TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The formation of the first solution involves forming the first solution with a Se containing material having an oxidation state selected from a nonzero and positive oxidation state; dissolving selenium dioxide in water to form selenous acid. The method further involves adding a first material to the first solution to adjust the pH, where adjusting the pH involves increasing the pH. The step of exposing the first solution to the electric field involves simultaneously exposing the first solution to a first electrode having a first voltage potential, and a second electrode having a second voltage potential, different than the first voltage potential, where the difference between the first potential and second potential is greater than a reduction potential of Se in the Se containing material in the first solution, to elemental selenium (Se(0)); or continually flowing a supply of the first solution between the first and second electrodes; or creating a current between the first electrode and the second electrode in 5-50 mA/cm2. The step of exposing the first solution to the electric field involves exposing the first solution for a variable duration of exposure time; and forming the second solution with dispersed SeNPs involves either controlling a size of the SeNPs in response to varying the duration of the exposure time or increasing a concentration of SeNPs in response to increasing the duration of the exposure time. The step of exposing the first solution to the electric field involves decreasing an oxidation state of Se in the Se containing material in the first solution. Preferred Components: The first material is selected from sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, bicarbonate, borate, carbonate, hydroxide, phosphate, sulfate and/or inorganic bases. The first electrode is a metal selected from platinum and gold, and the second electrode is a metal selected from platinum, titanium, copper, molybdenum, and chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first ligand is selected from ethylene glycol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyols, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt, potassium sodium tartrate and/or biomolecules. The first solvent is water. The first material is acetate, organic carboxylates, cyanide, formate, oxalate and/or organic bases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first ligand is polymers and/or biopolymers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.