TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In producing furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and/or levulinic acid from cellulosic biomass, step (c) employs a hydrolysis catalyst selected from sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, lignosulfonic acid, and its combinations. Step (c) employs enzymes for hydrolyzing the hemicellulose. Step (d) and/or step (e) employ(s) an acid catalyst selected from sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, sulfur dioxide, formic acid, levulinic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, lignosulfonic acid, and its combinations. The process further involves: (i) recycling the formic acid from step (e) for use in step (b), step (c), and/or step (d); (ii) recovering at least two of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid; (iii) recovering each of the furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid; (iv) substantially removing the cellulose-rich solids from the liquor; (v) converting the cellulose-rich solids, within the liquor or after separation from the liquor, directly into cellulose-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural without intermediate hydrolysis to glucose; (vi) converting the cellulose-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to cellulose-derived levulinic acid; or (vii) converting the furfural to hemicellulose-derived levulinic acid by a combination of hydration and hydrogenation. Hydrogen for the hydration or hydrogenation is obtained from syngas produced from gasification of the lignin. Hydrogen for the hydration or hydrogenation is obtained from syngas produced from the cellulose-rich solids processed in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. The process also involves conversion of the furfural to succinic acid. The process involves: (i) recovering each of the furfural and the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; or (ii) converting at least some of the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to levulinic acid and formic acid, recovering the levulinic acid, and optionally recycling the formic acid to step (b) and/or step (c). EXAMPLE - No example given.