TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source material is: a sulfur material and at least a portion of the sulfur material is entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage; and an anodic material. The sulfur material comprises: sulfur, metal sulfides of formulae (M1xSm), (M2xSm) or (M3xSm); and sulfur, dilithium sulfide, lithium sulfide, sodium sulfide, lithium sulfide of formula (Li2Sp) or sodium sulfide of formula (Na2Sp).M1 = alkali metal;M2 = transition metal;M3 = metal of groups 13-17;x = 1-3;m = 1-10; andp = 3-6.In the composition, at least a portion of the anodic material is entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage, preferably at least a portion of the anodic material is electrochemically entrapped in the porous graphene nanocage. The anodic material comprises a lithium metal, ferric oxide, magnesium, sodium, a sodium alloy, silicon, silicon carbide, magnesium silicide, silicon monoxide, a silicon alloy (e.g. silicon-copper or silicon-molybdenum), tin, tin(II) oxide, antimony, an antimony alloy, a tin carbon, a composite tin alloy, spinel lithium titanate, a transition metal oxide, or a lithium metal nitride. The electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, dioxolane, gamma -butyrolactone, delta -butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N-alkyl pyrrolidone, fluoro ether, fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile. The lithium salt comprises of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate, lithium bis trifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, lithium tris-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide, lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonylimide), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, Li2B12X112-nHn1, lithium aluminum fluoride, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium perchlorate, lithium aluminate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetraphenylborate, lithium methanesulfonate, (Li2Sx2), (Li2Sex2), (LiSx2R1)y, or (LiSex2R1)y.X1 = halo;n = 0-12;n1 = 0-10;x2 = 1-20;y = 1-3; andR1 = H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF3, COCF3, SO2CF3 or SO2F.In the lithium-air battery, lithium oxide and/or lithium peroxide are entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage upon discharge of the battery. EXAMPLE - 3 g Magnesium ribbon was ignited inside a cavity made in a dry ice slab and immediately covered up by another dry ice slab. Upon completion of the combustion of magnesium in carbon dioxide, the black magnesium oxide-filled graphene nanocage products were collected and transferred to a beaker containing 100 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid and stirred in the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then filtered and washed with deionized water several times until the pH of the filtrate was neutral. The isolated solid carbon product was dried overnight under high vacuum at 100 degrees C to yield hollow porous graphene nanocages. Sulfur powder was combined with the prepared hollow porous graphene nanocages and the reaction mixture was heated to over 200 degrees C. Thus a porous graphene nanocage filled with sulfur was prepared.