TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zinc anode and manganese oxide cathode capacities are balanced, have thickness of 100-1000 mu m, and are further wrapped in an electrode separator membrane. Preferred Composition: The manganese oxide cathode mixture comprises 45-80 wt.% manganese oxide, 10-45 wt.% electroconductive material, and 2-10 wt.% binder with respect to total weight. The electroconductive material comprises carbon, graphite, graphite powder, graphite powder flakes, graphite powder spheroids, carbon black, activated carbon, conductive carbon, amorphous carbon and/or glassy carbon. The manganese oxide cathode mixture further comprises metal, bismuth, strontium, calcium, barium, their oxides, their hydroxides, their nitrates and/or their chlorides. The current collector comprises porous metal collector, metal conductive mesh, metal conductive interwoven mesh, metal conductive expanded mesh, metal conductive screen, metal conductive plate, metal conductive foil, metal conductive perforated plate, metal conductive perforated foil, metal conductive perforated sheet, sintered porous metal conductive sheet, sintered metal conductive foam, expanded conductive metal and/or perforated conductive metal. The current collector substrate comprises graphite, carbon, metal, alloy, steel, copper, nickel, silver, platinum, brass, cadmium, tin, lead and/or bismuth. The electrolyte solution comprises non-flow cell electrolyte solution or flow-assisted cell electrolyte solution. The non-flow cell electrolyte solution comprises 1-50 wt.% hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide. The flow-assisted cell electrolyte solution comprises 0-200 g/L zinc oxide, and 1-50 wt.% hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode separator membrane comprises polymeric membrane, sintered polymer film membrane, polyolefin membrane, polyolefin nonwoven membrane, cellulose membrane, cellophane, battery-grade cellophane, sintered polyolefin film membrane and/or hydrophilically-modified polyolefin membrane. The binder comprises polymer, fluoropolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymer of styrene and butadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, conducting polymer, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), copolymers of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene with various co-monomers e.g. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with various dopants, copolymer of 3,4-ethylenedioxylthiophene and styrene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxymethyl cellulose and/or carboxymethyl cellulose.