NOVELTY - Assembly comprises a metal oxide surface; at least one first molecule attached to the metal oxide surface through one or more surface-linking groups; and at least one second molecule attached to the surface where the second molecule is an oxide.    USE - The assembly is useful for manufacturing electrode, dye-sensitized solar cell, and dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell; for harvesting light; for stabilizing chromophore on surface; and for catalyzing chemical reaction (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE - The methods can stabilize chromophores and catalysts on metal oxide surfaces.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for:    (1) an electrode, comprising the assembly;    (2) a dye-sensitized solar cell, comprising the assembly;    (3) a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell comprising the assembly;    (4) an assembly comprising a metal oxide surface comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2); at least one (Ru(bpy)2(4,4'-(PO3H2)2bpy))2+ linked to the metal oxide surface, and at least one aluminum oxide (Al2O3) linked to the surface;    (5) a method of making an assembly for harvesting light, involving providing a surface comprising a metal oxide; attaching at least one first molecule, which comprises at least one surface-linking group and at least one chromophore, to the surface through at least one surface-linking group; and attaching at least one second molecule to the surface; where at least one second molecule is a conductive, semiconductive, or insulating oxide;    (6) a method of making an assembly for harvesting light, and for stabilizing a chromophore on a surface, involving providing a surface comprising TiO2; attaching at least one (Ru(bpy)2(4,4'-(PO3H2)2bpy))2+ to the surface; and attaching at least one Al2O3 to the surface;    (7) a method of stabilizing a chromophore on a surface, involving providing a surface comprising a metal oxide; attaching at least one first molecule, which comprises at least one surface-linking group and at least one chromophore, to the surface through at least one surface-linking group; and attaching at least one second molecule to the surface; where at least one second molecule is a conductive, semiconductive, or insulating oxide;    (8) a method of making an assembly for catalyzing a chemical reaction, involving providing a surface comprising a metal oxide; attaching at least one first molecule, which comprises at least one surface-linking group and at least one catalyst, to the surface through at least one surface-linking group; and attaching at least one second molecule to the surface; where at least one second molecule is a conductive, semiconductive, or insulating oxide; and    (9) a method of stabilizing an assembly for catalyzing a chemical reaction, involving providing a surface comprising a metal oxide; attaching at least one first molecule, which comprises at least one surface-linking group and at least one catalyst, to the surface through at least one surface-linking group; and attaching at least one second molecule to the surface; where at least one second molecule is a conductive, semiconductive, or insulating oxide.