TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The melting point of the molten electrolyte is 395-600 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The molten electrolyte comprises one or more metal carbonates. The molten electrolyte is chosen from lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, strontium carbonate, rubidium carbonate, cesium carbonate, barium carbonate, and calcium carbonate, preferably lithium carbonate and sodium carbonate. The molten electrolyte is lithium-sodium carbonate (Li0.7Na0.9CO3), lithium-sodium-potassium carbonate (Li0.9Na0.6K0.5CO3), calcium-sodium-potassium carbonate (Ca0.3Na0.7K0.7CO3), calcium-sodium-potassium carbonate (Ca0.3Na0.7K0.5CO3) and calcium-sodium-potassium carbonate (Ca0.2Na1K0.7CO3). The molten electrolyte comprises one or more alkali metal hydroxides, alkali earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal hydroxide eutectics, alkali earth metal hydroxide eutectics, alkali metal carbonates, and/or alkali earth metal carbonates. The molten electrolyte comprises sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The molten electrolyte comprises a molten nonconductive salt and inorganic salt which is conductive when dissolved. The inorganic salt which is conductive when dissolved is chosen from metal oxides, metal halides, metal sulfates, metal nitrates, and metal halates, preferably chosen from alkali metal oxides, alkali earth metal oxides, alkali metal halides, alkali earth metal halides, alkali metal sulfates, alkali earth metal sulfates, alkali metal nitrates, alkali earth metal nitrates, alkali metal halates, and alkali earth metal halite. The molten electrolyte comprises vanadium oxide, boron oxide, lithium oxide, and calcium oxide, in molar ratio of 1:2:4:3, 1:2:2:0, 1:7:12:0 or 1:2:0.67. The molten electrolyte comprises lithium-vanadium oxide and lithium-boron oxide, and further comprises lithium oxide, barium carbonate, cesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and calcium oxide. The metal electrode is chosen from iron, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, bismuth, vanadium, manganese, nickel, silver, barium, calcium, strontium, lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, tin, and titanium. The non-metal electrode comprises carbon, boride, hydride and carbide. The boride is chosen from vanadium boride, titanium boride, tantalum boride, barium boride, magnesium boride, calcium boride, iron boride, cobalt boride, nickel boride, lanthanum boride, zirconium boride, molybdenum boride, tungsten boride, and niobium boride. The carbon is chosen from graphite, amorphous carbon and nanocarbon. The nanocarbon is chosen from fullerenes, nanorods and nanotubes. The non-metal electrode that is capable of being oxidized comprises vanadium boride.