TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M4), when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 1000-180000 centipoise; the depositing involves screen printing. The method (M4) further involves drying the metal oxide precursor paste after depositing and before heating to remove at least a portion of the solvent from the metal oxide precursor paste. In method (M4), when the soluble metal complex is soluble metal complexes, the method further involves separately dissolving the soluble metal complexes, the complex-forming agent, and the resin in the solvent to form individual stock pastes, where the individual stock pastes each comprise only one soluble metal complex; and combining the individual stock pastes to produce the metal oxide precursor paste. In method (M4), when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 1-400 centipoise; the depositing involves digital printing. In method (M4), the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 100-25000 centipoise; the depositing involves roll coating. In method (M5), when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 1000-180000 centipoise; the depositing involves screen printing. In method (M5), when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 1-400 centipoise; and the depositing involves digital printing. In method (M5), when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 100-25000 centipoise; the depositing involves roll coating. In method (M6), when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 1000-180000 centipoise; the depositing involves screen printing; when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 1-400 centipoise; the depositing involves digital printing; or when the metal oxide precursor paste has a viscosity of about 100-25000 centipoise; the depositing involves roll coating. Preferred Components: The index of refraction of the transitional layer is less than 1.5 or the index of refraction of the transitional layer is less than 2.0. The soluble metal complex comprises a metal alkoxide. The metal alkoxide is selected from metal methoxide, metal ethoxide, metal isopropoxide, and/or metal butoxide. The metal alkoxide is selected from Boron (B), Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Zinc (Zn), Gallium (Ga), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Yttrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), Indium (In), Tin (Sn), Antimony (Sb), Lanthanum (La), Hafnium (Hf), Tantalum (Ta), and/or Tungsten (W). The metal alkoxide is selected from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), titanium (IV) ispropoxide (TIP), and/or zirconium (IV) n-propoxide. The metal oxide precursor paste further comprises at least one additive selected from coloring agents, dispersants, surfactants, viscosity adjusting agents, flow controllers, stabilizers, co-solvents, and clarity promoters. The substrate comprises glass or a transparent ceramic. The light reflecting layers comprise at least three layers and reflect greater than or equal to 20% of incident light having wavelength of 315 nanometers to about 400 nanometers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles have an averaged measurement in a major dimension that is 0.1 times to about 10 times the wavelength of the light. When the visible light is transmitted through the composition/transitional layer, the particles are 38 nm to about 7400 nm and the particles have an averaged measurement in the major dimension that is 0.1 times to about 1 times the wavelength of the light. When the visible light is being transmitted through the composition/transitional layer, the particles are 38 nm to about 740 nm, and the particles have an averaged measurement in the major dimension that is 1 times to about 10 times the wavelength of the light. When visible light is being transmitted through the composition/transitional layer, the particles are about 380 nm to about 7400 nm and the particles have an averaged measurement in the major dimension that is 1 times to about 2 times the wavelength of the light. When the visible light is being transmitted through the composition/transitional layer, the particles are about 380 nm to about 1480 nm. The scattering of the light comprises Mie Scattering or consists of Mie Scattering. The particles are spherical in shape or are not spherical in shape. The first refractive index is greater than the second refractive index or the first refractive index is less than the second refractive index. The volume of scattering particles is about 1 to about 20% of a volume of the composition/transitional layer. The volume of scattering particles in the matrix is 5 to about 15% of the volume of the composition/transitional layer (preferably 10%). The scattering particles are uniformly dispersed in the matrix or are not uniformly dispersed in the matrix. When first index of refraction is less than the second index of refraction then the gradient index of refraction of the layer increases through the thickness of the layer from a portion of the layer closest to the first medium to a portion of the layer closest to the second medium. When first index of refraction is more than the second index of refraction then the gradient index of refraction of the layer decreases through the thickness of the layer from a portion of the layer closest to the first medium to a portion of the layer closest to the second medium. The gradient index of refraction increases from a portion of the transitional layer closest to the first medium to a portion of the transitional layer closest to the second medium; or the gradient index of refraction decreases from a portion of the transitional layer closest to the first medium to a portion of the transitional layer closest to the second medium. The solvent comprises an organic solvent. The organic solvent is selected from alcohols, polyols, glycols, glycol ethers, and/or carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid is selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, and/or glycolic acid. The complex-forming agent comprises an organic acid, and/or alcohol. The complex-forming agent is selected from poly-acrylic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, dipropylene glycol, a glyme, 1,4-butane diol, 1,3-butane diol, 1,3-propane diol, pine rosin, and/or citric acid. Preferred Method: The method (M5) of forming transparent light extracting layers with selectable indices of refraction on a substrate, involves providing a substrate, soluble metal complexes, a resin, a complex-forming agent, and a solvent; dissolving one of the soluble metal complexes, the complex-forming agent, and the resin in the solvent, to form a metal oxide precursor paste; depositing the metal oxide precursor paste over the substrate; heating the metal oxide precursor paste to a temperature and for a duration to burn off the solvent and the resin and oxidize the one of the soluble metal complexes, to form a layer comprising a transparent layer of one metal oxide over the substrate with an index of refraction between that of the substrate and that of air; and repeating the dissolving, depositing, and heating steps for a remainder of the soluble metal complexes until the remainder has been exhausted, where layers are situated on top of one another and have decreasing index of refraction values going away from the substrate. The method (M6) of forming light reflecting layers with selectable indices of refraction on a substrate, involves providing a substrate, soluble metal complexes, a resin, a complex-forming agent, and a solvent; dissolving one of soluble metal complexes, the complex-forming agent, and the resin in the solvent, to form a metal oxide precursor paste; depositing the metal oxide precursor paste over the substrate; heating the metal oxide precursor paste to a temperature and for a duration to burn off the solvent and the resin and oxidize the one of the soluble metal complexes, to form a layer comprising a transparent layer of one metal oxide over the substrate with an index of refraction between that of the substrate and that of air; and repeating the dissolving, depositing, and heating steps for a remainder of the soluble metal complexes until the remainder has been exhausted, where the layers are situated on top of one another and have alternating higher an lower index of refraction values. In method (M1), when the composition comprises the scattering particles dispersed in a paste comprising a glass frit and an organic vehicle, and at least one of the two mediums comprises a solid, the disposing operation involves applying the composition to the solid; and the processing operation involves firing the composition to burn off the organic vehicle and melt the glass frit, and cooling the melted glass frit to thereby form the matrix having the scattering particles dispersed in it. In method (M1), when the scattering particles comprise crystal particles; the composition comprises a glass frit, an organic vehicle, and a seed crystal material; at least one of the two mediums comprises a solid, the disposing operation involves applying the composition to the solid; the processing operation involves: firing the composition to burn off the organic vehicle, melt the glass frit, and grow crystal particles from within the composition, and cooling the melted glass frit to thereby form the matrix having the crystal particles dispersed in it. In method (M1), when the matrix comprises a transparent metal-oxide layer; the composition comprises the scattering particles dispersed in a paste comprising metal-oxide precursors and an organic vehicle; at least one of the two mediums comprises a solid, the disposing operation involves applying the composition to the solid; the processing operation involves firing the composition to burn off the organic vehicle and oxidize the metal-oxide precursors to thereby form the transparent metal-oxide layer having the scattering particles dispersed in it. In method (M2), the providing includes: disposing a composition between the two mediums, and processing the composition to form the transitional layer. In method (M2), when the composition comprises the scattering particles dispersed in a paste comprising a glass frit and an organic vehicle; at least one of the two mediums comprises a solid, the disposing operation involves applying the composition to the solid; and the processing operation involves: firing the composition to burn off the organic vehicle and melt the glass frit, and cooling the melted glass frit to thereby form the matrix having the scattering particles dispersed in it. In method (M2), when the scattering particles comprise crystal particles; the composition comprises a glass frit, an organic vehicle, and a seed crystal material; at least one of the two mediums comprises a solid, the disposing operation involves applying the composition to the solid; the processing operation involves: firing the composition to burn off the organic vehicle, melt the glass frit, and grow crystal particles from within the composition, and cooling the melted glass frit to thereby form the matrix having the crystal particles dispersed in it. In method (M2), when the matrix comprises a transparent metal-oxide layer; the composition comprises the scattering particles dispersed in a paste comprising metal-oxide precursors and an organic vehicle; at least one of the two mediums comprises a solid, the disposing operation involves applying the composition to the solid; the processing operation involves firing the composition to burn off the organic vehicle and oxidize the metal-oxide precursors to thereby form the transparent metal-oxide layer having the scattering particles dispersed in it. In method (M3), when at least one of the first and second mediums is a solid; the composition comprises metal-oxide precursor pastes, each of the metal-oxide precursor pastes comprise metal-oxide precursors and a vehicle; the disposing operation includes applying each paste over the solid and over a previously applied paste, and drying each pastes before a subsequent paste is applied; and the processing operation includes firing the composition after all the applying and drying operations are complete, where the metal-oxide precursors in each paste are intermixed with the metal-oxide precursors in the previously applied paste to form a transitional layer having a gradient index of refraction. In method (M3), when at least one of the first and second mediums is a solid; the composition comprises metal-oxide precursor pastes, each one of the metal-oxide precursor pastes comprise a metal-oxide precursor and a vehicle; the disposing operation includes applying each paste over the solid and over a previously applied paste, and heating each paste between about 325 degrees C to about 525 degrees C to form metal-oxides before a subsequent paste is applied; and the processing operation includes firing the composition to a temperature greater than about 325 degrees C to about 525 degrees C after all the applying and heating operations are complete; and the metal-oxide precursors in each one of the metal-oxide precursor pastes is intermixed with the metal-oxides in the previously applied paste and upon firing form a transitional layer having a gradient index of refraction. In method (M2), when at least one of the first and second mediums is a solid; the composition comprises a metal-oxide precursor paste comprising a concentration of metal-oxide precursors in a vehicle; the disposing operation includes applying the paste over the solid by digital ink jet printing while the concentration of metal-oxide precursors is continuously varied throughout the disposing operation so as to produce a gradient in the concentration of metal-oxide precursors in the composition from a portion of the composition closest to the first medium to a portion of the composition closest to the second medium; the processing operation includes firing the composition to form a transitional layer having a gradient index of refraction from a portion of the transitional layer closest to the first medium to a portion of the transitional layer closest to the second medium. In method (M3), when at least one of the first and second mediums is a solid; the composition comprises metal-oxide precursor pastes, and each of the metal-oxide precursor pastes comprise metal-oxide precursors and a vehicle; the disposing operation includes applying each paste over the solid and over a previously applied paste, and drying and firing each paste before a subsequent paste is applied so that the metal-oxide precursors in each paste are not intermixed with the metal-oxide precursors in the previously applied paste tin which a transitional layer is formed comprising distinct gradient index of refraction layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin comprises a water soluble resin. The water soluble resin is selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, lignins, long-chain polyols that are solid at 23 degrees C, dextrose, and/or starches. EXAMPLE - A control layer was prepared with 15 g of the sieved frit and 4 g of C92 Medium as an organic carrier, which were weighed onto a glass pane and mulled together with a spatula to form a paste. The paste was printed through a 420-mesh screen onto a substrate, which consisted of several panes of soda lime glass. The glass was placed on a hotplate to dry. After drying, the glass was placed on an alumina plate and the alumina plate was in turn placed on a wire mesh. This set-up was placed in a furnace set at 400 degrees C and heated for 10 minutes. This step was considered the 'pre-heat', where before the glass particles began to soften, the C92 medium acting as an organic carrier, was burned out of the paste leaving only the glass particles. Next, the set-up was fired at 575 degrees C for 7.5 minutes. This second heating step was considered 'the firing step', where the glass particles melted. After firing, the set-up was cooled, which produced a transparent and smooth film coating on the glass panes. This coating had a high index-of-refraction, at approximately 2.1. A light scattering layer (test) was prepared with 9 g of E-8047 AM Frit (RTM: a frit that fired to give a translucent coating on glass), 1 g of EG-0225 Modifier (RTM: an additive that was added to provide scattering in the film and was also useful for lowering the expansion of the enamel) and 5 g of C92 medium, weighed onto a glass plate and mulled together with a spatula until a smooth, homogenous paste was generated. The paste was printed through a 230-Mesh screen onto soda-lime glass and the glass was placed on a hotplate to dry. After drying, the printed glass was preheated at 425 degrees C for 5 minutes and then fired at 635 degrees C for five minutes to yield a rough, light scattering layer on the glass. The test/control layer was evaluated for light scattering effect. The control displayed little scattering, showing % transmission of 83.4%, haze of 2.41% and 99.3% clarity. Light scattering layer showed a massive amount of scattering, since the % haze value was so high i.e. 101% and the % clarity value was low i.e. 5.30%. The layer maintained relatively high transmission i.e. transmission of 80.2%, indicating that a large portion of the light was passing through the sample, but was being scattered in the process.