NOVELTY - Device comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface and carrying an assembly of at least one molecular component, where each molecular component has a thickness and an oxidative or reductive peak potential, and comprises at least one entity which is a redox-active compound. The device comprises: one molecular component comprising more than one entity; or more than one molecular component, where the components are assembled on an electrically conductive surface in a alternate, successive or random order, and each one of the component comprises the entity.    USE - The device is useful in fabrication of a multistate memory, electrochromic window, smart window, electrochromic display, binary memory, bulk heterojunction solar cell, inverted type solar cell, dye sensitized solar cell, molecular diode, charge storage device, capacitor or transistor (all claimed).    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Device comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface and carrying an assembly of at least one molecular component, where each molecular component has a thickness and an oxidative or reductive peak potential, and comprises at least one entity which is a redox-active compound. The device comprises: one molecular component comprising more than one of the entity, and the difference between the oxidative- and/or reductive peak potentials of each one of the entity is larger than 100 mV, or more than one molecular component, where the components are assembled on an electrically conductive surface in a random, alternate or successive order, and each one of the component comprises the entity, and the difference between the oxidative- and/or reductive peak potentials of two of the entities comprised within the components is larger than 100 mV; and upon exposure, when comprising one molecular component, to a potential change, causes electron transfer, which results in an electrochemical signature which can be read out electrically, optically, magnetically or by conductivity measurements, or upon exposure, when comprising more than one molecular components, to a potential change, causes reversible electron transfer, oxidative catalytic electron transfer with charge trapping, reductive catalytic electron transfer or blocking of the electron transfer, dependent on the order of the components and the thickness of each one of the components, which results in the electrochemical signature.