TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Electrolyte polymer component is poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(styrene oxide) (PSO), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polysulfone (PSU), poly(oligo(oxyethylene glycol)methacrylate) (PMEO), polyimide (PI), polyamide (PA), polyester (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene glycol (PEG), PC, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), PTFE, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), PAAK, PAAM, fumed silica, and/or cellulose. MIPC separator function allows transport of ionic species contained in electrolyte to and from electrochemically active surfaces of ADS and cathode while obstructing electron flow between the cathode and the ADS and contains material selected from solid polymer electrolyte, gel polymer electrolyte, solid ceramic electrolyte consisting of Na, Al, Ti, Zr, Ca, Mg, Ge, In, Li, Zn, Si, yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and/or hafnium (Hf) and H, O, P, S, and/or N, porous separator sheet consisting of PET, PP, PEN, PC, PPS, PTFE, PVDF, cellulose fiber, glass fiber, and/or absorbed glass mat, barrier coating which is adhered to electrochemically inactive surfaces of the ADS for preventing contact between inactive ADS surfaces and electrolyte, preventing inactive ADS surfaces from participating in electrodeposition/dissolution processes, and for preventing electrical contact between ADS and cathode, and contains greater than or equal to 1 layer of inorganic material, ceramic material, organic material, epoxy, plastic, nylon, and/or polymer, and spacer coating which is adhered to the selected surfaces of ADS for providing controlled distance between electrochemically active ADS surfaces and cathode, preventing electrical contact between ADS and cathode, and contains inorganic material, ceramic material, organic material, epoxy, plastic, nylon, and/or polymer. MIPC ADS contains electrochemically active surfaces or electrochemically active surfaces and electrochemically inactive surfaces, and further contains glassy carbon, graphitic carbon, solid state metal of M or alloy of M, and solid state material consisting of material (X1) or any combination of material (X1) and material (X2) in which the mechanical form of ADS is layered laminate, foil, textured foil, patterned foil, etched foil, perforated foil, honeycomb foil, expanded foil, wire mesh, solid foam structure, polymer-bound foam powder composite, solid structure formed from sintered or melted powder, and polymer-bound powder composite. MIPC anode current collector function contains ADS or current collector which is separate from the ADS, and separate anode current collector is physically and electrically in contact with ADS in which mechanical form of separate anode current collector is foil, textured foil, patterned foil, etched foil, perforated foil, honeycomb foil, expanded foil, layered laminate, wire mesh, solid foam structure, polymer-bound foam powder composite, solid structure formed from sintered or melted powder, and polymer-bound powder composite, and separate anode current collector consists of glassy carbon, graphitic carbon, and solid state material containing material (X1) or any combination of materials (X1) and (X2). MIPC cathode active material is transition metal hexacyanometalate, carbon, functionalized carbon, electroactive polymer, and/or doped electroactive polymer, where transition metal hexacyanometalate cathode further contains physical form of composite consisting of transition metal hexacyanometalate powder, binder material, and conductivity-enhancing carbon, greater than or equal to 1 transition metal hexacyanometalate active material with simplified chemical form Avaa(M1v1)b(M2v2(CN)c)d.xH2O, and greater than or equal to 1 transition metal hexacyanometalate active material with average thickness of powder particles of 5 nm to 10 mu m. Surface deposit contains transition metal hexacyanometalate, inorganic compound consisting of materials (X1) and/or (X2) and greater than or equal to 1 cation species, electroactive polymer, and/or electroactive polymer which is doped with greater than or equal to 1 inorganic species. Electroactive polymer deposit contains redox polymer or conductive polymer and is selected from polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA), poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) (PDAAQ), 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ), polyindole (PIn), cyclic indole trimers (CIT), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), PA, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy), tetramethylpyridine, PT, and/or their derivatives, and doped electroactive polymer contains redox polymer or conductive polymer and is PPy, PANI, PEDOT, POMA, PDAAQ, PQ, PIn, CIT, PAC, PA, PVPy, tetramethylpyridine, PT, and/or their derivatives in which greater than or equal to 1 dopant element is O, H, P, C, N, S, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Cr, Mo, V, W, Ta, Pb, Sn, Ti, Cu, Zn, Nb, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and/or Li, average thickness of surface deposit is 5-1000 nm. Electroactive polymer cathode has physical form of composite consisting of electroactive polymer powder, binder material, and conductivity-enhancing carbon in which powder has average particle thickness of 5 nm to 10 microns and contains redox polymer or conductive polymer e.g. PPy, PANI, PEDOT, POMA, PDAAQ, PQ, PIn, CIT, PAC, PA, PVPy, tetramethylpyridine, PT, and/or their derivatives, and dopant of doped electroactive polymer is O, H, P, C, N, S, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Cr, Mo, V, W, Ta, Pb, Sn, Ti, Cu, Zn, Nb, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and/or Li. MIPC cathode current collector is physically attached and electrically in contact with cathode, has form of foil, laminated foil composite, textured foil, patterned foil, etched foil, perforated foil, honeycomb foil, expanded foil, wire mesh, solid foam structure, polymer-bound foam powder composite, solid structure formed from powder, and/or polymer-bound powder composite, and contains glassy carbon, graphitic carbon, and solid state material consisting of materials (X1) and/or (X2).X1=Sn, Ni, Co, Ti, In, Pb, Cr, Fe, Ga, Ta, Zn, Nb, V, Mn, Zr, Al, Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, K, Li, Cu, and alloys;X2=Bi, Ge, Si, O, P, N, Ga, Mo, C, B, S, Sb, and/or Se;A=insertion cation of valence va of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, proton, or ammonium;M1, M2=Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Cr, Mo, V, W, Ta, Pb, Sn, Ti, Cu, Zn, and/or Nb;a-d=stoichiometry of the complex; andx=stoichiometry of coordinated water molecules.