NOVELTY - The monitoring apparatus (100) has monitoring signal generators (132,137) which generate input monitoring signals for capacitors, measurement modules (134,139) which receive output monitoring signals for capacitors and generate measurement signals representing impedance differential between input and output monitoring signals, electrochemical impedance models (121) to which measurement signals are compared to determine state of health of each capacitor, and monitoring module (110) that generates and outputs real-time monitoring data correlating to state of health for capacitors.    USE - Monitoring apparatus for operation characteristics of capacitors, e.g. electrochemical capacitor, in application system integrating energy storage pack (claimed). Uses include but are not limited to large wind turbine using energy storage pack for emergency blade positioning, electric vehicle or vehicle subsystem with burst power needs, and communication system with capacitor-based emergency power reset/restart.    ADVANTAGE - Provides real-time monitoring of operating performance characteristics of electrochemical capacitors in an application system. Use of electrochemical impedance measurement provides accurate state of health information and use of electrochemical impedance model makes measurement and calculation practical while limiting processing and data storage overhead. The efficiency of monitoring apparatus enables integration into energy storage packs for improved manufacturing, integration, and repair efficiency in the production and maintenance of complex application systems.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for:    (1) a method for monitoring operational characteristics of capacitors; and    (2) an energy storage pack comprising capacitors.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a block diagram of the apparatus for monitoring capacitors.    Monitoring apparatus (100)    Monitoring module (110)    Electrochemical impedance models (121)    Monitoring signal generators (132,137)    Measurement modules (134,139)