TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a transparent substrate; a conductive thin film which is formed on the transparent substrate; and blocking layer which includes metal oxide placed adjacently to the porous membrane and covers the conductive thin film. The conductive film comprises metal nitride, metal oxide, carbon compound or conductive polymer. The blocking layer is made of titanium oxide and has thickness of 100-250 nm. The thickness of the porous film is 1-10 mu m. The thickness of the metal electrodes is 50-300 nm. The metal electrode comprises silver and/or gold. The device further comprises fixing means on the stage to fix the substrate onto it. The device further comprises heat transfer means on the stage for the substrate. The device further comprises nozzle length adjusting means to adjust the distance of the nozzle and the stage. Preferred Method: In the (c) step, the pressure is gradually increased from 50-70 kPa to atmospheric pressure and the solid electrolyte is filled by diffusion under vacuum condition. The (a) step comprises coating the paste which includes the metal oxide particles, a binder and a solvent on the substrate and performing heat treatment at 450-550 degrees C for 1-2 hours. The (b) step is performed by immersing the substrate formed with porous film in a solution containing photo-sensitive dye for 10 minute-24 hours. The (d) step is performed by sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, vapor deposition, electron beam deposition, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, electrochemical deposition, spin coating, spray coating, doctor blade coating or screen printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxides in the porous film particle include titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide and/or gallium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photo-sensitive dye is a compound having 1-3.1 eV band gap. The solid electrolyte is N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine, poly((2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy))-1,4-phenylenevinylene), poly(N-vinylcarbazole), N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, 4,4'-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-biphenyl, (deoxyribonucleic acid)-(hexadecyl trimethylammonium chloride), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) or 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate is a plastic substrate which comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonates, polypropylene, polyimide, triacetyl cellulose, polyethersulfones, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane or triethoxysilane, or a glass substrate or a quartz substrate or a silicone substrate.