comprises 10-15 pts. wt. calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 5-10 pts. wt. plant ash, 3-5 pts. wt. wood pulp, 4-5 pts. wt. grape seed powder, 6-7 pts. wt. wild rape flower, 1-2 pts. wt. Toona leaf, 3-5 pts. wt. lima bean powder, 3-4 pts. wt. spiral algae, 5-6 pts. wt. pea powder, 3-4 pts. wt. cotton, 1-3 pts. wt. chitosan, 0.4-0.5 pt. wt. organic germanium, 0.2-0.3 pt. wt. manganese sulfate, 0.1-0.3 pt. wt. ammonium citrate, 0.4-0.5 pt. wt. ferrous sulfate and 0.5-0.7 pt. wt. molybdenum oxide. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Nematocide; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves mixing 34-36 pts. wt. wheat straw, 8-12 pts. wt. dried Pyrethrum plant, 14-16 pts. wt. dried A.apiacea plant and 45-55 pts. wt. mushroom residue uniformly. The method involves chopping wheat straw, dried Pyrethrum plant and dried A.apiacea plant into 0.5-1 cm pieces. The step (b) performing high temperature sterilization at 100-110 degrees C for 2-6 hours, inoculating 0.02-0.03 wt.% crude fiber degrading bacteria, fermenting at 65-75 degrees C for 6-8 hours, and then maturing fermented product for 6.5-7.5 days with natural aeration to obtain completely matured product. The step (c) involves drying completely matured product until the moisture content becomes not greater than 10%. The step (d) further involves granulating mixture into 0.5-1 mm granules. Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer comprises 95-105 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 95-105 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 45-55 pts. wt. nitrophosphate, 150-160 pts. wt. monoammonium phosphate, 95-105 pts. wt. ammonium sulfate, 140-15 pts. wt. urea, 18-22 pts. wt. magnesium sulfate, 5-10 pts. wt. zinc sulfate, 5-10 pts. wt. boric acid and 8-12 pts. wt. ferrous sulfate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble sulfate is sodium hydrogen sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and iron sulfate. The chloride is sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, tin chloride, zinc chloride, copper chloride, iron chloride and ferrous chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1-6C carboxylic acid is acetic acid and/or acetic acid. The alcohol is a 1-6C monohydric alcohol. The oil is plant oil, animal fat, acid oil, crude oil, and waste oil.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dosage amount of oil derivative is 0.001-1 pts., preferably 0.1-1 pts. accounting for 1 pts. oil. The oil residue is a byproduct obtained by refining degumming in oil refinery. The soap stock is a byproduct obtained by alkaline deacidification during oil refining process. The acidic value of the oil is 0.1- 200 mg potassium hydroxide/g, preferably 0.1-10 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The oil is refined oil. The molar ratio of monohydric alcohol to oil is 3-60:1. The monohydric alcohol is 1-6C monohydric alcohol. Preferred Method: The contact reaction is carried out at 200-300 degrees C with a pressure of 0.5-8 MPa and liquid hourly space velocity of 0.1-20/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additional auxiliary agent includes 0.4-1% antioxidant, 0.4-1% preservative, and 0.5-1.5% carbon removing agent. The functional igniting agent comprises 1.8-5% methyl tertiary butyl ether, 2-3.5% acetone, 2-3% dispersant n-butanol, and 3-6% isobutanol. The antioxidant is 2,6- di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. The combustion improver is aldehyde condensate. The preservative is benzotriazole. The carbon scavenger is fatty amine, the calorific value enhancing agent is hydrocarbon solvent. The liquid fuel additive comprises 4.5 wt.% functional igniting agent, 71.5 wt.% combustion improver, 15.5 wt.% calorific value enhancing agent, 7 wt.% dispersant, and 1.5 wt.% additional auxiliary agent. Sulfur-free methanol concentration is more than 95%. The liquid fuel comprises 82 wt.% sulfur-free methanol, 15 wt.% liquid fuel additive, and 3 wt.% industrial water softener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dense electrolyte is oxygen ion type electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The particle size of crushed crop straw is 3-5 mm. The particle size of crushed sawdust is 0.5-1 mm. The particle size of crushed sugar bagasse is 3-5 mm. The particle size of sieved combustion promoting agent is 180-200 mesh. The particle size of sieved anti-slagging agent is 180-200 mesh. The density of anti-slagging biomass solid particle fuel is 1-1.05 g/cm3. The moisture content of dried crop straw is 10-12%. The moisture content of dried sawdust is 6-8%. The moisture content of dried sugar bagasse is 15-18%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The combustion promoting agent includes calcium oxide and ammonium bicarbonate in mass ratio of 1:1-1.5. The anti-slagging agent comprises 30-40 %mass dolomite powder, 30-40 %mass aluminum oxide and predetermined amount of copper oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of citric acid in citric acid solution is 3-5 %mass.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant; Herbicide; Insecticide; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Inoculum: The microbial inoculum comprises 1 pt. wt. P.variotii strain MM2, 1 pt. wt. A.fumigatus strain MM6, 1 pt. wt. C.rugosa strain MJ4, and 1 pt. wt. B.licheniformis strain MX8. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ice water contains 40 g of sodium bisulfite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of isophthalic dimethyl ether and o-methoxybenzoyl chloride is 2-10:1. The demethylating agent contains dichloroethane solution of aluminum chloride, acetonitrile solution of aluminum chloride, mixture of glacial acetic acid and hydrobromic acid, mixture of glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, mixture of glacial acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid or mixture of glacial acetic acid and methylbenzenesulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The five enzymes are added together or sequentially to the ground fresh food organic waste in step (c). The incubating ground fresh food organic waste of step (d) is for 3.5 hours or less. The incubating ground fresh food organic waste of step (d) is 45 minutes-2.5 hours. The incubating ground fresh food organic waste of step (d) produces a liquid hydrolyzate that is more than 80 wt.% relative to the weight of the fresh food organic-waste. The acid source is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, stearic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, and succinic acid. The pH of the liquid fertilizer is 3.5. The lipase, the proteolytic enzyme, the pectinolytic enzyme, the alpha -amylase, and the cellulase are added together to the ground fresh food waste in step (c). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The packed zone comprises one or more trays or rings comprising ceramic or metal. The coalescing zone comprises vanes and/or mesh having hydrophilic coating. Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrogen sulfide is passed to absorption zone, and amine stream is adsorbed to absorption zone for absorbing hydrogen sulfide. The hydrocarbon stream is passed from the absorption zone to coalescing zone for removing amine. The coalescing zone is comprised in horizontal or vertical vessel. Water stream is passed to coalescing zone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amine comprises at least one alkanolamine chosen from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and methyldiethanolamine. The hydrocarbon stream comprises 500-50000 ppm by weight hydrogen sulfide, and 4C or less hydrocarbon. The withdrawn hydrocarbon stream comprises 15 ppm by weight or less hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water soluble curcumin nanoparticles are added at heating temperature of 90 degrees C for 5 minutes. The method further comprises measuring the synthesis of the silver nanoclusters using spectroscopies, microscopies and X-ray diffraction and harvesting the silver nanocluster using centrifugation. Preferred Components: The solution comprises silver nanoclusters having a diameter of less than 10 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of biomass solid fuel having particle size of 300 mu m or less is 90 wt.% or more. The content of by-product carbon having particle size of 300 mu m or less is 95 wt.% or more. The volatile component content in the by-product carbon is 10-40 wt.%. The moisture content of the biomass coal-based fuel is 1-20 wt.%. Preferred Process: Mixed combustion of biomass fuel and coal-based fuel involves using 5-99 wt.% by-product carbon and remainder of biomass solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is calcium. The detergent system comprises one or more overbased calcium phenates. The cylinder lubricant comprises a zinc- and boron-containing antiwear system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenolic compound(s) comprise(s) hydrogenated distilled cashew nut shell liquid, and 3-pentadecylphenol and 5-pentadecylresorcinol. The hydrogenated distilled cashew nut shell liquid is hydrogenated cardanol. The low sulfur fuel is liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas. The cylinder lubricant has a BN of 15 mg KOH/g or less. The fuel includes more than 50%, preferably more than 90% of main fuel and less than 50% of pilot fuel. The main fuel is a low sulfur gaseous fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent is oxygen. The silver-based supported catalyst is a catalyst in which the amount of the silver is 0.2-10 wt.%. The weight ratio of glycerol to the catalyst in the reaction medium is 2-100. The catalyst support is non-strong acidic resins and/or metal oxides. The support is alumina or an amphoteric resin. The catalyst support is resins and oxide-based materials comprising amine functional groups. Preferred Method: The heating step is performed at a temperature of 62-66 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction medium comprises base producing hydroxide ions, and has a pH of greater than or equal to 8. The molar ratio of hydroxide ions and glycerol is less than or equal to 3 or at least 4. The base has a pH of 7-8. Preferred Method: The temperature of the reaction medium is 50-150 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Antiseborrheic; Dermatological.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quaternizable nitrogen compound comprises: (a1) at least one alkylamine compound of formula ((Ra1)(Rb1)(Rc1)N) (I); (b1) at least one polyalkene-substituted amine containing quaternizable tertiary amino group; (c1) at least one polyether-substituted amine containing quaternizable tertiary amino group; and/or (d1) at least one reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a compound containing nitrogen or oxygen atom and in addition containing at least one quaternizable amino group. The quaternizing agent comprises an epoxide compound of formula (II). The free acid of the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl-substituted 3-28C-dicarboxylic acid. The hydrocarbyl substituent of the carboxylic acid has a number average molecular weight of 85-20000. The hydrocarbyl substituent is a polyalkylene radical having a degree of polymerization of 2-100, preferably 4-25. The quaternizing agent includes low-alkylene oxides in combination with a polyalkenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid.Ra1-Rc1 = linear or branched, optionally saturated 8-40C-hydrocarbyl, preferably 10-20C-alkyl or linear or branched, optionally saturated 1-6C-hydrocarbyl, preferably 1-4C-alkyl; andRd1 = H or 1-10C-aliphatic or aryl hydrocarbyl. EXAMPLE - A solution of 47.2 g of trimethylamine and 147.2 g of dodecene in 194.4 g of 2-ethylhexanol was introduced into 2 l autoclave inerted with nitrogen. The temperature of the autoclave was increased to 40 degrees C. A solution of 252.8 g of tetrapropenyl succinic acid in 252.8 g of 2-ethylhexanol was added for 1.5 hours and stirred at 40 degrees C for 15 hours. The volatile components were removed by introducing a stream of nitrogen at 40 degrees C to obtain corresponding quaternized nitrogen compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The X143 polypeptide is a polypeptide having 80-100% sequence identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. The cellobiose dehydrogenase is a Humicola insolens cellobiose dehydrogenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur-containing compound is L-cysteine, sulfur(IV) oxyanion, preferably sodium bisulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterocyclic compound is (1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bio-fermented feed includes 0.05% of yeast, 0.03% of lactic acid and 0.01% of Bacillus subtilis as fermenting agent, and 50-60% of corn powder, 20-30% of wheat bran and 20-30% of distillers grains as a fermentation substrate. The fodder grass includes 20-30% of ryegrass, 20-30% of Elephant grass, 10-15% of duckweed, 5-10% of spinach, 5-10% of sweet potato, 5-10% of Cassava leaves, and 1-3% of cucumber. The weight ratio of the bio-fermented feed and fodder grass is 3-4:7-6. The feed rate of fish is 2-4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (II) is reacted with oleum. The reaction is performed at a temperature in the reaction mixture, of 50-150 degrees C, preferably 70-115 degrees C. (I) are removed from the reaction mixture by distillation. The distillation is performed using a packing column. The distillation is performed using a reflux condenser for controlling the rate at which (I) are removed from the reaction mixture. The reaction is performed in a reaction vessel which is at least partially ceramic-lined and/or a glass-lined, preferably alloy containing nickel and/or molybdenum. (II) is employed in a mixture containing at least one product, one reagent, one solvent and/or one side product from a previous reaction step. Preferred Components: The oleum contains 5-95 (preferably 65) wt.% of free sulfur trioxide. The halogenated carboxylic acid is present in molar excess relative to the stoichiometry of the reaction. (II) has a purity of less than or equal to 98%, preferably less than 90%. (II) used in the process is recycled material. (II) is trifluoroacetic acid. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Specific compound (I) is prepared i.e. trifluoroacetic anhydride of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - A 115 l ceramic-lined Pfaundler stirred vessel equipped with a 2.5 m packing column filled with 10 mm glass Raschig rings and equipped with a condenser was filled with 70.5 kg of trifluoroacetic acid followed by 19.1165% oleum, i.e. oleum with 65 wt.% of free sulfur trioxide. Subsequently, the Pfaundler vessel was heated by an oil bath to a temperature of 130 degrees C. The product was removed by distillation at a rate of 7.4 kg/hour and directed into polyethylene-lined metal drums, and worked up to afford 64.9 kg trifluoroacetic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkylamine is of formula (R1aR1bR1cN) (I). The quaternizing agent comprises an epoxide compound of formula (IV). The free acid of the quaternizing agent is hydrocarbyl-substituted 3-28C-dicarboxylic acid. The hydrocarbyl-substituent of the carboxylic acid has a number average molecular weight of 85-20000 or a polyalkylene group with a polymerization degree of 2-100, preferably 4-25. The quaternizing agent is from low-alkylene oxides in combination with a polyalkenyl substituted dicarboxylic acid.R1a-R1c = linear or branched, optionally saturated 8-40C-hydrocarbyl, preferably 10-20-alkyl or linear or branched, optionally saturated 1-6C-hydrocarbyl, preferably 1-4C-alkyl; andR1d = H or 1-10C-aliphatic or aryl hydrocarbyl. EXAMPLE - A solution of 47.2 g of trimethylamine and 147.2 g of dodecene in 194.4 g of 2-ethylhexanol was introduced into 2 l autoclave inerted with nitrogen. The temperature of the autoclave was increased to 40 degrees C. A solution of 252.8 g of tetrapropenyl succinic acid in 252.8 g of 2-ethylhexanol was added for 1.5 hours and stirred at 40 degrees C for 15 hours. The volatile components were removed by introducing a stream of nitrogen at 40 degrees C to obtain corresponding quaternized nitrogen compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The hot melt adhesive is cured and mounted on the upper wing associated portion. Preferred Method: The insect mounting surface has closure unit in which air does not pass outer peripheral portion of the mounting surface, and small particle coated on upper surface of the closure unit. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrodes are wrapped by polymers or derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Processes: Sediments or flocks of microalgae are harvested. Culture conditions for affecting content of proteins, carbohydrates, and/or lipids of the consortium are controlled. Control of culture conditions includes regulating (a) mixing of the consortium and/or (b) the amount and/or type of nutrients provided to the consortium by maintaining 0.9-15 gN/m3.day load in culture under nitrogen. Culture conditions are further controlled according to predetermined use of consortium e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2) biofixation, elimination or capture of undesirable gaseous substances, production of protein-rich algal biomass, production of lipid-rich algal biomass, and production of carbohydrate-rich algal biomass. Illumination of the consortium is regulated by optimizing amount of sunlight exposure and/or sunlight intensity by using a sunlight distribution device and mechanical sun-tracking device. Preferred Conditions: Mixing is performed at an aqueous culture speed of 1-10 cm/s and under gaseous bubbling at a flow rate of 0.001-0.1 volume of gas per volume of reactor per minute (VVM). Minimal microalgae concentration is controlled to 70-1000 mg/L of culture. Culture temperature is 9-29 degrees C. Culture pH is 6.5-8.5. Preferred Components: The consortium contains indigenous species of microalgae. The bioreactor is an outdoor open bioreactor. Controlling part has a sunlight distribution device, mixer, nutrient controller for maintaining a load in nitrogen, and gas injector for bubbling gas into bioreactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Gas bubbled into the bioreactor contains gaseous substances e.g. carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous dioxide (NO2), and/or carbonyl sulfide (COS). The gas originates from an industrial effluent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The system includes the following stages: In the system, the liquid organic fertilizer grinor (half-grown) obtained is accumulated in one place; processing half-grown organic fertilizer grinor into organic fertilizer grinor flour; drying organic fertilizer grinor refined flour and mixing with the dirt (feces), such as fecal cows, bulls, goats, chickens; mixing/stirring in a mixer to form flour grinor dough and other mineral elements; forming dough into a round shaped pellet; mixing the dough with a solution of suprembionic microbes, before the pellet is dried; putting the dried pellets in machine filter to obtain grinor having variety of different sizes according to the grain size, desired by consumers (farmers). The dough fertilizer is crushed by crusher; and the organic fertilizer grinor refined flour is dried at below 40 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data is given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The flow rate of to-be-preheated vegetable oil and alcohol-containing catalyst is 5-20 mL/minute. The catalyst contains 20-40% alkali, and is dissolved in alcohol having purity of 98-99.9%, before being used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The cultivating step comprises planting stem cuttings of Tithonia diversifolia at a spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm in rows within a fence. The pruning step comprises cutting the Tithonia diversifolia after 2 months of planting along 70-100 cm from the top, and then chopping the Tithonia diversifolia by a chopper along 2-3 cm. The milled limestone is added in an amount of 2.5%. The biological agents are added in amount of 0.25%. The composting step is carried out in a container at room temperature for 2 weeks. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas putida. The biofertilizer or biopesticide is formulated as a liquid or water extract compost. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The ratio of potatoes, sucrose, and yeast is 150-200 g: 20-30 g: 15-20 g. Preferred Method: The flour is made by addition of 0.1-1 wt./wt.% insect body per liter of medium. Preferred Composition: The formulation has smell of urine and brown color, and is slightly viscous solution. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary electrolyte solution is potassium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution, potassium chloride aqueous solution or sodium chloride aqueous solution. The secondary electrolyte solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Component: Alternately, the anode electrode has layer containing aluminum-gallium nitride (I), gallium nitride layer, gallium oxide layer, pn junction semiconductor layer and electrode layer laminated on its surface from a light irradiation surface side. The gallium oxide layer is single-crystal beta -type gallium oxide base material. The gallium nitride layer is n-type or n+-type gallium nitride layer. A film of metal oxide containing nickel microparticles is further formed on the aluminum-gallium nitride layer. The pn junction semiconductor layer comprises silicon or gallium arsenide. A structure is further formed by laminating two or more pn junction semiconductor layers, in which the pn junction semiconductor layer contains a different material. Preferred Process: The reduction process is carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metals on the surface of the cathode electrode include copper, gold, silver, indium or their alloys. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.1-0.15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method, less than 7 mg (preferably less than 4 mg, especially less than 3 mg, particularly 3-0.2 mg) of cellulose (on protein) is added per gram cellulose present in the cellulose containing biomass (on dry matter). A sugar product is recovered from hydrolyzed ligno-cellulosic material and/or the hydrolyzed ligno-cellulosic material is fermented to produce a fermentation product which step is optionally followed by the recovery of the fermentation product. During at least part of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis or saccharification, oxygen is added to the ligno-cellulosic material. Preferred Components: The celluloses or the cellulose-containing composition further comprise glycoside hydrolase family 61 (GH61), endo-glucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase 1 (CBH1) and/or CBH2. The amount of BG is 4-20 wt.% (preferably 4-10 wt.%, especially 4-8 wt.%) of the celluloses (on protein) or the amount of BG is 4-20 wt.% (preferably 4-10 wt.%, especially 4-8 wt.%) of the protein present in the celluloses or a cellulose-containing composition added (preferably the amount of BG is 4-20 wt.% (preferably 4-10 wt.%, especially 4-8 wt.%) of the celluloses (on protein)). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coal powder comprises peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and/or anthracite coal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrophobic liquid biomass comprises all vegetable oils and its residue, and all animal oils including tallow and fish tallow. The sewage sludge comprises organic sewage sludge and/or organic wastewater sludge. The binder is in form of mixture of pure water, freshwater, saline or alcohol-water mixture, and solvent chosen from aliphatic hydrocarbon including hexane, aromatic hydrocarbon including benzene, toluene, xylene and methylnaphthalene, heterocyclic compound including quinoline and pyridine, ketone including acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, ester such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate, diethylenetriamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine, ether including diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, amide including N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide and aprotic polar solvent including hexamethylphosphoramide and dimethyl sulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixed fuel includes 0-100 wt.% sewage sludge and 0-100 wt.% hydrophilic or hydrophobic liquid biomass. The liquid biomass contains lignocellulose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glucose, fructose, galactose, glycerol and crude glycerol. Preferred Process: During manufacture of sludge-biomass mixed fuel, 0-50 wt.% coal powder and 0-50 wt.% binder are further added into mixed fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding water absorbent and water content-adjusting agent to the organic waste before the fermentation steps, and desalinating the organic waste. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A homogeneous transesterification catalyst, heterogeneous transesterification catalyst, acid transesterification catalyst or alkaline transesterification catalyst, is used for transesterifying at least some of the levulinate molecules with alcohol molecules. Levulinate molecules include alkyl levulinates. Preferred Process: After obtaining diesel range molecules, the separation of diesel range fuel blendstock from lighter molecular weight materials is carried out. Alcohol molecules are produced by hydrogenating other molecules that are coproduced with levulinate molecules from lignocellulosic carbohydrates, preferably tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is produced by hydrogenating furfural, or by hydrogenolysis of starch or sugar alcohols derived from starch, or by hydrogenolysis of lignocellulose or sugar alcohols derived from lignocellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out with the following operating conditions: a) the concentration of jackfruit seed flour by 25%; b) operating temperature of 90 degrees C; c) hydrolysis pH of 5.7; d) hydrolysis time of 30 minutes with stirring; e) operation saccharification temperature of 55 degrees C; and f) saccharification time for 2 hours with stirring. The glucose fermentation process is carried out with the following operating conditions: a1) operating temperature of 35 degrees C; and operation time of 3 days. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The preferred aeration rate is 0.25-0.35 liter/minute. The weight of inoculum or cell is 40 g, and the culture is old for 10 days. The addition of heavy katarantin reached to 149.5 g. The content of cell is the highest katarantin 2059.64 pg/g. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The nourishment is a mixture of dry egg yolk and cocoa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method comprises composing plates, preferably 10 plates, in vertical modules, one flat-bottom base (3) and cover (4) per module. The method uses medium spring water. Preferred Components: The plates have ribbed bottom (2) with vents (5) protected by vertical tubes preventing mixing between plates and enabling air circulation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbial Strain: The microbial strain is Bacillus subtilis. Preferred Method: The method further involves adding alcohol to the mixture and fermenting mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The liquid manure is applied by spraying 2-6 times on rice plant at a dose of 450-1500 l/1500 m2 area (claimed).    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of modified crop stalks comprises (i) crushing crop straw, adding 2-3 wt.% ammonium molybdate, 1-2 wt.% manganese sulfate, 1-2 wt.% nano-carbon, 30-40 wt.% clay, 2-3 wt.% turpentine and 1-2 times of water, mixing, beating, sun drying for 7-8 minutes, and crushing into crude granules; and (ii) adding 10-15 wt.% methyl methacrylate into the coarse granules, stirring, drying at 50-60 degrees C, and crushing into a powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): The recombinant yeast is obtained by performing steps as above-mentioned. Preferred Gene: The gene encoding XDH and XK are derived from Pichia stipitis. The XR comprises amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The gene encoding XR comprises base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or 3. The XDH comprises amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or 8. The gene encoding XDH comprises base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, or 9. The XK comprises amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. The gene encoding XK comprises base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. Sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The meat flesh powder category of 2 or 3 is mixed with water in weight ratio of 1:5. Preferred Conditions: The mixture of meat flesh powder category of 2 or 3 and water is kept for 24 hours. The fertilizer has pH 6.3. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The fertilizer is sprayed with dosage of 250 liters per hectare (Claimed).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Biomass is dried until moisture content is 5% or less, stored, and water (5) is added until moisture content is 10-40%. Biomass is sludge. Preferred Component: The apparatus further includes dry raw material storage tank (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid-based catalyst comprises polystyrene sulfonates or polystyrene phosphonates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent further comprises one of a hydrophilic glyme, a hydrophobic glyme and polyglycols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenylpropanoid substrate comprises first six-carbon ring, additional cyclic structure, and benzene compound of formula (I).R1=position where phenylpropanoid substrate is ortho-hydroxylated;R2=divalent organic linking group comprising 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl, preferably linear 0-20C hydrocarbyl comprising at least one unsaturated bond;R3=H, or nonring substituent chosen from substituent A;substituent A=halo, nitrile, hydroxy, alkoxy (OR), nitrate, nitrite, sulfate (OSO3R), amino (NR2), nitro, sulfonate (SO2OR), or 1-10C organic group;R=H or organic group;andor R2+R3=5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl.(i) One or more hydrogen-bearing carbon atoms in primary six-carbon ring is substituted by substituent A; and (ii) One or more hydrogen-bearing carbon atoms in 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl is substituted by substituent A. The phenylpropanoid substrate comprises coumarin structure, preferably umbelliferone, stilbene structure, preferably resveratrol, or flavonoid structure, preferably flavone. The microbe is Escherichia coli. The HpaBC activity is endogenous to the microbial cell. The microbe is genetically engineered cell having more HpaBC activity than control microbe. The culturing step further involves adding the phenylpropanoid substrate produced by the above-mentioned microbe. Preferred Microorganism: The genetically engineered microbe comprises exogenous coding regions encoding HpaB and HpaC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises sulfonating the alkylbenzene product to form a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate product, recycling hydrogen stream, which results from dehydrogenating the paraffins, to the deoxygenating step, separating a second portion of paraffins from the stream comprising paraffins, isomerizing the second portion of paraffins to form isoparaffins, selectively hydrogenating di-olefins, which are generated by dehydrogenating the paraffins, to form additional mono-olefins, and removing aromatics, which are generated by dehydrogenating the paraffins, from the mono-olefins before alkylating step. The deoxygenating step is carried out using: a catalyst comprising a first component consisting of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and/or phosphorus and a second component consisting of aluminas, silica, titania and/or zirconia; or a catalyst comprising a first component consisting of nickel-molybdenum, nickel-molybdenum-phosphorus, nickel-cobalt-molybdenum, and cobalt-molybdenum and a second component consisting of aluminas, silica, titania and/or zirconia. Preferred Components: The alkylbenzene product further includes an 8-15C, preferably 9-14C alkyl group. The stream comprising paraffins has at least 10 mass% or at least 60 mass% of modern carbon. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the compound (I) involves: reacting the monosaccharide propargyl glycosides of formula (II), sodium azide, and aldehyde of formula RCHO in presence of copper catalyst via alkynyl-azide cycloaddition reaction to obtain triazole-based conjugated intermediate of formula (III); reacting compound (II) with chlorinating agent to obtain chlorinated intermediate of formula (IV); reacting the intermediate (IV) with sodium azide to obtain azide intermediate formula (V); and coupling compound (V) with monosaccharide glycosides (II) to obtain compound (I). ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Virucide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The sewage sludge is used after being subjected to sterilization and fermentation processes. The residue is a mixture of bacteria and edible fungus or mushroom. The pig-chicken manure is a fermented pig-chicken manure. The starch waste is a waste generated during production of cornstarch after fermentation. The starch waste is monosodium glutamate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: Microbial functional bacteria liquid contains heavy metal inhibiting microbial functional inoculum and soil-improving microbial functional inoculum. Heavy metal inhibiting microbial functional inoculum is composite bacteria resistant to contaminated soil heavy metal, and soil-improving microbial functional inoculum is composite microbial fertilizer inoculum. Preferred Processes: Composite heavy metal contaminated soil remediation involves adding improving agent to composite heavy metal contaminated soil and evenly spraying with microbial inoculum formed using microbial functional bacteria liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Composite heavy metal contaminated soil improving agent comprises 14.925-25 wt.% plant ash, 10-20 wt.% calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, 15-24.6 wt.% quicklime, 1-4 wt.% zeolite, 0.075-0.4 wt.% hydroxyapatite, and 26-59 wt.% organic fertilizer. Calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer has phosphorus pentoxide content of greater than or equal to 12 mass%, moisture content of less than or equal to 0.5%, and fineness through 0.25 mm test sieve of greater than or equal to 80%. Quicklime has calcium oxide content of greater than or equal to 80%. Organic fertilizer has organic matter content of greater than or equal to 40%, phosphorus, nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium hydroxide total nutrient content of greater than or equal to 5 mass%, water content of less than or equal to 30 mass%, and pH of 5.5-8.5. Amount of improving agent added to composite heavy metal contaminated soil is 40-200 kg/mu. Preferred Conditions: Soil improvement time is 7-14 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method uses long-chain fatty acid triglyceride. The solution of catalyst KOH in methanol is preheated at 42-48 degrees C. The solution comprises 1000 g flowering plum seed oil, 8-12 g KOH Catalyst and 180-250 g methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The step (a) involves crushing straws, preferably wheat straws of 2-6 mm, drying the crushed straws in oven at 100-120 degrees C, and cooling the straws in desiccator. The step (c) involves adding 3 %mass sodium hydroxide solution to the fermented material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Product: The bioorganic fertilizer comprises 28 pts. wt. human or animal excrement, 20 pts. wt. crop straw, 14 pts. wt. bran, 8 pts. wt. sawdust, 12 pts. wt. plant stem, 2 pts. wt. chitin, 3 pts. wt. enzyme, and 3 pts. wt. fermentation agent. Preferred Agent: The fermentation agent includes bacteria, fungus, yeast, and actinomycetes. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The bioorganic fertilizer comprises 16 wt.% filter mud obtained from sugar refinery, 64 wt.% bagasse, and 20 wt.% alcohol concentrate (60 degrees Brix). Preferred Method: The step (c) involves fermenting the mixture using 10-15% Bifidobacterium, 7-11% lactic acid bacterium, 10-16% Bacillus, 40-50% yeast, 13-21% actinomycetes or 1-9% acetic acid bacteria. The step (d) involves fermenting for 15-25 days, piling up the fermented product (height of 100 cm and width of 200 cm) and turning the pile once or twice a day. The step (f) involves adding organic materials, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the fermented product and turning the fermented product for 3-5 times. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The nitrogen source is ammonium bicarbonate. The phosphorus source is calcium superphosphate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer is prepared by (a) mixing leftovers during MSG production, ditch mud, nitro humic acid, potassium bisulfate, vermiculite, calcium superphosphate, magnesium oxide, and ferrous sulfate, adding suitable amount of warm water to the mixture, adding soil conditioner to the mixture, stirring the mixture uniformly, concentrating the mixture, and drying the concentrate, (b) mixing remaining components except urea, controlling moisture content of the mixture to 40-45%, stirring the mixture uniformly, sealing, fermenting the mixture at normal temperature and anaerobic conditions for 20-28 days, turning once in every 3-4 days, drying the fermented product, and crushing the dried product, and (c) melting urea, mixing with the products obtained in steps (a) and (b), cooling the mixture to room temperature, and drying the cooled mixture. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant growth stimulant; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic biofertilizer comprises 15 pts. wt. rare earth elements, 8 pts. wt. or 20 pts. wt. humic acid, 15 pts. wt. peat, 9 pts. wt. starch, 45 pts. wt. livestock and poultry excrement, 8 pts. wt. sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 11 pts. wt. sodium polyphosphate, 3 pts. wt. chitin, 4 pts. wt. polypeptides, 5 pts. wt. metal pyrophosphate, 6 pts. wt. potassium pyrophosphate, 7 pts. wt. aluminum phosphate, 4 pts. wt. calcium hydrophosphate, 12 pts. wt. plant protein, 10 pts. wt. plant activating enzymes, 6 pts. wt. Trichoderma, 5 pts. wt. B.subtilis and 5 pts. wt. B.licheniformis. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Product: The special compound fertilizer comprises 5 pts. wt. tung oil, 5 pts. wt. human urine, 15 pts. wt. plant ash, 15 pts. wt. rapeseed cake, 25 pts. wt. pig manure, 5 pts. wt. sawdust, 5 pts. wt. rock phosphate powder, 20 pts. wt. urea, 4 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, and 1 pt. wt. humic acid. Preferred Method: The fermentation process is aerobic or anaerobic fermentation process. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises 13 pts. wt. corn straw, 18 pts. wt. bean straw, 6 pts. wt. indolebutyric acid, 28 pts. wt. potato stalk, 32 pts. wt. pigweed, 6 pts. wt. silicon fertilizer, 25 pts. wt. silicate, 6 pts. wt. potassium chloride, 6 pts. wt. monoammonium phosphate, 6 pts. wt. talc, 4 pts. wt. microorganism, 20 pts. wt. livestock and poultry excrement, 15 pts. wt. urea, 6 pts. wt. ammonium hydrogen carbonate and 8 pts. wt. zinc sulfate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The complex microbial fertilizer comprises 10 pts. wt. mica, 6 pts. wt. rock phosphate powder, 15 pts. wt. kaolin, 10 pts. wt. potassium, 30 pts. wt. grass charcoal, 12 pts. wt. quartz, 17 pts. wt. calcium superphosphate, 4 pts. wt. potassium hydroxide, 3 pts. wt. Aeromonas powder, 2 pts. wt. Candida powder, 4 pts. wt. Rhodococcus powder, 3 pts. wt. steamed mushroom powder, 2 pts. wt. E.coli powder, 5 pts. wt. B.subtilis powder, 17 pts. wt. chicken manure and 12 pts. wt. sodium alginate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide; Plant Protectant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The urea-formaldehyde fertilizer comprises 1-3 pts. wt. modified starch, 10-13 pts. wt. urea, 17-20 pts. wt. formaldehyde and 2-4 pts. wt. sulfuric acid. The organic compound fertilizer comprises 12-15 pts. wt. dairy manure, 3-5 pts. wt. donkey-hide gelatin powder, 3-5 pts. wt. bamboo, 1-3 pts. wt. straw and 1-2 pts. wt. yeast. The composite probiotics include yeast, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. The stabilizer is lead-salt composite stabilizer. The adsorbent is calcium carbonate mineral powder or calcium chloride mineral powder. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The organic composition comprises 25 pts. wt. dry leaves, 25 pts. wt. pig manure, 12 pts. wt. calcium magnesium phosphate, 17 pts. wt. extract of castor leaves, 6 pts. wt. ammonium sulfate, 6 pts. wt. molasses, 12 pts. wt. B.subtilis, 17 pts. wt. R.oryzae, 6 pts. wt. castor bean, 10 pts. wt. semen armeniacae amarum, 8 pts. wt. garlic, 10 pts. wt. bone powder, 6 pts. wt. plant ash, 8 pts. wt. peat and 4 pts. wt. chinaberry seed. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further includes heating gasification medium at 150-800 degrees C. Gasifying coke is carried out in gasification medium at 800-1000 degrees C under 0.1-10 MPa pressure for 1-30 minutes. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of coke and gasification medium is 1:0.1-2. The gasification medium contains water vapor and oxygen at mole ratio of 1:0.1-2. Preferred Components: The hot carrier having size of 0.03-10 mm, is quartz sand, alumina, spent catalyst and/or ceramic ball. The biomass having size of 0.05-5 mm, is crop straw, agricultural waste, forestry waste, organic waste, and/or aquatic plant waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The soluble lithium source compound comprises lithium nitrate, lithium hydroxide, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium acetate and/or lithium hydrogen phosphate. The soluble iron source compound comprises ferrous sulfate, ferrous phosphate and/or ferrous chloride. The soluble phosphorus source compound comprises phosphoric acid, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and/or ammonium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Triethanolamine and ammonia, methane and ammonia, and acetylene, propyne and/or ammonia are used during carbonitriding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: Mixed liquid contains 10-15 pts. wt. photosynthetic bacteria, 5-12 pts. wt. Bacillus bacteria, 20-30 pts. wt. lactic acid bacteria, 15-25 pts. wt. yeast, 5-12 pts. wt. nitrobacteria, and 5-12 pts. wt. Actinomycete. Photosynthetic bacteria is green sulfur bacteria. Bacillus bacteria is Bacillus subtilis spore-forming bacterium. Lactic acid bacteria is Bifidobacterium. Yeast is analog category. Actinomycete is swimming Actinomycete.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The extracting step comprises: adding 8-12 vol.% of ethanol having a concentration of 50-70%, preferably 60% to the extract of Sphaerophysa salsula; extracting the mixture for 1-3 times, preferably 2 times each time for 1-2 hours, preferably 1.5 hours; and recovering ethanol from the extract and then decompression concentrating and drying. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The facial cleanser is prepared by selecting clean Xihua red clay block, crushing into fine powder, and sieving through 400, 350, or 300 meshes screen; sterilizing at 98.066 kPa and at 121 degrees C, 126 degrees C, or 124 degrees C for 20, 15, or 25 minutes and drying; weighing, adding deionized water, stirring, heating to 90 degrees C, 77 degrees C, or 65 degrees C, adding glycerol and lauramidopropyl betaine, stirring, cooling to 56 degrees C, 50 degrees C, or 44 degrees C, adding surfactant and additive, stirring, and homogenizing. ACTIVITY - Dermatological.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In step (iii), the volume ratio of tetrabutyltitanate ethanol mixed solution and ethanol nitric acid mixed aqueous solution is 2:1-2.5:1. In step (v), the content of alumina in pseudoboehmite is 74 wt.%. In step (viii), the content of nickel oxide in nickel nitrate solution is 5-55 wt.%. In step (viii), the adding amount of metal in the nitrate solution is 1-25 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The mixed fertilizer comprises either 58 pts. urea, 10 pts. superphosphate, 10 pts. potassium sulfate, 0.5 pts. trace elements, 8 pts. humic acid, 2 pts. amino acids, 1.5 pts. biological bacteria and 10 pts. skimmed oil tea seed cake; or 50 pts. urea, 16 pts. superphosphate, 18 pts. potassium sulfate, 1.5 pts. trace elements, 2 pts. humic acid, 8 pts. amino acids, 0.5 pts. biological bacteria and 4 pts. skimmed oil tea seed cake; or 54 pts. urea, 13 pts. superphosphate, 14 pts. potassium sulfate, 1 pts. trace elements, 5 pts. humic acid, 5 pts. amino acids, 1 pts. biological bacteria and 7 pts. skimmed oil tea seed cake. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: During pressure swing adsorption regeneration process, the intermediate gas includes hydrogen, a mixed gas of methane and nitrogen, ethylene-rich dry gas including carbon, and mixed gas of hydrogen and methane. In the second-stage pressure swing adsorption regeneration process, adsorbed gas includes mixed gas of methane and nitrogen. In the cold oil absorption process, the fuel comprises methane and nitrogen gas as non-condensable gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Catalyst comprises component A and component B, where the component A is selected from simple metal substance or ruthenium activated carbon supported nickel and component B is selected from copper hydroxyphosphate, copper sulfate hydroxide or monoclinic cupric hydroxy sulfate. Reaction atmosphere is hydrogen atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Cellulose is selected from microcrystalline cellulose and natural cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The recrystallization solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, toluene or benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight to volume ratio of sodium pyruvate and water is 1:2.1. The volume to volume ratio of aqueous solution of sodium pyruvate and ethanol is 1:(4-12). Preferred Method: The dropping speed of aqueous solution of sodium pyruvate is 2-5 drops/second. The vacuum drying temperature is 50-80 degrees C. The method is operated under grade D clean environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first macroporous adsorption resin chromatography medium is polyamide resin, and the second macroporous adsorption resin chromatography medium is polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin or polyacrylic ester resin, and the volume ratio of the first and second macroporous adsorption resin chromatography medium is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide. The molar ratio of 2,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoic acid (I) and 2-amino-thiazole-4-methyl carboxylate (II) is 1:1-2, preferably 1:1.1-1.5. The molar ratio of 2,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoic acid and condensing agent is 1:1-3, preferably 1:1-1.5. The condensing agent is chosen from onium salts, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, 2-succinimido-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, preferably 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate. The organic base is chosen from diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine and pyridine, preferably diisopropylethylamine. The molar ratio of 2,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoic acid (I) and (2-aminoethyl)bis(propan-2-yl)amine (IV) is 1:1-5, preferably 1:2-4. Preferred Conditions: The condensation reaction is carried out at 55-105 degrees C, preferably 70-90 degrees C for 6-24 hours. The amination reaction is carried out at 120-150 degrees C, preferably 130-140 degrees C for 4-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The liquid surface sensor comprises a sensing probe connected to a signal line. The illumination sensor comprises a light sensitive probe and a control terminal that are connected by the signal line, where the sensing probe and light sensitive probe are inserted into a reservoir to measure a liquid level and intensity of illumination of the reservoir. The pH sensor includes a pH sensing probe that is connected to signal line. The pH sensing probe extends into the liquid storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The fertilizer comprises 22 pts. wt. urea, 6 pts. wt. diammonium phosphate, 30 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 20 pts. wt. crop stalks, 8 pts. wt. fermented rapeseed meal, 2 pts. wt. soybean meal, 8 pts. wt. sesame meal, 2 pts. wt. humic acid, 0. 5 pts. wt. Bacteria, and 1.5 pts. wt. trace element; or 12 pts. wt. urea, 16 pts. wt. diammonium phosphate, 40 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 10 pts. wt. crop stalks, 2 pts. wt. fermented rapeseed meal, 8 pts. wt. soybean meal, 2 pts. wt. sesame meal, 8 pts. wt. humic acid, 1.5 pts. wt. Bacteria, and 0.5 pts. wt. trace element; or 17 pts. wt. urea, 11 pts. wt. diammonium phosphate, 35 pts. wt. potassium sulfate, 15 pts. wt. crop stalk, 5 pts. wt. fermented rapeseed meal, 5 pts. wt. soybean meal, 5 pts. wt. sesame meal, 5 pts. wt. humic acid, 1 pts. wt. Bacteria, and 1 pts. wt. trace element. The crop stalk is tobacco stem. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The nutrition soil comprises 40 pts. wt. canal mud, 25 pts. wt. cattle manure, 25 pts. wt. plant ash, 8 pts. wt. sodium alginate, 4 pts. wt. rapeseed cake, 5 pts. wt. eggshell powder, 2 pts. wt. microbial fertilizer, 4 pts. wt. nutrition liquid, and 2 pts. wt. starch grafted acrylate. Preferred Components: The microbial fertilizer comprises Actinomyces fertilizer or Agrobacterium fertilizer. The nutrition liquid comprises 5-9 pts. wt. monopotassium phosphate, 4-6 pts. wt. urea, 3-7 pts. wt. protein powder, and 50-80 pts. wt. water. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Chlorocresol green synthesis involves mixing m-cresol and tetrachlorethylene in a molar ratio of 1:-0.5-1:1 in a tubular reactor and then mixing with sulfuryl chloride at a rate of 85 mol per second at 25-35 degrees C. The obtained product is conveyed to another tubular reactor and mixed with thionyl chloride at a rate of 0.1 mol per second at 15-25 degrees C uniformly. The obtained product is conveyed to another tubular reactor and mixed with thionyl chloride at a rate of 0.05 mol per second at 5-15 degrees C uniformly to obtain reaction mixture. The obtained product is processed in a receiving tank in presence of nitrogen gas to obtain reaction solution, which is purified to obtain desired product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hair keratin protein and acid in weight ratio of 1:1.4 are added into reactor, temperature is increased to 100-115 degrees C under normal pressure, hydrolyzed for 5-7 hours, obtained hydrolyzate is added to neutralizing tank, temperature in the neutralizing tank is maintained at less than 45 degrees C, stirred, alkali material liquid is added to neutralize to pH value of 4.8-5, stirring process is stopped, maintained for 60-80 hours, filtered and filter residue is removed, to obtain filtered liquid. Obtained filtered liquid is subjected to chelating reaction using amino acid analyzer to obtain filter liquid having amino acid content, average molecular weight is calculated, metal chelating agent is added, such that molar ratio of metal element in the metal chelating agent and amino acid is 1:1-2, processed in enamel reactor, pH is regulated using sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide to 5-7, steam-heated, at same time, stirred, reacted at 60-80 degrees C for 2-4 hours and evaporated to obtain dry substance. Obtained substance is spray-dried centrifugally spray-drying tower, temperature is controlled at 200-300 degrees C, air outlet temperature is maintained at 95-105 degrees C, dried till water content of chelate product is less than 5%, obtained amino acid chelate powder is packed and stored.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid is hydrochloric acid having mass concentration of 30-32%. The alkali is liquid sodium hydroxide having mass concentration of 32-42% or aqueous ammonia having mass concentration of 17-20%. The metal chelating agent is sulfate and/or chloride of metal chosen from copper, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The macroporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene microsphere resin is HZ PS series macroporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene microsphere resin. In the step (iii), the flow rate of sample solution is 1 column volume/hour. In the step (iv): the flow rate of deionized water is 2 column volumes/hour; and the nano-filtration membrane is GE and DK-series nano-filter membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of cetirizine hydrochloride and potassium iodide is 18-25:1 preferably 20:1. The ratio of water and ethanol in the step (a) is 3-5:1, preferably 3:1. The ratio of ethanol and dichloromethane in the step (c) is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The palladium-carbon contains 5-10 wt.% palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-imide dimethylaminopyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methyl source is 3-5 mol acetone or metaldehyde. The polar solvent water, methanol, ethanol or acetic acid. The acid is organic acid or inorganic acid. The organic acid is formic acid or acetic acid. The methylene source is 2-3 mol trioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Oxidant is preferably ozone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Bispregnenolone acetate is prepared by adding diosgenin into reaction bottle, adding acetic anhydride and glacial acetic acid, heat-stirring, carrying out ring-opening reaction, adding oxidant, reacting, adding adsorbent, heat-refluxing, distilling, extracting using organic solvent, water-washing until pH value of wash water is neutral, and recrystallizing residue with ethanol. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of diosgenin, acetic anhydride and glacial acetic acid is 1:5-15:1-4. Organic solvent includes ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or diethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Adsorbent includes activated carbon, macroporous resin and/or silicone glue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: A starch is further added to the pre-hydrolysis waste liquid, and the pre-hydrolysis waste liquid is hydrothermally treated using 2-5 pts. wt. water with respect to 1 pt. wt. (oven dry weight) wood chips.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fertilizer comprises: 20-24% of macro elements including nitrogen and phosphorus; 10-15% of potassium; 26000-27000 ppm of micro elements including cobalt, magnesium and iron; and a growth hormone including auxin and biopesticides. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Pesticide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base is made of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass having high moisture content is organic waste comprising sewage sludge, livestock excrement, and foodstuff residue. The low moisture having low moisture content is organic waste comprising chaff, coconut husk and timber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid salt is hydrochloride, sulfate, hydrobromide, hydrofluoride, hydroiodide, formate, acetate or phosphate. The inorganic alkali is potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and/or sodium acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: adding (I) into an organic solvent A at 40?oC, carrying out condensation reaction, finishing the reaction, filtering using a filter, and collecting filter cake; reacting (I) with a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-nitro-benzoic acid compound of formula (III) in the presence of an acylating agent, sulfonating agent, an organic alkali and an inorganic alkali under low alkaline conditions, and carrying out acylation or sulfonation reaction; and adding acylating agent, sulfonating agent, organic alkali and inorganic alkali into an organic solvent B at 40?oC, carrying out acylation or sulfonation reaction, finishing the reaction, filtering using a filter, and collecting filter cake. The catalytic hydrogenation reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst including palladium on carbon, Raney nickel and platinum carbon, and a solvent including water, alkyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferred Components: The organic solvent A is acetonitrile, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. The organic alkali includes trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, dimethylaminopyridine, pyridine, piperidine and/or morpholine. The organic solvent B is tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide and/or methyl tertiary butyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: Compound Fertilizer composition comprises (in pts.wt.): tung oil (3), human urine (3), urea (20), diammonium phosphate (15), potassium sulfate (0), soybean cake (10), peanut cake (16), livestock manure (14), wheat straw (10), Coriaria sinica (3), plant ash (4) and humic acid (2). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The Bacillus is chosen from B.subtilis, B.racemilacticus, B.licheniformis, B.amyloliquefaciens, B.cereus, and B.pumilus. The Pseudomonas is P.putida. The Streptomyces is S.griseoviridis or S.griseocarnium. The bacterial mixture comprises B.subtilis, B.racemilacticus, B.licheniformis, B.amyloliquefaciens, B.cereus, B.pumilus, P.putida, S.griseoviridis and S.griseocarnium. Preferred Composition: The fertilizer composition further comprises drying agent. The composition has NPK rating of 3-4-0. The fertilizer composition further comprises dispersing agent. The concentration of bacterial mixture is 0.001-10 weight/weight%. The total weight ratio of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces is 2:1. Preferred Components: The carrier system is dried powder, granulate or porous media. The dried powder, granulate or porous media has particle size of 100-1000 microns. The carrier system is an inert solid. The inert solid is filler. The inert solid is organic or soluble. The organic inert solid is rice bran, soy bran, soy meal, soy flour, wheat bran, bone meal, fish meal, or guano. The soluble inert carrier is urea, dextrose, diammonium phosphate, or monoammonium phosphate. The drying agent is diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, zeolite or bentonite. The dispersing agent is calcium lignosulfonate. The carrier has specific gravity of 0.3-1.5 g/cm3. Preferred Method: The method involves adding 0.1-5 wt.% drying agent to carrier. The method (M2) further involves mixing the bacterial composition with at least one additional fertilizer ingredient prior to contacting the crops. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given. No biological data given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The disaccharide is trehalose and/or cellobiose. Preferred Method: The method involves degrading disaccharide present in the organism by subjecting to enzymatic degradation to obtain the product, where the degradation is performed by trehalase, if the disaccharide is trehalose, and the degradation is performed by beta -glucosidase, if the disaccharide is cellobiose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The internal olefin sulfonate has a nominal carbon chain length of 24-28. The concentration of the internal olefin sulfonate in the aqueous composition is 0.01-1.5 wt.%. The crude oil hydrocarbons comprise a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules with a median carbon number of the mixture of hydrocarbon molecules of at least 22. The carrier fluid comprises at least one of steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Biomolecule: The gene encoding beta -glucosidase includes one or more codon modification chosen from modifications to cuc of leucine corresponding codon, modifications to guc of valine corresponding codon, modifications to aag lysine corresponding codon, modifications to auc of isoleucine corresponding codon, modifications to agc of serine corresponding codon, modifications to cgc of arginine corresponding codon, modifications to acc of threonine corresponding codon, modifications to ccc of proline corresponding codon, modifications to gcc of alanine corresponding codon, modifications to uac of tyrosine corresponding codon, modifications to cac of histidine corresponding codon, modifications to cag glutamine corresponding codon, modifications to gac of aspartic acid corresponding codon, modifications to gag of glutamic acid corresponding codon, modifications to uuc of phenylalanine corresponding codon, modifications to aac of asparagine corresponding codon, modifications to the ugc of cysteine corresponding codon and modifications to ggc of glycine corresponding codon. The beta -glucosidase derived from P.furiosus, comprises (i) amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acid residues are substituted, deleted, and/or inserted in SEQ ID NO: 2, or (iii) polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence exhibiting 90% or more sequence identity with respect to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The gene comprises base pair sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The beta -glucosidase is stored in cell. Preferred Method: The method involves hydrolyzing cellulose containing biomass at 50 degrees C for 30 minutes. Sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reaction vessel has output conduits (31) for the removal of the hydrocarbon composition in a continuous process, and at least one reaction input conduit for placing the carbon source and water into the reaction vessel as the carbon source and water are consumed in the reaction, and further comprises at least one input conduit for the carbon source, water and flue gases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is magnetite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, and is held as a packed or fluidized bed. The catalyst is held in suspension in the reaction vessel by the movement of the reaction mixture. The microwave energy source is powered by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant and is powered by one of more non-carbon sources. The non-carbon source is wind energy, solar energy and hydrodynamic or geothermal energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) involves carrying out hydrothermal treatment of the cellulose-containing biomass at 180-250 degrees C for 1-100 minutes with 4-97 times water of pH 5.8-8.6 and fluidizing treated cellulose-containing biomass having diameter of 1-30 mm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Preferred Method: The method further comprises dissolving the mixture of coal and the hydrophobic bio-liquid or oil in a solvent, heating the mixture, and adding 0.1-100 wt.% of surfactant to the bio-liquid or oil before the mixing step. The drying step is carried out at 50-350 degrees C. The hybrid fuel is formed at an ambient pressure of 10 MPa. Preferred Components: The coal comprises peat, lignite, bituminous coal, or anthracite coal. The particle size of the coal is 0-100 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coal comprises 0-100 wt.% of hydrophobic bio-liquid and 0-100 wt.% of oil. The hydrophobic liquid is plant oil e.g. palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, jatropha oil, corn oil, coconut oil, sunflower seed oil and canola oil, or animal oils e.g. beef tallow and fish oil. The oil comprises heavy crude oil or its residue including naphtha, kerosene, light oil, and heavy oil. The solvent comprises quinoline, benzene, toluene, xylene, methylnaphthalene, pyridine, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, diethylenetriamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine, diethylether, amine, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, pure water, salty water, N-methylpyrolidone, dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, dimethylacetamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide. The surfactant comprises linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, alpha -olefin sulfonate, alcohol ethoxysulfates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, lecithin, xanthan gum, emulsifying wax, beeswax, borax, olive oil wax, or alkyl polyglucoside. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The tanks contain cereal straw, wheat type, barley, maize and straw bundles cereals, which are impregnated with bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp., Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Nitrosococcus, Azobacter, Azotomonas and Rhizobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acetal esters are derived from fatty acid carbon of unsaturated chain such as fatty acids from soybean, in presence of oleic and linoleic fat chain or cyclic ether group. The acetal diesters are derived from orthophthalic anhydride derived from the glycerin reaction, butyraldehyde or isobutyraldehyde or ethylhexyl aldehyde, or adipic acid derived from the glycerin reaction, butyraldehyde or isobutyraldehyde or ethylhexyl aldehyde with adipic acid, or succinic acid. The hybrid diesters are derived from maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The anaerobic succinic acid-producing microorganism is an anaerobic succinic acid-producing bacteria selected from Actinobacillus succinogenes, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Corynebacterium glutamicum or recombinant Escherichia coli, (preferably Actinobacillus succinogenes).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon dioxide (CO2)-containing fuel gas is selected from biogas, syngas or coal gas (preferably biogas).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves recovering and/or purifying succinic acid from the effluent containing succinic acid. The bioreactor comprises a gas injection system comprising hollow fibers. The bioreactor is a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). The pressure in the bioreactor is at least 1.1 bar (preferably as least 3 bar, especially greater than or equal to 8 bar). Preferred Components: The carbon based substrate is a carbohydrate substrate. The carbohydrate substrate comprises at least one glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, maltose, fructose, sucrose, cellobiose, lactose, mannitol, arabitol, sorbitol, mannose, ribose, glycerol, pectin, beta-glucoside, gluconate, idonate, ascorbate, glucarate, galactarate and/or 5-keto-glucanate (preferably glycerol). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: In the host cell, the recombinant enzyme having beta-xylosidase activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% or 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. The recombinant enzyme having beta-xylosidase activity comprises SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4. Sequences not defined here may be defined at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. The host cell is Myceliophthora thermophila. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises other cellulolytic enzymes derived from the host cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Removal of contaminant objects includes passing the initial material through a sorting unit including an optical identification system and identified contaminant object removal mechanism. Passing the material through the sorting unit is performed prior to or subsequent to mechanical defibration. Contaminant objects larger than 80 mm are removed by passing the initial material through a water vortex system so that objects having higher specific gravity than water will sink through the water vortex and are removed from the system and objects having lower specific gravity than water will pass across the top of water vortex and are removed from the water vortex system. Contaminant objects smaller than 20 mm are removed by passing air over and/or through the initial material to remove lightweight objects. Mineral contaminants are removed by washing the initial material with water. Defibrating includes applying pressure to remaining material, rotating the remaining material to apply shear force to the material, or reducing the size of material so that it is able to pass through 10-40 mm spacing. Defibrating may be performed using a feed screw to press the material against a surface. The process further includes separating the growing medium into small and large particle growing media.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The growing medium has pH of 5-8 and electrical conductivity of 100-600 ~mS/cm when determined using medium:water ratio of 6:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The saliva is obtained from ruminants, and the organic saliva-derived active auxiliary is obtained from saliva of the ruminants, where the ruminant is chosen from cow, donkey, camel, sheep and goat. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The condensation of 5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pentan-1-one of formula (II) is carried out using solvent chosen from alcohol, ketone, nitrile, and/or hydrocarbon. The treatment of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pentan-1-imine of formula (III) is carried out in presence of base chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, triethylamine and/or diisopropylethylamine, and solvent chosen from dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and/or hexamethylphosphoramide. The extraction of (E)-(2-aminoethoxy)((5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pentylidene))amine of formula (IV) is performed using solvent chosen from toluene and/or xylene. During preparation of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pentan-1-imine of formula (III), the solvent is chosen from alcohol, ketone, nitrile, and/or hydrocarbon, preferably methanol. Preferred Process: The isolation of 5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pentan-1-one of formula (II) from mixture of (IE)+(IZ) of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pentan-1-imine of formula (III), is performed at 65-75 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Antidepressant; Tranquilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. No biological data given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Indole derivative (I) is prepared by reacting ~a, ~b-unsaturated imide compound of formula (II) and indole derivatives of formula (III) in organic solvent in presence of catalyst and molecular sieves at -78?oC to 60?oC for 3-5 hours, where the catalyst is binaphthol-derived phosphoric acid catalyst. The obtained product is collected to obtain indole derivative (I). The molar ratio of ~a, ~b-unsaturated imide compound (II) and indole derivatives (III) and catalyst is 1:2-5:0.05-0.2. The molar ratio of ~a, ~b -unsaturated imide compound (II) and molecular sieve 1mmol:5-30 mg.X=t-butyl sulfonyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl group. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Indole derivatives (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 3-(4,4-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-yl)-1H-indole, 3-(4,4-bis(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-yl)-5-bromo-1H-indole, 3-(4,4-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-methylbutan-2-yl)-1H-indole, 3-(4,4-bis(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-methylbutan-2-yl)-5-bromo-1H-indole and 3-(3,3-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-phenylpropyl)-1H-indole of formula (XXI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The neutralization reaction is carried out for at 56-65 degrees C for 15-20 minutes. The stirring step is carried out at 45-36 degrees C under a stirring speed of 90-100 revolutions per minute. The polymerization step is carried out for 25 minutes. Preferred Components: The high molecule water-absorbing resin fertilizer has pH value of 6.3 or 6.6, nitrogen content of greater than or equal to 25%, water absorption ratio of 600 g/g, specific gravity of 1.051 g/cm3 at 20 degrees C, boiling point of 141.3 degrees C and flash point of 54.5 degrees C. The crosslinking agent and initiator are present in amount of 13 g and 8 g, respectively. The crop straw powder is present in amount of 4000 g. The aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is present in an amount of 32.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Acrylic resin has specific gravity of 1.051 g/cm3 at 20 degrees C, boiling point of 141.3 degrees C and flash point of 54.5 degrees C. The super absorbent polymer fertilizer has pH of 6.5, absorbency of 300 g/g, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content of more than 6%, and organic content of more than 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The medicinal fertilizer comprises 10%, 12% or 8% photosynthetic bacteria, 6%, 7% or 5% spore forming Bacillus, 4%, 5% or 3% yeast, 6%, 8% or 4% humic acid, 20% or 22% nitrogen, phosphate and potassium (NPK) fertilizer, 2%, 1% or 3% molybdenum fertilizer and/or boron, 1%, 0.8% or 0.5% abamectin, 1%, 1.3% or 1.5% tuzet, 5.3%, 5.5% or 5.1% release agent and water (remainder), where the content of nitrogen is 10%, 15% or 18%.Preferred Components: The active microorganism comprises 8-12% photosynthetic bacteria, 5-7% spore forming Bacillus and 3-5% yeast. The fertilizer comprises 4-8 wt.% humic acid, and 20.9-23 wt.% nitrogen, phosphate and potassium (NPK) fertilizer, where the content of nitrogen is 10-20 wt.%. The fertilizer further comprises 1-3 wt.% molybdenum fertilizer and/or boron. The pesticide is obtained from comprises plant extract. The pesticide comprises 0.5-1% abamectin and 1-1.5% special medlar pesticide. The special medlar pesticide comprises at least one of tuzet (sic), inorganic copper fungicide, methyl-1H-2-benzimidazole carbamate and O,O-dimethyl-O-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)phosphate. The release agent includes organic release agent containing N-acyl sarcosine, N-acyl glutamate, N-acyl glutamic acid ester and N-alkyl- beta -alkyl aspartic acid ester. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - The medicinal fertilizer is applied by foliar spraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst is aluminum trichloride, ferric trichloride or zinc dichloride. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and/or potassium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is chosen from trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and dichloroethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The raw materials used for the fermentation should have low oil content, toxicity and bactericidal effect. The fermentation tank is maintained without any leaks, and has 6 m3 area and 60% water. Preferred Method: The fermentation is performed by adding 500 pounds water and 1500 pounds manure. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The hot washing temperature is controlled at 130-160 degrees C, and the reaction time is 10-30 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hot washing process includes adding solution with water, diluted acid solution, dilute alkali solution or dilute ethanol solution. The dilute acid solution comprises sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid or carbonic acid. The dilute alkali solution comprises sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. Preferred Method: The hot washing process includes adding an additive having final concentration of 0.5-1.5%, and the solid weight in the volume of the solution is 5-20 times.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hot washing and pressure filtration processes are carried out in an integrated separate device comprising a screw filter pole, and a filter machine set in the reactor, where the filter machines is maintained with pressure and temperature conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The smooth Candida 2A00015 strain is mutagenesis mutant. The mutant strain is smooth Candida 2A00015/25 (Candida parapsilosis) microorganism strain preserved under preservation number CCTCC M2013271.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device further comprises gas collection tube (13) and temperature controller (14).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The heat-resistant amylase is alpha -amylase which is derived from high temperature resistant Bacillus licheniformis. Preferred Composition: The microbial seed solution comprises one or more of Bacillus subtilis, B.licheniformis, B.megaterium, B.subtilis natto, B.coagulans and Lactobacillus plantarum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The heat-resistant amylase is added in an amount of 0.01-0.05 wt.% to the food waste. The glucoamylase, protease and cellulase are added in an amount of 0.01-0.1 wt.% to the food waste. The high temperature sterilization is performed at 115-130 degrees C for 20-30 minutes. The microbial seed solution is inoculated in an amount of 0.5-5% into the liquid contained in the fermenter. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The special fertilizer comprises 5 wt.% tung oil, 8 wt.% tung oil cake, 5 wt.% human excreta, 5 wt.% pig manure, 4 wt.% cow dung, 7 wt.% chicken manure, 9 wt.% corn stalk, 3 wt.% urea, 30.5 wt.% diammonium phosphate, 23 wt.% potassium chloride, and 0.5 wt.% humic acid. Preferred Component: The fertilizer is obtained by crushing the above-mentioned corn stalk to obtain product having mesh size of 10-100, preferably 20, mixing the crushed product with pig manure, cow dung, chicken manure and humic acid, and fermenting the obtained product in earthenware for 7-10 days, heating the fermented product under aerobic condition at 50-70 degrees C for 1-2 days, fermenting for 1.5-2 days, heating the fermented product under aerobic condition at 68-73 degrees C for 1.5 days, and fermenting at 50-68 degrees C for 1.5-2 days, where the earthenware is in shape of pi , the earthenware is divided into three layers, inner layer is made of bricks, outer layer is made of cement, middle layer is filled with gravels, bottom and/or sidewall of the earthenware have grooves and heating ventilation grooves, the earthenware has heating tube and heating pipe, the heating tube is placed in the groove, and heating pipe is connected to solar water heaters. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The bone slurry is eel bone slurry obtained by extracting eel bone marrow with protease. The mother liquor comprises aerobic bacteria, amino acids and water. The aerobic bacteria comprise Bacillus subtilis and Penicillium. The mother liquor comprises 1500-3500 mg/ml amino acids. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step (a), the anaerobic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 20-40 degrees C for 100-200 hours. In the step (b), the anaerobic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 20-40 degrees C for 50-120 hours. Preferred Components: The composite strain includes 5-7 wt.% of 0.5x 109 colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml Rhodopseudomonas palustris, 35-40 wt.% of 5x 109 cfu/ml Lactobacillus lactis, 40-45 wt.% of 5x 109 cfu/ml Streptococcus and 20-25 wt.% of 2.5x 109 cfu/ml beer yeast. The culture medium comprise 1-1.2 wt.% of molasses, 0.4-0.6 wt.% of peptone, 1-1.2 wt.% of yeast extract, 0.1-0.15 wt.% of calcium chloride, 0.2-0.25 wt.% of sodium chloride, 3-3.5 wt.% of ferric sulfate, 0.02-0.03 wt.% of magnesium sulfate, 1-1.2 wt.% of growth factor solution, 10-15 wt.% of soil extract, 5-7 wt.% of Bacillus fermentation waste liquid, and balance amount of water. The growth factor solution comprises 2-2.3 wt.% of vitamin H and 12-15 wt.% of vitamin B. The industrial culture medium comprises molasses, corn starch, bean cake powder, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The tube is made of an organic glass or PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The pH and the humidity of the fermenting materials are adjusted to 7-8 and 45-70% respectively before the fermentation process. The fermented materials are crushed to a grain diameter of 3-15 mm. The fermenting process is carried out at 55-80 degrees C. Preferred Components: The edible waste comprises Pleurotus ostreatus, rice straw or corn cob. The fermenting agent comprises yeast, Bacillus or filamentous fungus. The effective active bacteria count of the fermenting agent is greater than or equal to 0.50 million/g. The biologically active substances include 1-5 pts. wt. nicotinic acid, 3-5 pts. wt. p-aminobenzoic acid, 2-6 pts. wt. inositol, 2-6 pts. wt. serine, 1-2 pts. wt. vitamin B1, 1-2 pts. wt. of vitamin B2, and 80-90 pts. wt. glucose. The fertilizer comprises 29-30 pts. wt. edible waste, 20-22 pts. wt. livestock manure, 2-4 pts. wt. organic material fermenting agent, and 6-7 pts. wt. of biologically active substances. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The Lewis acid is boron trifluoride, ferric chloride, tin tetrachloride or titanium tetrachloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of beta -D-pentaacetylglucose and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol is 1:1.2. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, n-butanol or acetone. The solvent used in extraction process is isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and/or tetrahydrofuran. The organic solvent used in the recrystallization process is chosen from methanol, ethanol, acetone, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The waste raw material is heated at 120-300 degrees C, preferably at 230-250 degrees C. The waste raw material is dried to moisture content of 3-25 wt.%. The waste raw material is crushed to size of 20 mm or less, preferably 5 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The size of the peat is reduced to 1-50 mm. The dried peat has a moisture content of 13-25%. Preferred Method: The drying step is conducted as batch process or a continuous process in a fixed bed or a fluidized bed. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkanolamide is of formula (R-C(=O)-N(X)(Y1)), obtained by condensing fatty acid and alkanolamine. The alkanolamide includes cocamide diethanolamine and/or lauramide diethanolamine. The propellant includes at least one of liquefied petroleum gas, propane, n-butane, isobutane and dimethyl ether.RCO = fatty acid radical;X = -CH(R')-CH2OH;R' = H or alkyl; andY1 = H, alkyl, alkanol or X.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The composition is sprayed in slush condition i.e. snow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickener includes at least one of hydroxyethylcellulose, carbomer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl guar and xanthan gum. EXAMPLE - Hydroxyethylcellulose or carbomer was dissolved in purified water by heating. Cocamide diethanolamine, lauramide diethanolamine, sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine and polyglyceryl-10 laurate were mixed, stirred for 10 minutes, then cooled to 30 degrees C, and then spices was added to obtain aerosol concentrate. The obtained aerosol concentrate was introduced into an aluminum can, capped the valve, then the can was filled with gas and shaked to obtain detergent composition the form of spray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Photocatalyst particle contains co-catalyst. Photocatalyst particle is lanthanum titanium oxynitride (LaTiO2N), calcium niobium oxynitride (CaNbO2N), and/or particle of formula Ga1-xZnxN1-xOx. Semiconductor or good conductor and support body contain the same element. Support body is titanium, titanium alloy, or metal coated on titanium or titanium alloy surface.x=0-1.Preferred Parameters: Support body is porous body in punched metal form, mesh form, grid form, or penetrated pore form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves performing ozone treatment to remove odor. The method involves adding water to the garbage in a volume ratio of 1.5-2.5, stirring the obtained mixture for 8-15 minutes, and heating the obtained mixture at 20-30 degrees C. The method involves regulating solid content to 50-60%, adding straw to regulate carbon and nitrogen in a ratio of 25-30:1, and inoculating microbial inoculum in a mass ratio of 1-2:10. The method involves controlling temperature at 80-90 degrees C, stirring and sterilizing for 1-3 hours, and then fermenting for 5-7 hours at 50-60 degrees C. The method further involves adding organic matter chosen from livestock manure and straw. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa, white rot fungi, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride. The decomposing step is carried out at an air temperature of 25-30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic base is sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, and has a pH value of 8-14.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane or 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The molar ratio of 4-(chloromethyl)benzoyl chloride and 4-methyl-N3-(4-(3-pyridyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine is 1.01-2.5:1. Preferred Process: The dropping temperature of 4-(chloromethyl)benzoyl chloride is 0-15 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Binding agent is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or potassium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Sodium alkoxide is sodium methoxide and sodium ethoxide. Preferred Conditions: Condensation temperature is 10-40 degrees C, and condensation time is 15-36 hours. Cyclization temperature is 20-70 degrees C, and cyclization time is 2-6 hours. Amidation temperature is 90-140 degrees C, and amidation time is 12-25 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The sterilizing step is carried out with distilled water. Preferred Components: The aqueous lime is present in an amount of 0.5%. The sorghum powder is present in an amount of 45 pts. wt. The corn con powder is present in an amount of 8 pts. wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant wastes are vegetable wastes. The plant and animal waste are algal waste, animal plankton, plankton, plant, aquatic plants, agricultural plant wastes and/or vegetable forestry waste. The plant waste is blue-green algae, water hyacinth, straw, wheat straw and/or dry branches and/or leaves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The second waterproof sheet is vertically overlapped from up and down with 2 waterproof sheets. The upper sides of the 2 pieces of waterproof sheets are provided with waterproof sheet black lines. Preferred Method: The waste layer formation step comprises pre-mixing a fermentation material with the animal and plant wastes. The waste layer forming process comprises stacking the animal and plant wastes into a first thickness layer, adding a fermented auxiliary material on the upper layer of 6 stacked layers into secondary thickness, and sequentially adding the animal and plant wastes and fermentation material according to requirements, to form the waste layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: rotten farmyard organic fertilizer comprises corn straw, rice hull, tree bark, weed, soybean meal, bran, human and animal manure, and canal mud. Preferred Method: The organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing raw materials, sealing, and fermenting for 40-60 days. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The step (b) involves applying the above-mentioned manures in combination. The step (c) involves applying 7.5 kg organic fertilizer to the seedlings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The dried straw is crushed using 9FQ50-40 type crushing device. The materials are mixed using SL WJ-0.3 mixer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises mixing sodium carboxymethyl starch and microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate to obtain granules. The method comprises spray coating on 2-5 wt.% of the tablet core using a coating agent comprising Opadry (RTM: Polymer, plasticizer and pigment mixtures) and ethanol solution. Preferred Composition: The tablet composition comprises 50 pts. wt. topiramate, 200 pts. wt. microcrystalline cellulose, 100 pts. wt. starch, 20 pts. wt. sodium carboxymethyl starch, 3 pts. wt. magnesium stearate, 5 pts. wt. povidone K30, and 300 ml of 50% ethanol solution. The topiramate tablet core composition further comprises a coating layer, where the coating layer is obtained by mixing 6% of Opadry (RTM: Polymer, plasticizer and pigment mixtures) and 80% of ethanol solution. The coating weight of the tablet core is 2-5 wt.%. The weight ratio of microcrystalline cellulose and the sodium carboxymethyl starch is 2:3 and 5:7, respectively. The primary granule has a grain size of 200-250 meshes. The intermediate has a grain size of 150-200 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises: 20 parts of Senecio; 12 parts of cork; 12 parts of Sophora; 15 parts of mint; 15 parts of Mahonia; 15 parts of Houttuynia; 8 parts of Polygonum cuspidatum; 8 parts of Scutellaria; 12 parts of perfoliatum; 8 parts of basil; 8 parts of wild Chrysanthemum; and 8 parts of berberine in water. Preferred Components: The ethanol concentration is 75%. Preferred Method: The percolation is carried out for 2 hours. The alcohol extract is concentrated at a relative density of 1.15. In the method, the residue is dissolved in 5 times of distilled water. The mixture is placed in ultrafine grinding mill for 1.5 hours. The excipients are added to the ultra-fine powder to give the desired formulation with 700 meshes. The method comprises: adding raw materials made of 8-13 pts. wt. of superfine powder, 25-50 pts. wt. of suppository bases, 0.5-3 pts. wt. of absorption promoting agent, and 0-3 pts. wt. of additives to the active ingredients and excipients to give a suppository; or adding raw materials made of 8-10 pts. wt. of superfine powder and 24-36 pts. wt. of purified water to the active ingredients and excipients, and stirring for 10-20 minutes to give a lotion. ACTIVITY - Antiinflammatory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The evaporation and concentration process is carried out at 45-65 degrees C, preferably 55 degrees C. Preferred Components: The condensed water has a nitrogen content of 100-600 mg/l, preferably 350 mg/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ammonia desulfurization device is a wet ammonia desulfurization tower having a processing quantity of 1000 m3/hour. The fermentation liquid evaporation concentrate device is an external heat evaporator. The fermentation liquid evaporation concentrate device includes: a heating chamber having a heat transfer area of 120-180 m2, preferably 150 m2; and an evaporation room having a volume of 50-100 m3, preferably 75 m3. The condensed water collecting pipeline has a nominal diameter of 560-610 mm, preferably 600 mm. The condensed water storage tank has a volume of 180-240 m3, preferably 210 m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In preparing peanut straw absorbing material, the amylase is 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The mass fraction of diluted H2SO4 solution is below 15%. The drying in step (5) is a natural drying method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In preparing tomato straw absorbing material, the amylase is 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The mass fraction of diluted H2SO4 solution is below 15%. The drying in step (5) is a natural drying method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: In preparing sesame straw absorbing material, the amylase is 0.01-0.05 mol/L. The mass fraction of diluted H2SO4 solution is below 15%. The drying in step (5) is a natural drying method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particles include iron, aluminum, copper, metal scraps, metal oxide and/or metal iron salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The grain contains corn, wheat, rice, Sorghum, oat, buckwheat, black kernelled rice, coixseed, millet and/or starch product. The bean contains soybean, mung bean, red bean, black bean, hyacinth bean, horse bean, pea, kidney bean, sword bean, chickpea and starch product. The binder contains starch, maltodextrin and/or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The harmless dead livestock and poultry processing unit includes dead livestock and poultry sterilizing device (1) and low temperature refrigerator tank. The high temperature hydrolysis drying unit includes high temperature high pressure hydrolysis drying integrated machine and auxiliary heating boiler. The waste gas condensing and hydrolyzing unit includes hydrolysis pressure deduster, hydrolysis waste gas condenser, cooling water storage tank (24), wastewater device (23) and wastewater discharge device (26). The waste gas processing unit comprises a deodorizing device and auxiliary heating boiler. The deodorizing device is set with a filter device (30) and ultraviolet light generating device (29). The oil purification unit comprises heating oil tank (12), where heating oil tank lower end is connected to heating device (13), horizontal centrifugal machine (14), clarification oil tank, first product tank (16) and second finished product tank (17). The low temperature refrigerator tank and high temperature high pressure hydrolysis drying integrated machine is set with a first belt conveyor. The high temperature high pressure hydrolysis drying integrated machine discharge hole is connected through a second belt conveyor (5) with the storage tank. The storage tank is connected with the oil pressing unit and is set with a third belt conveyor (7). The oil pressing unit outlet is connected through pipeline to heating oil tank. The outlet of heating oil tank is connected through pipeline with outlet of clarification tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (a) comprises preparing 5-25 vol.% aqueous alcohol solution. In the step (a), the adding amount of aqueous alcohol solution is 2/3 of the reactor. The step (b) comprises controlling pressure inside the reactor to 2000-7000 Pa. The temperature of the alcohol aqueous solution is 15-80 degrees C, preferably 15-40 degrees C. Preferred Components: The alcohol is anhydrous methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The separation of precipitate is carried out through natural settling separation method, centrifugation, pressure-filtering, filtering, membrane separation or direct spray-drying. The drying is carried out at 120-270 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The phosphorus-containing wastewater is organic phosphorus-containing wastewater and/or inorganic phosphorus-containing wastewater. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt lake mother liquor has specific gravity of 1.10-1.2. It comprises 0.6-0.8 g/l lithium ion (Li+), 48-55 g/l magnesium ion (Mg2+), 0.15-0,25 g/l potassium ion (K+), 10-15 g/l sulfate ion (SO42-), 135-150 g/l chloride ion (Cl-), 2.6-3.2 g/l boron ion (B3+), 4-6 g/l sodium ion (Na+). The concentrated mother liquor has specific gravity of 1.28-1.33, and contains 1.8-2.2 g/l lithium ion, 10.5-115 g/l magnesium ion, 0.75-1.2 potassium ion, 18-27 g/l sulfate ion, 290-300 g/l chloride ion, 7-8.5 g/l boron ion, and 4-6 g/l sodium ion. The intercrystalline brine product contains 0.6-0.8 g/l lithium ion, 16-18 g/l magnesium ion, 11-13 g/l potassium ion, 36-40 g/l sulfate ion, 178-182 g/l chloride ion, 0.7-0.9 g/l boron ion, and 88-98 g/l sodium ion. It has specific gravity of 1.23-1.24. It produces crystalline region soft leonite metastable phase at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: In reducing algal turbidity, the complex microbial formulations contain photosynthetic bacteria, Bacillus organic mineralization, nitrification bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and polyphosphorus. The submerged plant is hornwort, grass, waterweed, tape grass or yellow silk. In step (2) transparency needed to achieve the underlying exposure to the sun can be shallow lakes region to meet the needs of submerged light for plant growth. The indicators for the determination of water quality include: water and sediment nutrients, chlorophyll, organic matter, dissolved oxygen, water temperature or pH value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The conditioning agent is edible bran, rice bran, wheat bran and/or crop straw. The saprophytic insects are black soldier flies, golden soldier flies and/or bright spot soldier flies.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbial agent each strain has concentration of 1/asterisk108-1/asterisk1010 CFU/ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The moisture content of alcohol wastewater and organic fertilizer is 5-30%. The organic material is sugar filter mud, bagasse, sugarcane pulp, sugar cane leaves, cassava residue, livestock manure, crop straw, lees slag, and/or fermented compost feed. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogenation is done at 160-225 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkali metal carbonate is lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, rubidium carbonate, or cesium carbonate, preferably potassium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Liquid alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. Molar ratio liquid alcohol:dichloroacetonitrile is 2-100:1, preferably 5-20:1. Molar ratio alkali metal carbonate:dichloroacetonitrile is 0.05-0.1:1. Preferred Processes: Dichloro acetamidine is synthesized by mixing dichloroacetonitrile:liquid alcohol with molar ratio of 1:10 in flask, performing potassium-carbonate-catalyzed reaction at 20-30 degrees C for 1-3 hours with potassium carbonate:dichloroacetonitrile molar ratio of 0.05:1, filtering, and distilling under reduced pressure to remove excess liquid alcohol to obtain colorless transparent liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises normal decompressing the secondary filter liquid to recover petroleum ether. The stirring step is carried out at a speed of 180-1500 revolutions per minute. Preferred Components: The polar organic solvent A is ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform or dichloromethane. The solvent B is distilled water, acetic acid solution at mass concentration of 1%, sulfuric acid solution with pH value of 4 or whey protein. The solvent C is normal hexane, petroleum ether, diethyl ether or cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: In restoring fully space-situ nitrogen and phosphorus interception aquatic ecosystem, in step (1) the biofilm carrier packing density is 20-40 g/m2. In step (4), the cold vegetation include royal iris, evergreen aquatic iris, Lythrum, Thalia dealbata mushrooms grass, dwarf pampas grass and bamboo mosaic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Processes: Biological treatment of distillation residue involves adjusting pH of distillation residue to neutral, mixing with 5-10% livestock manure, and stacking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The livestock and poultry manure is pig, cow and chicken manures. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The biological organic fertilizer comprises 15-25 pts. wt. organic matter, 70-80 pts. wt. alcohol waste liquid, 1-2 pts. wt. trace element, and balance 3-4 billion/g beneficial organisms bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The beneficial organisms bacteria is Rhizobium, Azotobacter, phosphorus bacteria, and/or potassium bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trace element is iron, boron, arsenic, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt, selenium, and/or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic matter is sugar cane bagasse, manioc waste, and/or corn straw. The alcohol waste liquid is sugar cane alcohol fermentation liquid and/or cassava alcoholic fermentation liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The inorganic fertilizer is 3-5 pts. wt. ammonium sulfate or ammonium bicarbonate, 3-5 pts. wt. superphosphate, and 1-2 pts. wt. potassium sulfate. The rice composite matrix is 2000-3000 kg/acre. Preferred Method: Fermentation is carried out for 30-45 days.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The ferment additive is cellulose, amylase, and methane bacteria at ratio of 2:2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The macroelement is urea, ammonium nitrate, monoammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, and/or potassium sulfate. The medium element contains water-soluble compounds of calcium, magnesium, or sulfur. The microelement contains water-soluble compound of boron, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, chlorine, or molybdenum. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic matter comprises 10-12 wt.% total nitrogen, 65-72 wt.% carbon, 12-16 wt.% total sugar, 4-8 wt.% reducing sugar, and 10-13 wt.% humic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Diluted acid is dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acidic components of resultant pressurized gas are removed by purifying the dry gas by removing nitrogen oxide, mercaptan, carbonyl sulfide, mercury and arsenic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ethylene-rich mixed dry gas is subjected to defogging process and degreasing process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mol ratio of 4-chloro-ethyl acetoacetate and catalyst is 1:50-1:1000. Hydrogenation reduction is done at 50-80 degrees C and hydrogen pressure of 4-10 MPa for 0.5-3 hours. Resin column purifying is done using cationic resin and water as solvent. Trimethylamine aqueous solution has concentration of 20-40 wt.%. Preferred Components: The asymmetric catalyst contains ruthenium and optically active ligand, where it is of formula Ru(OCOMe)2((S)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Acid catalyst is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, aluminum trichloride, tin tetrachloride, ferric trichloride, or zinc dichloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Solvent of reaction under action of acid catalyst is acetone, benzene, toluene, xylene, methanol, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. Molar ratio acid catalyst:L- alpha -aminobutyric acid is 0.05-8:1. Ammonolysis agent is aqueous ammonia, ammonia methanol solution, and/or ammonia ethanol solution. Alcohol solution is hydrogen chloride alcohol solution e.g. hydrogen chloride methanol solution, hydrogen chloride ethanol solution, or hydrogen chloride isopropanol solution. Preferred Conditions: Temperature of reaction under action of acid catalyst is 40-65 degrees C with solvent is acetone. Ammonolysis reaction temperature is 70-80 degrees C. Preferred Processes: Post-processing is performed by concentrating reaction solution under reduced pressure to remove solvent and excess reagents and obtain concentrate which is (S)-4-ethyl-2,2-dimethoxyoxazolidin-5-one crude product. Ammonolysis reaction solution is concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in alcohol solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Alcohol solvent is methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. Volume ratio of water:2-amino-3-methylbenzoic acid is 2-4:1, preferably 4:1. Volume ratio of mixed solvent of water and 2-amino-3-methylbenzoic acid:alcohol solvent is 10-50:1, preferably 40:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Molar ratio of mixing amide with sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride is 1:5-1:10. Molar ratio of mixing sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride with fatty acid is 5:1.5-5:2.5. Preferred Components: Fatty acid is selected from acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid or isobutyric acid. pH is adjusted up to 12-13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: biomass oil is prepared by stirring the catalyst and biomass to obtain a mixture in the presence of nitrogen atmosphere at 50-80 degrees C. The reaction tube temperature is raised to 100 degrees C and then the obtained material is added with additives at a speed of 0.05-0.15 milliliter per minute. The obtained material is heated to 250 degrees C for 1-2 minutes. The reaction liquid is collected and then the obtained material is subjected to gas phase chromatography using methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, benzene, furfural or benzfuran. The obtained material is heated to 400 degrees C for 2 minutes. The heated material is subjected to gas phase chromatography using methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, benzene, acetone, furfural, benzofuran or guaiacol. Preferred Components: biomass is selected from bagasse, corn core or mushroom. Catalyst is calcium carbonate. Additive is selected from methanol, acetone or ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting 8-methyl-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one compound of formula (IV) and substituted amido-amine compound of formula (R2-C(=O)-NH-NH2) (III) in an inert solvent under alkaline conditions to obtain N-((2-formamido-3-methyl-benzoyl)amino)formamide compound of formula (II), and reacting (II) with a dehydrating agent to obtain (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, benzene, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, trifluoroacetic anhydride or trifluoroacetic acid. The dehydrating agent is toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dioxane or hexadecane. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Amount of cation exchange resin is 1-6 times the total mass of thiamine. Eluent comprises 5-20 wt.% of diluted hydrochloric acid. Preferred Condition: Temperature required for the preparation is 10-60 degrees C. Reaction pressure required is 0.9-1.0 atm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (Q) comprises chopping northern gulf gorgonian Menella kanisa, extracting using organic solvent to obtain crude extract, concentrating the crude extract, where the organic solvent includes methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane or a mixture of ethanol and dichloromethane, suspending the extract in water, extracting using ethyl acetate or dichloromethane at atmospheric pressure, chromatographing on silica gel column chromatography with chloroform-acetone and chloroform-methanol solvent as eluant at normal pressure to give 11 corresponding components (A-K), purifying component E by silica gel column chromatography for 2 times to give components E1 and E2, separating component E1 by high performance liquid chromatography using methanol and water to give (V), separating component E1 by high performance liquid chromatography using methanol and water to give (II) and (III)respectively, separating component G by silica gel column chromatography to give 4 corresponding components G1-G4, separating component G4 by high performance liquid chromatography using methanol and water to give (IV), purifying component K by silica gel column chromatography using a solvent of chloroform-methanol as eluant to give 4 corresponding components L1-L4, and separating component L3 by high performance liquid chromatography using methanol and water to give (I). ACTIVITY - Antifouling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The method involves drying at 85-110 degrees C for 1.5-2.5 hours, preheating the reactor at 400-500 degrees C, and performing pyrolysis at 400-550 degrees C for 0.5-3 seconds. The diameter of biomass granule after screening is 1-3.2 mm. Preferred Components: The biomass is wood-based biomass chosen from pine, fir and poplar, or herbaceous-based biomass chosen from straw, Chinese silver grass and rice hull.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier gas is a mixture of alkaline gas and nitrogen in a ratio of 1:9-9:1. The alkaline gas is chosen from ammonia, phosphine and hydrazine gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The spraying medium is bio-oil, methanol, cyclohexane, hexane or n-dodecane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Hydrogen content of coal gas is 0.25-0.8wt.%. Molar ratio of calcium carbide and coke gas is 1:11-1:13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The lower end of the anaerobic digestion tank is set with a discharging port. The upper end of the wet-type ammonia desulfurization reactor is set with a discharge tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the step (i), the pressing temperature is 20-40 degrees C. In the step (ii), the adding amount of aqueous acid solution is 1 time volume of crude oil, the washing is performed for 2 times, and the edible acid solution is aqueous acetic acid solution or aqueous tartaric acid solution of pH 2-3. In the step (iii), the adding amount of aqueous alkali solution is 1 time volume of crude oil, the washing is performed for 2 times, and the alkali solution is aqueous sodium carbonate solution or aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution of pH 9-10. In the step (v), the precipitating temperature is -5 to 5 degrees C and the statically placing time is 24-36 hours. ACTIVITY - Cardiovascular-Gen; Cerebroprotective; Antidiabetic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Treatment: The waste resources in marine aquaculture is treated by culturing the strain in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) medium to obtain seed liquid, adding 5-10 kg sterilized seawater to every 1 kg waste resources, adding 0-5 vol.% seed liquid to the 2-5 volume/weight% waste resources liquid, fermenting at room temperature for 24-48 hours using sucrose as a carbon source, and removing supernatant. The wastewater resources in marine aquaculture is treated by culturing the strain in YPD medium to obtain seed liquid, adding 2-5 volume/volume% seed liquid to the 0-5 %mass wastewater resources, adding sucrose as a carbon source, mixing uniformly, fermenting the mixture at room temperature for 24-48 hours, and passing through 10 mesh, 20 mesh, and 40 mesh sieve cage for 4 hours to obtain thick white paste fermented product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Pseudomonas putida to Acinetobacter lwoffii to Pseudomonas to Achromobacter to MMS Pseudomonas to Candida tropicalis to white Nocardioform is 1.5:1.5:1.5:1.5:1:1:1:1. Preferred Components: The biological surfactant is present in an amount of greater than 85 wt.%. The volume ratio of the microbial inoculum and biological surfactant is 4-8:1. The biological surfactant is rhamnolipid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method above further comprises the use of Proteobacteria, Cellvibrio sp., uncultured bacterium, and Pseudomonas putida.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the catalyst comprises mixing nickel(II) oxide precursor and aluminum oxide precursor to obtain mixture, then adding organic fuel, uniformly mixing, drying at 80 degrees C for 5 hours to form gel-shaped product, transferring the gel-shaped product into a crucible or quartz boat, then directly placing into a pre-set constant temperature muffle furnace at 300-600 degrees C to perform combustion reaction for 45-60 minutes, cleaning obtained combustion solid using deionized water, and drying. Preferred Process: The catalyst carrier precursor is obtained by dissolving nitric acid in deionized water to obtain solution. The method comprises adding auxiliary agent into the mixture before adding organic fuel. Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises 5-60 wt.% of nickel(II) oxide, 1-25 wt.% of aluminum oxide, and balance amount of auxiliary agent comprises metal including cerium, calcium, cobalt, lanthanum, zirconium, samarium, barium, manganese, iron, molybdenum, titanium and copper or its oxide. The catalyst active precursor is nickel nitrate. The catalyst carrier precursor is nitric acid or pseudo-boehmite water. The organic fuel is ethylene glycol, hydrazine hydrate or ethanolamine. The mole ratio of active component precursor, auxiliary agent and catalyst carrier precursor to organic fuel is 1:1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flocculant is aluminum trichloride and perlite micropowder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: Raw materials for biological organic fertilizer preparation comprises chicken manure (35-52%), corn straw (15-34%), bone powder (12-30%), mushroom residue (0.5-6%) and inoculant (6.2-13%). Microorganism as growth promoting bacteria is plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, a nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria or green Trichoderma. Nutrition bag II comprises diffrent amino acid source from waste protein, poultry feathers, blue-green algae, fish, slaughterhouse waste, other microbial enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of agricultural products. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of fecal waste and crop straw powder is 8:1. Preferred Method: The sixth step further comprises adding fertilizer additive, adjusting water content to 32-35%, granulating, and packaging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The first microbial fermentation agent comprises 0.5-1 pt. wt. pasteurized Bacillus sinensis, 0.5-1 pt. wt. Bacillus megaterium, 2-3 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis, 1-2 pts. wt. Streptomyces sinensis, 1-2 pts. wt. Aspergillus niger, 0.5-1 pt. wt. Trichoderma powder, 2-3 pts. wt. yeast and fungus powder, and 1-2 pts. wt. Actinomyces sinensis. The second microbial fermentation agent comprises 0.5-1 pt. wt. Bacillus megaterium, 2-3 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis, 1-2 pts. wt. Aspergillus niger, 0.5-1 pt. wt. Trichoderma powder, and 2-3 pts. wt. yeast and fungus powder. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The biological organic fertilizer comprises 1-6 pts. wt., preferably 6 pts. wt. tobacco waste; 2-5 pts. wt., preferably 3.95 pts. wt. distillers grain; and 0.005 pt. wt. calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer. The ratio of organic matter-decomposing inoculant and tobacco waste biological organic fertilizer is 1:3500-4000. The organic matter is tobacco waste and wine. The 20-40 meshes tobacco waste powder is 1-3 pts. wt. tobacco stems and 2-4 pts. wt. tobacco dust.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The tobacco waste organic matter-decomposing inoculant comprises 17.5 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis, 12.5 pts. wt. Aspergillus oryzae, 12.5 pts. wt. Aspergillus niger, 15 pts. wt. green Trichoderma, 12.5 pts. wt. Bacillus mucilaginosus, 12.5 pts. wt. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, 5 pts. wt. Thermophilic bacillus, 5 pts. wt. Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, and 22.5 pts. wt. Actinomyces.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The gasket material is straw, weeds, leaves, and/or turf. The bio-organic fertilizer is sheep manure, pig manure, chicken manure, abandoned mushroom waste, and/or mulberry black fungus mushroom manure waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The livestock manure is sheep manure, pig manure, and/or chicken manure. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl amine is straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl primary amine. The fatty acid monoglyceride is organic acid monoglyceride containing 12-18C alkyl or alkenyl. The higher fatty acid contains 11-23C higher alkyl organic acid, preferably dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, tetradecenoic-4-enoic acid, hexadecenoic-4-enoic acid, eicosenoic acid, or eicosenoic-4-enoic acid. The waste animal and vegetable triglycerides contains 12-24C fatty acid of olefin or alkane ester, preferably vegetable oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, pig or cattle oil, or sunflower oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The corrosion inhibitor is silicate, phosphate, tungstate, borate and/or nitrite. The silicate stabilizer is disilicon mononitride and/or silicon phosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mildew preventive is zinc chloride or sodium benzoate. The antifoaming agent is silicone or dehydrated glyceryl ether. The coloring agent is bromothymol blue, phenol red or methyl red.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amine comprises a primary alkylamine which selectively prevents further hydrogenation of alkenes in a hydrogenation reaction. The primary amine is selected from 1-hexylamine, 1-octylamine, 1-dodecylamine, 1-octadecylamine, oleyl-amine and trioctyl-amine. The noble metal based catalyst is selected from Pt, CoPt3 and Pd. The noble metal based particles comprises nanoparticles. The noble metal catalyst comprises at least one of Pt containing material and a Pd containing material. The Pt containing material is selected from Pt and alloys of Pt. The noble metal based catalyst material comprises a nanoparticle material. The primary alkylamine coating comprises at least one monolayer on a surface of the noble metal based catalyst. Preferred Method: The method further involves establishing minimum effective concentration of the primary alkyl amine in the reaction mixture, thus establishing onset of selectivity for hydrogenation of a feedstock input to the catalyst. The minimum effective concentration is 1-2 mM octylamine concentration in the reaction mixture. The minimum effective concentration corresponds to forming at least a surface monolayer of the primary alkylamine on the catalyst. The method further involves processing the feedstock where the feedstock comprises 4-octyne. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The mill includes a stationary grinding surface (14) and at least one roller adapted to rotate against the grinding surface, the roller having at least one helical groove such that rotation of the roller against the grinding surface creates at least one movable channel to positively transport the mixture through the mill. The comminution and agglomeration or flocculation is carried out using Szego mill and/or high speed, high shear mill. Preferred Process: During separation of solid, 40 wt.% or more aqueous solvent and 3-10 wt.% bio-oil and/or bio-diesel, are included to cause agglomeration or flocculation with respect to weight of the mixture, or the bio-oil and/or bio-diesel is included in preset amount which is not less than the amount required to obtain coal-to-oil ratio of 0.05.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid is coal containing coal and ash components. The solid comprises hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bio-oil is Camelina oil, sunflower oil, mustard seed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, flaxseed oil, and/or rapeseed oil. The bio-diesel is an alkyl ester of long chain fatty acids. The immiscible liquid further comprises hydrocarbon such as petroleum or fuel oil. The bio-oil and/or bio-diesel further comprises other hydrocarbons or oils such as light oils, fuel oil, diesel oil, light petroleum fractions, kerosene, coke oven light oil, light crude, and residual and waste oils. The content of the aqueous solvent is 45 wt.% or more, and the content of the oil is 5 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wastewater containing a high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, organic nitrogen, or proteins is one of agricultural wastewater or wastewater of the food industry. The wastewater with a high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, organic nitrogen, or proteins of livestock origin is one of wastewater generated in pig farming or wastewater dairies. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heating unit comprises butane or other gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gas-liquid contact tank has cooler (23) which cools the liquid which is made to contact dehumidification gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dehumidification gas is mixed gas obtained by mixing liquefied petroleum gas with respect to oxygen and hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method preferably utilizes spraying of spraying liquid, where 100 pts. water is sprayed once as spraying liquid for 7 days. The method further comprises watering and irrigating. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The complex bacterial liquid comprises 20-40 pts. wt. photosynthetic bacteria, 15 pts. wt. yeast, 15 pts. wt. lactic acid bacteria, 15 pts. wt. Bacillus subtilis and 15 pts. wt. Actinomycetes, where the content of each bacteria is not less than 109/ml. The mass ratio of clean water, sucrose and complex bacterial liquid is 2-7:2:1. The organic substance is garden waste, sewage or food and medicine organic waste. Preferred Method: The clean container is a container soaked with clean water for 2-3 days. The water is heated to 38-42 degrees C and the clean water is statically placed for 2-3 days. The culturing is performed at room temperature of 25 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The cultivation medium comprises lignocellulose hydrolysate. The cultivation medium comprises saccharides, such as mono-, di-, and/or oligosaccharides originating from lignocellulosic material. The microorganism biomass comprises residues of lignocellulose. The microorganism biomass is residual microbial biomass from a single cell oil production process. The microorganism biomass is obtainable by cultivating fungi strains, preferably yeasts (especially strains of Rhodosporidium or Lipomyces genus), or filamentous fungi (especially strains of Aspergillus and/or Mortierella genus).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises 0.001- 20 wt.% of microorganism biomass (preferably 0.1-3 wt.%) of dry weight of the composition. Preferred Method: In method (M1), the microbial biomass obtained from (c) is subjected to washing step. The cultivation medium comprises starch and/or sugar cane/beet derived sugars. The microbial biomass is obtained from oleaginous microorganisms. The microbial biomass is residual microbial biomass obtained from a fermentation process. The microbial biomass of step (c) is obtained by subjecting the oleaginous microorganisms to a step of removing the microbial oil from microbial biomass after step (b). The microbial biomass is obtained from at least one fungi (preferably yeasts or filamentous fungi, especially Rhodosporidium, Aspergillus or Mortierella). In method (M2) and (M3), the feed additive amounts 0.001-20 wt.% (preferably 0.1-3 wt.%) dry weight of the feed. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial. Test details are described, no result given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cultivation medium comprises lignocellulose hydrolyzate. The microorganism biomass comprises residues of lignocellulose. The microorganism biomass is residual microorganism biomass from a single cell oil production process. The microorganism biomass is obtained by cultivating fungi strains, preferably yeasts or filamentous fungi including Aspergillus and/or Mortierella genus or yeasts including Rhodosporidium or Lipomyces. The cultivation medium comprises starch and/or sugar cane/beet derived sugars. The microbial biomass is obtained from oleaginous microorganisms. The microbial biomass is residual microbial biomass obtained from a fermentation process. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.001-20 wt.%, preferably 0.1-3 wt.% microorganism biomass. The composition is a ruminant or monogastric animal feed composition. The composition comprises 0.001-20 wt.% non-living microorganism biomass. Preferred Method: The method involves washing the microbial biomass obtained in step (c). The method involves obtaining the microbial biomass by subjecting the oleaginous microorganisms to a step of removing the microbial oil from the microbial biomass. EXAMPLE - Hemicellulose hydrolyzate was prepared from pelletized wheat straw by batch hot water extraction, where the extraction temperature was maintained at 180 degrees C for 1 hour. Solid material was removed from the hydrolyzate by filtration. After this the hydrolyzate was evaporated. The evaporated hydrolyzate contained 4.7 wt.% phenolics in the whole dry matter content. A filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, strain DSM 1864 was cultivated and cultivated biomass was inactivated by heat, harvested by filtration, washed using tap-water and freeze-dried. Dried biomass was pulverized by milling and oil extracted using n-heptane. Residual solvent was removed by drying the biomass by efficient ventilation and the dried biomass was used in mycotoxin binding tests.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The guide pipe is glass tube or ceramic tube. The guide pipe connects between exit from inlet port of the artificial material wood formed in the casing of the microwave heating furnace. The microwave heating furnace further has ogalite molding machine for forming ogalite as artificial material wood. The inlet port and exit of the artificial material wood formed in the casing is provided with the shielding component by which the electroconductive thread is formed in mesh shape. The detection switch which detects the artificial material wood is accommodated in the guide pipe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fuel material is heat-processed at 200 degrees C or more by irradiating microwave. The fuel material is heat-processed at 800 degrees C or more when the material is high-temperature hard charcoal with reduced amount of volatile components, heat-processed at 200-250 degrees C when the material is non-carbonized material with low hygroscopicity, and heat-processed at 300-500 degrees C when the material is low-temperature soft charcoal containing volatile components. The heat-compression process of the material containing main material and fine coal is carried out using ogalite molding machine (1) having screw system. Preferred Composition: The usage amount of fine coal is 5-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The artificial material wood is rod-shaped ogalite obtained by heat-compression molding or compression molding sawdust or wood powder as plant-derived powdery raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant material is wheat bran, rice bran, corn bran, oat bran, corn grains, bagasse, beet pulp, and/or refinery residue of rice bran oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The plant material is subjected to an alkaline decoction and/or enzymatic treatment. The alkaline decoction treatment comprises contacting the plant material in an alkaline solution or an alkaline suspension and heating, and is carried out using twin-screw extruders, homogenizer or crusher. The solid/liquid separation is carried out using water, sugars and ferulic acid. The step of selectively separating the polysaccharides and ferulic acid is carried out by liquid chromatography, liquid/liquid extraction or ultrafiltration method. The ultrafiltration is carried out using an organic or inorganic membrane having a threshold cutoff of 50000-300000 g/mole, and at a pH of 5-12. At least 90 wt.% of the polysaccharides originally present in the aqueous phase is retained by the ultrafiltration membrane. The step (c) is carried out using an evaporation-concentration method or a membrane separation method by nanofiltration or reverse osmosis technology. The membrane separation step is carried out at a pH of less than 9. The concentration of ferulic acid and/or ferulate is doubled after performing the step (c). The step (d) is carried out by crystallization. The crystallization step is preceded by a step of treating the concentrated ferulic acid to acidify the concentrated stream or adsorb the concentrate stream. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant material comprises wheat bran, rice bran, corn bran, oat bran, grains of maize, bagasse, beet pulp and/or refinery residue of rice bran oil. The plant material is subject to an alkaline decoction and/or an enzymatic treatment. The alkaline decoction consists of heating the plant material in an alkaline solution or an alkaline suspension, and is carried out by twin-screw extruders or mill homogenizers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous liquid phase comprises water, sugar and ferulic acid. About 90 wt.% of the polysaccharides present initially in the aqueous liquid phase are retained by the ultrafiltration membrane. Preferred Method: The step of separation of polysaccharides is carried out by liquid chromatography, liquid extraction, selective adsorption of polysaccharides, or ultrafiltration. The ultrafiltration is carried out by an organic or inorganic membrane and carried out at a pH of 5-12. The concentration step consists of an evaporation-concentration step or a membrane separation step by nanofiltration or reverse osmosis. The membrane separation step is operated with a pH of lower than 9. The concentration of ferulic acid and/or ferulate is doubled at the conclusion of the step (3). The step (4) is carried out by crystallization. The crystallization is carried out by treating the concentrated flow consisting of ferulic acid to acidify the concentrated flow or to adsorb the concentrated flow. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The vapors are introduced into the vapor washer without changing its state. The vapors exiting from the vapor washer are introduced into a capacitor (11) for condensation to form a condensate, which is free of ammonia and/or ammonium ions. The condensate is purified through a biological filter. The acid present in the vapor washer is sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and/or nitric acid. The pH value of the acid in the vapor washer is continuously measured using a pH-probe. The vapor washer is restored with acid as soon as the pH value of the acid is above a predetermined value such as 2. The volume of the restored-acid is measured with a flow meter. A predetermined amount of ammonium solution is removed from the vapor washer, after a predetermined amount of acid is restored in the vapor washer, where the concentration of the nitrogen in the ammonium solution is kept constant. The evaporation process is carried out under vacuum at a temperature of 100 degrees C and a pressure of 1000 mbar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The plant further comprises: a capacitor connected to the vapor washer for condensing the vapors exiting the vapor washer; a mechanical vapor compressor; a heat exchanger for heating the evaporator; and a discharge vessel connected to the vapor washer. The vapor washer is provided with filler made of plastic. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves the additional step of (d1) subjecting the semi-solid fraction obtained in step (b1) to a process for removal of both the additive and the ammonia contained init, and obtaining a product suitable as fertilizer. The process (P1) further involves a preliminary step, where aqueous slurry of organic origin (the primary slurry) is first separated into a dry-matter-rich fraction and a secondary slurry, the preliminary step is followed by treating the secondary slurry according to the process of the steps (a1) with the percentage of additive is taken as volume percentage towards the secondary slurry, (b1) and (c1), and optionally (d1). The aqueous slurry of organic origin is animal manure. The aqueous slurry is a product remaining after fermentation of organic sewage waste, organic household garbage or agricultural waste. The animal manure is manure from pigs or sows. The process for removal in step (c1) and/or (d1) includes a distillation process of the additive. The distillation process includes recovery of the additive. The water-miscible solvent is acetone. In step (a1) and/or in step (c1) also gypsum is added. The process of step (a1) is performed within a temperature of 2-35 degrees C, preferably 5-25 degrees C and especially 10-20 degrees C. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor having the pn junction, which constitutes the second semiconductor layer, is silicon or gallium arsenic. The AlxGa1-xN layer is at least partially coated with fine particles of nickel oxide. The first electrolytic solution is selected from an aqueous potassium bicarbonate solution, an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, an aqueous potassium chloride solution, and an aqueous sodium chloride solution. The second electrolytic solution is an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Rhodobium sp. is Rhodobium marinum. The mixture is preferably in the form of a consortium. The solution is a mixture of bacterial culture medium consisting of 10 g of disodium succinate, 0.3 g of yeast extract, 10 ml of basal media, 1000 ml of distilled water, 1.5 g of sodium bicarbonate, and 5 ml of 0.01% vitamin B12. The mixture of bacteria used has an optical density at least 0.5 at a wavelength of 660 nm. The concentration of glucose in the solution hydrogenases media is 0.5-10 wt.%/volume. The initial pH of the culture media and hydrogenases is 4-8, preferably 5-7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The photo-fermentation is carried out at 28-42 degrees C, preferably 37-42 degrees C, at a homogenization speed of 60-130 rpm, preferably 120 rpm, with lighting intensity of 1500-3000 lux, preferably 2000 lux. In the purification step, the produced carbon dioxide gas can be absorbed using oxide salts such as potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The fertilizers comprise artificial fertilizers, bio fertilizers and/or organic fertilizers. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant; Plant Growth Stimulant; Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The organic peat-based carrier comprises 50% peat, 25% compost, 10% organic phosphate, 10% lignite, and 5% other materials. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The biofertilizer is administered at a dose of 400 g/ha (4 sachet/ha) in nursery beds and planting land/wetland (claimed).
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Virucide. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The PHPG comprises less than or equal to 0.015 ppm ozone or is free of ozone and/or plasma species and optionally organic species. The PHPG is prepared from ambient air having relative humidity of 5-99%. The PHPG-containing environment has PHPG concentration of 0.05-1.5 ppm, preferably less than 1 ppm. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Acaricide; Arachnicide; Insect Repellent. The effect of PHPG on crickets was observed. PHPG was applied at 0.4 ppm in garden house. Results showed 100% mortality rate after 21 hours of exposure.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - PHPG is provided to the environment at greater than or equal to 0.1 to more than 1 ppm (claimed). PHPG is provided by PHPG generating device that is a stand-alone device or component of climate control system (claimed) including air conditioner, furnace, or heating, ventilation, or air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves mixing residue with buffer liquid having acidic pH, saccharifying mixture using enzyme, adding yeast to saccharified mixture, fermenting mixture in a predetermined temperature and time, and obtaining bioethanol. The method further involves processing mixture physically or chemically after removing residue, and obtaining acetic acid lignin. The method further involves drying biomass prior to crushing process until the moisture content reaches /~15%. The biomass is crushed into coarse powder by taking biomass in a cylindrical container, grinding biomass using serrated blade and vibrating the container. The method further involves adjusting acetic acid and inorganic acid concentration of the solution and recovering acetic acid and inorganic acid after processing biomass. The method involves crushing biomass coarsely to obtain powder with predetermined particle size and milling coarse powder into fine particles, where after crushing 80% biomass reaches a particle size of /~2 mm and after milling coarse powder 80% powder reaches particle size of /~60 mu m. Preferred Composition: The solution for treating fine biomass powder comprises 40-95% acetic acid and /~5% inorganic acid. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The liquid mixture is prepared by mixing (a) extract of bamboo and extract of plant containing an antioxidant and (b) culture solution of photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in a volume ratio of 0.1-10, adding naturally derived sugar and fermenting to obtain product. Preferred Components: The extract of the bamboo is an extract of bamboo meal. The extract of the plant containing antioxidant is an extract of the stem powder of a Stevia. The photosynthetic bacteria are purple sulfur bacteria. The lactic acid bacteria are plant origin lactic acid bacteria. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fermenter contents in the biogas fermenter has a dry residue of at least 17%, preferably at least 20%. The substrate mixture contains 80 wt.% animal manure. The liquid phase of the fermenter contents has a viscosity of at least 200 mPas, or at least 300 mPas, preferably at least 400 mPas, or at least 500 mPas at a temperature of 40 degrees C and a shear rate of 10 s-1. The liquid phase has a dry residue of at least 7%, at least 9%, or at least 11%. Preferred Method: All of the fermenter contents is circulated and is superimposed by the turbulent flow only in a small area of the laminar flow. The main laminar gear is operated with a Reynolds number of not greater than 50 and the main gear is operated with a Reynolds number of at least 100. The flow device comprises a pump and/or at least one throttle valve. The separation unit is formed in a single stage, and is in particular designed as a decanter. The separation device is constructed in two stages comprising a first separation stage as separator with screw press or roll separator and the second separation stage is designed as a vibrating screen. The second separation stage has a smaller mesh than the first separation stage. The separation unit has a storage tank, where the process water tank leads recycling-line to the feed tank to recycle process water to adjust the dry residue in the separation unit before the separation. The separation unit comprises a sand separator. A control device is provided for driving the biogas plant. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.