TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layers: The organic solar cell further includes a hole-transport layer provided between the light absorption layer and upper electrode, and an electron transport layer provided between the light absorption layer and upper electrode. The light absorption layer comprises donor layer and acceptor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The self-aligned ferroelectric material comprises molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, cupric oxide, graphene oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc stannate, cesium carbonate, silver, aluminum, gold, copper and/or graphene, and indium tin oxide and/or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The ferroelectric material further comprises poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), naphthalene diimide, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), polyvinyltoluene, poly(bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene), zinc phthalocyanine, magnesium phthalocyanine, pentacene, hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato-copper, perylene, pentamethylene diisocyanate, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, fullerene, phenyl-61C-methyl butyrate, poly(2,7-carbazole-alt-4,7-dithienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole), poly((5-(2-ethylhexyl)-5,6-dihydro-4,6-dioxo-4H-thieno(3,4-c)pyrrole-1,3-diyl)(4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-2,6-diyl)) compound, poly(N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)), poly(1-(6-(4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-6-methylbenzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophen-2-yl)-3-fluoro-4-methylthieno(3,4-b)thiophen-2-yl)-1-octanone), and/or poly(3-hexylselenophene), and poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), polyvinylidene difluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene), Lead-zirconium-titanium oxide, strontium-bismuth-tantalum oxide, bismuth-titanium oxide and/or barium titanate.