TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The hole extraction layer includes homogenous mixture of conductive polymers and fluorine-based material. The concentration of fluorine-based material in the second surface of hole extraction layer is greater than that in the first surface of hole extraction layer. The hole extraction layer includes first layer containing conductive polymers disposed on the anode side and second layer containing fluorine-based material disposed on the side of photoactive layer and an intermediate layer including conductive polymers and fluorine-based material between the first and second layers. The absolute value of the (HOMO) level of electron donor is greater than or equal to 5.1 eV. The electron donor includes p-type conductive polymer with pi electrons    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymers are polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polystyrene, polyethylenedioxythiophene, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene and polycarbazole or their derivatives or copolymers. The conductive polymers comprise self-doped conducting polymers doped with at least one ionic groups and polymeric acid. The ionic groups (G) are anionic groups and have counter cationic groups. The anionic groups are phosphite, sulfonate, carboxylate, iodide, acetate and boronate. The cationic groups include metal cations and organic ions. The metal cations are ions of sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, zinc and aluminum. The organic ions are proton, alkyl ammonium ion of formula (CH3(CH2)nNH3+), ammonium, and organic cations of formulae (NH2+), (NHSO2CF3+), (CHO+), (CH3OH+) and (CH3(CH2)n-CHO+). The fluorine-based material is ionomer of formula (I). The ionomer includes at least one of fluorine containing moieties of formula (II)-(XIII) as repeating units. The fluorine-based material comprises fluorinated oligomer of formula (X1-Mfg-Mhi-Mar-G1) (XIV).n = 0-50;p = greater than 0 and less than or equal to 10000000;q = 0-10000000;a, b = 0-20;A, B1, A', B' = C, Si, Ge, Sn or Pb;R1, R2, R3, R4, R1', R2', R3'and R4' = amino, 1-30C alkyl, 1-30C heteroaryl, 1-30C alkoxy, 1-30C heteroalkoxy, 6-30C aryl, 6-30C arylalkyl, 6-30C aryloxy, 2-30C heteroaryl, 2-30C heteroarylalkyl, 2-30C heteroaryloxy, 5-20C cycloalkyl, 2-30C heterocycloalkyl, 1-30C alkyl ester, 1-30C heteroalkyl ester, 6-30C aryl ester, 2-30C heteroaryl ester (all optionally substituted), H, halo, NO2 or CN, where at least one of R1-R4 is ionic group (G) or includes G, and if q is 0, then at least one of R1-R4 is hydrophobic group comprising halo or includes hydrophobic group;hydrophobic group = halo;X, X' = 1-30C alkylene, 1-30C heteroalkylene, 6-30C arylene, 6-30C arylalkylene, 2-30C heteroarylene, 2-30C heteroarylalkylene, 5-20C cycloalkylene, 5-30C heterocycloalkylene, 6-30C aryl ester, 2-30C heteroaryl ester (all optionally substituted), bond, O or S;k = 1-10000000;x, y = 0-10;M+ = Na+, K+, Li+, H+, CH3(CH2)nNH3+, NH4+, NH2+, NHSO2CF3+, CHO+, C2H5OH+, CH3OH+ or CH3(CH2)n-CHO+;c, d, z = 0-20;Y1 = -COO-M+, -SO3-NHSO2CF3+, -PO32-(M+)2;Rf1 = -(CF2)e-, (CF2CF2O)fCF2CF2- or -(CF2CF2CF2O)fCF2CF2-;f = 1-50;e = 1-50 excluding 2;X = terminal group;Mf = group derived from fluorinated monomer obtained by condensation reaction of perfluoropolyether alcohol, polyisocyanate and isocyanate reactive-non-fluorinated monomer;Mh = units derived from non-fluorinated monomer;Ma = Si(Y4)(Y5)(Y6);Y4, Y5, Y6 = 1-20C alkyl, 6-30C aryl (all optionally substituted) or hydrolyzable substituent, where at least one of Y4, Y5 and Y6 is hydrolyzable substituent;G1 = univalent organic group including residue of chain transfer agent;g = 1-100; andi, r = 0-100, where g+i+r is at least 2.