TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The material further comprises at least one bound enzyme cofactor. The enzyme is a dehydrogenase. It is immobilized using a crosslinking reagent or by a membrane. Preferred Method: Producing the material further comprises immobilization of an enzyme with affinity for cofactor. Substrate is attached to the support or coating comprising active functional groups, where the active functional groups are selected from hydroxyl silanes, amines and carboxyls. Qualitative and/or quantitative determination of enzyme substrate in sample further comprises: (a) contacting the biosensor with a measuring solution; (b) subjecting the product obtained in step (a) to conditions transductionable to control the redox state of the compound bio-affinity with C'-dependent enzymes; (c) injecting the solution as a mixture of enzymes, where at least one is C'-dependent; (d) continuously monitoring and recording the input signal indicative of redox status; (e) or the succession of the bio-affinity of C'-dependent enzyme; (f) injecting a sample containing a substrate; and (g) correlating the difference between the input signals with substrate concentration; or comprises: (a) contacting the biosensor with a measuring solution; (b) subjecting the product obtained in step (a) to conditions transductionable to control the redox state of the compound C' or bio-affinity with C'-dependent enzymes; (c) continuously monitoring and recording the input signal indicative of the redox state of C' or the succession of the C'-dependent bio-affinity C enzyme; (d) injecting the solution as a mixture of enzymes, where at least one is C'-dependent; (e) injecting a sample containing a substrate; and (f) correlating the difference between the input signals with substrate concentration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material is selected from carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, carbon fullerene and microfibers. The support is a zinc tin oxide or indium or fluorine. It is in the form of nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support comprises an additional coating that binds to the bridging group L. The coating is a polymer or polymer blend. It is a layer of silane synthesized by sol-gel. The compound used in the epoxidation step is 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidol, epichlorohydrin, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1, 4-butanediol diglycidyl ether. Preferred Definitions:    S'=selected from noble metals, carbon materials, transition metal oxides, doped or undoped optical fiber, polymer, mica, glass, silicon and silica, preferably selected from gold, silver, platinum and palladium.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.