TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Biomass is agricultural residues, preferably corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, preferably pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae; kudzu; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, preferably switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus; lignocellulosic biomass, preferably containing lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; and/or plant biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass is agricultural residue, wood and forest residue, kudzu, herbaceous energy crop, lignocellulosic biomass containing lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and/or plant biomass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Mild alkaline treatment is performed by adding alkaline agent e.g. sodium hydroxide (NaOH), aqueous ammonia, lithium hydroxide (LiOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium sulfide (NaS), and/or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Addition amount of alkaline agent is 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16.2, 16.4, 16.5, 16.65, 16.7, 16.8, 17, 18, 19, or 20 wt.%. Acid hydrolysis catalyst is metal halide, oxide, multifunctional homogenous catalyst, multifunctional heterogeneous catalyst, resin, salt, and/or zeolite. Metal halide is metal fluoride, metal chloride, metal bromide, metal iodide, and/or metal astatide. Zeolite is analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, natrolite, phillipsite, thromsonite, stilbite, gonnardite, mesolite, paranatrolite, scolecite, tetranatrolite, edingtonite, kalborsite, leucite, pollucite, wairakite, laumontite (LAU), yugawaralite (YUG), goosecreekite (GOO), montesommaite (MON), harmotome, amicite, gismondine, garronite, gobbinsite, and/or synthetic zeolite, preferably Zeolite A. Preferred Conditions: Mild alkaline has pH of 8-11, 8-10, 9-11, 9-10, 10-11, 9.5-10.5, 8, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10, 10.25, 10.5, 10.75, 11, 11.25, 11.5, 12, 12.25, 12.5, or 13. Alkaline treatment temperature is 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, 70 degrees C, 73 degrees C, 75 degrees C, 78 degrees C, or 80 degrees C. Mild alkaline treatment time is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The method includes hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose with biochemical reagent which is an enzyme to convert cellulose and hemicellulose to sugars e.g. hexose and/or pentose sugars. The enzyme is recovered in an amount of 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99%. The enzyme is reused for 1-20, preferably 16-20 hydrolysis cycles. Biomass is heated to 51 degrees C, 52 degrees C, 53 degrees C, 54 degrees C, 55 degrees C, 56 degrees C, 57 degrees C, 58 degrees C, 59 degrees C, 60 degrees C 61 degrees C, 62 degrees C, 63 degrees C, 64 degrees C, 65 degrees C, 66 degrees C, 67 degrees C, 68 degrees C, 69 degrees C, 70 degrees C, 71 degrees C, 72 degrees C, 73 degrees C, 74 degrees C, 75 degrees C, 76 degrees C, 77 degrees C, 78 degrees C, 79 degrees C, 80 degrees C, 81 degrees C, 82 degrees C, 83 degrees C, 84 degrees C, 85 degrees C, 86 degrees C, 87 degrees C, 88 degrees C, 89 degrees C, 90 degrees C, 91 degrees C, 92 degrees C, 93 degrees C, 94 degrees C, 95 degrees C, 96 degrees C, 97 degrees C, 98 degrees C, 99 degrees C, or 100 degrees C, preferably 50-200 degrees C, 80-240 degrees C, 50-100 degrees C, 60-130 degrees C, 80-175 degrees C, 100-240 degrees C, 100-200 degrees C, 90 degrees C, 100 degrees C, 105 degrees C, 110 degrees C, 115 degrees C, 120 degrees C, 125 degrees C, 130 degrees C, 135 degrees C, 140 degrees C, 145 degrees C, or 150 degrees C. The method includes acid hydrolysis of sugars to produce chemicals and acid hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to convert into sugars and/or chemicals. Acid is phosphoric acid, nitric acid, maleic acid, solid acid, sulfuric acid, and/or hydrochloric acid. Solid acid is sulfamic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO4), and/or cesium hydrogen selenate (CsHSeO4). Acid hydrolysis is performed by adding catalyst. Ionic liquid containing cations and anions is molten at 10-160 degrees C. Treated biomass is washed, preferably after ionic liquid treatment and/or mild alkaline treatment, using liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the ionic liquid. The wash is recovered and treated with RF heating-infrared (IR) heating to dehydrate the ionic liquid. Ionic liquid is recovered from liquid non-solvent by activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electrochemical separation techniques, solid-phase extraction, and/or liquid-liquid extraction. Ionic liquid is recovered from liquid non-solvent by application of EM heating, preferably RF heating or IR heating, that dehydrates the ionic liquid. The recovered ionic liquid is reused for treating more biomass, preferably 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the ionic liquid is recovered. Biomass is subjected to additional heating with agitation, ultrasonic heating, EM heating, RF heating, convective heating, conductive heating, and/or microwave irradiation, preferably during mixing of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquid, mild alkaline treatment, acid hydrolysis, or enzymatic hydrolysis. Additional heating involves intermittent agitation during heating. EM heating is RF heating or IR heating. Heating involves greater than or equal to 2 phases, where 1st phase is application of EM heating, preferably variable frequency in EM spectrum, variable frequency heating, IR heating, variable IR heating, and/or RF heating, and 2nd phase is application of ultrasonics, EM, convective, and/or conductive heating. Biomass is washed after mixing lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquid and before mild alkaline treatment. Lignin, cellulose, and/or hemicellulose are recovered. Cellulose and hemicellulose are separated before hydrolysis and converted into fuels, chemical, and/or polymers. Lignin is processed to produce chemicals, binders, plastics, and/or fuels. The method includes incubating step which incubates biomass for 5 minutes to 8 hours at 50-200 degrees C. Cellulose and hemicellulose structure in the biomass is swollen at 10 vol.%, 20 vol.%, 30 vol.%, or 40 vol.% compared to before the ionic liquid incubation step. The method is a continuous process, a batch process, or a fed-batch process. Amount of ionic liquid, time of incubation, pH of biomass, and temperature of biomass are adjusted. Conditions of biomass undergoing treatment are monitored with sensors, preferably liquid flow rate sensor, thermocouple sensor, temperature sensor, and/or salinity sensor. The method does not include use of cellulase or hemicellulase. Preferred Conditions: Acid hydrolysis is performed at pH of 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 5.8, 6, 6.5, 6.8, 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 2-6, 3.5-4.5, or 4-6. Acid is added at acid concentration of 0.01-1 wt.%, 0.1-2 wt.%, 0.1-4 wt.%, 0.2-4 wt.%, 0.05-5 wt.%, 0.01-5 wt.%, 0.01 wt.%, 0.02 wt.%, 0.03 wt.%, 0.04 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.06 wt.%, 0.07 wt.%, 0.08 wt.%, 0.09 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, or 5 wt.%. Acid hydrolysis is performed at pressure of 100-1000 kPa. Acid hydrolysis temperature is 80 degrees C, 80-200 degrees C, 150-180 degrees C, 80-240 degrees C, 150-160 degrees C, 140-170 degrees C, 140 degrees C, 150 degrees C, 170 degrees C, 180 degrees C, 140-160 degrees C, 150-170 degrees C, 150-180 degrees C, or 140-200 degrees C. Acid hydrolysis time is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 1-60, 1-80, 1-100, 1-120, 1-180, 1-200, 1-300, 1-340, or 1-360 minutes. Biomass heating time is 1 minute to 100 hours, 5 minutes to 8 hours, 3-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 3-4 hours, 5-10 s, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 1-360 minutes, 20-240 minutes, 1-60 minutes, 1-24 hours, 5-10 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 10-50 minutes, 5 minutes to 3 hours, 1-3 hours, 2-4 hours, 3-6 hours, or 4-8 hours. Preferred Compositions: Chemicals are renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials, preferably ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, electricity, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, and/or fertilizers, such as succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and/or 1,3-propanediol, preferably HMF, furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, formic acid, and/or levulinic acid. Ionic liquid has a cation structure containing ammonium, sulfonium, phosphonium, lithium, imidazolium, pyridinium, picolinium, pyrrolidinium, thiazolium, triazolium, and/or oxazolium, preferably imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, pyridinium, phosphonium, and/or ammonium. Ionic liquid is 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium propionate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylbenzenesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylbenzenesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulfamate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulfamate, 1-ethylpyridinium chloride, 1-butylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-imidazolium acetate, 1-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-3-ethylimidazolium acetate, 1-(3,6,9,12-tetraoxatridec-1-yl)-3-ethylimidazolium acetate, 1-(3,6,9,12,15,18,21-heptaoxadocos-1-yl)-3-ethylimidazolium acetate, 1-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-triethylammonium acetate, (2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium acetate, (2-methoxyethyl)-dimethylammonium acetate, tetramethylguanidinium acetate, tetramethylguanidinium propionate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium formate, tetrabutylphosphonium formate, tetrabutylammonium formate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate, and/or 1 -methylimidazolium chloride. Ionic liquid has structure of formulae (I) or (II). Ionic liquid is an ionic liquid mixture with composition characterized by equation (1) given in the document, where C is cation of ionic liquid, and A- is anion of ionic liquid. Liquid non-solvent used for washing is water, alcohol, acetonitrile, or solvent which dissolves ionic liquid and extracts ionic liquid from the biomass. Alcohol is ethanol, methanol, butanol, and/or propanol. Water content of ionic liquid does not exceed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25%.R1-R5=H, 1-15C alkyl, or 2-10C alkene in which alkyl may be substituted with sulfone, sulfoxide, thioether, ether, amide, OH, or NH2; andA=halide, preferably Cl, F, Br, or I, hydroxide, formate, acetate, propanoate, butyrate, any functionalized mono- or dicarboxylic acid having up to a total of 10 carbon atoms, succinate, lactate, aspartate, oxalate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, dicyanamide, or carboxylate.Preferred Parameters: EM energy is applied at a power of 100-1000 W, 1-10 KW, or 5 KW to 1 MW. RF includes frequency of 1-900 MHz, 300 kHz-3 MHz, 3-30 MHz, 30-300 MHz, 13 MHz, 13.56 MHz, 27 MHz, 27.12 MHz, 40 MHz, or 40.68 MHz. IR is at a frequency range of 430 THz down to 300 GHz. IR is near-infrared (near IR) wavelengths at 0.75-1.4 mu m, mid-infrared (mid IR) wavelengths at 3-8 mu m, or far infrared (far IR) wavelengths at 15-1000 mu m. RF heating penetrates the biomass to 0.001-2 m thickness. IR heating penetrates the biomass to 0.001-2 m thickness.