TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system comprises a magnesium-chlorine-sodium/potassium-carbon dioxide cycle and a hydrogenation cycle, which are integrated. The system further comprises an electrolyzer for receiving copper(I) chloride, a spray dryer for receiving copper(II) chloride from the electrolyzer, a hydrolysis reactor for receiving copper(II) chloride from the spray dryer, a copper oxychloride decomposition reactor for receiving cupric oxide and copper(I) chloride from the hydrolysis reactor, a carbon dioxide capture apparatus, an ammonia synthesis reactor, an electrolytic unit for producing hydrogen, chlorine gas, and sodium hydroxide, a fluidized/packed bed for oxygen and magnesium chloride production, a precipitation vessel for receiving magnesium chloride from the fluidized/packed bed and for producing solid magnesium carbonate and aqueous sodium chloride, a calcination vessel for receiving the solid magnesium carbonate from the precipitation vessel and for producing high purity carbon dioxide, a carbon dioxide absorption reactor for using the sodium hydroxide produced from the electrolytic unit as a sorbent, a hydrogenation reactor unit, and a separator unit for receiving and separating carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is recovered by the precipitation vessel. The carbon dioxide is captured from the mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, and water. The carbon dioxide capture loop and copper-chlorine cycle respectively provide nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to the ammonia synthesis reactor for producing ammonia. The purified nitrogen gas coming out of the carbon dioxide absorber enters the ammonia synthesis reactor and reacts with hydrogen gas coming out of the electrolytic unit to produce ammonia. The carbon dioxide capture device provides water vapor and nitrogen gas to a unit for separating the water vapor and the nitrogen gas and for providing water input to the copper-chlorine cycle. The carbon dioxide capture apparatus is a dry-mode absorber, a wet-mode absorber and/or a spray absorber. The dry-mode absorber comprises a fluidized bed. The wet-mode absorber comprises a bubble bed. The spray dryer returns water to the electrolyzer. The spray dryer provides hydrated slurry of copper(II) chloride to the carbon dioxide capture device and returns clear copper(II) chloride solution to the electrolyzer. The carbon dioxide capture device provides anhydrous copper(II) chloride to the hydrolysis reactor. The exiting carbon dioxide and hydrogen produced from the copper-chlorine cycle enter the hydrogenation cycle to react to form a carbon-based compound. The hydrogen is provided from the hydrolysis reactor and carbon dioxide is provided from the carbon dioxide capture apparatus. The hydrogen and the carbon dioxide react in a catalytic reactor. The nitrogen gas is provided by the carbon dioxide capture apparatus and the hydrogen gas is provided by the electrolyzer. The decomposition reactor provides for oxygen generation. Solid sorbents or absorption solutions are circulated through the system and then recycled externally through a regeneration cycle that heats the sorbents/solution and releases the absorbed carbon dioxide. Industrial stack emissions and steam are used as input. The ambient air and steam are used as input thus providing moisture from the ambient air to supplement water and nitrogen from the ambient air to enhance the hydrogen production and the carbon dioxide capture. The nuclear energy or waste heat are used for the copper-chlorine cycle and the carbon dioxide capture loop. The oxygen produced by the fluidized/packed bed is at a high temperature and provides heat transfer to the chlorine gas produced in the electrolytic unit. The precipitation vessel further produces solid magnesium oxide, which is conducted to the fluidized/packed bed as a reactant to produce oxygen. The hydrogen produced from the electrolytic unit is transferred to the hydrogenation reactor unit for producing methanol and/or ammonia. The high purity carbon dioxide produced from the calcination vessel enters the hydrogenation reactor unit for methanol production with a hydrogenation reaction. The aqueous sodium chloride produced by the precipitation vessel flows back to the electrolytic unit. The carbon dioxide in the carbon dioxide absorption reactor reacts with the sodium hydroxide to produce sodium carbonate, which is conducted to the precipitation vessel to produce magnesium carbonate for carbon dioxide release in the calcination vessel. The carbon dioxide is fed to the carbon dioxide absorption reactor in excess quantity to produce sodium bicarbonate. The carbon dioxide produced from the magnesium-chlorine-sodium/potassium-carbon dioxide cycle and hydrogen produced from the hydrogenation cycle enter the hydrogenation reactor unit to produce a carbon-based synthetic fuel. The two chambers comprise one lower chamber and one higher chamber. The reactor inlet is at the bottom of the main body and the reactor outlet is at the top of the main body. The two-stage fluidized/packed bed reactor further comprises a gas distributor plate incorporated in the packed bed reactor. The gas distributor plate is positioned at a sufficient height within the main body that enables full solid conversion and adjustment between fluidized and packed bed modes in both of the two chambers. The gas distributor provides for diverting the incoming flow to mix with the solid sorbents. The spray nozzle is positioned below the fluidized/packed bed. The bottom portion comprises a base providing an exit for particles produced during spraying of the carbon dioxide-containing gas. The main reactor body further defines an inlet and an outlet for respectively allowing solid sorbents to enter and exit the fluidized/packed bed, and a lower chamber portion and an upper chamber portion, where the lower chamber portion comprises a diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the upper chamber portion. The lower chamber comprises a series of perforated surfaces with holes that permit an upflow of gases from the bottom section of the lower chamber to the top of the section of the lower chamber through the perforated surfaces and mix with the liquid downflow thus enabling gas constituents from upward moving bubbles to be absorbed by the liquid absorption solution. The lower chamber comprises spaced vertical inclined ledges for directing the liquid absorption solution downflow, gas bubbles flow upwardly through spaced vertical inclined ledges to mix with the liquid absorption solution. The gas inlets comprise a cap structure in order to avoid liquid within the upper chamber to enter the lower chamber. The first stage comprises a mixing unit for receiving incoming carbon dioxide-containing gases and liquid to be mixed in the unit and spray injected into a chamber comprising bottom end top sections as to impact the bottom section and separate the liquid along the bottom section and air in the top section, liquid solution having absorbed particles and/or gas exits the chamber via a drain. The liquid gas mix is spray injected into the chamber via a diverging nozzle. The second stage comprises packed bed of solid reactants for a second stage absorption of gas from the first stage passing through via an inlet. The packed bed of solid reactants provides for absorbing carbon dioxide. The solid reactants enter a chamber comprising the packed bed of solid reactants via an inlet and then exit from the outlet. The gas inlet comprises a cap structure for avoiding liquid or solid in the second stage to enter the first stage. The second stage defines an outlet providing for purified gas and water vapor to exit the absorber. The catalyst packed/fluidized bed reactor further comprises: a pips system with valves to control the flow rates of hydrogen and carbon dioxide entering the reactor; a replenishing in-feed assembly for replenishing the upper packed/fluidized bed zone with solid catalyst particles; and a pipe system in fluid communication with the upper packed/fluidized bed zone for pressurized gas stream comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide to press solid particles within the reactor to flow to the upper packed/fluidized bed zone. The gas channels comprise top cap structures for preventing solid particles from flowing from the upper packed/fluidized bed zone down to the lower mixing chamber. A mesh is mounted to the upper packed/fluidized bed zone for avoiding breaking a catalyst structure due to stress caused by gas flow. The double-chamber comprises a first gate for selectively allowing solid catalyst particles to flow into a fist chamber from the upper packed/fluidized bed zone, and a second gate for selectively allowing solid catalyst particles to flow into a discharge vessel to be moved to a second chamber for disposal or regeneration.